BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAVEZ, JOANA MARIE C. OCTOBER ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAVEZ, JOANA MARIE C. OCTOBER 2009. Acceleration of Flowering in
Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberellic Acid Application.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009 to determine
the best GA3 concentrations that could effectively enhance the flowering of milflores,
determine the effect of the different rates of GA3 in the growth and flowering of two
varieties of milflores, and to determine the economics of applying gibberellic acid in
Hydrangea potted plant and cutflowers production.
The two varieties of milflores, namely: Cv Lemon Zest and Nikko Blue were
observed after treatment with 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 ppm GA3 applied two times at
weekly intervals.
Cultivar Nikko Blue showed earlier flower bud formation and flower
development, had the most number of laterals produced per plant, had the highest number
of cutflowers produced per plant and had the longest vaselife of cutflowers. Cultivar
Lemon Zest produced the tallest plants at flowering, had the highest number of leaves per
plant, had the biggest blooms at 50% anthesis, had the biggest stem diameter and had the
longest stem length.
On the other hand, plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 , were the earliest to form
flower buds and first to reach harvesting stage (41.82 and 37.07 days) after transplanting,
and had the highest number of cutflowers produced.
Plants applied with 750 to 1000 ppm GA3, produced higher number of leaves and
had longer vaselife of cutflowers with a mean of 8.28 days from holding in the tap water
only, to the onset of senescence.
Plants sprayed with 750 ppm GA3, were the tallest plants at flowering (83.40 cm)
and had bigger stem diameter (0.86 cm) while plants treated with 1000 ppm GA3 had the
biggest blooms at flowering and longest stem compared to plants sprayed with the other
GA3 concentrations.
However, economically, application of 500 ppm GA3 is recommended to the two
varieties of milflores grown in the study to enhance flowering, since both had the highest
ROI of 79.00% and 82.55%, respectively for Cvs. Lemon Zest and Nikko Blue.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gibberellins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Flowering and Flowering Requirement of Milflores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Plant Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Number of Leaves Per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Number of Laterals Per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Days from Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Harvesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Stem Length at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Flower Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Stem Diameter at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cutflower Yield Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
iii
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Milflores ( Hydrangea macrophylla) is one of the 80 species of genus hydrangea.
They are shrub in the Saxifrage family native of Japan. Flowers are large, branched
globose cyme of the hortensia or mop- head type with abundant, mostly sterile, individual
florets, 4-5 petal- liked sepals per flower (Anon., 2002).
Hydrangea macrophylla is an old fashioned plant with a great look for today’s
gardens. This striking black- stemmed plant of Japanese origin had been popular for over
a century in England. It bears large, rose to blue heads of the hortensia or mop- head type.
Even the casual observer will notice the crisp contrast of blackish- purple stems, pale
flowers, and light green foliage. H. macrophylla was identified as a plant with potential
value and highly attractive as a pot plant or summer flowering shrub in the garden border
in sunny locations or in partial shade (Anon., 2002).
Recent studies claim that flowering of most plants could be regulated through the
use of plant growth regulators in which gibberellic acid is one of them.
Plant hormones such as gibberellins can be of help in hastening and promoting
uniform flowering. Gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that plays an important
role in producing growth effects in plants. These alter the growth of plants since their
application have caused rosette plants to elongate in a manner suggestive of bolting. This
hormone has also been known to enhance flowering of plants by increasing the
gibberellins level of the plant through nitrogenous application. Gibberellins cause or
promote by either facilitating the formation of flowering hormones in the leaves or their
expression in the growing bud (Mastalerz, 1977).
However, its effect on the flowering of milflores has not been studied in the
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
2
locality.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009 to determine
the best GA3 concentration/s that could effectively enhance the flowering of milflores, to
determine the effect of the different rates of GA3 in the growth and flowering of two
varieties of milflores and to determine the economics of applying gibberellic acid in
Hydrangea potted plant and cutflowers production.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gibberellins
Gibberellic acid is a growth regulator which can produced wide varieties of plant
responses such as breaking dormancy, induction of flowering, parthenocarpic fruit set
and sex expression. Gibberellins are naturally occurring hormones that have been isolated
from higher plant tissues. They similarly as IAA (indole acetic acid), another kind of
hormone, to promote cell elongation, induce parthenocarpy, promote cambial activity and
issue new RNA and protein synthesis (Devlin, 1977).
In the mid- 1950’s, certain cold requiring species applied with GA3 were induced
to flower without a low temperature treatment. It was also found that GA3 induced the
flowering of some photoperiod sensitive plants (Lang et al., 1957).
Application of GA3 to grasses such as rice causes both leaf and stem elongation.
In broad-leaf plants the stimulation of stem growth is more dramatic. Cabbage may
elongate to as height as 6 feet and bush may become a climbing pole bean (Leopold and
Kreidmann, 1964).
Gibberellins appear to affect almost all plant organs from root to flower, fruit and
seed development. Shein and Jackson (1972) reported that gibberellic acid applied to
decapitated stems, petioles or to buds promote growth of buds in the axile of trifoliate
leaves but seldom increased the growth of buds in axile of primary leaves.
Gibberellins does not only induced cell elongation but also promotes flowering on
most ornamental and vegetable crops. Application of GA3 as foliar spray to stem apices
at 10 to 100 ppm hastens flowering by 10 days to 4 weeks in petunia, stock, larkspur,
English daisy, China aster, and gerbera (Weaver, 1972).
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
4
According to Caluya and Imlan (1939) as cited by Andres (1987) the GA3
induced the rapid elongation of plants in general. Even as early as one week after the first
application. The treatment plants were already taller than the untreated plants. The more
concentrated the growth regulator, the higher was the weekly height increment in stem
length.
Three applications of 1000 ppm GA3 at weekly intervals significantly promoted
earlier flowering, faster flower development, improved flower quality, produced bigger
sized blooms at harvesting and produced taller plants with longer floral stems of
anthurium cv. Kansako (Galimba, 1993). It was also reported that gibberellic acid
treatment greatly affected the flowering to Mr. Lincoln roses (Mendoza, 1993). GA3 of
500 ppm with two applications significantly enhanced cutflower production, increase
yield, higher number of leaves per plant anthesis, bigger flower buds and blooms, higher
leaf area and leaf area index at flowering and promoted longer vaselife.
Weier (1947) stated that gibberellins applied to long day rosette plants produced
flowers under short to long day. Likewise, gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many
other plants especially woody plants. It has been reported that flowering in Azalea was
hastened from 25 to 59 days when sprayed with GA3 in comparison to plants which
received cold treatments for 30 days prior to forcing (Barbara and Pokorny, 1961).
In general, gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that promotes plant growth,
they are used for encouraging plant growth, hastening germination, encouraging growth
in cold weather, increasing the size of some fruits, increasing the yield of some crops, and
breaking the dormancy of various seeds. The response of gibberellins varies with the
plant species.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
5
Flowering and Flowering Requirement of Milflores
Flowers of most hydrangeas are pH sensitive with dark purple or blue flowers in
acidic soils, white or dull green in neutral earth, and pink in alkaline soil (Anon., 2002).
Research has determined that milfores need plenty of light to keep blooming, but cannot
tolerate the direct afternoon sun. While they are in bloom, milflores need enough amount
of water, and when they finish blooming, they need much less, but they should not be
allowed to dry out. Most local water is very alkaline and it may affect the color or the
blooms. Milflores stay in the best condition if they are keep cool, around to 50-60
degrees, and they like average to high humidity. Milflores are fed every other week with
a half-strength water soluble fertilizer.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the experiment were: flowering milflores plants (Lemon
Zest and Nikko Blue), GA3, polyethylene black plastic bags (7”x11”) with the potting
mix of 1:1:1 garden soil, compost and rice hull, pesticides ( insecticides and fungicides),
fertilizers, greenhouse tools, watering can, identifying tags
Methods
The study was laid-out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) following
the factorial arrangement with two varieties of milflores as Factor A and the different
concentration of GA3 as Factor B. Each treatment was replicated three times with three
sample plants per treatment.
The treatments were as follows:
Factor A
=
Variety
V1
=
Lemon Zest
V2
=
Nikko Blue
Factor B
=
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
C1
=
0 (control)
C2
=
250
C3
=
500
C4
=
750
C5
=
1000
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
7
One year old plants were used in the study. All plants will be grown in 7”x11”
polyethylene black plastic bags with 1:1:1 garden soil, compost, rice hull.
Milflores plants were treated with the different concentrations of GA3 two times
at weekly intervals, two weeks after transplanting.
All cultural practices required for growing milflores were employed uniformly
on all treatments.
The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis and mean separation by
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were as follows:
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Final height per plant at flowering (cm). This was taken by measuring the plant
from base to the tip at full bloom flowering (50% anthesis).
2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering. This was done by counting the
number of leaves per plant at flowering.
3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering. This was done by counting the
number of laterals per plant at flowering.
B. Reproductive Growth
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (1cm. bud size). This was
obtained by counting the number of days from planting up to the time the plants initiated
flower buds.
2. Days from flower bud formation to harvesting ( 50% anthesis). This was
obtained by counting the number of days from the time the plants started to form flower
buds up to harvesting stage.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
8
C. Cutflower Quality
1. Stem length at harvest (cm). This was obtained by measuring the stem length of
each cutflower harvested.
2. Flower diameter of cyme at harvest (cm). This was the diameter of flower taken
at 50% anthesis.
3. Stem diameter (cm). This was obtained by using veneer caliper to measure the
diameter of the cutflowers at full bloom stage.
4. Vaselife. The number of days from holding up to the onset of senescence was
recorded.
D. Cutflower yield. This was obtained the number of flowers produced for the
duration of the study per plant.
E. Occurrence of Insect Pests and Diseases. All insect pests and diseases observed
during the study were identified.
F. Cost and Return Analysis. All expenses incurred during the study were
recorded and the return on investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI= Net Income X 100
Total Expenses
G. Meteorological data. This was taken from BSU PAGASA station. The data
were include: daylength (minutes), rainfall (mm), temperature (oC), relative humidity
(%).
H. Documentation of the study in pictures. Documentation of the study was done
through pictures.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety. Results show highly significant differences on the final plant
height of the two milflores varieties measured at flowering (Table 1). It was noted that
Lemon Zest were taller than Nikko Blue with plant heights of 83.40 and 60.20 cm,
respectively. This signifies that Lemon Zest had better effect on GA3 concentration in
terms of plant height.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Highly significant differences were obtained on the
final height of milflores as affected by different GA3 concentrations. Tallest plants were
obtained from those applied with 750 ppm GA3 with a final height of 81.28 cm followed
by those treated with 500, 1000 ad 250 ppm of GA3 with means of 80.28, 79.11 and
70.22 cm, respectively. Shortest plants were obtained from the untreated plants (control)
with a mean of 44.61 cm.
These findings conform with the earlier results of the study of Mastalerz (1977) as
cited by Weaver (1972) that GA3 induced stem elongation of plants.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the two
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations on the final height measured at
flowering.
Number of Leaves Per Plant at Flowering
Effect of variety. Table 2 shows significant differences on the number of leaves
produced at flowering. Lemon Zest had the highest number of leaves per plant at
flowering compared to Nikko Blue with only 93.47 leaves per plant.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
10
Table 1. Final plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
83.40a
Nikko Blue
60.20b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
44.61c
250
73.72b
500
80.28a
750
81.28a
1000
79.11a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant effects of the different
GA3 concentrations on the number of leaves produced per plant at flowering. Plants
applied with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 produced the highest number of leaves at flowering
with a mean of 107.06 followed by those applied with 500 and 250 ppm of GA3 having
means of 104.61 and 98.28, respectively. The lowest number of leaves counted was
obtained from untreated plants (control) which had a mean of 88.22 leaves per plant at
flowering.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were obtained between the
two milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of
leaves produced at flowering.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
11
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
108.62a
Nikko Blue
93.47b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
88.22a
250
98.28a
500
104.61a
750
107.06a
1000
107.06a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of Laterals Per Plant at Flowering
Effect of variety. Table 3 shows the number of laterals produced per plant at
flowering as affected by two varieties of milflores. Significant differences were noted on
the number of laterals per plant at flowering as affected by two varieties of milflores.
Nikko Blue had the highest number of laterals with mean of 10.80 laterals per plant at
flowering compared to Lemon Zest with only 9.24 laterals per plant.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences on the number
of laterals produced per plant at flowering as affected by different GA3 concentrations
(Table 3). Plants applied with 500 ppm GA3 produced the highest number of laterals at
flowering with a mean of 10.67 followed by those applied with 250, 1000 ppm GA3 and
untreated plants (control) with a means of 10.17, 9.89 and 9.78, respectively. The lowest
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
12
Table 3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
9.24b
Nikko Blue
10.80a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
9.78a
250
10.17a
500
10.67a
750
9.61a
1000
9.89a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
number of laterals was obtained from those applied with 750 ppm which had a mean of
9.61 laterals per plant at flowering.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the two milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of
laterals per plant at flowering.
Days from Transplanting
to Flower Bud Formation (1 cm bud size)
Effect of variety. Table 4 shows highly significant differences among the two
varieties of milflores with regards to the number of days from transplanting to flower bud
formation. Earliest to initiate flower buds was the cultivar Nikko Blue with 41.82 mean
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
13
days from planting, while cultivar Lemon Zest delay in the flower initiation with 61.53
mean days from planting.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences obtained on
the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation as affected by the
different GA3 concentrations applied on the two milflores varieties. The untreated plants
required the longest duration to flower with mean of 60.11 days from planting. Plants
treated with 500 ppm GA3 initiate flower buds earlier with mean of 40.33 days compared
to plants treated with 750, 1000 and 250 ppm with a means of 51.39, 52.72 and 53.83
days, respectively from planting.
Table 4. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size)
MEAN
TREATMENT
(days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
61.53a
Nikko Blue
41.82b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
60.11a
250
53.83a
500
40.33a
750
51.39a
1000
52.72a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
14
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect observed between
the different varieties of milflores and the different GA3 concentrations on the number of
days from transplanting to flower bud formation.
Days from Flower Bud Formation
to Harvesting (50% anthesis)
Effect of variety. Results showed significant differences on the number of days
from flower bud formation to harvesting as affected by the two varieties of milflores
(Table 5). The earliest to reach the harvesting stage were cultivar Nikko Blue with means
of 37.07 days from flower bud formation stage. Cultivar Lemon Zest had delayed flower
development and were the latest to reach harvesting stage with mean of 40.42 days from
flower bud formation stage.
Effect GA3 concentration. Significant differences were observed on the number of
days from flower bud formation to harvesting stage of milflores as affected by GA3
application. Delayed flower development were observed on plants which were not
applied with GA3. Plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 were the fastest to initiate flower
development among the treatments, thus, the earliest to reach harvesting stage having an
average of 33.72 days from flower bud formation stage compared to 1000, 750 and 250
ppm with an average of 36.83, 37.56 and 41.28 days, respectively from flower bud
formation.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed between
the two varieties of milflores and the different GA3 concentrations with regards to the
number of days from flower bud formation to harvesting.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
15
Table 5. Days from flower bud formation to harvesting (50% anthesis)
MEAN
TREATMENT
(days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
40.42a
Nikko Blue
37.07b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
44.34a
250
41.28a
500
33.72b
750
37.56b
1000
36.83b
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Stem Length at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows highly significant differences on the stem length
of two varieties of milflores at harvest. Plants of cv. Lemon Zest were significantly taller
compared to cv. Nikko Blue with a mean stem length of 63.12 cm.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Highly significant differences were observed in the
stem length of the milflores as affected by different GA3 concentrations (Table 6). Plants
sprayed with 1000 ppm GA3 significantly produced longer flower stem which had mean
of 69.00 cm compared to untreated plants which are the shortest with amean of 30.86 cm.
Result shows that GA3 treated plants had significantly longer stem at flowering
compared to the untreated plants. Likewise, it was observed that as GA3 concentration
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
16
Table 6. Stem length at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
63.12a
Nikko Blue
50.17b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
30.86d
250
55.96c
500
59.33a
750
68.07a
1000
69.00a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
was increased, there is a corresponding increase in the length of stem of milflores
cutflowers at harvest.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects between the milflores varieties and the
different GA3 concentration on stem length at harvest was not significant.
Flower Diameter at 50 % Anthesis (cm)
Effect of variety. Table 7 shows that there were no significant differences
obtained with regards to flower diameter measured at 50% anthesis. However, results
showed that bigger blooms were obtained from cultivar Lemon Zest with mean flower
diameter of 17.53 cm. smallest blooms were exhibited by cv. Nikko Blue with mean
flower diameter of 16.78 cm.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
17
Table 7. Flower diameter at 50% anthesis (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
17.53a
Nikko Blue
16.78a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
16.56a
250
16.33a
500
16.68a
750
17.91a
1000
18.31a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant difference obtained with
regards with flower diameter measured at 50% anthesis of two milflores varieties as
affected by different GA3 concentrations applied. However, results showed that plants
treated with 1000 ppm had the biggest flowers with a mean of 18.31 cm followed by
plant treated with 750 ppm with a mean of 17.91 cm. the smallest blooms were obtained
from untreated plants, and those sprayed with 500 and 250 ppm with means of 16.56,
16.68 and 16.33 cm, respectively.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained between the
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations applied with regards to flower
diameter of milflores at 50% anthesis.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
18
Stem Diameter at Harvest (cm)
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows that the effect of two varieties of milflores on the
stem diameter at harvest were not significant. Cultivar Lemon Zest had bigger stem
diameter compared to Nikko Blue having mean of 0.86 and 0.81 cm, respectively.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences obtained with
regards to the stem diameter at harvest as affected by GA3 concentrations. However,
result shows that plants applied 750 ppm GA3 had bigger stem diameter of cutflowers
with mean of 0.88 cm while the smallest stem diameter were gathered from the untrated
plants and those plants applied with 250 ppm GA3 with a means of 0.79 cm.
Table 8. Stem diameter at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
0.86a
Nikko Blue
0.81a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
0.79a
250
0.79a
500
0.85a
750
0.88a
1000
0.86a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
19
Interaction effects. There were no significant differences were obtained between
the two varieties of milflores and different GA3 concentrations with regards to stem
diameter at harvest.
Vaselife
Effect of variety. The average vaselife of milflores cutflowers as affected by
different varieties of milflores used is shown in Table 9. highly significant differences
were obtained on the vaselife of cutflowers. Cv. Nikko Blue which had the longest
vaselife while the cutflower Lemon Zest had the lowest vaselife of cutflowers held in tap
water only under room temperature.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 9 shows that there were no significant
differences obtained with regards to the number of days of aesthetic life of cutflowers of
two varieties as affected by different GA3 concentrations applied. However, cutflowers
from plants treated with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 has the longest vaselife with means of
8.28 days from holding. Shorter vaselife were obtained on cutflowers from plants not
applied with GA3, and from those treated with 500 and 250 ppm with mean of 7.61, 7.89
and 7.83 days, respectively.
Result show that cutflowers from GA3 treated plants had longer vaselife compare
to those obtained from the untreated plants.
The result confirmed with the earlier findings of Krishnamoorthy (1981) that GA3
application delays senescence. Delay in senescence is accompanied by delay in the loss
of chlorophyll protein and RNA. This is accomplished by both preventing the
degradation of these components and also by increase in their synthesis.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
20
Table 9. Vaselife
MEAN
TREATMENT
(Days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
7.27b
Nikko Blue
8.69a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
7.61a
250
7.83a
500
7.89a
750
8.28a
1000
8.28a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained with regards to
the vaselife of the milflores cutflowers as affected by the combined effect of the different
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations.
Cutflower Yield Produced
Effect of variety. The average number of cutflowers produced per plant is shown
in Table 10. Significant differences were obtained on the two varieties of milflores with
regards to the average yield of cutflowers per plant. Results show that Cv. Nikko Blue
produced higher number of cutflowers per plant compared to Cv. Lemon Zest which
produced lesser of cutflowers produced per plant.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
21
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 10 shows the response of milflores based on
the number of cutflowers produced per plant as affected by GA3 applied with different
concentrations. Plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 produced more cutflowers. However, it
is comparable to the plants treated with 250 ppm GA3. Untreated (control) plants
obtained lowest number of cutflowers per plant but it was comparable to the plants
treated with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect obtained on the
average number of cutflowers produced as affected by the two varieties of milflores and
the different GA3 concentrations.
Table 10. Cutflower yield produced per plant from February 2009 to May 2009
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
9.24b
Nikko Blue
10.80a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
9.78a
250
10.17a
500
10.67a
750
9.61a
1000
9.89a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
22
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases
Insect pest and diseases observed during the study were identified. The insect
pest noted during the conduct of the study were snail and slugs and were controlled
by hand picking, while the diseases identified were powdery mildew and black spot and
were controlled by applying 4-7 tablespoon of Curazeb in 16 liters of water.
Cost and Return Analysis
The economics of using GA3 in potted milflores production is shown in Table 11.
Results shows that the highest return on investment (ROI) were obtained from Cv. Nikko
Blue applied with 500 ppm GA3 with 82.55% while the lowest ROI with 73.97% were
obtained from Cv. Lemon Zest applied with 250 ppm GA3.
Meteorological Data
Table 10 presents the meteorological data obtained from BSU-PAGASA, Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009.
Relative humidity continued to increased from November to May during the study
period. The minimum and maximum temperature had the highest temperature during the
month of November. Rainfall was highest during the month of April while the month of
February had the longest daylength.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
23
Table 11. Cost and return analysis
Lemon Zest
Nikko Blue
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Production Cost (Php)
Planting Materials
445.00 445.00 445.00
445.00 445.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
Verellix (GA3)
-
50.00
100.00
150.00 200.00
-
50.00
100.00 150.00 200.00
Fertilizers
14-14-14
31.00 31.00 31.00
31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00
Chemicals
Fungicides
15.00 15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Labor
Weeding
22.00 22.00 22.00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
Watering
179.00 179.00
179.00
179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00
Spraying
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
Fertilizer
Application
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.5
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
Harvesting
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
TOTAL
776.00 826.00
876.00
926.00 976.00 731.00 781.00 831.00 881.00 931.00
Gross Income
1367.00 1437.00 1567.00 1641.00 1714.00 1277.00 1387.00 1567.00 1577.00 1667.00
Net Income
591.00 611.00
691.00
715.00 738.00 546.00 606.00 686.00 696.00 736.00
ROI (%)
76.16
73.97
78.88
77.21
75.61
74.69
77.60
82.55
79.00
79.05
Rank
7
10
4
6
8
9
5
1
3
2
*Selling Price: potted Lemon Zest= Php 50.00; potted Nikko Blue= Php 40.00
*Berellix (GA3): C1= control (untreated); C2= 250 ppm GA3; C3= 500 ppm GA3; C4= 750 ppm GA3; C5= 1000 ppm GA3
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberel ic Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
24
Table 12. Meteorological data
TEMPERATURE oC
RELATIVE
M
ONTH DAYL
ENGTH RAI
NFALL
Minimum
Maximum HUMIDITY
Nov-08
304.6
3.10
16.2
25.2
75.2
Dec-08
369.8
0.1
13.6
24.4
82.0
Jan-09
349.0
0.03
13.1
24.6
85.0
Feb-09
393.0
3.5
13.6
24.8
85.0
Mar-09
266.9
1.6
14.8
25.1
86.0
Apr-09
278.6
12.9
16.0
24.7
89.0
May-09
276.5
11.6
15.8
24.4
89.0
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
25
Milflores plants before GA3 application
Cultivar Lemon Zest at flowering
Cultivar Nikko Blue at flowering
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the flowering of two varieties of milflores as affected by the
application of different GA3 concentrations was conducted at the Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The earliest to initiate flower buds and first to reach harvesting stage was Cv.
Nikko Blue applied with 500 ppm GA3. These plants had the highest number of laterals
per plant produced at flowering. Delay in flowering was noted in the untreated (control)
plants
With regards to plant height, the tallest plants were observed from Cv. Lemon
Zest applied with 750 ppm GA3, while the shortest plants were observed from Cv. Nikko
Blue which were not treated with GA3.
On the number of leaves per plant, plants of cv. Lemon Zest applied with 750 to
1000 ppm GA3, had the highest number of leaves per plant while the untreated plants of
Cv. Nikko Blue had the lowest number of leaves per plant.
Plants treated with 1000 ppm GA3 of Cv. Lemon Zest had longer stems, while the
shortest stems were observed from cv. Nikko Blue which were not treated with GA3.
With regards to cutflower quality, bigger blooms were observed on Cv. Lemon
Zest sprayed with 1000 ppm GA3 measuring 17.53 cm at 50% anthesis. On the other
hand, cv. Nikko Blue applied with 250 ppm GA3 had smaller blooms with a mean of
16.33 cm flower diameter.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
27
Cultivar Lemon Zest applied with 750 ppm GA3 had the bigger stem diameter
with 0.88 cm at harvest; while the untreated plants of Cv. Nikko Blue and those applied
with 250 ppm GA3 had the smallest stem diameter at flowering.
Plants treated with 250 to 1000 ppm GA3 had longer vaselife compared to the
untreated plants. However, increasing concentrations of GA3 to 1000 ppm tends to
lengthen the vaselife of milflores cutflowers.
On the other hand, higher number of cutflowers produced per plant was recorded
on Cv. Nikko Blue. Results shows that plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 produced more
cutflowers.
The highest return on investment (ROI) were obtained from Cv. Nikko Blue
applied with 500 ppm GA3.
Conclusion
Based on the above findings, it is concluded that application of 500 to 1000 ppm
GA3 were the best concentrations that will enhance flowering and improve cutflower
quality of milflores.
Recommendations
Application of GA3 can be recommended in growing milflores for cutflower
production under La Trinidad, Benguet conditions at concentrations of 500 to 1000 GA3.
However, application of 500 ppm GA3 can be used for economic reasons.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANDRES, J.T. 1987. Growth and yield performance of garden pea as influenced by
vernalization and GA3 treatment. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp.43-44.
ANONYMOUS, 2002. Undated. Hydrangea macrophylla “Nigra”.
http:www.Geocites.com/enchanted forest/palace/1170/abalias.html/.
BARBARA, R.C. and F.A. POKORNY. 1961. Influence of several concentrations of
GA3. Proc. Assoc. of Southern Agriculture Workers. pp. 60-61.
DEVLIN, R.M. 1977. Plant Physiology. New York: Von Naustraut Reignhold Co.
pp.387- 484.
GALIMBA, S.B. 1993. Effect of foliar gibberelic acid on the flowering of anthurium cv.
Kansako under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp.37-39.
LANG, A. 1957. The effect of gibberellins upon flower formation. Proc. Nat. acad. Sci.
43. pp 709-719.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and P.E. KRIEDMANN. 1964. Plant Growth Development. 2nd ed.
New York: McGrawHill Book Co. pp. 230-233.
MASTALERZ, J. W. 1977. The Greenhouse Environment. The Effect of Gibberellins on
the Growth and Development of Flower Crops. New York: Jake Wiley and Sona.
pp. 540-544.
MENDOZA, L.G. 1993. Effect of GA3 on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr.
Lincoln. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
p. 3.
SHEIN, T.G. and D.I. JACKSON. 1972. Interaction between hormones, light, nutrition,
and extension of lateral buds in Phaseolus vulgaris. A.M.J. Bot. pp. 791-800.
WEAVER, R.J. 1972. Plant and Growth Substances in Agriculture. San Francisco: WH
Freeman and Co. pp.379-381.
WEIER, T.E. 1974. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. 5th ed. Canada: John Willy
and Sons, Inc. pp. 397-398.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
29
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
56.33
62.33
64.33
182.99
71.00
V1C2
93.67
84.00
83.67
261.34
87.11
V1C3
86.33
82.67
93.33
262.33
87.44
V1C4
90.33
83.00
100.67
274.00
91.33
V1C5
93.00
92.67
84.67
270.34
90.11
SUB-TOTAL
419.66
404.67
426.67
1251.00
85.40
V2C1
23.00
35.67
26.00
84.67
28.22
V2C2
56.67
61.00
63.33
181.00
60.33
V2C3
65.67
67.67
86.00
219.34
73.11
V2C4
64.00
66.67
83.00
213.67
71.22
V2C5
64.67
67.00
72.67
204.34
68.11
SUB-TOTAL
274.01
298.01
331.00
903.02
60.20
TOTAL
693.67
702.68
757.67
2154.02
72.80
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
30
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
71.00
28.22
99.22
49.61
250
87.11
60.33
147.44
73.72
500
87.44
73.11
160.55
80.28
750
91.33
71.22
162.55
81.28
1000
90.11
68.11
158.22
79.11
TOTAL
85.40
60.20
727.91
72.91
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
9
10076.74
1119.638 23.15
2.39 3.46
FACTOR A
1
4036.336
4036.336
83.47**
4.35 8.10
FACTOR B
4
5749.207
1437.302
29.72**
2.87 4.43
A x B
4
291.195
72.799
1.51ns
2.87 4.43
ERROR
20
967.088
48.354
TOTAL
29
11043.83
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 9.68%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
R E P L I C A T I ON
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
102.33
113.00
81.00
296.33
98.78
V1C2
129.67
113.33
86.00
329.00
109.67
V1C3
127.67
124.67
99.00
351.34
117.11
V1C4
115.67
123.67
89.33
328.67
109.56
V1C5
116.00
119.33
88.67
324.00
108.00
SUB-TOTAL
591.34
594.00
444.00
1629.34
108.62
V2C1
84.00
80.67
68.33
233.00
77.67
V2C2
91.33
91.67
77.67
260.67
86.89
V2C3
114.33
79.00
83.00
276.33
92.11
V2C4
95.67
113.33
84.67
313.67
104.56
V2C5
100.33
131.33
86.67
318.33
106.11
SUB-TOTAL
485.66
516.00
400.34
1402.00
93.47
TOTAL
1077.00
1110.00
844.34
3031.34
101.05
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
32
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
98.78 77.67
176.45
88.23
250
109.67 86.89
196.56
98.28
500
117.11 92.11
209.22
104.61
750
109.56 104.56
214.12
107.06
1000
108.00 106.11
214.11
107.06
TOTAL
108.62 93.47
1010.46
101.05
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
3969.663
441.074 1.34
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
1722.783
1722.783
5.24*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
1542.442
385.611
1.17ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
704.439
176.11
0.54ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
6575.133
328.757
TOTAL
29
10544.8
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 17.94%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
33
Appendix Table 3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
10.00
12.67
5.67
28.34
9.44
V1C2
9.33
9.33
10.00
28.66
9.55
V1C3
9.67
12.67
9.33
31.67
10.56
V1C4
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V1C5
8.67
10.00
6.33
25.00
8.33
SUB-TOTAL
46.00
53.00
39.66
138.66
9.24
V2C1
9.67
9.33
11.33
30.33
10.11
V2C2
9.33
10.33
12.67
32.33
10.78
V2C3
14.33
8.33
9.67
32.33
10.78
V2C4
11.33
10.33
11.00
32.66
10.89
V2C5
12.00
11.00
11.33
34.33
11.44
SUB-TOTAL
56.66
49.32
56.00
161.98
10.80
TOTAL
102.66
102.32
95.66
300.64
10.02
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
34
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
9.44
10.11
19.55
9.78
250
9.55
10.78
20.33
10.17
500
10.56
10.78
21.34
10.67
750
8.33
10.89
19.22
9.61
1000
8.33
11.44
19.77
9.89
TOTAL
9.24
10.80
100.21
10.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
31.397
3.489
1.03
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
18.127
18.127
5.33*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
4.106
1.027
0.30ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
9.163
2.291
0.67ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
67.963
3.398
TOTAL
29
99.360
*- significant
Coefficient of variance= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
35
Appendix Table 4. Days from repotting to flower bud formation ( 1 cm bud size)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
79.33
57.33
81.33
217.99
72.66
V1C2
115.00
59.67
41.00
215.67
71.89
V1C3
43.67
44.67
47.33
135.67
45.22
V1C4
68.00
55.00
47.67
170.67
56.89
V1C5
75.67
61.00
46.33
183
61.00
SUB-TOTAL
381.67
277.67
263.66
923
61.53
V2C1
46.67
52.00
44.00
142.67
47.56
V2C2
27.00
49.33
31.00
107.33
35.78
V2C3
27.00
53.00
26.33
106.33
35.44
V2C4
43.33
43.00
51.33
137.66
45.89
V2C5
41.00
53.00
39.33
133.33
44.44
SUB-TOTAL
185.00
250.33
191.99
627.32
41.82
TOTAL
566.67
528.00
455.65
1550.32
51.68
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
36
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
72.66
47.56
120.22
60.11
250
71.89
35.78
107.67
53.84
500
45.22
35.44
80.66
40.33
750
56.89
45.89
102.78
51.39
1000
61.00
44.44
105.44
52.72
TOTAL
61.53
41.82
516.77
51.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
4871.756
541.306 2.21
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
2914.222
2914.222
11.89**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
1233.712
308.428
1.26ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
723.822
180.955
0.74ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
4901.263
245.063
TOTAL
29
9773.019
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 30.29%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
37
Appendix Table 5.Days from flower bud formation to harvesting ( 50% anthesis)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
44.67
50.00
50.00
144.67
48.22
V1C2
42.00
53.67
46.67
142.34
47.45
V1C3
38.33
32.67
31.33
102.33
34.11
V1C4
36.00
37.33
34.67
108.00
36.00
V1C5
33.00
35.33
40.67
109.00
36.33
SUB-TOTAL 194.00
209.00
203.34
606.34
40.42
V2C1
49.67
32.00
39.67
121.34
40.45
V2C2
29.00
44.67
31.67
105.34
35.11
V2C3
32.33
35.00
32.67
100.00
33.33
V2C4
38.33
44.00
35.00
117.33
39.11
V2C5
38.33
40.67
33.00
112.00
37.33
SUB-TOTAL 187.66
196.34
172.01
556.01
37.07
TOTAL
381.66
405.34
375.35
1162.35
38.75
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
38
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO
TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
48.22
40.45
88.67
44.34
250
47.45
35.11
82.56
41.28
500
34.11
33.33
67.44
33.72
750
36.00
39.11
75.11
37.56
1000
36.33
37.33
73.66
36.83
TOTAL
40.42
37.07
387.44
38.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
743.667
82.63
3.15
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
84.437
84.437
3.22*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
407.873
101.968
3.89*
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
251.357
62.839
2.40ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
524.131
26.207
TOTAL
29
1267.798
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 13.21%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
39
Appendix Table 6. Stem length at flowering (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
35.17
36.33
35.50
107.00
35.67
V1C2
60.67
61.30
59.77
181.74
60.58
V1C3
62.33
64.17
63.50
190.00
63.33
V1C4
72.00
72.17
83.83
228.00
76.00
V1C5
84.00
83.33
72.67
240.00
80.00
SUB-TOTAL
314.17
317.3
315.27
946.74
61.12
V2C1
25.00
27.09
26.08
78.17
26.06
V2C2
51.00
50.00
53.00
154.00
51.33
V2C3
53.00
54.00
59.00
166.00
55.33
V2C4
52.00
54.00
74.40
180.40
60.13
V2C5
59.00
55.00
60.00
174.00
58.00
SUB-TOTAL
240.00
240.09
272.48
752.57
50.17
TOTAL
554.17
557.39
587.75
1699.31
55.65
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
40
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
35.67
26.06
61.73
30.87
250
60.58
51.33
111.91
55.96
500
63.33
55.33
118.66
59.33
750
76.00
60.13
136.13
68.07
1000
80.00
58.00
138.00
69.00
TOTAL
61.12
50.17
566.43
56.65
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
7199.896
799.988 30.46
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
1256.733
1256.733
47.85**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
5733.49
1433.373
54.58**
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
209.673
52.418
2ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
525.252
26.263
TOTAL
29
7725.148
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 9.05%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberel ic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
41
Appendix Table 7. Flower diameter at 50% anthesis (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
16.17
17.5
15.83
49.50
16.50
V1C2
17.33
16.17
17.33
50.83
16.94
V1C3
17.90
15.77
16.03
49.70
16.57
V1C4
17.17
20.10
16.83
54.10
18.03
V1C5
16.67
20.17
21.50
58.34
19.45
SUB-TOTAL
85.24
89.71
87.52
262.47
17.50
V2C1
16.33
14.83
18.67
49.67
15.61
V2C2
16.17
15.33
15.17
46.83
16.56
V2C3
17.87
17.17
15.33
50.37
16.79
V2C4
17.03
19.50
16.83
53.36
17.79
V2C5
17.50
16.67
17.33
51.50
17.17
SUB-TOTAL
84.90
83.50
83.33
251.73
16.78
TOTAL
170.14
173.21
170.85
514.2
17.14
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
42
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
16.50
15.61
32.11
16.06
250
16.94
16.56
33.5
16.75
500
16.57
16.79
33.36
16.68
750
18.03
17.79
35.82
17.91
1000
19.45
17.17
36.62
18.31
TOTAL
17.50
16.78
171.41
17.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
30.553
3.395
1.66
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
4.211
4.211
2.06ns
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
18.952
4.738
2.31ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
7.39
1.847
0.90ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
40.94
2.047
TOTAL
29
71.493
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation= 18.31%
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
43
Appendix Table 8. Stem diameter at harvest (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO
TAL
MEAN
V1C1
0.80
0.97
0.80
2.57
0.84
V1C2
0.77
0.87
0.80
2.44
0.81
V1C3
0.87
0.97
0.77
2.61
0.87
V1C4
0.9
0.97
0.80
2.67
0.89
V1C5
1.00
0.83
0.87
2.70
0.90
SUB-TOTAL
4.34
4.57
4.04
12.99
0.86
V2C1
0.90
0.53
0.80
2.23
0.74
V2C2
0.77
0.70
0.83
2.30
0.76
V2C3
0.90
0.77
0.83
2.50
0.83
V2C4
0.93
0.87
0.80
2.46
0.82
V2C5
0.83
0.77
0.86
2.60
0.87
SUB-TOTAL
4.33
3.64
4.12
12.09
0.80
TOTAL
8.67
8.21
8.16
25.08
0.83
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
44
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
0.84
0.74
1.58
0.79
250
0.81
0.76
1.57
0.79
500
0.87
0.83
1.70
0.85
750
0.89
0.82
1.71
0.86
1000
0.90
0.87
1.77
0.89
TOTAL
0.86
0.80
8.33
0.84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
0.07
0.008
0.92
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
0.025
0.025
2.90ns
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
0.039
0.01
1.16ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
0.006
0.002
0.18ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
0.170
0.008
TOTAL
29
0.240
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 11.04%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
45
Appendix Table 9. Vaselife
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
7.00
7.33
6.33
20.66
6.89
V1C2
7.00
7.33
7.00
21.33
7.11
V1C3
6.67
7.67
6.33
22.01
7.34
V1C4
7.67
7.67
7.67
23.01
7.67
V1C5
7.67
7.67
8.00
23.34
7.78
SUB-TOTAL
36.01
37.67
35.33
110.35
7.36
V2C1
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V2C2
9.00
8.33
8.33
25.66
8.55
V2C3
9.00
8.33
9.33
26.66
8.89
V2C4
9.00
8.33
9.33
26.66
8.89
V2C5
9.33
9.00
8.00
26.33
8.78
SUB-TOTAL
44.66
43.32
43.32
130.3
8.69
TOTAL
80.67
79.99
78.65
240.65
8.03
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
46
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
6.89
8.33
15.22
7.61
250
7.11
8.55
15.66
7.83
500
7.34
8.89
16.23
8.12
750
7.67
8.89
16.56
8.28
1000
7.78
8.78
16.56
8.28
TOTAL
7.36
8.69
80.23
8.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
18.019
2.002
10.18
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
15.109
15.109
76.85**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
2.079
0.52
2.64ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
0.831
0.208
1.06ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
3.932
0.197
TOTAL
29
21.951
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
47
Appendix Table 10. Cutflower yield produced per plant from February 2009 to May
2009
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
10.00
12.67
5.67
28.34
9.44
V1C2
9.33
9.33
10.00
28.66
9.55
V1C3
9.67
12.67
9.33
31.67
10.56
V1C4
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V1C5
8.67
10.00
6.33
25.00
8.33
SUB-TOTAL
46.00
53.00
39.66
138.66
9.24
V2C1
9.67
9.33
11.33
30.33
10.11
V2C2
9.33
10.33
12.67
32.33
10.78
V2C3
14.33
8.33
9.67
32.33
10.78
V2C4
11.33
10.33
11.00
32.66
10.89
V2C5
12.00
11.00
11.33
34.33
11.44
SUB-TOTAL
56.66
49.32
56.00
161.98
10.80
TOTAL
102.66
102.32
95.66
300.64
10.02
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
48
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
9.44
10.11
19.55
9.78
250
9.55
10.78
20.33
10.17
500
10.56
10.78
21.34
10.67
750
8.33
10.89
19.22
9.61
1000
8.33
11.44
19.77
9.89
TOTAL
9.24
10.80
100.21
10.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
31.397
3.489
1.03
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
18.127
18.127
5.33*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
4.106
1.027
0.30ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
9.163
2.291
0.67ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
67.963
3.398
TOTAL
29
99.360
*- significant
Coefficient of variance= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
CHAVEZ, JOANA MARIE C. OCTOBER 2009. Acceleration of Flowering in
Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberellic Acid Application.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009 to determine
the best GA3 concentrations that could effectively enhance the flowering of milflores,
determine the effect of the different rates of GA3 in the growth and flowering of two
varieties of milflores, and to determine the economics of applying gibberellic acid in
Hydrangea potted plant and cutflowers production.
The two varieties of milflores, namely: Cv Lemon Zest and Nikko Blue were
observed after treatment with 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 ppm GA3 applied two times at
weekly intervals.
Cultivar Nikko Blue showed earlier flower bud formation and flower
development, had the most number of laterals produced per plant, had the highest number
of cutflowers produced per plant and had the longest vaselife of cutflowers. Cultivar
Lemon Zest produced the tallest plants at flowering, had the highest number of leaves per
plant, had the biggest blooms at 50% anthesis, had the biggest stem diameter and had the
longest stem length.
On the other hand, plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 , were the earliest to form
flower buds and first to reach harvesting stage (41.82 and 37.07 days) after transplanting,
and had the highest number of cutflowers produced.
Plants applied with 750 to 1000 ppm GA3, produced higher number of leaves and
had longer vaselife of cutflowers with a mean of 8.28 days from holding in the tap water
only, to the onset of senescence.
Plants sprayed with 750 ppm GA3, were the tallest plants at flowering (83.40 cm)
and had bigger stem diameter (0.86 cm) while plants treated with 1000 ppm GA3 had the
biggest blooms at flowering and longest stem compared to plants sprayed with the other
GA3 concentrations.
However, economically, application of 500 ppm GA3 is recommended to the two
varieties of milflores grown in the study to enhance flowering, since both had the highest
ROI of 79.00% and 82.55%, respectively for Cvs. Lemon Zest and Nikko Blue.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gibberellins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Flowering and Flowering Requirement of Milflores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Plant Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Number of Leaves Per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Number of Laterals Per Plant at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Days from Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Harvesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Stem Length at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Flower Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Stem Diameter at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cutflower Yield Produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
iii
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Milflores ( Hydrangea macrophylla) is one of the 80 species of genus hydrangea.
They are shrub in the Saxifrage family native of Japan. Flowers are large, branched
globose cyme of the hortensia or mop- head type with abundant, mostly sterile, individual
florets, 4-5 petal- liked sepals per flower (Anon., 2002).
Hydrangea macrophylla is an old fashioned plant with a great look for today’s
gardens. This striking black- stemmed plant of Japanese origin had been popular for over
a century in England. It bears large, rose to blue heads of the hortensia or mop- head type.
Even the casual observer will notice the crisp contrast of blackish- purple stems, pale
flowers, and light green foliage. H. macrophylla was identified as a plant with potential
value and highly attractive as a pot plant or summer flowering shrub in the garden border
in sunny locations or in partial shade (Anon., 2002).
Recent studies claim that flowering of most plants could be regulated through the
use of plant growth regulators in which gibberellic acid is one of them.
Plant hormones such as gibberellins can be of help in hastening and promoting
uniform flowering. Gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that plays an important
role in producing growth effects in plants. These alter the growth of plants since their
application have caused rosette plants to elongate in a manner suggestive of bolting. This
hormone has also been known to enhance flowering of plants by increasing the
gibberellins level of the plant through nitrogenous application. Gibberellins cause or
promote by either facilitating the formation of flowering hormones in the leaves or their
expression in the growing bud (Mastalerz, 1977).
However, its effect on the flowering of milflores has not been studied in the
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
2
locality.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009 to determine
the best GA3 concentration/s that could effectively enhance the flowering of milflores, to
determine the effect of the different rates of GA3 in the growth and flowering of two
varieties of milflores and to determine the economics of applying gibberellic acid in
Hydrangea potted plant and cutflowers production.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Gibberellins
Gibberellic acid is a growth regulator which can produced wide varieties of plant
responses such as breaking dormancy, induction of flowering, parthenocarpic fruit set
and sex expression. Gibberellins are naturally occurring hormones that have been isolated
from higher plant tissues. They similarly as IAA (indole acetic acid), another kind of
hormone, to promote cell elongation, induce parthenocarpy, promote cambial activity and
issue new RNA and protein synthesis (Devlin, 1977).
In the mid- 1950’s, certain cold requiring species applied with GA3 were induced
to flower without a low temperature treatment. It was also found that GA3 induced the
flowering of some photoperiod sensitive plants (Lang et al., 1957).
Application of GA3 to grasses such as rice causes both leaf and stem elongation.
In broad-leaf plants the stimulation of stem growth is more dramatic. Cabbage may
elongate to as height as 6 feet and bush may become a climbing pole bean (Leopold and
Kreidmann, 1964).
Gibberellins appear to affect almost all plant organs from root to flower, fruit and
seed development. Shein and Jackson (1972) reported that gibberellic acid applied to
decapitated stems, petioles or to buds promote growth of buds in the axile of trifoliate
leaves but seldom increased the growth of buds in axile of primary leaves.
Gibberellins does not only induced cell elongation but also promotes flowering on
most ornamental and vegetable crops. Application of GA3 as foliar spray to stem apices
at 10 to 100 ppm hastens flowering by 10 days to 4 weeks in petunia, stock, larkspur,
English daisy, China aster, and gerbera (Weaver, 1972).
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
4
According to Caluya and Imlan (1939) as cited by Andres (1987) the GA3
induced the rapid elongation of plants in general. Even as early as one week after the first
application. The treatment plants were already taller than the untreated plants. The more
concentrated the growth regulator, the higher was the weekly height increment in stem
length.
Three applications of 1000 ppm GA3 at weekly intervals significantly promoted
earlier flowering, faster flower development, improved flower quality, produced bigger
sized blooms at harvesting and produced taller plants with longer floral stems of
anthurium cv. Kansako (Galimba, 1993). It was also reported that gibberellic acid
treatment greatly affected the flowering to Mr. Lincoln roses (Mendoza, 1993). GA3 of
500 ppm with two applications significantly enhanced cutflower production, increase
yield, higher number of leaves per plant anthesis, bigger flower buds and blooms, higher
leaf area and leaf area index at flowering and promoted longer vaselife.
Weier (1947) stated that gibberellins applied to long day rosette plants produced
flowers under short to long day. Likewise, gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many
other plants especially woody plants. It has been reported that flowering in Azalea was
hastened from 25 to 59 days when sprayed with GA3 in comparison to plants which
received cold treatments for 30 days prior to forcing (Barbara and Pokorny, 1961).
In general, gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that promotes plant growth,
they are used for encouraging plant growth, hastening germination, encouraging growth
in cold weather, increasing the size of some fruits, increasing the yield of some crops, and
breaking the dormancy of various seeds. The response of gibberellins varies with the
plant species.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
5
Flowering and Flowering Requirement of Milflores
Flowers of most hydrangeas are pH sensitive with dark purple or blue flowers in
acidic soils, white or dull green in neutral earth, and pink in alkaline soil (Anon., 2002).
Research has determined that milfores need plenty of light to keep blooming, but cannot
tolerate the direct afternoon sun. While they are in bloom, milflores need enough amount
of water, and when they finish blooming, they need much less, but they should not be
allowed to dry out. Most local water is very alkaline and it may affect the color or the
blooms. Milflores stay in the best condition if they are keep cool, around to 50-60
degrees, and they like average to high humidity. Milflores are fed every other week with
a half-strength water soluble fertilizer.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the experiment were: flowering milflores plants (Lemon
Zest and Nikko Blue), GA3, polyethylene black plastic bags (7”x11”) with the potting
mix of 1:1:1 garden soil, compost and rice hull, pesticides ( insecticides and fungicides),
fertilizers, greenhouse tools, watering can, identifying tags
Methods
The study was laid-out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) following
the factorial arrangement with two varieties of milflores as Factor A and the different
concentration of GA3 as Factor B. Each treatment was replicated three times with three
sample plants per treatment.
The treatments were as follows:
Factor A
=
Variety
V1
=
Lemon Zest
V2
=
Nikko Blue
Factor B
=
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
C1
=
0 (control)
C2
=
250
C3
=
500
C4
=
750
C5
=
1000
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
7
One year old plants were used in the study. All plants will be grown in 7”x11”
polyethylene black plastic bags with 1:1:1 garden soil, compost, rice hull.
Milflores plants were treated with the different concentrations of GA3 two times
at weekly intervals, two weeks after transplanting.
All cultural practices required for growing milflores were employed uniformly
on all treatments.
The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis and mean separation by
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were as follows:
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Final height per plant at flowering (cm). This was taken by measuring the plant
from base to the tip at full bloom flowering (50% anthesis).
2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering. This was done by counting the
number of leaves per plant at flowering.
3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering. This was done by counting the
number of laterals per plant at flowering.
B. Reproductive Growth
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (1cm. bud size). This was
obtained by counting the number of days from planting up to the time the plants initiated
flower buds.
2. Days from flower bud formation to harvesting ( 50% anthesis). This was
obtained by counting the number of days from the time the plants started to form flower
buds up to harvesting stage.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
8
C. Cutflower Quality
1. Stem length at harvest (cm). This was obtained by measuring the stem length of
each cutflower harvested.
2. Flower diameter of cyme at harvest (cm). This was the diameter of flower taken
at 50% anthesis.
3. Stem diameter (cm). This was obtained by using veneer caliper to measure the
diameter of the cutflowers at full bloom stage.
4. Vaselife. The number of days from holding up to the onset of senescence was
recorded.
D. Cutflower yield. This was obtained the number of flowers produced for the
duration of the study per plant.
E. Occurrence of Insect Pests and Diseases. All insect pests and diseases observed
during the study were identified.
F. Cost and Return Analysis. All expenses incurred during the study were
recorded and the return on investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI= Net Income X 100
Total Expenses
G. Meteorological data. This was taken from BSU PAGASA station. The data
were include: daylength (minutes), rainfall (mm), temperature (oC), relative humidity
(%).
H. Documentation of the study in pictures. Documentation of the study was done
through pictures.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Plant Height at Flowering
Effect of variety. Results show highly significant differences on the final plant
height of the two milflores varieties measured at flowering (Table 1). It was noted that
Lemon Zest were taller than Nikko Blue with plant heights of 83.40 and 60.20 cm,
respectively. This signifies that Lemon Zest had better effect on GA3 concentration in
terms of plant height.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Highly significant differences were obtained on the
final height of milflores as affected by different GA3 concentrations. Tallest plants were
obtained from those applied with 750 ppm GA3 with a final height of 81.28 cm followed
by those treated with 500, 1000 ad 250 ppm of GA3 with means of 80.28, 79.11 and
70.22 cm, respectively. Shortest plants were obtained from the untreated plants (control)
with a mean of 44.61 cm.
These findings conform with the earlier results of the study of Mastalerz (1977) as
cited by Weaver (1972) that GA3 induced stem elongation of plants.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the two
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations on the final height measured at
flowering.
Number of Leaves Per Plant at Flowering
Effect of variety. Table 2 shows significant differences on the number of leaves
produced at flowering. Lemon Zest had the highest number of leaves per plant at
flowering compared to Nikko Blue with only 93.47 leaves per plant.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
10
Table 1. Final plant height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
83.40a
Nikko Blue
60.20b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
44.61c
250
73.72b
500
80.28a
750
81.28a
1000
79.11a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant effects of the different
GA3 concentrations on the number of leaves produced per plant at flowering. Plants
applied with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 produced the highest number of leaves at flowering
with a mean of 107.06 followed by those applied with 500 and 250 ppm of GA3 having
means of 104.61 and 98.28, respectively. The lowest number of leaves counted was
obtained from untreated plants (control) which had a mean of 88.22 leaves per plant at
flowering.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were obtained between the
two milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of
leaves produced at flowering.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
11
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
108.62a
Nikko Blue
93.47b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
88.22a
250
98.28a
500
104.61a
750
107.06a
1000
107.06a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of Laterals Per Plant at Flowering
Effect of variety. Table 3 shows the number of laterals produced per plant at
flowering as affected by two varieties of milflores. Significant differences were noted on
the number of laterals per plant at flowering as affected by two varieties of milflores.
Nikko Blue had the highest number of laterals with mean of 10.80 laterals per plant at
flowering compared to Lemon Zest with only 9.24 laterals per plant.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences on the number
of laterals produced per plant at flowering as affected by different GA3 concentrations
(Table 3). Plants applied with 500 ppm GA3 produced the highest number of laterals at
flowering with a mean of 10.67 followed by those applied with 250, 1000 ppm GA3 and
untreated plants (control) with a means of 10.17, 9.89 and 9.78, respectively. The lowest
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
12
Table 3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
9.24b
Nikko Blue
10.80a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
9.78a
250
10.17a
500
10.67a
750
9.61a
1000
9.89a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
number of laterals was obtained from those applied with 750 ppm which had a mean of
9.61 laterals per plant at flowering.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the two milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of
laterals per plant at flowering.
Days from Transplanting
to Flower Bud Formation (1 cm bud size)
Effect of variety. Table 4 shows highly significant differences among the two
varieties of milflores with regards to the number of days from transplanting to flower bud
formation. Earliest to initiate flower buds was the cultivar Nikko Blue with 41.82 mean
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
13
days from planting, while cultivar Lemon Zest delay in the flower initiation with 61.53
mean days from planting.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences obtained on
the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation as affected by the
different GA3 concentrations applied on the two milflores varieties. The untreated plants
required the longest duration to flower with mean of 60.11 days from planting. Plants
treated with 500 ppm GA3 initiate flower buds earlier with mean of 40.33 days compared
to plants treated with 750, 1000 and 250 ppm with a means of 51.39, 52.72 and 53.83
days, respectively from planting.
Table 4. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (1 cm bud size)
MEAN
TREATMENT
(days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
61.53a
Nikko Blue
41.82b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
60.11a
250
53.83a
500
40.33a
750
51.39a
1000
52.72a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
14
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect observed between
the different varieties of milflores and the different GA3 concentrations on the number of
days from transplanting to flower bud formation.
Days from Flower Bud Formation
to Harvesting (50% anthesis)
Effect of variety. Results showed significant differences on the number of days
from flower bud formation to harvesting as affected by the two varieties of milflores
(Table 5). The earliest to reach the harvesting stage were cultivar Nikko Blue with means
of 37.07 days from flower bud formation stage. Cultivar Lemon Zest had delayed flower
development and were the latest to reach harvesting stage with mean of 40.42 days from
flower bud formation stage.
Effect GA3 concentration. Significant differences were observed on the number of
days from flower bud formation to harvesting stage of milflores as affected by GA3
application. Delayed flower development were observed on plants which were not
applied with GA3. Plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 were the fastest to initiate flower
development among the treatments, thus, the earliest to reach harvesting stage having an
average of 33.72 days from flower bud formation stage compared to 1000, 750 and 250
ppm with an average of 36.83, 37.56 and 41.28 days, respectively from flower bud
formation.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed between
the two varieties of milflores and the different GA3 concentrations with regards to the
number of days from flower bud formation to harvesting.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
15
Table 5. Days from flower bud formation to harvesting (50% anthesis)
MEAN
TREATMENT
(days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
40.42a
Nikko Blue
37.07b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
44.34a
250
41.28a
500
33.72b
750
37.56b
1000
36.83b
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Stem Length at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows highly significant differences on the stem length
of two varieties of milflores at harvest. Plants of cv. Lemon Zest were significantly taller
compared to cv. Nikko Blue with a mean stem length of 63.12 cm.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Highly significant differences were observed in the
stem length of the milflores as affected by different GA3 concentrations (Table 6). Plants
sprayed with 1000 ppm GA3 significantly produced longer flower stem which had mean
of 69.00 cm compared to untreated plants which are the shortest with amean of 30.86 cm.
Result shows that GA3 treated plants had significantly longer stem at flowering
compared to the untreated plants. Likewise, it was observed that as GA3 concentration
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
16
Table 6. Stem length at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
63.12a
Nikko Blue
50.17b
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
30.86d
250
55.96c
500
59.33a
750
68.07a
1000
69.00a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
was increased, there is a corresponding increase in the length of stem of milflores
cutflowers at harvest.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects between the milflores varieties and the
different GA3 concentration on stem length at harvest was not significant.
Flower Diameter at 50 % Anthesis (cm)
Effect of variety. Table 7 shows that there were no significant differences
obtained with regards to flower diameter measured at 50% anthesis. However, results
showed that bigger blooms were obtained from cultivar Lemon Zest with mean flower
diameter of 17.53 cm. smallest blooms were exhibited by cv. Nikko Blue with mean
flower diameter of 16.78 cm.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
17
Table 7. Flower diameter at 50% anthesis (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
17.53a
Nikko Blue
16.78a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
16.56a
250
16.33a
500
16.68a
750
17.91a
1000
18.31a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant difference obtained with
regards with flower diameter measured at 50% anthesis of two milflores varieties as
affected by different GA3 concentrations applied. However, results showed that plants
treated with 1000 ppm had the biggest flowers with a mean of 18.31 cm followed by
plant treated with 750 ppm with a mean of 17.91 cm. the smallest blooms were obtained
from untreated plants, and those sprayed with 500 and 250 ppm with means of 16.56,
16.68 and 16.33 cm, respectively.
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained between the
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations applied with regards to flower
diameter of milflores at 50% anthesis.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
18
Stem Diameter at Harvest (cm)
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows that the effect of two varieties of milflores on the
stem diameter at harvest were not significant. Cultivar Lemon Zest had bigger stem
diameter compared to Nikko Blue having mean of 0.86 and 0.81 cm, respectively.
Effect of GA3 concentration. There were no significant differences obtained with
regards to the stem diameter at harvest as affected by GA3 concentrations. However,
result shows that plants applied 750 ppm GA3 had bigger stem diameter of cutflowers
with mean of 0.88 cm while the smallest stem diameter were gathered from the untrated
plants and those plants applied with 250 ppm GA3 with a means of 0.79 cm.
Table 8. Stem diameter at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
0.86a
Nikko Blue
0.81a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
0.79a
250
0.79a
500
0.85a
750
0.88a
1000
0.86a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
19
Interaction effects. There were no significant differences were obtained between
the two varieties of milflores and different GA3 concentrations with regards to stem
diameter at harvest.
Vaselife
Effect of variety. The average vaselife of milflores cutflowers as affected by
different varieties of milflores used is shown in Table 9. highly significant differences
were obtained on the vaselife of cutflowers. Cv. Nikko Blue which had the longest
vaselife while the cutflower Lemon Zest had the lowest vaselife of cutflowers held in tap
water only under room temperature.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 9 shows that there were no significant
differences obtained with regards to the number of days of aesthetic life of cutflowers of
two varieties as affected by different GA3 concentrations applied. However, cutflowers
from plants treated with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3 has the longest vaselife with means of
8.28 days from holding. Shorter vaselife were obtained on cutflowers from plants not
applied with GA3, and from those treated with 500 and 250 ppm with mean of 7.61, 7.89
and 7.83 days, respectively.
Result show that cutflowers from GA3 treated plants had longer vaselife compare
to those obtained from the untreated plants.
The result confirmed with the earlier findings of Krishnamoorthy (1981) that GA3
application delays senescence. Delay in senescence is accompanied by delay in the loss
of chlorophyll protein and RNA. This is accomplished by both preventing the
degradation of these components and also by increase in their synthesis.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
20
Table 9. Vaselife
MEAN
TREATMENT
(Days)
Variety
Lemon Zest
7.27b
Nikko Blue
8.69a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
7.61a
250
7.83a
500
7.89a
750
8.28a
1000
8.28a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Interaction effect. There were no significant differences obtained with regards to
the vaselife of the milflores cutflowers as affected by the combined effect of the different
milflores varieties and the different GA3 concentrations.
Cutflower Yield Produced
Effect of variety. The average number of cutflowers produced per plant is shown
in Table 10. Significant differences were obtained on the two varieties of milflores with
regards to the average yield of cutflowers per plant. Results show that Cv. Nikko Blue
produced higher number of cutflowers per plant compared to Cv. Lemon Zest which
produced lesser of cutflowers produced per plant.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
21
Effect of GA3 concentration. Table 10 shows the response of milflores based on
the number of cutflowers produced per plant as affected by GA3 applied with different
concentrations. Plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 produced more cutflowers. However, it
is comparable to the plants treated with 250 ppm GA3. Untreated (control) plants
obtained lowest number of cutflowers per plant but it was comparable to the plants
treated with 750 and 1000 ppm GA3.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect obtained on the
average number of cutflowers produced as affected by the two varieties of milflores and
the different GA3 concentrations.
Table 10. Cutflower yield produced per plant from February 2009 to May 2009
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
Lemon Zest
9.24b
Nikko Blue
10.80a
GA3 Concentration (ppm)
0 (control)
9.78a
250
10.17a
500
10.67a
750
9.61a
1000
9.89a
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
22
Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases
Insect pest and diseases observed during the study were identified. The insect
pest noted during the conduct of the study were snail and slugs and were controlled
by hand picking, while the diseases identified were powdery mildew and black spot and
were controlled by applying 4-7 tablespoon of Curazeb in 16 liters of water.
Cost and Return Analysis
The economics of using GA3 in potted milflores production is shown in Table 11.
Results shows that the highest return on investment (ROI) were obtained from Cv. Nikko
Blue applied with 500 ppm GA3 with 82.55% while the lowest ROI with 73.97% were
obtained from Cv. Lemon Zest applied with 250 ppm GA3.
Meteorological Data
Table 10 presents the meteorological data obtained from BSU-PAGASA, Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to May 2009.
Relative humidity continued to increased from November to May during the study
period. The minimum and maximum temperature had the highest temperature during the
month of November. Rainfall was highest during the month of April while the month of
February had the longest daylength.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
23
Table 11. Cost and return analysis
Lemon Zest
Nikko Blue
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Production Cost (Php)
Planting Materials
445.00 445.00 445.00
445.00 445.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
Verellix (GA3)
-
50.00
100.00
150.00 200.00
-
50.00
100.00 150.00 200.00
Fertilizers
14-14-14
31.00 31.00 31.00
31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00
Chemicals
Fungicides
15.00 15.00 15.00
15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Labor
Weeding
22.00 22.00 22.00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
Watering
179.00 179.00
179.00
179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00 179.00
Spraying
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
Fertilizer
Application
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.5
18.50
18.50
18.50
18.50
Harvesting
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
30.50
TOTAL
776.00 826.00
876.00
926.00 976.00 731.00 781.00 831.00 881.00 931.00
Gross Income
1367.00 1437.00 1567.00 1641.00 1714.00 1277.00 1387.00 1567.00 1577.00 1667.00
Net Income
591.00 611.00
691.00
715.00 738.00 546.00 606.00 686.00 696.00 736.00
ROI (%)
76.16
73.97
78.88
77.21
75.61
74.69
77.60
82.55
79.00
79.05
Rank
7
10
4
6
8
9
5
1
3
2
*Selling Price: potted Lemon Zest= Php 50.00; potted Nikko Blue= Php 40.00
*Berellix (GA3): C1= control (untreated); C2= 250 ppm GA3; C3= 500 ppm GA3; C4= 750 ppm GA3; C5= 1000 ppm GA3
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberel ic Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
24
Table 12. Meteorological data
TEMPERATURE oC
RELATIVE
M
ONTH DAYL
ENGTH RAI
NFALL
Minimum
Maximum HUMIDITY
Nov-08
304.6
3.10
16.2
25.2
75.2
Dec-08
369.8
0.1
13.6
24.4
82.0
Jan-09
349.0
0.03
13.1
24.6
85.0
Feb-09
393.0
3.5
13.6
24.8
85.0
Mar-09
266.9
1.6
14.8
25.1
86.0
Apr-09
278.6
12.9
16.0
24.7
89.0
May-09
276.5
11.6
15.8
24.4
89.0
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
25
Milflores plants before GA3 application
Cultivar Lemon Zest at flowering
Cultivar Nikko Blue at flowering
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the flowering of two varieties of milflores as affected by the
application of different GA3 concentrations was conducted at the Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The earliest to initiate flower buds and first to reach harvesting stage was Cv.
Nikko Blue applied with 500 ppm GA3. These plants had the highest number of laterals
per plant produced at flowering. Delay in flowering was noted in the untreated (control)
plants
With regards to plant height, the tallest plants were observed from Cv. Lemon
Zest applied with 750 ppm GA3, while the shortest plants were observed from Cv. Nikko
Blue which were not treated with GA3.
On the number of leaves per plant, plants of cv. Lemon Zest applied with 750 to
1000 ppm GA3, had the highest number of leaves per plant while the untreated plants of
Cv. Nikko Blue had the lowest number of leaves per plant.
Plants treated with 1000 ppm GA3 of Cv. Lemon Zest had longer stems, while the
shortest stems were observed from cv. Nikko Blue which were not treated with GA3.
With regards to cutflower quality, bigger blooms were observed on Cv. Lemon
Zest sprayed with 1000 ppm GA3 measuring 17.53 cm at 50% anthesis. On the other
hand, cv. Nikko Blue applied with 250 ppm GA3 had smaller blooms with a mean of
16.33 cm flower diameter.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
27
Cultivar Lemon Zest applied with 750 ppm GA3 had the bigger stem diameter
with 0.88 cm at harvest; while the untreated plants of Cv. Nikko Blue and those applied
with 250 ppm GA3 had the smallest stem diameter at flowering.
Plants treated with 250 to 1000 ppm GA3 had longer vaselife compared to the
untreated plants. However, increasing concentrations of GA3 to 1000 ppm tends to
lengthen the vaselife of milflores cutflowers.
On the other hand, higher number of cutflowers produced per plant was recorded
on Cv. Nikko Blue. Results shows that plants treated with 500 ppm GA3 produced more
cutflowers.
The highest return on investment (ROI) were obtained from Cv. Nikko Blue
applied with 500 ppm GA3.
Conclusion
Based on the above findings, it is concluded that application of 500 to 1000 ppm
GA3 were the best concentrations that will enhance flowering and improve cutflower
quality of milflores.
Recommendations
Application of GA3 can be recommended in growing milflores for cutflower
production under La Trinidad, Benguet conditions at concentrations of 500 to 1000 GA3.
However, application of 500 ppm GA3 can be used for economic reasons.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANDRES, J.T. 1987. Growth and yield performance of garden pea as influenced by
vernalization and GA3 treatment. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp.43-44.
ANONYMOUS, 2002. Undated. Hydrangea macrophylla “Nigra”.
http:www.Geocites.com/enchanted forest/palace/1170/abalias.html/.
BARBARA, R.C. and F.A. POKORNY. 1961. Influence of several concentrations of
GA3. Proc. Assoc. of Southern Agriculture Workers. pp. 60-61.
DEVLIN, R.M. 1977. Plant Physiology. New York: Von Naustraut Reignhold Co.
pp.387- 484.
GALIMBA, S.B. 1993. Effect of foliar gibberelic acid on the flowering of anthurium cv.
Kansako under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp.37-39.
LANG, A. 1957. The effect of gibberellins upon flower formation. Proc. Nat. acad. Sci.
43. pp 709-719.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and P.E. KRIEDMANN. 1964. Plant Growth Development. 2nd ed.
New York: McGrawHill Book Co. pp. 230-233.
MASTALERZ, J. W. 1977. The Greenhouse Environment. The Effect of Gibberellins on
the Growth and Development of Flower Crops. New York: Jake Wiley and Sona.
pp. 540-544.
MENDOZA, L.G. 1993. Effect of GA3 on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr.
Lincoln. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
p. 3.
SHEIN, T.G. and D.I. JACKSON. 1972. Interaction between hormones, light, nutrition,
and extension of lateral buds in Phaseolus vulgaris. A.M.J. Bot. pp. 791-800.
WEAVER, R.J. 1972. Plant and Growth Substances in Agriculture. San Francisco: WH
Freeman and Co. pp.379-381.
WEIER, T.E. 1974. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. 5th ed. Canada: John Willy
and Sons, Inc. pp. 397-398.
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
29
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
56.33
62.33
64.33
182.99
71.00
V1C2
93.67
84.00
83.67
261.34
87.11
V1C3
86.33
82.67
93.33
262.33
87.44
V1C4
90.33
83.00
100.67
274.00
91.33
V1C5
93.00
92.67
84.67
270.34
90.11
SUB-TOTAL
419.66
404.67
426.67
1251.00
85.40
V2C1
23.00
35.67
26.00
84.67
28.22
V2C2
56.67
61.00
63.33
181.00
60.33
V2C3
65.67
67.67
86.00
219.34
73.11
V2C4
64.00
66.67
83.00
213.67
71.22
V2C5
64.67
67.00
72.67
204.34
68.11
SUB-TOTAL
274.01
298.01
331.00
903.02
60.20
TOTAL
693.67
702.68
757.67
2154.02
72.80
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
30
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
71.00
28.22
99.22
49.61
250
87.11
60.33
147.44
73.72
500
87.44
73.11
160.55
80.28
750
91.33
71.22
162.55
81.28
1000
90.11
68.11
158.22
79.11
TOTAL
85.40
60.20
727.91
72.91
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05 0.01
TREATMENT
9
10076.74
1119.638 23.15
2.39 3.46
FACTOR A
1
4036.336
4036.336
83.47**
4.35 8.10
FACTOR B
4
5749.207
1437.302
29.72**
2.87 4.43
A x B
4
291.195
72.799
1.51ns
2.87 4.43
ERROR
20
967.088
48.354
TOTAL
29
11043.83
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 9.68%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
R E P L I C A T I ON
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
102.33
113.00
81.00
296.33
98.78
V1C2
129.67
113.33
86.00
329.00
109.67
V1C3
127.67
124.67
99.00
351.34
117.11
V1C4
115.67
123.67
89.33
328.67
109.56
V1C5
116.00
119.33
88.67
324.00
108.00
SUB-TOTAL
591.34
594.00
444.00
1629.34
108.62
V2C1
84.00
80.67
68.33
233.00
77.67
V2C2
91.33
91.67
77.67
260.67
86.89
V2C3
114.33
79.00
83.00
276.33
92.11
V2C4
95.67
113.33
84.67
313.67
104.56
V2C5
100.33
131.33
86.67
318.33
106.11
SUB-TOTAL
485.66
516.00
400.34
1402.00
93.47
TOTAL
1077.00
1110.00
844.34
3031.34
101.05
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
32
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
98.78 77.67
176.45
88.23
250
109.67 86.89
196.56
98.28
500
117.11 92.11
209.22
104.61
750
109.56 104.56
214.12
107.06
1000
108.00 106.11
214.11
107.06
TOTAL
108.62 93.47
1010.46
101.05
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
3969.663
441.074 1.34
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
1722.783
1722.783
5.24*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
1542.442
385.611
1.17ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
704.439
176.11
0.54ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
6575.133
328.757
TOTAL
29
10544.8
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 17.94%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
33
Appendix Table 3. Number of laterals per plant at flowering
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
10.00
12.67
5.67
28.34
9.44
V1C2
9.33
9.33
10.00
28.66
9.55
V1C3
9.67
12.67
9.33
31.67
10.56
V1C4
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V1C5
8.67
10.00
6.33
25.00
8.33
SUB-TOTAL
46.00
53.00
39.66
138.66
9.24
V2C1
9.67
9.33
11.33
30.33
10.11
V2C2
9.33
10.33
12.67
32.33
10.78
V2C3
14.33
8.33
9.67
32.33
10.78
V2C4
11.33
10.33
11.00
32.66
10.89
V2C5
12.00
11.00
11.33
34.33
11.44
SUB-TOTAL
56.66
49.32
56.00
161.98
10.80
TOTAL
102.66
102.32
95.66
300.64
10.02
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
34
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
9.44
10.11
19.55
9.78
250
9.55
10.78
20.33
10.17
500
10.56
10.78
21.34
10.67
750
8.33
10.89
19.22
9.61
1000
8.33
11.44
19.77
9.89
TOTAL
9.24
10.80
100.21
10.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
31.397
3.489
1.03
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
18.127
18.127
5.33*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
4.106
1.027
0.30ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
9.163
2.291
0.67ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
67.963
3.398
TOTAL
29
99.360
*- significant
Coefficient of variance= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
35
Appendix Table 4. Days from repotting to flower bud formation ( 1 cm bud size)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
79.33
57.33
81.33
217.99
72.66
V1C2
115.00
59.67
41.00
215.67
71.89
V1C3
43.67
44.67
47.33
135.67
45.22
V1C4
68.00
55.00
47.67
170.67
56.89
V1C5
75.67
61.00
46.33
183
61.00
SUB-TOTAL
381.67
277.67
263.66
923
61.53
V2C1
46.67
52.00
44.00
142.67
47.56
V2C2
27.00
49.33
31.00
107.33
35.78
V2C3
27.00
53.00
26.33
106.33
35.44
V2C4
43.33
43.00
51.33
137.66
45.89
V2C5
41.00
53.00
39.33
133.33
44.44
SUB-TOTAL
185.00
250.33
191.99
627.32
41.82
TOTAL
566.67
528.00
455.65
1550.32
51.68
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
36
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
72.66
47.56
120.22
60.11
250
71.89
35.78
107.67
53.84
500
45.22
35.44
80.66
40.33
750
56.89
45.89
102.78
51.39
1000
61.00
44.44
105.44
52.72
TOTAL
61.53
41.82
516.77
51.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
4871.756
541.306 2.21
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
2914.222
2914.222
11.89**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
1233.712
308.428
1.26ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
723.822
180.955
0.74ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
4901.263
245.063
TOTAL
29
9773.019
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 30.29%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
37
Appendix Table 5.Days from flower bud formation to harvesting ( 50% anthesis)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
44.67
50.00
50.00
144.67
48.22
V1C2
42.00
53.67
46.67
142.34
47.45
V1C3
38.33
32.67
31.33
102.33
34.11
V1C4
36.00
37.33
34.67
108.00
36.00
V1C5
33.00
35.33
40.67
109.00
36.33
SUB-TOTAL 194.00
209.00
203.34
606.34
40.42
V2C1
49.67
32.00
39.67
121.34
40.45
V2C2
29.00
44.67
31.67
105.34
35.11
V2C3
32.33
35.00
32.67
100.00
33.33
V2C4
38.33
44.00
35.00
117.33
39.11
V2C5
38.33
40.67
33.00
112.00
37.33
SUB-TOTAL 187.66
196.34
172.01
556.01
37.07
TOTAL
381.66
405.34
375.35
1162.35
38.75
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
38
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO
TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
48.22
40.45
88.67
44.34
250
47.45
35.11
82.56
41.28
500
34.11
33.33
67.44
33.72
750
36.00
39.11
75.11
37.56
1000
36.33
37.33
73.66
36.83
TOTAL
40.42
37.07
387.44
38.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
743.667
82.63
3.15
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
84.437
84.437
3.22*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
407.873
101.968
3.89*
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
251.357
62.839
2.40ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
524.131
26.207
TOTAL
29
1267.798
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 13.21%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
39
Appendix Table 6. Stem length at flowering (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
35.17
36.33
35.50
107.00
35.67
V1C2
60.67
61.30
59.77
181.74
60.58
V1C3
62.33
64.17
63.50
190.00
63.33
V1C4
72.00
72.17
83.83
228.00
76.00
V1C5
84.00
83.33
72.67
240.00
80.00
SUB-TOTAL
314.17
317.3
315.27
946.74
61.12
V2C1
25.00
27.09
26.08
78.17
26.06
V2C2
51.00
50.00
53.00
154.00
51.33
V2C3
53.00
54.00
59.00
166.00
55.33
V2C4
52.00
54.00
74.40
180.40
60.13
V2C5
59.00
55.00
60.00
174.00
58.00
SUB-TOTAL
240.00
240.09
272.48
752.57
50.17
TOTAL
554.17
557.39
587.75
1699.31
55.65
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
40
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
35.67
26.06
61.73
30.87
250
60.58
51.33
111.91
55.96
500
63.33
55.33
118.66
59.33
750
76.00
60.13
136.13
68.07
1000
80.00
58.00
138.00
69.00
TOTAL
61.12
50.17
566.43
56.65
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
7199.896
799.988 30.46
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
1256.733
1256.733
47.85**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
5733.49
1433.373
54.58**
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
209.673
52.418
2ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
525.252
26.263
TOTAL
29
7725.148
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 9.05%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberel ic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
41
Appendix Table 7. Flower diameter at 50% anthesis (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREA
TMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
16.17
17.5
15.83
49.50
16.50
V1C2
17.33
16.17
17.33
50.83
16.94
V1C3
17.90
15.77
16.03
49.70
16.57
V1C4
17.17
20.10
16.83
54.10
18.03
V1C5
16.67
20.17
21.50
58.34
19.45
SUB-TOTAL
85.24
89.71
87.52
262.47
17.50
V2C1
16.33
14.83
18.67
49.67
15.61
V2C2
16.17
15.33
15.17
46.83
16.56
V2C3
17.87
17.17
15.33
50.37
16.79
V2C4
17.03
19.50
16.83
53.36
17.79
V2C5
17.50
16.67
17.33
51.50
17.17
SUB-TOTAL
84.90
83.50
83.33
251.73
16.78
TOTAL
170.14
173.21
170.85
514.2
17.14
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
42
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
16.50
15.61
32.11
16.06
250
16.94
16.56
33.5
16.75
500
16.57
16.79
33.36
16.68
750
18.03
17.79
35.82
17.91
1000
19.45
17.17
36.62
18.31
TOTAL
17.50
16.78
171.41
17.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
30.553
3.395
1.66
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
4.211
4.211
2.06ns
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
18.952
4.738
2.31ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
7.39
1.847
0.90ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
40.94
2.047
TOTAL
29
71.493
ns- not significant
Coefficient of variation= 18.31%
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
43
Appendix Table 8. Stem diameter at harvest (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO
TAL
MEAN
V1C1
0.80
0.97
0.80
2.57
0.84
V1C2
0.77
0.87
0.80
2.44
0.81
V1C3
0.87
0.97
0.77
2.61
0.87
V1C4
0.9
0.97
0.80
2.67
0.89
V1C5
1.00
0.83
0.87
2.70
0.90
SUB-TOTAL
4.34
4.57
4.04
12.99
0.86
V2C1
0.90
0.53
0.80
2.23
0.74
V2C2
0.77
0.70
0.83
2.30
0.76
V2C3
0.90
0.77
0.83
2.50
0.83
V2C4
0.93
0.87
0.80
2.46
0.82
V2C5
0.83
0.77
0.86
2.60
0.87
SUB-TOTAL
4.33
3.64
4.12
12.09
0.80
TOTAL
8.67
8.21
8.16
25.08
0.83
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
44
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
0.84
0.74
1.58
0.79
250
0.81
0.76
1.57
0.79
500
0.87
0.83
1.70
0.85
750
0.89
0.82
1.71
0.86
1000
0.90
0.87
1.77
0.89
TOTAL
0.86
0.80
8.33
0.84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
0.07
0.008
0.92
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
0.025
0.025
2.90ns
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
0.039
0.01
1.16ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
0.006
0.002
0.18ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
0.170
0.008
TOTAL
29
0.240
*- significant Coefficient of variation= 11.04%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
45
Appendix Table 9. Vaselife
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
7.00
7.33
6.33
20.66
6.89
V1C2
7.00
7.33
7.00
21.33
7.11
V1C3
6.67
7.67
6.33
22.01
7.34
V1C4
7.67
7.67
7.67
23.01
7.67
V1C5
7.67
7.67
8.00
23.34
7.78
SUB-TOTAL
36.01
37.67
35.33
110.35
7.36
V2C1
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V2C2
9.00
8.33
8.33
25.66
8.55
V2C3
9.00
8.33
9.33
26.66
8.89
V2C4
9.00
8.33
9.33
26.66
8.89
V2C5
9.33
9.00
8.00
26.33
8.78
SUB-TOTAL
44.66
43.32
43.32
130.3
8.69
TOTAL
80.67
79.99
78.65
240.65
8.03
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
46
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1
2
TO TAL
MEAN
0 ( Control)
6.89
8.33
15.22
7.61
250
7.11
8.55
15.66
7.83
500
7.34
8.89
16.23
8.12
750
7.67
8.89
16.56
8.28
1000
7.78
8.78
16.56
8.28
TOTAL
7.36
8.69
80.23
8.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
18.019
2.002
10.18
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
15.109
15.109
76.85**
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
2.079
0.52
2.64ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
0.831
0.208
1.06ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
3.932
0.197
TOTAL
29
21.951
**- highly significant Coefficient of variation= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
47
Appendix Table 10. Cutflower yield produced per plant from February 2009 to May
2009
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TO TAL
MEAN
V1C1
10.00
12.67
5.67
28.34
9.44
V1C2
9.33
9.33
10.00
28.66
9.55
V1C3
9.67
12.67
9.33
31.67
10.56
V1C4
8.33
8.33
8.33
24.99
8.33
V1C5
8.67
10.00
6.33
25.00
8.33
SUB-TOTAL
46.00
53.00
39.66
138.66
9.24
V2C1
9.67
9.33
11.33
30.33
10.11
V2C2
9.33
10.33
12.67
32.33
10.78
V2C3
14.33
8.33
9.67
32.33
10.78
V2C4
11.33
10.33
11.00
32.66
10.89
V2C5
12.00
11.00
11.33
34.33
11.44
SUB-TOTAL
56.66
49.32
56.00
161.98
10.80
TOTAL
102.66
102.32
95.66
300.64
10.02
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
48
TWO-WAY TABLE
GA
3
CONCENTRATIONS
VARIETY
(ppm)
1 2
TOTAL MEAN
0 ( Control)
9.44
10.11
19.55
9.78
250
9.55
10.78
20.33
10.17
500
10.56
10.78
21.34
10.67
750
8.33
10.89
19.22
9.61
1000
8.33
11.44
19.77
9.89
TOTAL
9.24
10.80
100.21
10.02
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM
OF
OF
OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
TABULAR F
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
9
31.397
3.489
1.03
2.39
3.46
FACTOR A
1
18.127
18.127
5.33*
4.35
8.10
FACTOR B
4
4.106
1.027
0.30ns
2.87
4.43
A x B
4
9.163
2.291
0.67ns
2.87
4.43
ERROR
20
67.963
3.398
TOTAL
29
99.360
*- significant
Coefficient of variance= 18.39%
ns- not significant
Acceleration of Flowering in Milflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberelic
Acid Application / Joana Marie C. Chavez. 2009
Document Outline
- Acceleration of Flowering inMilflores (Hydrangea macrophylla) as Affected by Gibberellic Acid Application
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Gibberellins
- Flowering and Flowering Requirement of Milflores
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Materials
- Methods
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Final Plant Height at Flowering
- Number of Leaves Per Plant at Flowering
- Number of Laterals Per Plant at Flowering
- Days from Transplantingto Flower Bud Formation (1 cm bud size)
- Days from Flower Bud Formationto Harvesting (50% anthesis)
- Stem Length at Harvest
- Flower Diameter at 50 % Anthesis (cm)
- Stem Diameter at Harvest (cm)
- Vaselife
- Cutflower Yield Produced
- Occurrence of Insect Pest and Diseases
- Cost and Return Analysis
- Meteorological Data
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES