BIBLIOGRAPHY JOEL S. CATONES. OCTOBER 2008....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOEL S. CATONES. OCTOBER 2008. Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth
and Flowering of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla). Benguet State University
Adviser; Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Lamtang, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2007 to March 2008 which aimed to compare the effect of GA3 concentration on the vegetative
growth and flowering of potted milflores plants; to determine the effect of different gibberellic
acid GA3 on the growth and flowering of milflores, and to determine the best concentration of
gibberellic acid GA3 that will enhance vegetative growth with better flower quality.
The earliest to develop flower buds observed were on milflores plant treated at three
month and the longest flower bud to develop was one month from treatment. Plants sprayed with
50 ppm GA3 were the earliest to develop flower buds while untreated plants required longer days
to develop flower buds.
Milflores plants treated with smaller amount of GA3 concentration was the earliest to
develop flower followed by the higher amount of GA3 concentration. Untreated plants show
delayed flower development and flowering.
The highest number of leaves counted at 75% anthesis was produced by the plant treated
at two months. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 has the highest number of leaves counted
followed by 50 ppm.
Milflores plants treated at two month produce the longest stem measured at 75% anthesis
followed by one month and three month. Plant sprayed with 250 ppm GA3 the longest stem
measured followed by 100 ppm.
The widest flower diameter was produced by 250 ppm followed by 100 ppm GA3
concentration at two month. The smallest flower diameter measured was observed in untreated
plants.
The thickest stems were measured on milflores plant treated with 250 ppm and followed
by plants sprayed with 50 and 100 ppm GA3. Two month produce the thickest stems followed by
three month and one month from treatment.
Plats treated at one month produce the largest number of leaves of lateral stems followed
by three month and two month.GA3 have a slight effect on the lateral stems of milflores plants.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………... iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the study………………………………………………… 1
Importance of the study……………………………………………. 2
Objective the study………………………………………………… 2
Place and Time of the Study……………………………………….. 3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………. 4
METHODOLOGY
Materials……………………………………………………………. 8
Methods……………………………………………………………. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Transplanting to Flower
Bud formation……………………………………………………… 12
Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation to
75% Anthesis………………………………………………………. 14
Average Number of Leaves per Plant at 75% Anthesis……………. 15
Final Height at Flowering…………………………………………... 17
Flower Diameter……………………………………………………. 19
Stem Diameter……………………………………………………… 21
Number of Lateral Stems…………………………………………... 22
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………. 25
Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 26
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 26
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 27
APENDICES………………………………………………………………. 30
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1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Hydrangea is a genus of shrub of the Saxifrage Family consisting of about 80 species.
One of these species is the milflores (hydrangea macrophylla). Hydrangea is a strong deciduous
shrub having a height and width of 6 feet. Leaves are broadly ovate, 4-6 inches long and 2.75-4
inches wide width coarse4 serrations, yellowish to fresh green in color flowers are in large
braches globose cyme of the hortensia or mop-head type with abundant, mostly sterile,
individual floret, 4-5petal linked sepal per flower (Anon, 2002).
This group consists of hardy and tender shrubs and woody climbers. They are mostly
deciduous plants, through a few of the tender species are evergreen. They are native of the
Himalayas, North and South America, and central and eastern Asia. These flowering shrubs have
different flower from the large globes of the “mopheads” to the discs of the “lacecaps” to the
thick cones of the oakleaf and panicle hydrangea. They come in an array of colors from pure
white to brilliant crimson, pale lilac to intensive azure. Some varieties produce blossoms with
two-toned colors, while some flowers have contrasting eyes, and some even is speckled or
striped with another color. There are two kinds of floret in the flower heads. The fertile or perfect
florets are small and inconspicuous. They bear the male and female parts and are usually found
in the center of the cluster. The flower heads or mopheads hydrangeas consists almost entirely or
sterile floret. Beside from their lovely flower, some hydrangeas are valued for their attractive
foliage or bark. The size of the plants range from dwarf (about ft high) to large bushes with
stems over 10 ft high. There are also climbing hydrangeas whose aerial can bring stem up to 80
ft high. H. aspera subsp. Sargentia (Sargent Hydrangea) is an attractive medium to large-sized
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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shrub with hairy shoots and large, plush leaves. The large, flat flower head are produced in mid-o
late summer and are bluish with white ray florests. This variety is excellent for a sheltered shrub
border or woodland, but need shade and wind protection. H. “Ayesha” is a deciduous shrub that
has shiny green leaves and flattened, fragrant flower heads consisting of cup-shape florests,
resembling those of the lilac. They are grayish lilac or pink, depending upon the soil, eventually
turning a greenish-blue to turquoise color. H. macrophylla ‘Alltona’ is a mophead hydrangea
with flower heads growing up to a foot in diameter. This deciduous plat forms a mall shrub wit
large, rose colored florests. This variety grows best in shade. H. quercifolia (Oakleaf Hydrangea)
is a medium-sized, deciduous shrub valued for its splendid autumn colors. The large, deeply
lobed leaves resemble those of the oak, thus the common name. In late summer, conical heads of
large, white, sterile florets are produced. H. serratifoliais a tender, climbing hydrangea that grows
best against a wall in sun or shade. It has small, leathery leaves and columnar panicles, up to 5
inches long, of creamy flowers. (Anon. undated)
Importance of the Study
Due to the economic potential and aesthetic value of potted milflores as bedding plants
for outdoor landscaping and cut flowers, it is important therefore to find the best way of
enhancing growth with quality flower of milflores with the use of giberellic acid.
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the effect of giberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and flowering of
milflores.
2. To determine the best concentration of giberellic acid (GA3) that will enhance
vegetative growth with better flower quality.
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3. The study was conducted to determine the best stage of gibberellic acid (GA3)
application and to;
4. Determine the interaction effect on various stage of gibberellic acid (GA3) application
and GA3 concentration.
Place and Time of the Study
The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, Benguet August 2007 to January 2008.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Gibberellic acid GA3 belongs to a group of plant hormones that promote plant growth. It
is one of the plant growth regulators that can provide a wide range of plant response such as
breaking dormancy, incubation of flowering, parthenocarpic fruit set and sex expression (Devlin
1977).
As Devlin (1977) reported, gibberellins are naturally occurring hormones that have been
isolated from higher plant tissues. They act similarly as indole acetic acid (IAA), another kind of
hormone to promote cell elongation, induce parthenocarpy, promote cambial activity, and issue
new RPA and protein synthesis.
Gibberellins are known to alter the growth of plants, since their applications has been
found to cause rosette plants to elongation in a manner suggestive to bolting. Investigations have
been made on effects of GA3 on the floral induction. Their influence on the growth and flowering
of some crops has been investigated in greenhouse and in the field for the past years. Studies
revealed earlier opening of flowers in those plants treated with GA3 and reduction on the number
of days required for the formation of flower buds (Leopold and Kriedman, 1964)
Plants treated with gibberellins generally grow to three times taller than the untreated
plants. Promotion of flowering particularly in biennials and long day plants is one of the most
striking effects of gibberellins. Biennials commonly do not produce long stem, and flower only if
they are exposed to low temperature. However, when treated with gibberellins, they flower
without cold temperature (Grealach and Adams, 1962).
Findings revealed that gibberellins variety influence the growth and flowering
productivity of Shasta daisy. Lower GA3 concentrations of 600 ppm at repeated application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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improve quality and hastened flowering. The treated plants appeared healthy and having standard
flower stem length. Similarly, GA3 at flowering concentrations with repeated applications
affected the highest number of flowering per plant, but plants treated with the highest
concentration had slight decrease in floral production (Dulay, 1980).
Mendoza (1993) stated that gibberellins acid treatment can induce flowering of some
periodically sensitive and some cold requiring plants. This means that gibberellins can replace
the cold requirements of some plants. Subsequently, it has also been shown that the induction of
flowering may bring about a natural size in the endogenous gibberellins content within the plant.
Application of GA3 as foliar spray to stem species at 10- 100 ppm hasten flowering by
ton days to four weeks in petunia, stock, larkspur, English daisy, china aster, and gerbera
(Weaver 1972).
Weir (1974) stated that gibberellins applied to long day rosette plant produce flowers
under short to long day. Likewise gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many other plants
especially woody plants. It has been reported that flowering in Azalea was hastened from 25 to
59 days when sprayed with GA3 in comparison to plant which received cold treatment for 30 days
prior to forcing (Barba and Pokorny, 1961).
As Nickell (1986) stated, GA3 along with kinetin also are known to promote flowering
and prevent flower drop in tomato at high temperature. Devlin (1977) also reported that GA3 are
used to increase the number of grapes in the cluster. Other commercial uses the stimulation of
flower bud formation and fruit set apples and pears and the improvement in size; color and
quality of the fruit of many plants.
Caluya and Imlan (1959) reported that GA3 induces the rapid elongation of plants in
general. Even s early as one week after first application, the treated plants were already taller that
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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the untreated plants. Also, it was found that the more concentrated the growth regulator, the
higher was the weekly height increasement in the stem length.
Application of 1,250 ppm GA3 at three leaf-stage and four-leaf stage gladiolus bolted
earlier, produce bigger sized corns, loner flower spikes at flowering with more and bigger
flowers (Albis, 1995).
The earliness in flowering could be attributed to he exogenous application of GA3 that
promote flowering by increasing the mitotic cell division in the apex, thus, rendering it more
responsible to flower stimulus. Zeevart (1962) farther stated that flowering could be enhanced by
increasing the GA3 level of the plant through nitrogenous application. Gibberellins cause or
promote flowering by either facilitating the formation of flowering hormones in the leaves or the
expressions in the growing bud.
Gibberellins appear to affect almost all plant organs from root to flower, fruit and seed
development. Shein and Jackson 1972 reported that gibberellic acid applied to decapitated stems,
petioles or to lands promote growth of buds in the axile of primary leaves.
Galimba (1993) reported that three application of 1000 ppm GA3 at weekly intervals
significantly promote earlier lower development, improve flower quality, produce bigger sized
bloom at harvesting and produce taller plants with longer floral stems of anthuriom cv. Kansako.
It was also reported that gibberellic acid treatment greatly affected the flowering of Mr.
Lincoln roses (Mendoza, 1993). Gibberellic acid at 500 ppm with two applications significantly
enhanced cutflower production, increase yield, higher number of leaves per plant at anthesis,
longer flower buds and blooms higher leaf area and leaf index at flowering and promote longer
vase life.
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Hermano and Ladilad (1980) found that the rate of growth effected by 400 ppm, four
weeks from treatment. However, plant treated with the highest concentration (1000 ppm at GA3
finally showed the fastest rate of growth in the later part of the vegetative stage).
In 1979, Kim started that some change on chemical compounds of plants occurs when
treated with gibberellins. These were an increase in water, crude fat and protein content and
decrease in glucose, fructose, galactose, and xylose content of winter cultivated Chinese
cabbage, the changes in chemical compounds could lead to he accumulation of gibberellins for
the synthesis of florigen, a hypothetical flowering hormone which cause early floral evocations.
In general gibberellins are group of plant hormones that promote plant growth. They are
used for encouraging plant growth, hastening germination, and encouraging growth in odd
weather increasing the size of some fruits, increasing the yield of some cops, and breaking
dormancy of various seeds. The response of gibberellins varies with the plant specie (Galingan,
1997).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Material
The materials to be used in the experiment will be rooted milflores (Hydrangea
Macrophylla) cuttings; gibberellic acid; polyethylene black plastic bags (5x5 inch) filled with the
potting mix of garden soil, compost (1:1); watering tools; garden tools; and identifying tags.
Methods
The experiment will be laid out in a complete randomized design (CRD) in factorial
arrangement with three replication. Factor A will be the stage of application and factor B will be
the gibberellic acid concentrations. There will be five samples per treatment replicated three
times. The treatment will be as follows.
Factor A (Stage of Application)
S1 -1 month from planting
S2 -2 month from planting
S3 -3 month from planting
Factor B (Gibberellic Acid Concentration)
C1 – 0 ppm/ control
C2 – 50 ppm
C3 – 100 ppm
C4 – 250 ppm
C5 - 500 ppm
Planting of Milflores
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Milflores cutting will be rooted first in a nursery and then transplanted in 5x5 inches
polyethylene black plastic bags with 1 part garden soil and 1 part compost and .5 part chicken
dung.
Gibberellic Acid Application
The various concentration of gibberellic acid will be applied once on the shoot of
milflores plants 15 days and 30 days from planting as specified in the treatment.
Other Cultural Management Practice
All other cultural management practice in milflores production such as watering, and
control of pest (insects, disease and weeds) will be strictly employed as the need arise.
Data to be Gathered;
The data to be gathered will be as follows:
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation(0.5 cm bud size)
-The number of days from transplanting to (0.5 cm bud size) flower bud formation
was counted.
2. Number of days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis.
-The number of days from flower bud formation to 75% flower anthesis was
counted
3. Average number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis.
-The number of leaves per plant was counted at 75% anthesis at flowering.
4. Final height at flowering (cm)
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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- The height was taken by measuring the plant from base to the top at flowering
(75% anthesis)
5. Flower diameter at full bloom stage (cm)
- The size of the flower was measured at flowering stage (75% anthesis).
6. Stem diameter (cm)
-This was obtained by measuring the diameter of the center of the plant at
flowering (75% anthesis) with the use of vernier caliper.
7. Number of lateral stems at flowering
-This was counted by counting the lateral stems at flowering stage (75%)
8. Documentation of the study in pictures
- Documentation of the study was done through pictures
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Plate 1. Gibberellic acid application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
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Plate 2. Gibberellic acid application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Plate 3. Days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Plate 4. Over view of potted milflores plants treated with gibberellic
acid (GA3) at fllowering.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Table 1 show that the effect of the stage of application
had significant differences. Plant sprayed after three months from planting has the earliest bud to
develop, followed by two months to form flower buds. One month was the last to develop flower
buds from the time of application.
Weir (1974) stated that gibberellins applied to long day roseate plants produce flowers
under short to long day. Like wise gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many other plants
especially woody plants.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Result show that a significant difference was obtained on
the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation as affected by the different
concentration of GA3 applied on milflores. The untreated or control required the longest number
of days to initiate flower buds from the time of transplanting. Plant sprayed with 50 ppm, was the
earliest to develop flower buds, and followed by 100 ppm. Plant sprayed with the highest
concentration of 500ppm has developed flower buds late among the treated plants.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained between the different
GA3concentration on the stage of application from transplanting to flower bud formation.
Untreated plants showed significantly delayed of flower bud formation with 160.586 days; while
the earliest to initiate flower buds were the plant sprayed with 50 ppm with144.400 days. It was
observe further, that as the amount of GA3 concentration increases the number of days also
increases.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Table 1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 160.586a
2
month 157.040b
3
month 126.577c
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 154.556a
C2 – 50 ppm 144.400c
C3 – 100 ppm 145.206c
C4 – 250 ppm 148.308b
C5 - 500 ppm 147.896
2. Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation to 75% Anthesis
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result shows no significant effect on the stage of
application from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis stage as shown in table 2. However, two
month from flower bud formation has reaches its 75% anthesis earlier followed by one month.
Three month required longer number of days to reach 75% anthesis. Application of GA3as foliar
spray to stem species at10-100 ppm hasten flowering by ten days to four weeks (Weaver, 1972).
Effect of GA3 Concentration. Result showed significant differences on the number of
days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis as affected by the different GA3 concentration.
A delayed in flower development were observed in plants which were not sprayed with GA3
concentration or the control. Plant treated with 100 ppm GA3 concentration has the earliest to
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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reach its 75% anthesis stage, while plant sprayed with 500 ppm GA3 concentration has reaches
its 75% anthesis late.
Interaction Effect. Significant interactions were observed between the stage of
application from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis and the plant sprayed with different GA3
concentration. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 concentration that is treated three month after
flower bud formation has the earliest to reaches its 75% anthesis while control at three month
required longer number of days to bloom at 75% anthesis.
Studies revealed earlier opening of flower in that plant treated with GA3 and reduction on
the number of days required for the formation of flower buds (Leopold and Kriedman, 1964).
Table 2. Number of days from flower bud formation t0 75% anthesis
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 61.487a
2
month 59.391a
3
month 62.215a
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 68.300a
C2 – 50 ppm 57.467b
C3 – 100 ppm 56.056b
C4 – 250 ppm 61.000b
C5 - 500 ppm 62.333ab
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3. Average Number of Leaves per Plant
Effect on the Stage of Application. Table 3 shows that the number of leaves per plant had
significant differences. Plant sprayed after two month has the highest number of leaves with
15.556 leaves per plant, followed by one month after sprayingwith14.327 leaves per plant. Three
month from spaying had the least number of leaves with 13.313 per plant at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. There is significant effect of the different GA3
concentration on the number of leaves produce per plant at 75% anthesis. Plant sprayed with 100
ppm GA3 concentration obtained the highest number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis
with15.90, followed by 250 ppm and50 ppm GA3 concentration having14.176 and 14.704,
respectively. The lowest number of leaves counted was obtained from plants of untreated or
control and 500 ppm GA3concentration which had 13.761 and13.444 leaves per plant at 75%
anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained between the stage of application
and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis.
Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 concentration after two month produces the highest number of
leaves with18.223 per plant at 75% anthesis. The months that produce the least number of leaves
were from three month treated with 500ppm GA3 concentration with 10.223 leaves per plant at
75% anthesis.
Mendoza 19993, stated that gibberellic acid at 500 ppm with two applications
significantly enhance cutflower production, increase yield, higher number of leaves per plant at
anthesis, longer flower buds and blooms higher leaf area index at flowering and promote longer
vase life.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Table 3. Average number of leaves per plant
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 14.327ab
2
month 15.556a
3
month 13.313b
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 13.761b
C2 – 50 ppm 14.704ab
C3 – 100 ppm 15.908a
C4 – 250 ppm 14.176b
C5 - 500 ppm 13.444b
4. Final Height at Flowering (cm)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result show a significant differences were obtained
on the height of plant at 75% anthesis. Two months from spraying had the longest stems with
58.281 cm, followed by one month from spraying with 49.942 cm per plant. Three month from
spraying had the shortest stem measured with 44.998 cm at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. The different GA3 concentration shows a significant effect
on the height of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Plants sprayed with 250 and 100 ppm GA3
concentration produce longer stem length at 75% anthesis which had 57.394 and 55.924 cm per
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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plant. The shortest stem measured was obtained from untreated plants with39.482 per plant at
75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained from the stage of application
with the different GA3 concentration on the height of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Result
show that 250 ppm GA3 concentration which was sprayed two month after treatment has the
longest stem length with an average of 71.500 cm. on the other hand, untreated plants at two
month had the shortest stem length measured with 37.890 cm. it was observed further, that all
plants treated with GA3concentration except for the stage of application had a longer stems
compared to those which were not treated.
Table 4. Final height at flowering
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 49.942b
2
month 58.281a
3
month 44.998c
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 39.482d
C2 – 50 ppm 52.983b
C3 – 100 ppm 55.924a
C4 – 250 ppm 57.394a
C5 - 500 ppm 49.583c
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Caluya and Imlan (1959) reported that GA3 induce the rapid elongation of plants in
general. Even as early as one week after first application, the treated plants were already taller
than the untreated
5. Flower Diameter
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result shows significant differences were observe on
the flower diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Two months from spraying had the
widest and biggest flower diameter measured with 21.897 cm. then followed by three months
from spraying with 18.106 cm flower diameter measured. One month from spraying have the
smallest flower that bloom measured with 16.300 cm at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. The different GA3 concentration shows a significant effect
on the flower diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Plants sprayed with 250 and 100 ppm
GA3 concentration obtained the biggest flower diameter measured with 19.699 cm at 75 %
anthesis. Plant treated with 500 and 50 ppm GA3 concentration has light significant differences
on flower diameter with 18.849 and 18.726 am at 75% anthesis. Untreated plant obtained the
smallest flower diameter measured with 17. 053 cm per plant at 75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference were observed between the difference GA3
concentration and the stage of application in terms on stem diameter measured on milflores
plants at 75% anthesis. Plants treated with 250 ppm GA3 concentration at two month produce the
widest flower diameter measured with 23.250 cm at 75% anthesis. And smallest flower diameter
measured was from untreated plants at one month with 14.500 cm per plant at 75% anthesis.
Application of 1,250 ppm GA3, at three leaf-stage and four-leaf stage gladiolus bolted
earlier, produce bigger size corms, longer flower spikes at flowering with more and bigger
flowers (Albis, 1995)
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Table 5. Stem diameter (cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 16.331c
2
month 21.897a
3
month 18.106b
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 17.053c
C2 – 50 ppm 18.726b
C3 – 100 ppm 19.530ab
C4 – 250 ppm 19.699a
C5 - 500 ppm 18.849ab
6. Stem Diameter (cm)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Significant differences were observed on the stem
diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Milflores plants sprayed with GA3 at two month
have the biggest stem diameter measured with 1.186cm, followed by three month from spraying
with 1.131 cm per plant at 75% anthesis. One month from spraying GA3 have the smallest stem
diameter measured with 0.724 cm per plant at 75% anthesis. Further more, because of the
smallness of the stems of milflores plants treated at one month, it needs a supporting material
(stick) so that the flower will not touch the ground.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. A significant effect ware obtained from the different GA3
concentration with the stem diameter of milflores plants. Plans treated with 250 ppm GA3
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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concentration have the biggest stem diameter measured with 1.128 cm at 75% anthesis. A
significant difference was measured on 500 and 100 ppm GA3concentration with a1.084
and1.030 cm per plant at the time of flowering. Untreated plants obtained the smallest stem
diameter that has been measured with 0.550 cm at 75% anthesis.
Table 6. Flower diameter (cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 0.724b
2
month 1.186a
3
month 1.131a
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 0.844a
C2 – 50 ppm 1.084ab
C3 – 100 ppm 1.030ab
C4 – 250 ppm 1.128a
C5 - 500 ppm 0.981b
Interaction Effect. A significant effect was observed between the different GA3
concentration and the stage of application in terms of stem diameter at 75% anthesis. Milflores
plants treated with 100 ppm GA3 concentration at two month have the largest stem diameter ,
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
24
while untreated plants at one month have the smallest stem diameter measured with 0.550 cm at
75% anthesis.
7. Number of Lateral Stems
Effect on the Stage of Application. A significant difference was obtained on the number
of lateral stems with the effect of the st6age of application at 75% anthesis. Plants treated at one
month have the largest number of lateral stems counted with 3.0 lateral stems per plant, while the
smallest number of lateral stems counted was two month from treatment with 2.200lateral stems
per plant at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. Spraying GA3 concentration on potted milflores plants did
not significantly affect the number of lateral stems produced per plant at 75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. Table 7 shows a comparable significant effect between the different
GA3 concentration and the stage of application on the potted milflores plants. Milflores plants
treated with 50 ppm at one month and 500 ppm GA3concentration obtained the highest number
of lateral stems with 3.333 per plant at 75% anthesis. While untreated plants at two month
produce the least number of lateral stems at 75% anthesis with 1.667 per plant.
Hermano and Ladilad (1980) found that the rate of growth effected by 400 ppm, four
weeks from treatment. However, plant treated with the highest concentration (1000 ppm) at GA3
finally showed the fastest rate of growth in the later part of the vegetative stage.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
25
Table 7. Number of lateral stems
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 3.000a
2
month 2.200b
3
month 2.533ab
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 2.222a
C2 – 50 ppm 2.556a
C3 – 100 ppm 2.667a
C4 – 250 ppm 3.000a
C5 - 500 ppm 2.444a
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Lamtang, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2007 to March 2008 which aimed to compare the effect of GA3 concentration on the vegetative
growth and flowering of potted milflores plants; to determine the effect of different gibberellic
acid GA3 on the growth and flowering of milflores, and to determine the best concentration of
gibberellic acid GA3 that will enhance vegetative growth with better flower quality.
The earliest to develop flower buds observed were on milflores plant treated at three
month and the longest flower bud to develop was one month from treatment. Plants sprayed with
50 ppm GA3 were the earliest to develop flower buds while untreated plants required longer days
to develop flower buds.
Milflores plants treated with smaller amount of GA3 concentration was the earliest to
develop flower followed by the higher amount of GA3 concentration. Untreated plants show
delayed flower development and flowering.
The highest number of leaves counted at 75% anthesis was produced by the plant treated
at two months. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 has the highest number of leaves counted
followed by 50 ppm.
Milflores plants treated at two month produce the longest stem measured at 75% anthesis
followed by one month and three month. Plant sprayed with 250 ppm GA3 the longest stem
measured followed by 100 ppm.
The widest flower diameter was produced by 250 ppm followed by 100 ppm GA3
concentration at two month. The smallest flower diameter measured was observed in untreated
plants.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
27
The thickest stems were measured on milflores plant treated with 250 ppm and followed
by plants sprayed with 50 and 100 ppm GA3. Two month produce the thickest stems followed by
three month and one month from treatment.
Plats treated at one month produce the largest number of leaves of lateral stems followed
by three month and two month.GA3 have a slight effect on the lateral stems of milflores plants.
Conclusion
Based on the study conducted, and on the data gathered, potted milflores plants treated at
two month shows to have responded better on the different GA3 concentration based on the
observed effect on its vegetative growth, and flower quality produced per plant.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended the use of gibberellic acid (GA3) as a growth regulator for
milflores plants. And a further study regarding non milflores plants with a higher concentration
as a consideration on its growth development should be conducted.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS.2002. Undated. Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Nigra’
http://www. Jgeocities.com/enchantedforest/palace/1170/abatias.htm
ANONYMOUS. Undated. Hydrangea macrophylla ‘mophead’
http://www.botany. com/hydrangea.htm.
ALBIS, M. C. 1995. Growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. Friendship pink as affected by GA3
Treatments. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, p.3
BARBA, R.C. and F. A. Pokorny.1961. Influence of several concentration of GA3. Proc. Assoc.
of Southern Agriculture Workers. Pp 60-61
CALUYA, M. and J. S. IMLAN.1959. Effect of gibberellic acid on the fiber of kenaf.
The Philippine Agriculturist.43 (5) 369-372.
DEVLIN, B. M. 1977. Plant Physiology. New York. Von Nostrand Rienholdn Co. Pp.387-484.
DULAY. T. A. 1980. The effect of GA3 on the growth and flowering productivity of
Chrysanthemum maximum. Unpublished BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural
College, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.37-39.
GALIMBA, S. B. 1913. Effect of foliar gibberellic acid on the flowering of anthurium cv.
Kansako under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad Benguet.
Pp. 37-39.
GALINGAN, A. C. 1977. Growth and flowering of five Lilium cut flowers as affected by GA3
Application BS Thesis (Unpub). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.3-5.
GREULACH , V. A. and L. E. ADANIS. 1926. Plants. An Introduction of Modern Botany, Men
Larch: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp 367-370.
HERMANO, F. G. and B. D. LADILAD. 1980. Flower induction of chrysanthemum morifolium
Ex. Ruby Brethaupt. Mountain State Agricultural College.
KIM, H. K. 1979. Studies in the composition of varieties cultivated Chinese cabbage treated with
Gibberellins. Korean Hort. Scr. 7(6): 7-72.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and P.E. KRIEDMAN.1964. Plant Growth and Development. 2nd ed. New
York: McGrawHill Book Co. pp. 230-233.
MENDOZA, L. C. 1993. Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr.
Lincoln BS Thesis BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.39-41.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
29
NICKELL, L. G. 1993. Effect of GA3 on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr. Lincoln.
Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.3
SHEIN, T. G. and D.I. JACKSON.1972. Interaction between hormones, light, nutrition, and
Extension of lateral and in Phjaseolus Vulgaris, I.M.J. Bot. Pp.791-800.
WEIER, T. E. 1974 Botany: An Introduction to plant biology, Canada: John Willy and Sons inc.
Pp. 397-398.
WEAVER, R. J. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francesco: WH Freeman and
Co.Pp. 379-381.
ZEEVART, J. A. 1962. The relationship between gibberellins and floral stimulus in
Byophyllum daigremontranum. Planta. SD: 531-42.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
30
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 167 167 170 504.30 168.100
C2 152.25 155 159.75 467.00 155.667
C3 155.25 159 155 469.25 156.417
C4 160.5 163.67 162 486.17 162.057
C5 162 158.4 161.67 482.07 160.690
S2 C1 157.8 159.2 166.7 483.70 161.233
C2 151.8 151.8 158.2 461.80 153.933
C3 150.5 156.5 156 463.00 154.333
C4 159.8 156.8 156 472.60 157.533
C5 158 159.5 157 474.50 158.167
S3 C1 137 134 132 403.00 134.333
C2 122.4 123 125.4 370.80 123.600
C3 125.6 126.6 122.4 374.60 124.867
C4 126 124.4 125.6 376.00 125.333
C5 123 126.75 124.5 374.25 124.750
______________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
31
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 10486.118 5243.059 788.19** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 574.500 143.625 21.59** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 64.873 8.109 1.22ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 199.561 6.652
Total 44 11325.052
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 40.49%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
32
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 65 66 67 198.00 66.000
C2 55.8 50.33 56.5 162.63 54.467
C3 60 61.67 63.5 185.17 61.723
C4 61 60.5 63 184.50 61.500
C5 65 66.5 60.5 192.00 64.000
S2 C1 65 66.2 67.5 198.70 66.233
C2 55 57.75 57 162.75 56.583
C3 56.75 56.67 57.5 170.92 56.973
C4 57 59.5 58 174.50 58.167
C5 60 57.5 59.5 177.00 59.000
S3 C1 75.5 71 5 71 218.00 72.667
C2 60.66 62.66 61.5 184.82 61.607
C3 62 61.66 64.75 148.41 49.470
C4 62 64.4 63.6 190.00 63.333
C5 64 62 66 192.00 64.000
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 64.482 32.241 0.77ns 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 827.954 206.989 1.94** 2.69 4.02
AB 8 427.155 53.394 1.27ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 1257.256 41.909
Total 44 2576.847
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 10.61%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
34
Appendix Table 3. Average number of leaves per plant
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 14 12 13 13.000 39.00
C2 11 17 13.25 13.750 41.25
C3 19 12 15 15.333 46.00
C4 14.33 13 14.5 13.943 41.83
C5 16 16.5 14.33 15.610 46.83
S2 C1 15.25 13 14.25 14.167 42.50
C2 15 16.67 15 15.557 46.67
C3 18 16.67 20 18.223 54.67
C4 16 16 14 15.333 46.00
C5 13 14.5 16 14.500 43.50
S3 C1 15.75 14 12.6 14.117 42.35
C2 16 14.67 13.75 14.807 44.42
C3 15.75 12.5 14.25 14.067 42.50
C4 14.25 13.6 11.9 03.250 39.75
C5 11 8.67 11 10.223 30.67
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
35
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 37.859 18.929 6.64** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 33.639 8.410 2.95* 2.69 4.02
AB 8 51.156 6.395 2.24ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 85.557 2.852
Total 44 208.211
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 11.73%
*= Significant
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
36
Appendix Table 4. Final height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 48 33.5 37.5 119.00 39.667
C2 49.3 55 53.75 158.05 52.683
C3 51.33 53 53.33 157.66 52.553
C4 52.33 53.75 52.67 158.75 52.917
C5 50.67 51 54 155.67 51.890
S2 C1 37.5 39 37.12 113.62 37.873
C2 63 64.67 59 186.67 62.223
C3 72 62.67 71.5 206.17 68.723
C4 74.5 71.5 68.5 214.50 71.500
C5 51.25 51.5 50.5 153.25 51.083
S3 C1 40.62 39.87 42.6 122.72 40.907
C2 48.1 42.66 41.37 132.13 44.043
C3 45.12 47.25 47.12 139.49 46.497
C4 47.5 47.7 48.1 143.30 47.767
C5 44.5 48.33 44.5 137.33 45.777
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
37
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 1352.029 676.014 73.60** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 1833.406 458.352 49.90** 2.69 4.02
AB 8 951.595 111.949 12.95** 2.27 5.17
Error 30 275.543 9.185
Total 44 4412.573
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 5.93%
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
38
Appendix Table 5. Flower diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 14 13.5 16 43.50 14.500
C2 15.1 16.83 14.25 46.18 15.393
C3 17.66 16 18 51.66 17.220
C4 18.33 16 18.5 52.83 17.610
C5 17.67 17.5 15.33 50.50 16.833
S2 C1 20.13 20 19.38 59.51 19.837
C2 21.5 22.67 22.17 66.34 22.113
C3 22.65 22.83 22.5 67.98 22.660
C4 23.75 22.5 23.5 69.75 23.250
C5 21.25 21.62 22 64.87 21.623
S3 C1 17.75 16.12 132 50.47 16.823
C2 18.7 19 125.4 56.01 18.670
C3 18.88 19.25 122.4 56.13 18.710
C4 18.31 17 125.6 54.71 18.237
C5 18.63 17.17 124.5 54.27 18.090
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
39
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 243.930 121.965 143.52** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 39.560 9.890 11.64** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 8.540 1.067 1.26ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 25.494 0.850
Total 44 317.523
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 4.91%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
40
Appendix Table 6. Stem diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 .60 .45 .60 1.65 0.550
C2 .66 .70 .94 2.30 0.767
C3 .73 .50 .70 1.93 0.643
C4 .90 .70 .85 2.45 0.817
C5 .83 1.0 .70 2.53 0.843
S2 C1 .64 1.20 1.05 2.89 0.963
C2 1.50 1.47 1.40 4.37 1.457
C3 1.40 1.33 1.30 4.03 1.343
C4 1.35 1.30 1.15 3.80 1.267
C5 .70 .90 1.1 2.70 0.900
S3 C1 .875 1.10 1.08 3.06 1.020
C2 1.20 .97 .92 3.09 1.030
C3 1.01 1.15 1.15 3.31 1.103
C4 1.20 1.28 1.42 3.90 1.300
C5 1.20 1.10 1.30 3.60 1.200
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
41
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 1.909 0.955 50.12** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 0.432 0.108 5.67** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 0.630 0.079 4.13* 2.27 5.17
Error 30 0.571 0.019
Total 44 3.543
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 13.62%
* = Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
42
Appendix Table 7. Number of lateral stems
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 3 2 3 8 2.667
C2 4 3 3 10 3.333
C3 3 2 4 9 3.000
C4 2 4 3 9 3.000
C5 3 3 3 9 3.000
S2 C1 1 2 2 5 1.667
C2 2 2 2 6 2.000
C3 3 2 3 8 2.667
C4 2 3 3 8 2.667
C5 1 3 2 6 2.000
S3 C1 1 3 3 7 2.333
C2 2 2 3 7 2.333
C3 3 2 2 7 2.333
C4 3 3 4 10 3.333
C5 2 2 3 7 2.333
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
43
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 4.844 2.422 4.95* 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 2.978 0.744 1.52ns 4.69 4.02
AB 8 2.489 0.311 0.64ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 14.667 0.489
Total 44 24.978
* = Significant Coefficient of variation= 27.12%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
JOEL S. CATONES. OCTOBER 2008. Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth
and Flowering of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla). Benguet State University
Adviser; Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Lamtang, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2007 to March 2008 which aimed to compare the effect of GA3 concentration on the vegetative
growth and flowering of potted milflores plants; to determine the effect of different gibberellic
acid GA3 on the growth and flowering of milflores, and to determine the best concentration of
gibberellic acid GA3 that will enhance vegetative growth with better flower quality.
The earliest to develop flower buds observed were on milflores plant treated at three
month and the longest flower bud to develop was one month from treatment. Plants sprayed with
50 ppm GA3 were the earliest to develop flower buds while untreated plants required longer days
to develop flower buds.
Milflores plants treated with smaller amount of GA3 concentration was the earliest to
develop flower followed by the higher amount of GA3 concentration. Untreated plants show
delayed flower development and flowering.
The highest number of leaves counted at 75% anthesis was produced by the plant treated
at two months. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 has the highest number of leaves counted
followed by 50 ppm.
Milflores plants treated at two month produce the longest stem measured at 75% anthesis
followed by one month and three month. Plant sprayed with 250 ppm GA3 the longest stem
measured followed by 100 ppm.
The widest flower diameter was produced by 250 ppm followed by 100 ppm GA3
concentration at two month. The smallest flower diameter measured was observed in untreated
plants.
The thickest stems were measured on milflores plant treated with 250 ppm and followed
by plants sprayed with 50 and 100 ppm GA3. Two month produce the thickest stems followed by
three month and one month from treatment.
Plats treated at one month produce the largest number of leaves of lateral stems followed
by three month and two month.GA3 have a slight effect on the lateral stems of milflores plants.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………... iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the study………………………………………………… 1
Importance of the study……………………………………………. 2
Objective the study………………………………………………… 2
Place and Time of the Study……………………………………….. 3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………. 4
METHODOLOGY
Materials……………………………………………………………. 8
Methods……………………………………………………………. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Transplanting to Flower
Bud formation……………………………………………………… 12
Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation to
75% Anthesis………………………………………………………. 14
Average Number of Leaves per Plant at 75% Anthesis……………. 15
Final Height at Flowering…………………………………………... 17
Flower Diameter……………………………………………………. 19
Stem Diameter……………………………………………………… 21
Number of Lateral Stems…………………………………………... 22
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary……………………………………………………………. 25
Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 26
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 26
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 27
APENDICES………………………………………………………………. 30
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Hydrangea is a genus of shrub of the Saxifrage Family consisting of about 80 species.
One of these species is the milflores (hydrangea macrophylla). Hydrangea is a strong deciduous
shrub having a height and width of 6 feet. Leaves are broadly ovate, 4-6 inches long and 2.75-4
inches wide width coarse4 serrations, yellowish to fresh green in color flowers are in large
braches globose cyme of the hortensia or mop-head type with abundant, mostly sterile,
individual floret, 4-5petal linked sepal per flower (Anon, 2002).
This group consists of hardy and tender shrubs and woody climbers. They are mostly
deciduous plants, through a few of the tender species are evergreen. They are native of the
Himalayas, North and South America, and central and eastern Asia. These flowering shrubs have
different flower from the large globes of the “mopheads” to the discs of the “lacecaps” to the
thick cones of the oakleaf and panicle hydrangea. They come in an array of colors from pure
white to brilliant crimson, pale lilac to intensive azure. Some varieties produce blossoms with
two-toned colors, while some flowers have contrasting eyes, and some even is speckled or
striped with another color. There are two kinds of floret in the flower heads. The fertile or perfect
florets are small and inconspicuous. They bear the male and female parts and are usually found
in the center of the cluster. The flower heads or mopheads hydrangeas consists almost entirely or
sterile floret. Beside from their lovely flower, some hydrangeas are valued for their attractive
foliage or bark. The size of the plants range from dwarf (about ft high) to large bushes with
stems over 10 ft high. There are also climbing hydrangeas whose aerial can bring stem up to 80
ft high. H. aspera subsp. Sargentia (Sargent Hydrangea) is an attractive medium to large-sized
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
2
shrub with hairy shoots and large, plush leaves. The large, flat flower head are produced in mid-o
late summer and are bluish with white ray florests. This variety is excellent for a sheltered shrub
border or woodland, but need shade and wind protection. H. “Ayesha” is a deciduous shrub that
has shiny green leaves and flattened, fragrant flower heads consisting of cup-shape florests,
resembling those of the lilac. They are grayish lilac or pink, depending upon the soil, eventually
turning a greenish-blue to turquoise color. H. macrophylla ‘Alltona’ is a mophead hydrangea
with flower heads growing up to a foot in diameter. This deciduous plat forms a mall shrub wit
large, rose colored florests. This variety grows best in shade. H. quercifolia (Oakleaf Hydrangea)
is a medium-sized, deciduous shrub valued for its splendid autumn colors. The large, deeply
lobed leaves resemble those of the oak, thus the common name. In late summer, conical heads of
large, white, sterile florets are produced. H. serratifoliais a tender, climbing hydrangea that grows
best against a wall in sun or shade. It has small, leathery leaves and columnar panicles, up to 5
inches long, of creamy flowers. (Anon. undated)
Importance of the Study
Due to the economic potential and aesthetic value of potted milflores as bedding plants
for outdoor landscaping and cut flowers, it is important therefore to find the best way of
enhancing growth with quality flower of milflores with the use of giberellic acid.
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the effect of giberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and flowering of
milflores.
2. To determine the best concentration of giberellic acid (GA3) that will enhance
vegetative growth with better flower quality.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
3
3. The study was conducted to determine the best stage of gibberellic acid (GA3)
application and to;
4. Determine the interaction effect on various stage of gibberellic acid (GA3) application
and GA3 concentration.
Place and Time of the Study
The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, Benguet August 2007 to January 2008.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Gibberellic acid GA3 belongs to a group of plant hormones that promote plant growth. It
is one of the plant growth regulators that can provide a wide range of plant response such as
breaking dormancy, incubation of flowering, parthenocarpic fruit set and sex expression (Devlin
1977).
As Devlin (1977) reported, gibberellins are naturally occurring hormones that have been
isolated from higher plant tissues. They act similarly as indole acetic acid (IAA), another kind of
hormone to promote cell elongation, induce parthenocarpy, promote cambial activity, and issue
new RPA and protein synthesis.
Gibberellins are known to alter the growth of plants, since their applications has been
found to cause rosette plants to elongation in a manner suggestive to bolting. Investigations have
been made on effects of GA3 on the floral induction. Their influence on the growth and flowering
of some crops has been investigated in greenhouse and in the field for the past years. Studies
revealed earlier opening of flowers in those plants treated with GA3 and reduction on the number
of days required for the formation of flower buds (Leopold and Kriedman, 1964)
Plants treated with gibberellins generally grow to three times taller than the untreated
plants. Promotion of flowering particularly in biennials and long day plants is one of the most
striking effects of gibberellins. Biennials commonly do not produce long stem, and flower only if
they are exposed to low temperature. However, when treated with gibberellins, they flower
without cold temperature (Grealach and Adams, 1962).
Findings revealed that gibberellins variety influence the growth and flowering
productivity of Shasta daisy. Lower GA3 concentrations of 600 ppm at repeated application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
5
improve quality and hastened flowering. The treated plants appeared healthy and having standard
flower stem length. Similarly, GA3 at flowering concentrations with repeated applications
affected the highest number of flowering per plant, but plants treated with the highest
concentration had slight decrease in floral production (Dulay, 1980).
Mendoza (1993) stated that gibberellins acid treatment can induce flowering of some
periodically sensitive and some cold requiring plants. This means that gibberellins can replace
the cold requirements of some plants. Subsequently, it has also been shown that the induction of
flowering may bring about a natural size in the endogenous gibberellins content within the plant.
Application of GA3 as foliar spray to stem species at 10- 100 ppm hasten flowering by
ton days to four weeks in petunia, stock, larkspur, English daisy, china aster, and gerbera
(Weaver 1972).
Weir (1974) stated that gibberellins applied to long day rosette plant produce flowers
under short to long day. Likewise gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many other plants
especially woody plants. It has been reported that flowering in Azalea was hastened from 25 to
59 days when sprayed with GA3 in comparison to plant which received cold treatment for 30 days
prior to forcing (Barba and Pokorny, 1961).
As Nickell (1986) stated, GA3 along with kinetin also are known to promote flowering
and prevent flower drop in tomato at high temperature. Devlin (1977) also reported that GA3 are
used to increase the number of grapes in the cluster. Other commercial uses the stimulation of
flower bud formation and fruit set apples and pears and the improvement in size; color and
quality of the fruit of many plants.
Caluya and Imlan (1959) reported that GA3 induces the rapid elongation of plants in
general. Even s early as one week after first application, the treated plants were already taller that
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
6
the untreated plants. Also, it was found that the more concentrated the growth regulator, the
higher was the weekly height increasement in the stem length.
Application of 1,250 ppm GA3 at three leaf-stage and four-leaf stage gladiolus bolted
earlier, produce bigger sized corns, loner flower spikes at flowering with more and bigger
flowers (Albis, 1995).
The earliness in flowering could be attributed to he exogenous application of GA3 that
promote flowering by increasing the mitotic cell division in the apex, thus, rendering it more
responsible to flower stimulus. Zeevart (1962) farther stated that flowering could be enhanced by
increasing the GA3 level of the plant through nitrogenous application. Gibberellins cause or
promote flowering by either facilitating the formation of flowering hormones in the leaves or the
expressions in the growing bud.
Gibberellins appear to affect almost all plant organs from root to flower, fruit and seed
development. Shein and Jackson 1972 reported that gibberellic acid applied to decapitated stems,
petioles or to lands promote growth of buds in the axile of primary leaves.
Galimba (1993) reported that three application of 1000 ppm GA3 at weekly intervals
significantly promote earlier lower development, improve flower quality, produce bigger sized
bloom at harvesting and produce taller plants with longer floral stems of anthuriom cv. Kansako.
It was also reported that gibberellic acid treatment greatly affected the flowering of Mr.
Lincoln roses (Mendoza, 1993). Gibberellic acid at 500 ppm with two applications significantly
enhanced cutflower production, increase yield, higher number of leaves per plant at anthesis,
longer flower buds and blooms higher leaf area and leaf index at flowering and promote longer
vase life.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
7
Hermano and Ladilad (1980) found that the rate of growth effected by 400 ppm, four
weeks from treatment. However, plant treated with the highest concentration (1000 ppm at GA3
finally showed the fastest rate of growth in the later part of the vegetative stage).
In 1979, Kim started that some change on chemical compounds of plants occurs when
treated with gibberellins. These were an increase in water, crude fat and protein content and
decrease in glucose, fructose, galactose, and xylose content of winter cultivated Chinese
cabbage, the changes in chemical compounds could lead to he accumulation of gibberellins for
the synthesis of florigen, a hypothetical flowering hormone which cause early floral evocations.
In general gibberellins are group of plant hormones that promote plant growth. They are
used for encouraging plant growth, hastening germination, and encouraging growth in odd
weather increasing the size of some fruits, increasing the yield of some cops, and breaking
dormancy of various seeds. The response of gibberellins varies with the plant specie (Galingan,
1997).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Material
The materials to be used in the experiment will be rooted milflores (Hydrangea
Macrophylla) cuttings; gibberellic acid; polyethylene black plastic bags (5x5 inch) filled with the
potting mix of garden soil, compost (1:1); watering tools; garden tools; and identifying tags.
Methods
The experiment will be laid out in a complete randomized design (CRD) in factorial
arrangement with three replication. Factor A will be the stage of application and factor B will be
the gibberellic acid concentrations. There will be five samples per treatment replicated three
times. The treatment will be as follows.
Factor A (Stage of Application)
S1 -1 month from planting
S2 -2 month from planting
S3 -3 month from planting
Factor B (Gibberellic Acid Concentration)
C1 – 0 ppm/ control
C2 – 50 ppm
C3 – 100 ppm
C4 – 250 ppm
C5 - 500 ppm
Planting of Milflores
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Milflores cutting will be rooted first in a nursery and then transplanted in 5x5 inches
polyethylene black plastic bags with 1 part garden soil and 1 part compost and .5 part chicken
dung.
Gibberellic Acid Application
The various concentration of gibberellic acid will be applied once on the shoot of
milflores plants 15 days and 30 days from planting as specified in the treatment.
Other Cultural Management Practice
All other cultural management practice in milflores production such as watering, and
control of pest (insects, disease and weeds) will be strictly employed as the need arise.
Data to be Gathered;
The data to be gathered will be as follows:
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation(0.5 cm bud size)
-The number of days from transplanting to (0.5 cm bud size) flower bud formation
was counted.
2. Number of days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis.
-The number of days from flower bud formation to 75% flower anthesis was
counted
3. Average number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis.
-The number of leaves per plant was counted at 75% anthesis at flowering.
4. Final height at flowering (cm)
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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- The height was taken by measuring the plant from base to the top at flowering
(75% anthesis)
5. Flower diameter at full bloom stage (cm)
- The size of the flower was measured at flowering stage (75% anthesis).
6. Stem diameter (cm)
-This was obtained by measuring the diameter of the center of the plant at
flowering (75% anthesis) with the use of vernier caliper.
7. Number of lateral stems at flowering
-This was counted by counting the lateral stems at flowering stage (75%)
8. Documentation of the study in pictures
- Documentation of the study was done through pictures
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
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Plate 1. Gibberellic acid application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
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Plate 2. Gibberellic acid application
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
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Plate 3. Days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
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Plate 4. Over view of potted milflores plants treated with gibberellic
acid (GA3) at fllowering.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Table 1 show that the effect of the stage of application
had significant differences. Plant sprayed after three months from planting has the earliest bud to
develop, followed by two months to form flower buds. One month was the last to develop flower
buds from the time of application.
Weir (1974) stated that gibberellins applied to long day roseate plants produce flowers
under short to long day. Like wise gibberellins inhibited flower initiation in many other plants
especially woody plants.
Effect of GA3 concentration. Result show that a significant difference was obtained on
the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation as affected by the different
concentration of GA3 applied on milflores. The untreated or control required the longest number
of days to initiate flower buds from the time of transplanting. Plant sprayed with 50 ppm, was the
earliest to develop flower buds, and followed by 100 ppm. Plant sprayed with the highest
concentration of 500ppm has developed flower buds late among the treated plants.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained between the different
GA3concentration on the stage of application from transplanting to flower bud formation.
Untreated plants showed significantly delayed of flower bud formation with 160.586 days; while
the earliest to initiate flower buds were the plant sprayed with 50 ppm with144.400 days. It was
observe further, that as the amount of GA3 concentration increases the number of days also
increases.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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Table 1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 160.586a
2
month 157.040b
3
month 126.577c
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 154.556a
C2 – 50 ppm 144.400c
C3 – 100 ppm 145.206c
C4 – 250 ppm 148.308b
C5 - 500 ppm 147.896
2. Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation to 75% Anthesis
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result shows no significant effect on the stage of
application from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis stage as shown in table 2. However, two
month from flower bud formation has reaches its 75% anthesis earlier followed by one month.
Three month required longer number of days to reach 75% anthesis. Application of GA3as foliar
spray to stem species at10-100 ppm hasten flowering by ten days to four weeks (Weaver, 1972).
Effect of GA3 Concentration. Result showed significant differences on the number of
days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis as affected by the different GA3 concentration.
A delayed in flower development were observed in plants which were not sprayed with GA3
concentration or the control. Plant treated with 100 ppm GA3 concentration has the earliest to
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
17
reach its 75% anthesis stage, while plant sprayed with 500 ppm GA3 concentration has reaches
its 75% anthesis late.
Interaction Effect. Significant interactions were observed between the stage of
application from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis and the plant sprayed with different GA3
concentration. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 concentration that is treated three month after
flower bud formation has the earliest to reaches its 75% anthesis while control at three month
required longer number of days to bloom at 75% anthesis.
Studies revealed earlier opening of flower in that plant treated with GA3 and reduction on
the number of days required for the formation of flower buds (Leopold and Kriedman, 1964).
Table 2. Number of days from flower bud formation t0 75% anthesis
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 61.487a
2
month 59.391a
3
month 62.215a
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 68.300a
C2 – 50 ppm 57.467b
C3 – 100 ppm 56.056b
C4 – 250 ppm 61.000b
C5 - 500 ppm 62.333ab
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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3. Average Number of Leaves per Plant
Effect on the Stage of Application. Table 3 shows that the number of leaves per plant had
significant differences. Plant sprayed after two month has the highest number of leaves with
15.556 leaves per plant, followed by one month after sprayingwith14.327 leaves per plant. Three
month from spaying had the least number of leaves with 13.313 per plant at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. There is significant effect of the different GA3
concentration on the number of leaves produce per plant at 75% anthesis. Plant sprayed with 100
ppm GA3 concentration obtained the highest number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis
with15.90, followed by 250 ppm and50 ppm GA3 concentration having14.176 and 14.704,
respectively. The lowest number of leaves counted was obtained from plants of untreated or
control and 500 ppm GA3concentration which had 13.761 and13.444 leaves per plant at 75%
anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained between the stage of application
and the different GA3 concentration in terms on the number of leaves per plant at 75% anthesis.
Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 concentration after two month produces the highest number of
leaves with18.223 per plant at 75% anthesis. The months that produce the least number of leaves
were from three month treated with 500ppm GA3 concentration with 10.223 leaves per plant at
75% anthesis.
Mendoza 19993, stated that gibberellic acid at 500 ppm with two applications
significantly enhance cutflower production, increase yield, higher number of leaves per plant at
anthesis, longer flower buds and blooms higher leaf area index at flowering and promote longer
vase life.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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19
Table 3. Average number of leaves per plant
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 14.327ab
2
month 15.556a
3
month 13.313b
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 13.761b
C2 – 50 ppm 14.704ab
C3 – 100 ppm 15.908a
C4 – 250 ppm 14.176b
C5 - 500 ppm 13.444b
4. Final Height at Flowering (cm)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result show a significant differences were obtained
on the height of plant at 75% anthesis. Two months from spraying had the longest stems with
58.281 cm, followed by one month from spraying with 49.942 cm per plant. Three month from
spraying had the shortest stem measured with 44.998 cm at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. The different GA3 concentration shows a significant effect
on the height of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Plants sprayed with 250 and 100 ppm GA3
concentration produce longer stem length at 75% anthesis which had 57.394 and 55.924 cm per
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
20
plant. The shortest stem measured was obtained from untreated plants with39.482 per plant at
75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference was obtained from the stage of application
with the different GA3 concentration on the height of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Result
show that 250 ppm GA3 concentration which was sprayed two month after treatment has the
longest stem length with an average of 71.500 cm. on the other hand, untreated plants at two
month had the shortest stem length measured with 37.890 cm. it was observed further, that all
plants treated with GA3concentration except for the stage of application had a longer stems
compared to those which were not treated.
Table 4. Final height at flowering
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 49.942b
2
month 58.281a
3
month 44.998c
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 39.482d
C2 – 50 ppm 52.983b
C3 – 100 ppm 55.924a
C4 – 250 ppm 57.394a
C5 - 500 ppm 49.583c
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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21
Caluya and Imlan (1959) reported that GA3 induce the rapid elongation of plants in
general. Even as early as one week after first application, the treated plants were already taller
than the untreated
5. Flower Diameter
Effect on the Stage of Application. Result shows significant differences were observe on
the flower diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Two months from spraying had the
widest and biggest flower diameter measured with 21.897 cm. then followed by three months
from spraying with 18.106 cm flower diameter measured. One month from spraying have the
smallest flower that bloom measured with 16.300 cm at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. The different GA3 concentration shows a significant effect
on the flower diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Plants sprayed with 250 and 100 ppm
GA3 concentration obtained the biggest flower diameter measured with 19.699 cm at 75 %
anthesis. Plant treated with 500 and 50 ppm GA3 concentration has light significant differences
on flower diameter with 18.849 and 18.726 am at 75% anthesis. Untreated plant obtained the
smallest flower diameter measured with 17. 053 cm per plant at 75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. A significant difference were observed between the difference GA3
concentration and the stage of application in terms on stem diameter measured on milflores
plants at 75% anthesis. Plants treated with 250 ppm GA3 concentration at two month produce the
widest flower diameter measured with 23.250 cm at 75% anthesis. And smallest flower diameter
measured was from untreated plants at one month with 14.500 cm per plant at 75% anthesis.
Application of 1,250 ppm GA3, at three leaf-stage and four-leaf stage gladiolus bolted
earlier, produce bigger size corms, longer flower spikes at flowering with more and bigger
flowers (Albis, 1995)
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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22
Table 5. Stem diameter (cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 16.331c
2
month 21.897a
3
month 18.106b
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 17.053c
C2 – 50 ppm 18.726b
C3 – 100 ppm 19.530ab
C4 – 250 ppm 19.699a
C5 - 500 ppm 18.849ab
6. Stem Diameter (cm)
Effect on the Stage of Application. Significant differences were observed on the stem
diameter of milflores plants at 75% anthesis. Milflores plants sprayed with GA3 at two month
have the biggest stem diameter measured with 1.186cm, followed by three month from spraying
with 1.131 cm per plant at 75% anthesis. One month from spraying GA3 have the smallest stem
diameter measured with 0.724 cm per plant at 75% anthesis. Further more, because of the
smallness of the stems of milflores plants treated at one month, it needs a supporting material
(stick) so that the flower will not touch the ground.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. A significant effect ware obtained from the different GA3
concentration with the stem diameter of milflores plants. Plans treated with 250 ppm GA3
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
23
concentration have the biggest stem diameter measured with 1.128 cm at 75% anthesis. A
significant difference was measured on 500 and 100 ppm GA3concentration with a1.084
and1.030 cm per plant at the time of flowering. Untreated plants obtained the smallest stem
diameter that has been measured with 0.550 cm at 75% anthesis.
Table 6. Flower diameter (cm)
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 0.724b
2
month 1.186a
3
month 1.131a
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 0.844a
C2 – 50 ppm 1.084ab
C3 – 100 ppm 1.030ab
C4 – 250 ppm 1.128a
C5 - 500 ppm 0.981b
Interaction Effect. A significant effect was observed between the different GA3
concentration and the stage of application in terms of stem diameter at 75% anthesis. Milflores
plants treated with 100 ppm GA3 concentration at two month have the largest stem diameter ,
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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24
while untreated plants at one month have the smallest stem diameter measured with 0.550 cm at
75% anthesis.
7. Number of Lateral Stems
Effect on the Stage of Application. A significant difference was obtained on the number
of lateral stems with the effect of the st6age of application at 75% anthesis. Plants treated at one
month have the largest number of lateral stems counted with 3.0 lateral stems per plant, while the
smallest number of lateral stems counted was two month from treatment with 2.200lateral stems
per plant at 75% anthesis.
Effect of GA3 Concentration. Spraying GA3 concentration on potted milflores plants did
not significantly affect the number of lateral stems produced per plant at 75% anthesis.
Interaction Effect. Table 7 shows a comparable significant effect between the different
GA3 concentration and the stage of application on the potted milflores plants. Milflores plants
treated with 50 ppm at one month and 500 ppm GA3concentration obtained the highest number
of lateral stems with 3.333 per plant at 75% anthesis. While untreated plants at two month
produce the least number of lateral stems at 75% anthesis with 1.667 per plant.
Hermano and Ladilad (1980) found that the rate of growth effected by 400 ppm, four
weeks from treatment. However, plant treated with the highest concentration (1000 ppm) at GA3
finally showed the fastest rate of growth in the later part of the vegetative stage.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
25
Table 7. Number of lateral stems
ENTRY MEAN
Stage of Application
1
month 3.000a
2
month 2.200b
3
month 2.533ab
Gibberellic Acid Concentration
C1 – 0 ppm/ control 2.222a
C2 – 50 ppm 2.556a
C3 – 100 ppm 2.667a
C4 – 250 ppm 3.000a
C5 - 500 ppm 2.444a
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Lamtang, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2007 to March 2008 which aimed to compare the effect of GA3 concentration on the vegetative
growth and flowering of potted milflores plants; to determine the effect of different gibberellic
acid GA3 on the growth and flowering of milflores, and to determine the best concentration of
gibberellic acid GA3 that will enhance vegetative growth with better flower quality.
The earliest to develop flower buds observed were on milflores plant treated at three
month and the longest flower bud to develop was one month from treatment. Plants sprayed with
50 ppm GA3 were the earliest to develop flower buds while untreated plants required longer days
to develop flower buds.
Milflores plants treated with smaller amount of GA3 concentration was the earliest to
develop flower followed by the higher amount of GA3 concentration. Untreated plants show
delayed flower development and flowering.
The highest number of leaves counted at 75% anthesis was produced by the plant treated
at two months. Plant sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 has the highest number of leaves counted
followed by 50 ppm.
Milflores plants treated at two month produce the longest stem measured at 75% anthesis
followed by one month and three month. Plant sprayed with 250 ppm GA3 the longest stem
measured followed by 100 ppm.
The widest flower diameter was produced by 250 ppm followed by 100 ppm GA3
concentration at two month. The smallest flower diameter measured was observed in untreated
plants.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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27
The thickest stems were measured on milflores plant treated with 250 ppm and followed
by plants sprayed with 50 and 100 ppm GA3. Two month produce the thickest stems followed by
three month and one month from treatment.
Plats treated at one month produce the largest number of leaves of lateral stems followed
by three month and two month.GA3 have a slight effect on the lateral stems of milflores plants.
Conclusion
Based on the study conducted, and on the data gathered, potted milflores plants treated at
two month shows to have responded better on the different GA3 concentration based on the
observed effect on its vegetative growth, and flower quality produced per plant.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended the use of gibberellic acid (GA3) as a growth regulator for
milflores plants. And a further study regarding non milflores plants with a higher concentration
as a consideration on its growth development should be conducted.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
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http://www.botany. com/hydrangea.htm.
ALBIS, M. C. 1995. Growth and flowering of gladiolus cv. Friendship pink as affected by GA3
Treatments. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, p.3
BARBA, R.C. and F. A. Pokorny.1961. Influence of several concentration of GA3. Proc. Assoc.
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CALUYA, M. and J. S. IMLAN.1959. Effect of gibberellic acid on the fiber of kenaf.
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DULAY. T. A. 1980. The effect of GA3 on the growth and flowering productivity of
Chrysanthemum maximum. Unpublished BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural
College, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.37-39.
GALIMBA, S. B. 1913. Effect of foliar gibberellic acid on the flowering of anthurium cv.
Kansako under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad Benguet.
Pp. 37-39.
GALINGAN, A. C. 1977. Growth and flowering of five Lilium cut flowers as affected by GA3
Application BS Thesis (Unpub). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.3-5.
GREULACH , V. A. and L. E. ADANIS. 1926. Plants. An Introduction of Modern Botany, Men
Larch: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp 367-370.
HERMANO, F. G. and B. D. LADILAD. 1980. Flower induction of chrysanthemum morifolium
Ex. Ruby Brethaupt. Mountain State Agricultural College.
KIM, H. K. 1979. Studies in the composition of varieties cultivated Chinese cabbage treated with
Gibberellins. Korean Hort. Scr. 7(6): 7-72.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and P.E. KRIEDMAN.1964. Plant Growth and Development. 2nd ed. New
York: McGrawHill Book Co. pp. 230-233.
MENDOZA, L. C. 1993. Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr.
Lincoln BS Thesis BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.39-41.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
29
NICKELL, L. G. 1993. Effect of GA3 on the flowering and yield of rose cv. Mr. Lincoln.
Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.3
SHEIN, T. G. and D.I. JACKSON.1972. Interaction between hormones, light, nutrition, and
Extension of lateral and in Phjaseolus Vulgaris, I.M.J. Bot. Pp.791-800.
WEIER, T. E. 1974 Botany: An Introduction to plant biology, Canada: John Willy and Sons inc.
Pp. 397-398.
WEAVER, R. J. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francesco: WH Freeman and
Co.Pp. 379-381.
ZEEVART, J. A. 1962. The relationship between gibberellins and floral stimulus in
Byophyllum daigremontranum. Planta. SD: 531-42.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
30
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 167 167 170 504.30 168.100
C2 152.25 155 159.75 467.00 155.667
C3 155.25 159 155 469.25 156.417
C4 160.5 163.67 162 486.17 162.057
C5 162 158.4 161.67 482.07 160.690
S2 C1 157.8 159.2 166.7 483.70 161.233
C2 151.8 151.8 158.2 461.80 153.933
C3 150.5 156.5 156 463.00 154.333
C4 159.8 156.8 156 472.60 157.533
C5 158 159.5 157 474.50 158.167
S3 C1 137 134 132 403.00 134.333
C2 122.4 123 125.4 370.80 123.600
C3 125.6 126.6 122.4 374.60 124.867
C4 126 124.4 125.6 376.00 125.333
C5 123 126.75 124.5 374.25 124.750
______________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
31
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 10486.118 5243.059 788.19** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 574.500 143.625 21.59** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 64.873 8.109 1.22ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 199.561 6.652
Total 44 11325.052
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 40.49%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
32
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from flower bud formation to 75% anthesis
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 65 66 67 198.00 66.000
C2 55.8 50.33 56.5 162.63 54.467
C3 60 61.67 63.5 185.17 61.723
C4 61 60.5 63 184.50 61.500
C5 65 66.5 60.5 192.00 64.000
S2 C1 65 66.2 67.5 198.70 66.233
C2 55 57.75 57 162.75 56.583
C3 56.75 56.67 57.5 170.92 56.973
C4 57 59.5 58 174.50 58.167
C5 60 57.5 59.5 177.00 59.000
S3 C1 75.5 71 5 71 218.00 72.667
C2 60.66 62.66 61.5 184.82 61.607
C3 62 61.66 64.75 148.41 49.470
C4 62 64.4 63.6 190.00 63.333
C5 64 62 66 192.00 64.000
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 64.482 32.241 0.77ns 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 827.954 206.989 1.94** 2.69 4.02
AB 8 427.155 53.394 1.27ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 1257.256 41.909
Total 44 2576.847
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 10.61%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
34
Appendix Table 3. Average number of leaves per plant
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 14 12 13 13.000 39.00
C2 11 17 13.25 13.750 41.25
C3 19 12 15 15.333 46.00
C4 14.33 13 14.5 13.943 41.83
C5 16 16.5 14.33 15.610 46.83
S2 C1 15.25 13 14.25 14.167 42.50
C2 15 16.67 15 15.557 46.67
C3 18 16.67 20 18.223 54.67
C4 16 16 14 15.333 46.00
C5 13 14.5 16 14.500 43.50
S3 C1 15.75 14 12.6 14.117 42.35
C2 16 14.67 13.75 14.807 44.42
C3 15.75 12.5 14.25 14.067 42.50
C4 14.25 13.6 11.9 03.250 39.75
C5 11 8.67 11 10.223 30.67
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
35
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 37.859 18.929 6.64** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 33.639 8.410 2.95* 2.69 4.02
AB 8 51.156 6.395 2.24ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 85.557 2.852
Total 44 208.211
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 11.73%
*= Significant
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
36
Appendix Table 4. Final height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 48 33.5 37.5 119.00 39.667
C2 49.3 55 53.75 158.05 52.683
C3 51.33 53 53.33 157.66 52.553
C4 52.33 53.75 52.67 158.75 52.917
C5 50.67 51 54 155.67 51.890
S2 C1 37.5 39 37.12 113.62 37.873
C2 63 64.67 59 186.67 62.223
C3 72 62.67 71.5 206.17 68.723
C4 74.5 71.5 68.5 214.50 71.500
C5 51.25 51.5 50.5 153.25 51.083
S3 C1 40.62 39.87 42.6 122.72 40.907
C2 48.1 42.66 41.37 132.13 44.043
C3 45.12 47.25 47.12 139.49 46.497
C4 47.5 47.7 48.1 143.30 47.767
C5 44.5 48.33 44.5 137.33 45.777
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
37
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 1352.029 676.014 73.60** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 1833.406 458.352 49.90** 2.69 4.02
AB 8 951.595 111.949 12.95** 2.27 5.17
Error 30 275.543 9.185
Total 44 4412.573
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 5.93%
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
38
Appendix Table 5. Flower diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 14 13.5 16 43.50 14.500
C2 15.1 16.83 14.25 46.18 15.393
C3 17.66 16 18 51.66 17.220
C4 18.33 16 18.5 52.83 17.610
C5 17.67 17.5 15.33 50.50 16.833
S2 C1 20.13 20 19.38 59.51 19.837
C2 21.5 22.67 22.17 66.34 22.113
C3 22.65 22.83 22.5 67.98 22.660
C4 23.75 22.5 23.5 69.75 23.250
C5 21.25 21.62 22 64.87 21.623
S3 C1 17.75 16.12 132 50.47 16.823
C2 18.7 19 125.4 56.01 18.670
C3 18.88 19.25 122.4 56.13 18.710
C4 18.31 17 125.6 54.71 18.237
C5 18.63 17.17 124.5 54.27 18.090
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
39
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 243.930 121.965 143.52** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 39.560 9.890 11.64** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 8.540 1.067 1.26ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 25.494 0.850
Total 44 317.523
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 4.91%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
40
Appendix Table 6. Stem diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 .60 .45 .60 1.65 0.550
C2 .66 .70 .94 2.30 0.767
C3 .73 .50 .70 1.93 0.643
C4 .90 .70 .85 2.45 0.817
C5 .83 1.0 .70 2.53 0.843
S2 C1 .64 1.20 1.05 2.89 0.963
C2 1.50 1.47 1.40 4.37 1.457
C3 1.40 1.33 1.30 4.03 1.343
C4 1.35 1.30 1.15 3.80 1.267
C5 .70 .90 1.1 2.70 0.900
S3 C1 .875 1.10 1.08 3.06 1.020
C2 1.20 .97 .92 3.09 1.030
C3 1.01 1.15 1.15 3.31 1.103
C4 1.20 1.28 1.42 3.90 1.300
C5 1.20 1.10 1.30 3.60 1.200
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
41
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 1.909 0.955 50.12** 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 0.432 0.108 5.67** 4.69 4.02
AB 8 0.630 0.079 4.13* 2.27 5.17
Error 30 0.571 0.019
Total 44 3.543
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of variation= 13.62%
* = Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
42
Appendix Table 7. Number of lateral stems
REPLICATION
_____________________________
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL MEAN
______________________________________________________________________________
S1 C1 3 2 3 8 2.667
C2 4 3 3 10 3.333
C3 3 2 4 9 3.000
C4 2 4 3 9 3.000
C5 3 3 3 9 3.000
S2 C1 1 2 2 5 1.667
C2 2 2 2 6 2.000
C3 3 2 3 8 2.667
C4 2 3 3 8 2.667
C5 1 3 2 6 2.000
S3 C1 1 3 3 7 2.333
C2 2 2 3 7 2.333
C3 3 2 2 7 2.333
C4 3 3 4 10 3.333
C5 2 2 3 7 2.333
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
43
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of Sum of mean of Computed __TABULAR F__
Variation Freedom Squares Squares F 0.05 0.01
Factor A 2 4.844 2.422 4.95* 3.32 5.59
Factor B 4 2.978 0.744 1.52ns 4.69 4.02
AB 8 2.489 0.311 0.64ns 2.27 5.17
Error 30 14.667 0.489
Total 44 24.978
* = Significant Coefficient of variation= 27.12%
Ns = Not Significant
Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growth and Flowering
of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla) / Joel S. Catones. 2008
Document Outline
- Effect of Gibberellic Acid GA3 on the Growthand Flowering of milflores (Hydrangea Macropylla).
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
- Number of Days from Flower Bud Formation to 75% Anthesis
- Average Number of Leaves per Plant
- Final Height at Flowering (cm)
- Flower Diameter
- Stem Diameter (cm)
- Number of Lateral Stems
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES