BIBLIOGRAPHY PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012. Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost
Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser : Julia A. Solimen, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine; the remedial measures during the
occurrence of frost bite, their expenses, and the aid they received from the government.
The data and information were gathered from the thirty (30) respondents in Paoay,
Atok, Benguet by using an interview schedule. The data gathered were categorized,
tabulated and analyzed statistically using purposive random sampling.
The findings showed that majority or sixty percent (60%) of the study revealed that
farmers do not have enough resources to use in preventing frost injury. Respondents said
that the only remedy is to water their plants manually early in the morning to prevent their
crops from wilting due to frost.
Out of thirty (30) respondents, sixty three percent (63%) claimed that they hired
laborers to irrigate their plants early in the morning. Labor cost per day ranges from two to
three hundred pesos.
Ninety three (93%) of the respondents said that the government assists them by
providing seedlings for them by to recoup their loss. Finding also reveals that aside from
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
seedlings, farmers also received a cavan of rice each. Some respondents also said that the
government sent agriculture experts to check their situation.
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made: Majority of the
respondents doesn’t have enough resources to protect their crops. All of the respondents
spent labor cost ranges from two to three hundred pesos (200 – 300) per day. Food of the
laborer is not included. Majority of the respondents received an aid from the government
during the occurrence of frost.
As to the recommendations, The Municipal Agriculture Office should closely
monitor the temperature trend in the town so that the municipal government could
immediately issue an advisory to the farmers once it drops drastically. On the other hand
training and seminar of farmers in vulnerable areas, on crop scheduling to avoid frost injury
from further affecting their harvest.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Information of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the general characteristic of the respondents in terms of gender,
age, civil status and educational attainment.
Gender. Almost Seventy percent (70%) of the respondents were males. However,
females had always been partners to their husband in agricultural production.
Age. The oldest respondent was 69 years old and the youngest was 21 years old.
The average age is forty six years old (46 yrs. Old) showing that the respondents are above
middle age.
Civil Status. Eighty percent (80%) of the thirty respondents were married while the
rest were single. This indicates that farming was the source of livelihood of married
respondents.
Educational Attainment. All of the respondents have attended formal Education at
varying levels.
Table 1. General characteristic of the respondents
PARTICULAR NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Gender
Male
19
63
Female
11
37
Total
30
100
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 1 continued…
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Age
21 - 30
2
7
31 - 40
4
13
41 - 50
17
57
51 - 60
5
17
61 - 70
2
6
Total
30
100
Civil status
Single
6
20
Married
24
80
Total
30
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
6
20
High school
21
70
College
3
10
Total
30
100
Number of Years in Farming
Table 2 shows that majority or fifty four percent (54 %) of the respondents has been
farming for 21 – 30 years, showing the experience of the respondents in Vegetable farming.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Number of years in farming
NUMBER OF YEARS
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
IN FARMING
RESPONDENTS
1 – 10
2
7
11 – 20
7
23
21 – 30
16
54
31 – 40
4
13
41 – 50
1
3
TOTAL
30
100
Land Tenure Status
Table 3 shows the land tenure status of the respondents, almost all of the
respondents owned the lots they are tilling. Only twenty percent (20%) tilled other people’s
land as tenants.
Materials Used in Preventing Frost injury
Table 4 shows the materials they used in preventing frost. Only forty percent (40%)
have their facilities in preventing frost. The rest water their plants manually early in the
morning.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Land Tenure Status
LAND TENURE STATUS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Tenant
6
20
Owner
24
80
TOTAL
30
100
Table 4.Equipment used in Preventing Frost
EQUIPMENT NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Greenhouse
8
27
Overhead Sprinkler
4
13
None (they water it manually)
18 60
TOTAL
30
100
Type of Vegetables affected by frost bite
Table 5 shows that all of the respondents said that the most affected by frost
is Potato, this findings was also collaborated by the Municipal Agriculturist of Atok, Mr.
Fred Rufino. Citing as an example its effect last January 2010 was the physical impact
on the leaves of potato crops. Its direct effect to the potato tuber is the slowing down of
growth as it disturbs the photosynthesis or the process of the plants food production.
Followed by Cabbage 26 %, Carrots 23%, Celery 18%. According to the respondents if it
was not watered early in the morning the plants would wilt as the sun melts the deposited
ice. This was also reported by Sun Star Baguio Last January 2011.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Type of vegetables affected by frost bite
TYPE OF VEGETABLE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Cabbage
26
87
Carrots
23 78
Celery 18 60
Potato 30 100
*Multiple response
Appearance of vegetables affected by Frost Bite
Table 6 shows the appearances of the vegetables affected by frost bite that was
observed by the farmers. All of the respondents observed that the appearance of vegetables
affected by frost bite is yellowish. Others (70%) said it was brownish; and fifty percent
(57%) observed brownish spots on the leaves. perhaps the appearance will depend on the
severity of the frost.
Effect of Frost Bite in Farming
As presented in Table 7. all of the respondents said that frost bite leads to low
production. Respondents also added that sometimes it could lead to bankruptcy which they
were afraid of. Accordingly vegetable production was their main source of livelihood and
crop failure diminished their source of income. This was also reported by Dexter See of
Sun Star Baguio (2007).
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Labor Expense Incurred as an effect of Frost Bite
Table 8 shows the expense being incurred by the respondents during the occurrence
of Frost bite, sixty three percent (63 %) of the respondents claimed that they hire laborers
to irrigate their plants early in the morning to prevent crop from wilting. respondents said
that water was not a problem because they are getting it from the river.
Table 6. Appearance of Vegetables affected by Frost bite
APPEARANCE
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Brownish
21
70
Yellowish
30
100
Spots on the leaves
17 57
*Multiple response
Table 7. Effect of Frost Bite in Farming
EFFECT
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Low production
30
100
Lead to bankruptcy
24
80
*Multiple response
Table 8. Labor Expense incurred as an effect of frost bite
EXPENSES
NO. OF DAYS OF COST OF HIRED NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
HIRED LABOR LABOR RESPONDENTS
Labor 1 200 4
13
2 400 7 24
3 600 19
63
Total
30 100
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Type of Assistance Received from the Provincial Government
Table 9 shows the type of assistance received by the farmers during the occurrence
of frost bite. Ninety Three percent (93 %) of the respondents said that they were given
seedlings for them to recoup their loss. Sixty percent (60 %) said that aside from the
planting material they received, they were also given a cavan of rice for each famers.
According to the Provincial Agriculture Office, They are not giving financial assistance to
the victims of the frost instead they were given planting materials to replace what they loss.
Table 9. The type of assistance received from the Provincial Government
TYPE OF ASSISTANCE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
They give planting material to the 28
93
Affected farmers
They give a cavan of Rice to the
18
60
Affected farmers
They sent Agriculture experts
6
20
to check situation
* Multiple response
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Barangay Paoy, Atok, Benguet. to determine the
remedial measures used by the farmers during the occurrence of frost, their expenses
incurred; and the aid received from the government.
The study was conducted in December 2011, an interview schedule was used to
gather the needed information. The respondents of the study were the farmers of barangay
Paoay. Thirty (30) farmers were chosen using the purposive random sampling.
Majority of the respondents were at the age ranged from forty one to fifty (41 – 50)
years old, mostly married and had formal education.
The findings showed that majority or sixty percent (60%) of the study revealed that
farmers do not have enough facilities to use in preventing frost injury. respondents said
that they water their plants manually early in the morning to prevent their crops from
wilting due to frost.
Out of thirty (30) respondents, majority claimed that they hired laborers to irrigate
their plants early in the morning. Labor cost per day ranges from two to three hundred
pesos.
Most of the respondents said that the government gave them planting materials for
them to recoup their loss. Finding also reveals that aside from seedlings, farmers also
received a cavan of rice each. Some respondents also said that the government sent
agriculture experts to check their situation.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made:
1. Majority of the respondents are not equipped to protect their crops from frost
bite.
2. The occurrence of frost is an added expense in vegetable farming
3. The government provided assistance during frost.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are formulated:
1. The Municipal Agriculture Office should closely monitor the temperature
trend in town so that the municipal government could immediately issue an advisory to
the farmers once it drops drastically.
2. Training and seminar of farmers in Vulnerable areas, on crop scheduling to
avoid frostbite from further affecting their harvest.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
`
LITERATURE CITED
AGREDA, JM 2011 Potatoes Planted by farmers were affected by frost bite injury.
being experienced by vegetable farmers in Atok has been different from the frost
injuries registered in Atok and nearby towns in 2007 covering an area as wide as
two hectares.
ARO, S. 2011 PIA-CAR. Frost in Atok can be a Tourist attraction. Frost
as a tourist attraction is a good idea for people who have not seen it.
FONGWAN, N. 2008 The Setting in of Frost experienced in certain parts of province
could be a good tourism attraction. The idea as tourist attraction and to
incorporate this to a tourist package in town of Atok.
SEE,D. 2007, Frost phenomenon can devastate upland vegetable farms fearing
that it could lead to bankruptcy of farmers who rely on vegetable production.
SUN STAR 2011. Frosting in Benguet Widens as Temperature Dips to 9.6 ºC. The
extreme temperature leaves the affected plant brownish until they die.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012. Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost
Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser : Julia A. Solimen, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine; the remedial measures during the
occurrence of frost bite, their expenses, and the aid they received from the government.
The data and information were gathered from the thirty (30) respondents in Paoay,
Atok, Benguet by using an interview schedule. The data gathered were categorized,
tabulated and analyzed statistically using purposive random sampling.
The findings showed that majority or sixty percent (60%) of the study revealed that
farmers do not have enough resources to use in preventing frost injury. Respondents said
that the only remedy is to water their plants manually early in the morning to prevent their
crops from wilting due to frost.
Out of thirty (30) respondents, sixty three percent (63%) claimed that they hired
laborers to irrigate their plants early in the morning. Labor cost per day ranges from two to
three hundred pesos.
Ninety three (93%) of the respondents said that the government assists them by
providing seedlings for them by to recoup their loss. Finding also reveals that aside from
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
seedlings, farmers also received a cavan of rice each. Some respondents also said that the
government sent agriculture experts to check their situation.
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made: Majority of the
respondents doesn’t have enough resources to protect their crops. All of the respondents
spent labor cost ranges from two to three hundred pesos (200 – 300) per day. Food of the
laborer is not included. Majority of the respondents received an aid from the government
during the occurrence of frost.
As to the recommendations, The Municipal Agriculture Office should closely
monitor the temperature trend in the town so that the municipal government could
immediately issue an advisory to the farmers once it drops drastically. On the other hand
training and seminar of farmers in vulnerable areas, on crop scheduling to avoid frost injury
from further affecting their harvest.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Information of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the general characteristic of the respondents in terms of gender,
age, civil status and educational attainment.
Gender. Almost Seventy percent (70%) of the respondents were males. However,
females had always been partners to their husband in agricultural production.
Age. The oldest respondent was 69 years old and the youngest was 21 years old.
The average age is forty six years old (46 yrs. Old) showing that the respondents are above
middle age.
Civil Status. Eighty percent (80%) of the thirty respondents were married while the
rest were single. This indicates that farming was the source of livelihood of married
respondents.
Educational Attainment. All of the respondents have attended formal Education at
varying levels.
Table 1. General characteristic of the respondents
PARTICULAR NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Gender
Male
19
63
Female
11
37
Total
30
100
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 1 continued…
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Age
21 - 30
2
7
31 - 40
4
13
41 - 50
17
57
51 - 60
5
17
61 - 70
2
6
Total
30
100
Civil status
Single
6
20
Married
24
80
Total
30
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
6
20
High school
21
70
College
3
10
Total
30
100
Number of Years in Farming
Table 2 shows that majority or fifty four percent (54 %) of the respondents has been
farming for 21 – 30 years, showing the experience of the respondents in Vegetable farming.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Number of years in farming
NUMBER OF YEARS
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
IN FARMING
RESPONDENTS
1 – 10
2
7
11 – 20
7
23
21 – 30
16
54
31 – 40
4
13
41 – 50
1
3
TOTAL
30
100
Land Tenure Status
Table 3 shows the land tenure status of the respondents, almost all of the
respondents owned the lots they are tilling. Only twenty percent (20%) tilled other people’s
land as tenants.
Materials Used in Preventing Frost injury
Table 4 shows the materials they used in preventing frost. Only forty percent (40%)
have their facilities in preventing frost. The rest water their plants manually early in the
morning.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Land Tenure Status
LAND TENURE STATUS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Tenant
6
20
Owner
24
80
TOTAL
30
100
Table 4.Equipment used in Preventing Frost
EQUIPMENT NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Greenhouse
8
27
Overhead Sprinkler
4
13
None (they water it manually)
18 60
TOTAL
30
100
Type of Vegetables affected by frost bite
Table 5 shows that all of the respondents said that the most affected by frost
is Potato, this findings was also collaborated by the Municipal Agriculturist of Atok, Mr.
Fred Rufino. Citing as an example its effect last January 2010 was the physical impact
on the leaves of potato crops. Its direct effect to the potato tuber is the slowing down of
growth as it disturbs the photosynthesis or the process of the plants food production.
Followed by Cabbage 26 %, Carrots 23%, Celery 18%. According to the respondents if it
was not watered early in the morning the plants would wilt as the sun melts the deposited
ice. This was also reported by Sun Star Baguio Last January 2011.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Type of vegetables affected by frost bite
TYPE OF VEGETABLE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Cabbage
26
87
Carrots
23 78
Celery 18 60
Potato 30 100
*Multiple response
Appearance of vegetables affected by Frost Bite
Table 6 shows the appearances of the vegetables affected by frost bite that was
observed by the farmers. All of the respondents observed that the appearance of vegetables
affected by frost bite is yellowish. Others (70%) said it was brownish; and fifty percent
(57%) observed brownish spots on the leaves. perhaps the appearance will depend on the
severity of the frost.
Effect of Frost Bite in Farming
As presented in Table 7. all of the respondents said that frost bite leads to low
production. Respondents also added that sometimes it could lead to bankruptcy which they
were afraid of. Accordingly vegetable production was their main source of livelihood and
crop failure diminished their source of income. This was also reported by Dexter See of
Sun Star Baguio (2007).
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Labor Expense Incurred as an effect of Frost Bite
Table 8 shows the expense being incurred by the respondents during the occurrence
of Frost bite, sixty three percent (63 %) of the respondents claimed that they hire laborers
to irrigate their plants early in the morning to prevent crop from wilting. respondents said
that water was not a problem because they are getting it from the river.
Table 6. Appearance of Vegetables affected by Frost bite
APPEARANCE
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Brownish
21
70
Yellowish
30
100
Spots on the leaves
17 57
*Multiple response
Table 7. Effect of Frost Bite in Farming
EFFECT
NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
Low production
30
100
Lead to bankruptcy
24
80
*Multiple response
Table 8. Labor Expense incurred as an effect of frost bite
EXPENSES
NO. OF DAYS OF COST OF HIRED NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)
HIRED LABOR LABOR RESPONDENTS
Labor 1 200 4
13
2 400 7 24
3 600 19
63
Total
30 100
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Type of Assistance Received from the Provincial Government
Table 9 shows the type of assistance received by the farmers during the occurrence
of frost bite. Ninety Three percent (93 %) of the respondents said that they were given
seedlings for them to recoup their loss. Sixty percent (60 %) said that aside from the
planting material they received, they were also given a cavan of rice for each famers.
According to the Provincial Agriculture Office, They are not giving financial assistance to
the victims of the frost instead they were given planting materials to replace what they loss.
Table 9. The type of assistance received from the Provincial Government
TYPE OF ASSISTANCE
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE (%)
RESPONDENTS
They give planting material to the 28
93
Affected farmers
They give a cavan of Rice to the
18
60
Affected farmers
They sent Agriculture experts
6
20
to check situation
* Multiple response
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Barangay Paoy, Atok, Benguet. to determine the
remedial measures used by the farmers during the occurrence of frost, their expenses
incurred; and the aid received from the government.
The study was conducted in December 2011, an interview schedule was used to
gather the needed information. The respondents of the study were the farmers of barangay
Paoay. Thirty (30) farmers were chosen using the purposive random sampling.
Majority of the respondents were at the age ranged from forty one to fifty (41 – 50)
years old, mostly married and had formal education.
The findings showed that majority or sixty percent (60%) of the study revealed that
farmers do not have enough facilities to use in preventing frost injury. respondents said
that they water their plants manually early in the morning to prevent their crops from
wilting due to frost.
Out of thirty (30) respondents, majority claimed that they hired laborers to irrigate
their plants early in the morning. Labor cost per day ranges from two to three hundred
pesos.
Most of the respondents said that the government gave them planting materials for
them to recoup their loss. Finding also reveals that aside from seedlings, farmers also
received a cavan of rice each. Some respondents also said that the government sent
agriculture experts to check their situation.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made:
1. Majority of the respondents are not equipped to protect their crops from frost
bite.
2. The occurrence of frost is an added expense in vegetable farming
3. The government provided assistance during frost.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are formulated:
1. The Municipal Agriculture Office should closely monitor the temperature
trend in town so that the municipal government could immediately issue an advisory to
the farmers once it drops drastically.
2. Training and seminar of farmers in Vulnerable areas, on crop scheduling to
avoid frostbite from further affecting their harvest.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012
`
LITERATURE CITED
AGREDA, JM 2011 Potatoes Planted by farmers were affected by frost bite injury.
being experienced by vegetable farmers in Atok has been different from the frost
injuries registered in Atok and nearby towns in 2007 covering an area as wide as
two hectares.
ARO, S. 2011 PIA-CAR. Frost in Atok can be a Tourist attraction. Frost
as a tourist attraction is a good idea for people who have not seen it.
FONGWAN, N. 2008 The Setting in of Frost experienced in certain parts of province
could be a good tourism attraction. The idea as tourist attraction and to
incorporate this to a tourist package in town of Atok.
SEE,D. 2007, Frost phenomenon can devastate upland vegetable farms fearing
that it could lead to bankruptcy of farmers who rely on vegetable production.
SUN STAR 2011. Frosting in Benguet Widens as Temperature Dips to 9.6 ºC. The
extreme temperature leaves the affected plant brownish until they die.
Remedial Measures on the Occurrence of Frost Injury in Paoay, Atok, Benguet |
PONCIO, WILCE P. APRIL 2012