ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANWA, ALBASTRO C. APRIL 2010. Effect of Different ANAA
Concentration on the Rooting and Growth of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum L.) Shoot Tip
Cuttings. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MsC.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January, 2010 to find out the effect of the different concentration of ANAA on
the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo and to determine the best concentration of ANAA that
will promote earlier and uniform rooting of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Result show that cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest percentage
of rooted cuttings with a mean of 57.14%, it also obtained the longest root length which
has a mean of 13.9. After 60 days observation it also obtained the highest number of
roots produced per cutting, percentage of survival, number of leaves per plant and longest
shoot with mean of 10.75, 57.14%, 6.75 and 19.25 cm respectively. However, cuttings
treated with 500 ppm ANAA rooted earlier with a mean of 21.5 days while cuttings
treated with 1000 ppm ANAA the earliest to show appearance of leaves with a mean of
15.75 days.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract .....................................................................................................
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagules ………………………………………..
5
Rooting Hormone ……………………………………………..
5
Hormone Concentration ………………………………………
6
Misting …………………………………………………………
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………….
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ………………………………………………………
22
Conclusion …………………………………………………….
23
Recommendation ……………………………………………..
23
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………….
24
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………..
26
INTRODUCTION
The tamarillo, tree tomato, or tomate de arbol is the edible fruit of solanum
betaceum, a species of small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It is
egg-shape, with a thin deep or yellow skin and a soft flesh (when ripe), with dark-colored
seeds occupying about one third of the interior. Prior to 1967, the tamarillo was known
as the “tree tomato” in New Zealand, but a new name was chosen by the New Zealand
Tree Tomato Promotion Council in order to distinguish it from the ordinary garden
tomato and increase its exotic appeal. The choice is variously explained by similarity to
the word “tama” for “leadership”. It is still called Tree Tomato in the rest of the world
(Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is a small, attractive, half-woody, evergreen or partially deciduous,
shrub or small tree. It is also brittle and shallow-rooted, growing to a height of 10 to 18
ft. (rarely as much as 25 ft). The alternate, evergreen leaves are muskily odorous and
more or less heart-shaped at the base and ovate, pointed at the apex. They are 4 to 13-1/2
inches long and 1-1/2 to 4-3/4 inches broad, thin, and softly hairy, with conspicuous
veins. The leaves are fairly easily tattered by strong winds. The fragrant ½ to ¾ inch
flowers are borne in small, loose clusters near the branch tips. They have 5 pale pink or
lavender, pointed loves, 5 prominent yellow stamens and green purple calyx. Tamarillo
flowers are normally self-pollinating. If wind is completely cut off so as not to stir
branches, this may adversely affect pollination unless there are bees to transfer the pollen.
Unpollinated flowers will drop prematurely. Flowers are usually borne in late summer or
fall, but may appear at any time. The long-stalked, dangling fruit, borne singly or in
clusters of 3 to 12, is smooth egg-shaped but pointed at both ends. It ranges in size from
2
2 to 4 inches long and 1-1/2 to 2 inches in width. Skin color may be solid deep purple,
blood red, orange or yellow, or red and yellow, and may have faint dark longitudinal
stripes. Flesh color varies accordingly from orange-red or orange to yellow or cream-
yellow. While the skin is somewhat tough and unpleasant in flavor, the outer layer of the
flesh is slightly firm, succulent and bland, and the pulp surrounding the seed in two
lengthwise compartments is soft, juicy and sweet/tart. The yellow types are usually a
little sweeter. The pulp is black in dark purple and red fruits and yellow in yellow and
orange fruits. The edible seeds are thin, nearly flat, circular, larger and harder than those
of the true tomato (Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is generally believed to be native to the Andes of Peru and probably
also, of Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia. It is cultivated and naturalized in Argentina, Brazil,
Columbia and Venezuela. It is widely grown in New Zealand as a commercial crop.
Seed from Argentina were imported by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in 1913 and a plant
was fruiting at the Plant Introduction Station at Chico, Calif. in 1915 (Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is subtropical rather than tropical and flourishes between 5,000 and
10,000 ft. in its Andean homeland. In cooler climates it succeeds at lower elevations, but
does best where the temperature remains above 50oF. The plant is grown casually in
California and occasionally in Florida. Tamarillos have been successfully grown in such
northern California locations at San Rafael and Santa Rosa. Frost at 28oF kills small
branches and foliage of mature trees but not the largest branches and main stem. The tree
will recover if such frosts are not prolonged or frequent. However, seedlings and cuttings
are readily killed by frost during their first year (Morton, 1987).
3
Seeds and cuttings may be used for propagation. Seeds produces a high-
branched, erect tree, while cuttings develop into a shorter, bushy plant with low –lying
branches. The tree does not always come true from seed, but is most likely to if one is
careful to take seed from red fruits with black seed pulp or freezer for 2 4 hours before
planting out. Cuttings should be 1 to 2 year old wood 3/8 to 1 inch thick and 18 to 30
inches long. The leaves are removed and the base cut square below a node. Cuttings can
be planted directly in the ground, but should not be permitted to fruit the first year
(Morton, 1987).
Cuttings are still the most important means of propagating ornamental shrubs,
deciduous species as well as the broad leaf plant. Auxins generally stimulate rooting and
had been confirmed in several research findings.
The study was conducted to evaluate the rooting and growth of the cuttings as
affected by different concentrations of ANAA and its significant effects on the rooting
characteristics of the plant.
The study is important to future researchers for it will surely provide appropriate
information in the researches regarding tamarillo. The result also of the study is
important as it will serve as a guide to the people such as farmers, producers and
prospective g rowers who would like to plant tamarillo in their backyard or in their farms.
If the result of the study be conclusive, it will be extended to the tamarillo growers or
producers as well as in the community to encourage more production of the commodity.
The study aimed to determine the effects of the different concentration of ANAA
on the rooting and shoot growth of shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo; and to determine the
4
best concentrations of ANAA that will promote earlier and uniform rooting and growth
of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January 2010.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagules
Hartman and Kester (1975) stated that softwood cuttings generally root easier and
quicker than hardwood cuttings because they readily respond to treatments with root
promoting substances. They stated further that stem cutting is the most practical and
economical method of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Greater uniformity is obtained from asexual propagation through the absence of
variation where by parent plants reproduce exactly with no genetic change (Hartman and
Kester, 1975). Cuttings from the vegetative part of plants are possible due to their
capacity for regeneration. Stem cuttings (from vegetative part of plants) have the ability
to form adventitious roots which can regenerate a new school system.
Edmund et al., (1978) pointed out that propagating plants through cuttings and
other vegetative means prevent many advantages to the growers. They noted that same
plants are more economically propagated by vegetative means than by seeds. Some seeds
also germinate with difficulty and the resulting plants are not true to their parents.
Rooting Hormones
Rooting hormones help in the stimulation of root initiation with a larger
percentage of roots formed in cuttings and a f aster rooting time. Growth regulators may
alter the type of roots formed as well as the numbers of roots produced (Brown, 1996).
Rieley and Shry (1999) stated that the development of rooting hormones made the
possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were considered impossible to root
before. This chemical also shortened the length of time required to root cuttings.
6
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANAA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is not well accepted and had
been accepted and had been confirmed that auxin, naturally or exogenously applied, is
requirement for the initiation of the adventitious roots in stem cuttings. Weaver (1972)
however, mentioned that among the several auxin derivatives used to induce rooting, the
best so far is IBA because it is retained near the site application due to its low
translocation. The IAA, on the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is also unstable
and is easily translocated, thus IBA is more preferred. Auxins promotes root but inhibits
root elongation (Strave and Moser, 1984) and that IBA is more effective than ANAA in
the promotion of rooting cuttings (Griffith, 1940. Delargy and Wright, 1979).
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings positively influenced by
auxins. The auxin level is closely related with adventurous rooting of stem cuttings. It
was also noted that in the variety in such compounds, the greatest degree of success have
been achieved with IBA.
Rooting hormones are generally used to aid root formation. Some plants root
more easily than others because they produce higher level of natural hormones. These
plants need less synthetic rooting hormones to root satisfactorily (Ingles, 1994).
Hormone Concentration
According to Krishnamoorthy (1981) the optimum concentration of auxin
required for a particular species under the prevailing condition to work out as this depend
upon the number of factors. Toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and very low
concentration would be ineffective. Concentration of 10-100mg/1 would suffice in most
7
of the cases. Bleasedale in 1973 added that, rooting could be inhibited if auxin are
applied at wrong concentration.
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cuttings, and low concentrations may eb effective
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979), root formation, however, is more stimulated at lower
concentration than shoot.
Conquist
(1982)
stated
that roots are typically the organs that anchor the plant into
soil and absorb water and minerals. Riely and Shry (1999) stated that roots are usually
underground and hence are not easily visible.
Misting
Root formation in cuttings is not only affected by hormones but also by other
factors like environment, rooting medium, chemical treatment as well as the plant itself
as a factor Adriance and Brison, (1955). Cuttings can absorb small amount of water
through its cut end but the amount of water absorbed is not enough to replaced the
amount normally lost through the process of transpiration. Thus transpiration has to be
slowed down by keeping the relative humidity high in the vicinity of the cuttings and
keeping the temperature relatively lower. Misting or sprinkling water can increase
relative humidity.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the study was PEP bags (8x8x14) ANAA, shoot tip cuttings
of tamarillo about 15 cm, cutter, pruning shear, compost, graduated cylinder, watering
can and measuring materials.
Methodology
The cutting was obtained from healthy mother plants and it was obtained by
measuring the length at least 15 cm before it is cut by using pruning shear or detached
from the mother plant. Before rooting, all expanded leaves were remove leaving of those
at the tip and the basal ends of the cuttings was cut again in slanting manner before
soaking in the different concentrations of rooting hormones (ANAA) for thirty minutes.
After the soaking treatment, the cuttings was rooted in a well prepared rooting medium
1:1 alnus leaves compost and sandy loam soil placed in polyethylene plastic bags.
There were seven sample cuttings per treatment replicated four times and was laid
out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Watering was done everyday to
prevent wilting of cutting until roots was formed.
The treatment was as follows:
Treatment
ANAA
Concentration
(ppm)
T1
Control
T2
250
T3
500
T4
750
T5
1000
9
The data gathered are the following:
1. Days from sticking to visible root formation. This was gathered by counting
the number of days from treatment to visible root formation through destructive sampling
method. There were two (2) samples per treatment using white plastic.
2. Percentage of rooted cuttings. This was obtained two months after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of root cuttings = Number of rooted cuttings x 100
Total Number of Cuttings
3. Average root length (cm). The length of roots for every cutting was measured
two months after planting and the average root length was computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of roots
Total root number
4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings. This was taken by counting
all the roots produced in each individual stem cutting two months from sticking of cutting
using the formula:
Average number of roots = Number of roots
Number of cuttings
5. Percentage survival (%). This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival = Number of cuttings survive x 100
Total
number
of
cuttings
6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves. This was taken by counting the
number of days from planting to first appearance of leaves.
7. Average number of leaves per plant. This was obtained by counting the leaves
per plant after two months.
8. Shoot length (cm). This was done by measuring the base of the plant to shoot
tip after two months.
10
9. Photo documentation. This was taken during the experiment. Figure 1 shows
an overview of the study at the termination of data collection.
Figured 1. Overview of the study at the termination of data collection
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Sticking to Visible Root
Formation (1 cm. root size)
Statistical analysis show highly significant differences among the treated and
untreated on the number of days from sticking to visible root formation as shown in
Table 1.
Tamarillo shoot tip cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA were observed to roots
earlier with a mean of 21.5 days from sticking. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA
initiated visible roots after 26 days; however, it was comparable to cuttings treated with
750 ppm ANAA having a mean of 27.75 days. The cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA initiated visible roots after 29.5 days while the untreated cuttings had the longest
duration of root formation with a mean of 44.5 days from sticking. Figure 2 shows roots
and shoots formed in tamarillo shoot tip cuttings two months after sticking in the rooting
media as affected by different ANAA concentrations.
Based on these results the application of rooting hormones like ANAA was
effective in enhancing earlier formation of visible roots of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation
TREATMENT DAYS
0
44.50a
250 ppm
26.00c
500 ppm
21.50d
750 ppm
27.75c
1000 ppm
29.50b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
12
Figure 2. Roots and shoots formed in tamarillo shoot tip cuttings two months after
sticking in the rooting media as affected by different ANAA concentrations
13
These results agree with the statement of Bleasedale (1973) that although
hormones were known to promote earlier rooting of various kinds of cuttings, it is
important to take into consideration the individual plant species and different cultivar
needs specific concentration to be used.
The results in Table 2 show significant differences on the percentage of rooted
cuttings as affected by the different ANAA concentrations.
It was observed that the highest numerical percentage of rooted cuttings was
obtained from those treated with 250 ppm ANAA with a mean of 57.14% followed by the
cuttings treated with 750 ppm and 1000 PPM ANAA having the same means of 53.57%
then followed by the cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA and the untreated (control)
with mean of 50% and 32.14%; respectively. Statistically, all the treated cuttings were
statistically comparable with each other.
Adriance and Brison (1955) concluded that it is important to use the lowest
concentration of rooting hormones that will give the minimum percentage of rooting and
number of roots per cutting.
Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE
0
32.14b
250 ppm
57.14a
500 ppm
50.00a
750 ppm
53.57a
1000 ppm
53.57a
Mean with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
14
Based on these results, the use of ANAA as a rooting hormone ensures higher
percentage of rooted cuttings of tamarillo as compared to the untreated cuttings.
Related to these statements, the results of this study is comparable to the earlier
findings which show that using lower concentrations of ANAA gave the highest
percentage of rooted cuttings.
Statistical analysis shows the average root length of roots produced by the shoot
tip cuttings of tamarillo had no significant statistical differences observed as affected by
the different concentrations of ANAA as shown in Table 3.
However, numerical results showed that the application of 250 ppm ANAA
promoted the longest roots produced with a mean of 13.4 cm followed by cuttings treated
with 1000 ppm, 500 ppm ANAA and the control with means of 11.98 cm, 10.35 and 8.2
cm; respectively. Cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA had the shortest average root
length having a mean of only 5.05 cm.
According to Devlin and Jackson (1961) the real stimulation of root elongation
maybe achieved if enough concentrations are used.
Table 3. Average root length
TREATMENT
AVERAGE ROOT LENGTH (cm)
Control
8.20a
250 ppm
13.40a
500 ppm
10.35a
750 ppm
5.05a
1000 ppm
11.98a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
15
Akyapat (2009), found that ANAA enhances the growth of the main axis not only
increased cell division and elongation but also increased the length of the lateral roots.
Reiley and Shry (1999) stated that some plants root easily from hard wood. In
addition, they stated that cuttings require essentially the same conditions that seeds need
to germinate; moisture oxygen and warmth {%oF (%oC)} or above for them to root.
The average number of roots produced per cutting as affected by the different
ANAA concentrations on the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo are shown in Table 4.
Results show that there were no significant statistical differences among the
treated and untreated cuttings. However, numerical figures showed that the cuttings
treated with 250 ppm ANAA obtained the highest mean of 10.75 followed by the cuttings
treated with 750 ppm ANAA, the untreated (control) and cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA with means of 9.25, 9.0 and 7.5. The least mean was noted on the cuttings treated
with 500 ppm ANAA.
Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF ROOTS
Control
9.00a
250 ppm
10.75a
500 ppm
6.75a
750 ppm
9.25a
1000 ppm
7.50a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
16
Krishnamoorthy (1981) stated that toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and
very low concentrations would be ineffective. Concentrations of 10-100 g/l would
suffice most of the cases. In addition, Adriance and Brison (1955) noted that the best
stimulation of root formation is usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic
level.
According to Bleasedale (1973), hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting of cuttings but many also inhibit the growth of the
cuttings if applied at the wrong concentration. These chemical not only speed up the
healing of the wound and the production of roots, but they also induce the development
of a large number of roots and are now used widely propagation of several plants.
Table 5 shows the effect of the different concentrations of ANAA used on the
percentage of survival of the rooted shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo.
Table 5. Percentage of survival
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Control
32.14b
250 ppm
57.14a
500 ppm
53.57a
750 ppm
53.57a
1000 ppm
53.57a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
17
Statistically, there were significant differences observed among the treatment
means as shown in the results. Findings shows that treated and untreated cutting were not
the same with regards to the percentage of survival which means that their effect on the
survival of cuttings differed significantly. However, among the treated cuttings, the
differences were not statistically significant; but numerically, it was observed that
cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest percentage of survival with a mean
of 57.14%. It was followed by cuttings treated with 500 ppm, 750 and 1000 ppm ANAA
with a mean of 53.57% and the lowest percentage were obtained from the untreated
cuttings with a mean of 32.14%.
Based on these results, the use of the ANAA at different concentrations ensures
higher percentage of survival of tamarillo cuttings.
Bleasedale in 1973 reported that, many investigations have shown that the
application of certain chemicals promoted the development of roots of stem cuttings. Of
the numerous chemicals which have been tested IBA, IAA and NAA have produced the
most striking results. These chemicals not only speed up the healing of the wound and
the production of roots, but they also induce the development of a large number of roots
and are now used widely in propagation of several plants.
Bir and Bilderback (2004), stated that it is important to use the lowest
concentration of rooting hormones that will give the maximum percentage of rooting and
number of roots per cutting.
The influence of the different concentrations of ANAA on the number of days to
first appearance
18
Table 6. Number of days from sticking to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS
Control
30.75a
250 ppm
19.25d
500 ppm
25.75b
750 ppm
24.75c
1000 ppm
15.75e
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
It was observed that the cuttings treated with 1000 ppm ANAA with a mean of
15.75 days were the earliest to show of leaf initials. It was followed by cuttings soaked
in 250 ppm ANAA with a mean 19.25 days. The cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
and 500 ppm ANAA had comparable means of 24.75 and 25.27 days respectively. The
untreated cuttings had again the longest duration of leaf appearance with a mean of 30.75
days from sticking.
Based on this result, the use of the different ANAA concentrations had effectively
enhanced faster shoot development and the first appearance of leaves in the cuttings of
tamarillo.
These findings collaborate with the findings from earlier study of Amlos (1998),
that application of ANAA at lower rates had no significant effect on the number of days
to opening of lateral buds, final length of shoots, leaf number and percentage of rooted
cuttings.
19
Table 7 shows the significant differences on the average number of leaves per
plant as affected by different concentrations of ANAA.
The shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest
average number of leaves produced with mean of 6.75 leaves per plant two months from
sticking. It was followed by cuttings treated with 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with
means of 4.25. The lowest numbers of leaves were obtained from the untreated cutting or
control having a mean of 3.5.
Results of the study, shows that applications of rooting hormone like ANAA had
a significant effect producing the highest average number of leaves per plant in the shoot
tip cuttings of tamarillo.
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANAA was already
tested for its effectivity in the promotion of roots in stem segments.
Table 7. Average number of leaves per plant
TREATMENT
AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVES
0
3.50b
250 ppm
6.75a
500 ppm
21.75ab
750 ppm
21.25ab
1000 ppm
4.50ab
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
20
As shown in Table 8 the length of shoots produced as affected by the different
ANAA concentration showed that there were no significant statistical differences among
the treatment.
Numerically, figures showed that cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA obtained
the highest mean of 19.25 cm followed by cuttings treated with 1000 ppm ANAA with a
mean of 17.50 cm. It was also followed by the cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA and
the control with a mean of 16.98 and 16.83 cm while cuttings treated with 500 ppm
ANAA has the least mean of 15.95 cm.
According to Weaver (1972), that among the several auxins derivatives used to
induce rooting, the best so far is IBA because it is retained near the site of application due
to its slow translocation. The ANAA, on the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is
very unstable and is easily translocated, thus IBA is more preferred.
Table 8. Shoot length
TREATMENT
SHOOT LENGTH (cm)
0
16.83a
250 ppm
19.25a
500 ppm
15.93
750 ppm
16.98a
1000 ppm
17.50a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
21
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cutting and low concentration maybe effective in
root formation (Harfacre and Barden, 1979).
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January 2010.
The study was conducted to find out the effect of the different ANAA
concentration on the growth of shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo and to determine the best
concentration of ANAA that will promote earlier and uniform rooting and growth of
tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Result show that cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA rooted earlier with a mean
of 21.5 days while untreated cuttings had the longest duration to initiate visible root
formation with a mean of 44.5 days. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the
highest percentage of rooted cuttings with a mean of 57.14% which had the lowest
percentage of rooted cuttings. Longest root length were obtained from cuttings treated
with 250 ppm ANAA with a mean of 13.9 cm while the shortest root length were
obtained from cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of 5.05 cm. The highest
number of roots produced per cuttings were derived from cuttings treated with 250 ppm
ANAA while cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA had the lowest number of roots
produced per cutting with a means of 57.14% had the highest percentage of survival
while untreated cuttings with a mean of 32.14% had the lowest percentage of survival.
The earliest to show appearance of leaves were observed from cuttings treated with 1000
ppm ANAA with a mean of 15.75 days while untreated cuttings had the longest duration
in appearance of leaves with a mean of 30.75 days. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm
23
ANAA with a mean of 6.75 had the highest number of leaves per plant while untreated
cuttings with a mean of 3.5 had the lowest number of leaves per plant. Longest length of
shoots were obtained from cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA while shorter root
length were obtained from cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA with means of 19.25 cm
and 15.93 cm.
Conclusions
Based from the results, it is therefore concluded that the use of rooting hormone
was effective especially in the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo propagation. The use of 250
ppm ANAA produced the highest percentage of rooted cuttings, highest average of root
length, highest percentage of survival and production of more roots and leaves. Treating
shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo also with rooting hormones could be done to shorten the
time to produce roots and leaves and to increase the percentage of survival.
Recommendations
From the proceeding results and discussions, the use of low concentration of
ANAA as a rooting hormone at 250 ppm, is recommended in the propagation of tamarillo
shoot tip cuttings since it promoted the highest percentage of rooted cutting and highest
percentage of survival. It also induced production of longer roots, and shoots and
enhanced the production of more roots and leaves.
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. I. V. and F. R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants.
McGraw-Hill Rook Co., Inc. New York.
AKYAPAT, R. O. 2009. Effect of different concentrations of ANAA on the rooting of
shoot tip cuttings of passion fruit (Passuflora edulis L.) BS Thesis, BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 15.
AMLOS, B. B. 1998. Influence of alpha-napthalene acetic acid and giberellic acid on
root development and initial growth of tea stem cuttings. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3-26.
BIR, R. E. and A. T. BILDERBACK. 2004. Rooting for you. Plant propagation with
stem cuttings. North Carolina State University.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture, London: The
McMillan Press Ltd. Pp. 150-155.
BROWN, L. V. 1996. Applied Principles of Horticulture Science. Oxford. Butterworth
Heinemann. P. 202.
CONQUIST, A. 1982. Basic Botany. New York: Harper and Row Publ., Inc. Pp. 340-
370.
DELARGY, J. A. and C. E. WRIGHT. 1979. Root formation in cuttings of apple in
relation to auxin application and etiollation. New Phytol. Pp. 314-347.
DEVLIN, R. M. and W. T. JACKSON. 1961. Effect of p-chlophenoxy isobutyric acid
on rate of isobutyric acid of elongation on root hairs of Agrastis alba L. Plant
Physiology. P. 40.
EDMUND, J. B., F. S. ANDREW and T. L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of Horticulture.
New York. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 167.
GRIFFITH, B. G. 1940. Effect of indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid and alpha-
napthalene acetic on rooting of cutting Douglas fir and sitka spruce. J. Forestry.
Pp. 496-501.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India Dvt. Ltd. Pp. 305-578.
HARTMAN, H. T. and D. E. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. Englewoods Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Pp. 305-307.
25
INGLES, R. A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture Academic Press Inc., New York. Pp.
237-241.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. N. H. Freeman and Co. Pp.
346-351.
KRISHNAMOORTHY, H. H. 1981. Plant Growth Substances. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 163-167.
MORTON, J. F. Fruits of Warm Climates Creative Resources Systems, Inc. 1987. Pp.
320-328.
REILEY, E. H. and C. L. SHRY JR. 1999. Introductory Horticulture. New York:
Delmar Publisher. Pp. 196-198.
WEAVER, R. T. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francisco,
California. W. H. Freeman and Co. P. 128.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
44
45
43
46
178
44.50
250 ppm
25
26
27
26
104
26.00
500 ppm
21
22
20
23
86
21.50
750 ppm
27
28
27
29
111
27.75
1,000 ppm
29
30
28
31
118
29.50
TOTAL
146
151
145
155
597
149.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
19.40
6.47
Treatment
4
1229.20
307.30
317.90**
3.26
5.41
Error
12
11.60
0.47
TOTAL
19
1260.20
**
-
Highly
significant Coefficient of variation = 3.31%
27
Appendix Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
3
1
2
3
9
32.14
250 ppm
2
5
6
3
16
57.14
500 ppm
3
6
3
2
14
50.00
750 ppm
4
5
4
2
15
53.57
1,000 ppm
3
6
2
4
15
53.57
TOTAL
17
23
17
14
67
246.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIA NCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
9.75
3.25
Treatment
4
7.70
1.93
0.91*
3.26
5.41
Error
12
25.50
2.13
TOTAL
19
42.95
*
-
Significant
Coefficient
of
variation
=
2.96%
28
Appendix Table 3. Average root length
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
16.8
7.5
2.2
6.3
32.8
8.2
250 ppm
22.8
21.3
8.5
3.0
55.6
13.90
500 ppm
6.6
10.9
5.4
18.5
41.4
10.35
750 ppm
6.7
6.6
4.5
2.4
20.2
5.05
1,000 ppm
4.1
25.3
3.5
15.0
47.9
11.98
TOTAL
57
71.6
24.1
45.2
197.90
49.48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
241.66
80.55
Treatment
4
187.68
46.92
0.45ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
592.63
49.49
TOTAL
19
1021.41
Ns
–
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 42.71%
29
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
15
4
5
12
36
9.00
250 ppm
14
12
7
10
43
10.75
500 ppm
14
2
14
7
37
6.75
750 ppm
6
11
16
4
37
9.25
1,000 ppm
7
13
5
5
30
7.5
TOTAL
56
42
47
38
183
43.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
46.15
15.38
Treatment
4
39.30
09.83
0.42ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
274.10
23.26
TOTAL
19
366.55
Ns
–
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 35.16%
30
Appendix Table 5. Percentage of survival (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
3
1
2
3
9
32.14
250 ppm
2
5
6
3
16
57.14
500 ppm
3
7
3
2
15
53.57
750 ppm
4
5
4
2
15
53.57
1,000 ppm
3
6
2
4
15
53.57
TOTAL
15
24
17
14
70
249.99
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
12.20
4.07
Treatment
4
08.00
2.00
.83%
3.26
5.41
Error
12
28.80
2.40
TOTAL
19
49.00
*
-
Significant
Coefficient
of
variation
=
3.10%
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
30
32
30
31
123
30.75
250 ppm
19
20
18
20
77
19.25
500 ppm
25
27
25
26
103
25.75
750 ppm
24
25
24
26
99
24.25
1,000 ppm
15
16
15
17
63
15.75
TOTAL
113
120
112
120
465
116.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
11.35
3.78
Treatment
4
548.00
137.00
685.00**
3.26
5.41
Error
12
2.40
.20
TOTAL
19
561.75
**
-
Highly
significant Coefficient of variation = 1.92%
32
Appendix Table 7. Average number of leaves per plant
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
9
3
6
1
14
3.50
250 ppm
8
6
6
7
27
6.75
500 ppm
4
4
7
4
19
4.75
750 ppm
5
4
4
4
17
4.25
1,000 ppm
8
3
4
4
18
4.50
TOTAL
29
20
27
20
95
23.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
12.15
4.05
Treatment
4
23.50
5.88
2.51ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
28.10
2.34
TOTAL
19
63.75
Ns
=
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.22%
33
Appendix Table 8. Shoot length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
16.2
18.0
16.0
17.1
67.3
16.83
250 ppm
24.0
18.0
16.0
19.0
77.0
19.25
500 ppm
20.4
12.2
13.0
18.0
63.7
15.93
750 ppm
16.8
18.0
13.0
20.1
67.9
16.98
1,000 ppm
21.0
14.0
16.7
18.3
70.0
17.50
TOTAL
98.4
80.2
74.7
92.5
345.9
86.49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
71.31
23.77
Treatment
4
24.53
6.13
1.13ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
65.16
5.43
TOTAL
19
161.00
Ns
=
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.48%
BANWA, ALBASTRO C. APRIL 2010. Effect of Different ANAA
Concentration on the Rooting and Growth of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum L.) Shoot Tip
Cuttings. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MsC.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January, 2010 to find out the effect of the different concentration of ANAA on
the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo and to determine the best concentration of ANAA that
will promote earlier and uniform rooting of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Result show that cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest percentage
of rooted cuttings with a mean of 57.14%, it also obtained the longest root length which
has a mean of 13.9. After 60 days observation it also obtained the highest number of
roots produced per cutting, percentage of survival, number of leaves per plant and longest
shoot with mean of 10.75, 57.14%, 6.75 and 19.25 cm respectively. However, cuttings
treated with 500 ppm ANAA rooted earlier with a mean of 21.5 days while cuttings
treated with 1000 ppm ANAA the earliest to show appearance of leaves with a mean of
15.75 days.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract .....................................................................................................
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagules ………………………………………..
5
Rooting Hormone ……………………………………………..
5
Hormone Concentration ………………………………………
6
Misting …………………………………………………………
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………….
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ………………………………………………………
22
Conclusion …………………………………………………….
23
Recommendation ……………………………………………..
23
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………….
24
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………..
26
INTRODUCTION
The tamarillo, tree tomato, or tomate de arbol is the edible fruit of solanum
betaceum, a species of small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It is
egg-shape, with a thin deep or yellow skin and a soft flesh (when ripe), with dark-colored
seeds occupying about one third of the interior. Prior to 1967, the tamarillo was known
as the “tree tomato” in New Zealand, but a new name was chosen by the New Zealand
Tree Tomato Promotion Council in order to distinguish it from the ordinary garden
tomato and increase its exotic appeal. The choice is variously explained by similarity to
the word “tama” for “leadership”. It is still called Tree Tomato in the rest of the world
(Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is a small, attractive, half-woody, evergreen or partially deciduous,
shrub or small tree. It is also brittle and shallow-rooted, growing to a height of 10 to 18
ft. (rarely as much as 25 ft). The alternate, evergreen leaves are muskily odorous and
more or less heart-shaped at the base and ovate, pointed at the apex. They are 4 to 13-1/2
inches long and 1-1/2 to 4-3/4 inches broad, thin, and softly hairy, with conspicuous
veins. The leaves are fairly easily tattered by strong winds. The fragrant ½ to ¾ inch
flowers are borne in small, loose clusters near the branch tips. They have 5 pale pink or
lavender, pointed loves, 5 prominent yellow stamens and green purple calyx. Tamarillo
flowers are normally self-pollinating. If wind is completely cut off so as not to stir
branches, this may adversely affect pollination unless there are bees to transfer the pollen.
Unpollinated flowers will drop prematurely. Flowers are usually borne in late summer or
fall, but may appear at any time. The long-stalked, dangling fruit, borne singly or in
clusters of 3 to 12, is smooth egg-shaped but pointed at both ends. It ranges in size from
2
2 to 4 inches long and 1-1/2 to 2 inches in width. Skin color may be solid deep purple,
blood red, orange or yellow, or red and yellow, and may have faint dark longitudinal
stripes. Flesh color varies accordingly from orange-red or orange to yellow or cream-
yellow. While the skin is somewhat tough and unpleasant in flavor, the outer layer of the
flesh is slightly firm, succulent and bland, and the pulp surrounding the seed in two
lengthwise compartments is soft, juicy and sweet/tart. The yellow types are usually a
little sweeter. The pulp is black in dark purple and red fruits and yellow in yellow and
orange fruits. The edible seeds are thin, nearly flat, circular, larger and harder than those
of the true tomato (Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is generally believed to be native to the Andes of Peru and probably
also, of Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia. It is cultivated and naturalized in Argentina, Brazil,
Columbia and Venezuela. It is widely grown in New Zealand as a commercial crop.
Seed from Argentina were imported by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in 1913 and a plant
was fruiting at the Plant Introduction Station at Chico, Calif. in 1915 (Morton, 1987).
The tamarillo is subtropical rather than tropical and flourishes between 5,000 and
10,000 ft. in its Andean homeland. In cooler climates it succeeds at lower elevations, but
does best where the temperature remains above 50oF. The plant is grown casually in
California and occasionally in Florida. Tamarillos have been successfully grown in such
northern California locations at San Rafael and Santa Rosa. Frost at 28oF kills small
branches and foliage of mature trees but not the largest branches and main stem. The tree
will recover if such frosts are not prolonged or frequent. However, seedlings and cuttings
are readily killed by frost during their first year (Morton, 1987).
3
Seeds and cuttings may be used for propagation. Seeds produces a high-
branched, erect tree, while cuttings develop into a shorter, bushy plant with low –lying
branches. The tree does not always come true from seed, but is most likely to if one is
careful to take seed from red fruits with black seed pulp or freezer for 2 4 hours before
planting out. Cuttings should be 1 to 2 year old wood 3/8 to 1 inch thick and 18 to 30
inches long. The leaves are removed and the base cut square below a node. Cuttings can
be planted directly in the ground, but should not be permitted to fruit the first year
(Morton, 1987).
Cuttings are still the most important means of propagating ornamental shrubs,
deciduous species as well as the broad leaf plant. Auxins generally stimulate rooting and
had been confirmed in several research findings.
The study was conducted to evaluate the rooting and growth of the cuttings as
affected by different concentrations of ANAA and its significant effects on the rooting
characteristics of the plant.
The study is important to future researchers for it will surely provide appropriate
information in the researches regarding tamarillo. The result also of the study is
important as it will serve as a guide to the people such as farmers, producers and
prospective g rowers who would like to plant tamarillo in their backyard or in their farms.
If the result of the study be conclusive, it will be extended to the tamarillo growers or
producers as well as in the community to encourage more production of the commodity.
The study aimed to determine the effects of the different concentration of ANAA
on the rooting and shoot growth of shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo; and to determine the
4
best concentrations of ANAA that will promote earlier and uniform rooting and growth
of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January 2010.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagules
Hartman and Kester (1975) stated that softwood cuttings generally root easier and
quicker than hardwood cuttings because they readily respond to treatments with root
promoting substances. They stated further that stem cutting is the most practical and
economical method of propagating ornamental shrubs.
Greater uniformity is obtained from asexual propagation through the absence of
variation where by parent plants reproduce exactly with no genetic change (Hartman and
Kester, 1975). Cuttings from the vegetative part of plants are possible due to their
capacity for regeneration. Stem cuttings (from vegetative part of plants) have the ability
to form adventitious roots which can regenerate a new school system.
Edmund et al., (1978) pointed out that propagating plants through cuttings and
other vegetative means prevent many advantages to the growers. They noted that same
plants are more economically propagated by vegetative means than by seeds. Some seeds
also germinate with difficulty and the resulting plants are not true to their parents.
Rooting Hormones
Rooting hormones help in the stimulation of root initiation with a larger
percentage of roots formed in cuttings and a f aster rooting time. Growth regulators may
alter the type of roots formed as well as the numbers of roots produced (Brown, 1996).
Rieley and Shry (1999) stated that the development of rooting hormones made the
possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were considered impossible to root
before. This chemical also shortened the length of time required to root cuttings.
6
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANAA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is not well accepted and had
been accepted and had been confirmed that auxin, naturally or exogenously applied, is
requirement for the initiation of the adventitious roots in stem cuttings. Weaver (1972)
however, mentioned that among the several auxin derivatives used to induce rooting, the
best so far is IBA because it is retained near the site application due to its low
translocation. The IAA, on the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is also unstable
and is easily translocated, thus IBA is more preferred. Auxins promotes root but inhibits
root elongation (Strave and Moser, 1984) and that IBA is more effective than ANAA in
the promotion of rooting cuttings (Griffith, 1940. Delargy and Wright, 1979).
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings positively influenced by
auxins. The auxin level is closely related with adventurous rooting of stem cuttings. It
was also noted that in the variety in such compounds, the greatest degree of success have
been achieved with IBA.
Rooting hormones are generally used to aid root formation. Some plants root
more easily than others because they produce higher level of natural hormones. These
plants need less synthetic rooting hormones to root satisfactorily (Ingles, 1994).
Hormone Concentration
According to Krishnamoorthy (1981) the optimum concentration of auxin
required for a particular species under the prevailing condition to work out as this depend
upon the number of factors. Toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and very low
concentration would be ineffective. Concentration of 10-100mg/1 would suffice in most
7
of the cases. Bleasedale in 1973 added that, rooting could be inhibited if auxin are
applied at wrong concentration.
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cuttings, and low concentrations may eb effective
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979), root formation, however, is more stimulated at lower
concentration than shoot.
Conquist
(1982)
stated
that roots are typically the organs that anchor the plant into
soil and absorb water and minerals. Riely and Shry (1999) stated that roots are usually
underground and hence are not easily visible.
Misting
Root formation in cuttings is not only affected by hormones but also by other
factors like environment, rooting medium, chemical treatment as well as the plant itself
as a factor Adriance and Brison, (1955). Cuttings can absorb small amount of water
through its cut end but the amount of water absorbed is not enough to replaced the
amount normally lost through the process of transpiration. Thus transpiration has to be
slowed down by keeping the relative humidity high in the vicinity of the cuttings and
keeping the temperature relatively lower. Misting or sprinkling water can increase
relative humidity.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the study was PEP bags (8x8x14) ANAA, shoot tip cuttings
of tamarillo about 15 cm, cutter, pruning shear, compost, graduated cylinder, watering
can and measuring materials.
Methodology
The cutting was obtained from healthy mother plants and it was obtained by
measuring the length at least 15 cm before it is cut by using pruning shear or detached
from the mother plant. Before rooting, all expanded leaves were remove leaving of those
at the tip and the basal ends of the cuttings was cut again in slanting manner before
soaking in the different concentrations of rooting hormones (ANAA) for thirty minutes.
After the soaking treatment, the cuttings was rooted in a well prepared rooting medium
1:1 alnus leaves compost and sandy loam soil placed in polyethylene plastic bags.
There were seven sample cuttings per treatment replicated four times and was laid
out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Watering was done everyday to
prevent wilting of cutting until roots was formed.
The treatment was as follows:
Treatment
ANAA
Concentration
(ppm)
T1
Control
T2
250
T3
500
T4
750
T5
1000
9
The data gathered are the following:
1. Days from sticking to visible root formation. This was gathered by counting
the number of days from treatment to visible root formation through destructive sampling
method. There were two (2) samples per treatment using white plastic.
2. Percentage of rooted cuttings. This was obtained two months after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of root cuttings = Number of rooted cuttings x 100
Total Number of Cuttings
3. Average root length (cm). The length of roots for every cutting was measured
two months after planting and the average root length was computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of roots
Total root number
4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings. This was taken by counting
all the roots produced in each individual stem cutting two months from sticking of cutting
using the formula:
Average number of roots = Number of roots
Number of cuttings
5. Percentage survival (%). This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival = Number of cuttings survive x 100
Total
number
of
cuttings
6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves. This was taken by counting the
number of days from planting to first appearance of leaves.
7. Average number of leaves per plant. This was obtained by counting the leaves
per plant after two months.
8. Shoot length (cm). This was done by measuring the base of the plant to shoot
tip after two months.
10
9. Photo documentation. This was taken during the experiment. Figure 1 shows
an overview of the study at the termination of data collection.
Figured 1. Overview of the study at the termination of data collection
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Sticking to Visible Root
Formation (1 cm. root size)
Statistical analysis show highly significant differences among the treated and
untreated on the number of days from sticking to visible root formation as shown in
Table 1.
Tamarillo shoot tip cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA were observed to roots
earlier with a mean of 21.5 days from sticking. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA
initiated visible roots after 26 days; however, it was comparable to cuttings treated with
750 ppm ANAA having a mean of 27.75 days. The cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA initiated visible roots after 29.5 days while the untreated cuttings had the longest
duration of root formation with a mean of 44.5 days from sticking. Figure 2 shows roots
and shoots formed in tamarillo shoot tip cuttings two months after sticking in the rooting
media as affected by different ANAA concentrations.
Based on these results the application of rooting hormones like ANAA was
effective in enhancing earlier formation of visible roots of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation
TREATMENT DAYS
0
44.50a
250 ppm
26.00c
500 ppm
21.50d
750 ppm
27.75c
1000 ppm
29.50b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
12
Figure 2. Roots and shoots formed in tamarillo shoot tip cuttings two months after
sticking in the rooting media as affected by different ANAA concentrations
13
These results agree with the statement of Bleasedale (1973) that although
hormones were known to promote earlier rooting of various kinds of cuttings, it is
important to take into consideration the individual plant species and different cultivar
needs specific concentration to be used.
The results in Table 2 show significant differences on the percentage of rooted
cuttings as affected by the different ANAA concentrations.
It was observed that the highest numerical percentage of rooted cuttings was
obtained from those treated with 250 ppm ANAA with a mean of 57.14% followed by the
cuttings treated with 750 ppm and 1000 PPM ANAA having the same means of 53.57%
then followed by the cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA and the untreated (control)
with mean of 50% and 32.14%; respectively. Statistically, all the treated cuttings were
statistically comparable with each other.
Adriance and Brison (1955) concluded that it is important to use the lowest
concentration of rooting hormones that will give the minimum percentage of rooting and
number of roots per cutting.
Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE
0
32.14b
250 ppm
57.14a
500 ppm
50.00a
750 ppm
53.57a
1000 ppm
53.57a
Mean with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
14
Based on these results, the use of ANAA as a rooting hormone ensures higher
percentage of rooted cuttings of tamarillo as compared to the untreated cuttings.
Related to these statements, the results of this study is comparable to the earlier
findings which show that using lower concentrations of ANAA gave the highest
percentage of rooted cuttings.
Statistical analysis shows the average root length of roots produced by the shoot
tip cuttings of tamarillo had no significant statistical differences observed as affected by
the different concentrations of ANAA as shown in Table 3.
However, numerical results showed that the application of 250 ppm ANAA
promoted the longest roots produced with a mean of 13.4 cm followed by cuttings treated
with 1000 ppm, 500 ppm ANAA and the control with means of 11.98 cm, 10.35 and 8.2
cm; respectively. Cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA had the shortest average root
length having a mean of only 5.05 cm.
According to Devlin and Jackson (1961) the real stimulation of root elongation
maybe achieved if enough concentrations are used.
Table 3. Average root length
TREATMENT
AVERAGE ROOT LENGTH (cm)
Control
8.20a
250 ppm
13.40a
500 ppm
10.35a
750 ppm
5.05a
1000 ppm
11.98a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
15
Akyapat (2009), found that ANAA enhances the growth of the main axis not only
increased cell division and elongation but also increased the length of the lateral roots.
Reiley and Shry (1999) stated that some plants root easily from hard wood. In
addition, they stated that cuttings require essentially the same conditions that seeds need
to germinate; moisture oxygen and warmth {%oF (%oC)} or above for them to root.
The average number of roots produced per cutting as affected by the different
ANAA concentrations on the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo are shown in Table 4.
Results show that there were no significant statistical differences among the
treated and untreated cuttings. However, numerical figures showed that the cuttings
treated with 250 ppm ANAA obtained the highest mean of 10.75 followed by the cuttings
treated with 750 ppm ANAA, the untreated (control) and cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA with means of 9.25, 9.0 and 7.5. The least mean was noted on the cuttings treated
with 500 ppm ANAA.
Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF ROOTS
Control
9.00a
250 ppm
10.75a
500 ppm
6.75a
750 ppm
9.25a
1000 ppm
7.50a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
16
Krishnamoorthy (1981) stated that toxic concentration would inhibit rooting and
very low concentrations would be ineffective. Concentrations of 10-100 g/l would
suffice most of the cases. In addition, Adriance and Brison (1955) noted that the best
stimulation of root formation is usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic
level.
According to Bleasedale (1973), hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting of cuttings but many also inhibit the growth of the
cuttings if applied at the wrong concentration. These chemical not only speed up the
healing of the wound and the production of roots, but they also induce the development
of a large number of roots and are now used widely propagation of several plants.
Table 5 shows the effect of the different concentrations of ANAA used on the
percentage of survival of the rooted shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo.
Table 5. Percentage of survival
TREATMENT
PERCENTAGE (%)
Control
32.14b
250 ppm
57.14a
500 ppm
53.57a
750 ppm
53.57a
1000 ppm
53.57a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
17
Statistically, there were significant differences observed among the treatment
means as shown in the results. Findings shows that treated and untreated cutting were not
the same with regards to the percentage of survival which means that their effect on the
survival of cuttings differed significantly. However, among the treated cuttings, the
differences were not statistically significant; but numerically, it was observed that
cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest percentage of survival with a mean
of 57.14%. It was followed by cuttings treated with 500 ppm, 750 and 1000 ppm ANAA
with a mean of 53.57% and the lowest percentage were obtained from the untreated
cuttings with a mean of 32.14%.
Based on these results, the use of the ANAA at different concentrations ensures
higher percentage of survival of tamarillo cuttings.
Bleasedale in 1973 reported that, many investigations have shown that the
application of certain chemicals promoted the development of roots of stem cuttings. Of
the numerous chemicals which have been tested IBA, IAA and NAA have produced the
most striking results. These chemicals not only speed up the healing of the wound and
the production of roots, but they also induce the development of a large number of roots
and are now used widely in propagation of several plants.
Bir and Bilderback (2004), stated that it is important to use the lowest
concentration of rooting hormones that will give the maximum percentage of rooting and
number of roots per cutting.
The influence of the different concentrations of ANAA on the number of days to
first appearance
18
Table 6. Number of days from sticking to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS
Control
30.75a
250 ppm
19.25d
500 ppm
25.75b
750 ppm
24.75c
1000 ppm
15.75e
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
It was observed that the cuttings treated with 1000 ppm ANAA with a mean of
15.75 days were the earliest to show of leaf initials. It was followed by cuttings soaked
in 250 ppm ANAA with a mean 19.25 days. The cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
and 500 ppm ANAA had comparable means of 24.75 and 25.27 days respectively. The
untreated cuttings had again the longest duration of leaf appearance with a mean of 30.75
days from sticking.
Based on this result, the use of the different ANAA concentrations had effectively
enhanced faster shoot development and the first appearance of leaves in the cuttings of
tamarillo.
These findings collaborate with the findings from earlier study of Amlos (1998),
that application of ANAA at lower rates had no significant effect on the number of days
to opening of lateral buds, final length of shoots, leaf number and percentage of rooted
cuttings.
19
Table 7 shows the significant differences on the average number of leaves per
plant as affected by different concentrations of ANAA.
The shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the highest
average number of leaves produced with mean of 6.75 leaves per plant two months from
sticking. It was followed by cuttings treated with 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with
means of 4.25. The lowest numbers of leaves were obtained from the untreated cutting or
control having a mean of 3.5.
Results of the study, shows that applications of rooting hormone like ANAA had
a significant effect producing the highest average number of leaves per plant in the shoot
tip cuttings of tamarillo.
Hartman and Kester (1975) recommended the use of ANAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that ANAA was already
tested for its effectivity in the promotion of roots in stem segments.
Table 7. Average number of leaves per plant
TREATMENT
AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVES
0
3.50b
250 ppm
6.75a
500 ppm
21.75ab
750 ppm
21.25ab
1000 ppm
4.50ab
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level OF DMRT
20
As shown in Table 8 the length of shoots produced as affected by the different
ANAA concentration showed that there were no significant statistical differences among
the treatment.
Numerically, figures showed that cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA obtained
the highest mean of 19.25 cm followed by cuttings treated with 1000 ppm ANAA with a
mean of 17.50 cm. It was also followed by the cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA and
the control with a mean of 16.98 and 16.83 cm while cuttings treated with 500 ppm
ANAA has the least mean of 15.95 cm.
According to Weaver (1972), that among the several auxins derivatives used to
induce rooting, the best so far is IBA because it is retained near the site of application due
to its slow translocation. The ANAA, on the other hand, has also a similar effect but it is
very unstable and is easily translocated, thus IBA is more preferred.
Table 8. Shoot length
TREATMENT
SHOOT LENGTH (cm)
0
16.83a
250 ppm
19.25a
500 ppm
15.93
750 ppm
16.98a
1000 ppm
17.50a
Mean with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
21
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that the best stimulation of root formation is
usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level. This is because high
concentrations may injure or kill the cutting and low concentration maybe effective in
root formation (Harfacre and Barden, 1979).
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2009 to January 2010.
The study was conducted to find out the effect of the different ANAA
concentration on the growth of shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo and to determine the best
concentration of ANAA that will promote earlier and uniform rooting and growth of
tamarillo shoot tip cuttings.
Result show that cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA rooted earlier with a mean
of 21.5 days while untreated cuttings had the longest duration to initiate visible root
formation with a mean of 44.5 days. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA had the
highest percentage of rooted cuttings with a mean of 57.14% which had the lowest
percentage of rooted cuttings. Longest root length were obtained from cuttings treated
with 250 ppm ANAA with a mean of 13.9 cm while the shortest root length were
obtained from cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of 5.05 cm. The highest
number of roots produced per cuttings were derived from cuttings treated with 250 ppm
ANAA while cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA had the lowest number of roots
produced per cutting with a means of 57.14% had the highest percentage of survival
while untreated cuttings with a mean of 32.14% had the lowest percentage of survival.
The earliest to show appearance of leaves were observed from cuttings treated with 1000
ppm ANAA with a mean of 15.75 days while untreated cuttings had the longest duration
in appearance of leaves with a mean of 30.75 days. Cuttings treated with 250 ppm
23
ANAA with a mean of 6.75 had the highest number of leaves per plant while untreated
cuttings with a mean of 3.5 had the lowest number of leaves per plant. Longest length of
shoots were obtained from cuttings treated with 250 ppm ANAA while shorter root
length were obtained from cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA with means of 19.25 cm
and 15.93 cm.
Conclusions
Based from the results, it is therefore concluded that the use of rooting hormone
was effective especially in the shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo propagation. The use of 250
ppm ANAA produced the highest percentage of rooted cuttings, highest average of root
length, highest percentage of survival and production of more roots and leaves. Treating
shoot tip cuttings of tamarillo also with rooting hormones could be done to shorten the
time to produce roots and leaves and to increase the percentage of survival.
Recommendations
From the proceeding results and discussions, the use of low concentration of
ANAA as a rooting hormone at 250 ppm, is recommended in the propagation of tamarillo
shoot tip cuttings since it promoted the highest percentage of rooted cutting and highest
percentage of survival. It also induced production of longer roots, and shoots and
enhanced the production of more roots and leaves.
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. I. V. and F. R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants.
McGraw-Hill Rook Co., Inc. New York.
AKYAPAT, R. O. 2009. Effect of different concentrations of ANAA on the rooting of
shoot tip cuttings of passion fruit (Passuflora edulis L.) BS Thesis, BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 15.
AMLOS, B. B. 1998. Influence of alpha-napthalene acetic acid and giberellic acid on
root development and initial growth of tea stem cuttings. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3-26.
BIR, R. E. and A. T. BILDERBACK. 2004. Rooting for you. Plant propagation with
stem cuttings. North Carolina State University.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture, London: The
McMillan Press Ltd. Pp. 150-155.
BROWN, L. V. 1996. Applied Principles of Horticulture Science. Oxford. Butterworth
Heinemann. P. 202.
CONQUIST, A. 1982. Basic Botany. New York: Harper and Row Publ., Inc. Pp. 340-
370.
DELARGY, J. A. and C. E. WRIGHT. 1979. Root formation in cuttings of apple in
relation to auxin application and etiollation. New Phytol. Pp. 314-347.
DEVLIN, R. M. and W. T. JACKSON. 1961. Effect of p-chlophenoxy isobutyric acid
on rate of isobutyric acid of elongation on root hairs of Agrastis alba L. Plant
Physiology. P. 40.
EDMUND, J. B., F. S. ANDREW and T. L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of Horticulture.
New York. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 167.
GRIFFITH, B. G. 1940. Effect of indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid and alpha-
napthalene acetic on rooting of cutting Douglas fir and sitka spruce. J. Forestry.
Pp. 496-501.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India Dvt. Ltd. Pp. 305-578.
HARTMAN, H. T. and D. E. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation Principles and
Practices. Englewoods Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Pp. 305-307.
25
INGLES, R. A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture Academic Press Inc., New York. Pp.
237-241.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. N. H. Freeman and Co. Pp.
346-351.
KRISHNAMOORTHY, H. H. 1981. Plant Growth Substances. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 163-167.
MORTON, J. F. Fruits of Warm Climates Creative Resources Systems, Inc. 1987. Pp.
320-328.
REILEY, E. H. and C. L. SHRY JR. 1999. Introductory Horticulture. New York:
Delmar Publisher. Pp. 196-198.
WEAVER, R. T. 1972. Plant Growth Substance in Agriculture. San Francisco,
California. W. H. Freeman and Co. P. 128.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sticking to visible root formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
44
45
43
46
178
44.50
250 ppm
25
26
27
26
104
26.00
500 ppm
21
22
20
23
86
21.50
750 ppm
27
28
27
29
111
27.75
1,000 ppm
29
30
28
31
118
29.50
TOTAL
146
151
145
155
597
149.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
19.40
6.47
Treatment
4
1229.20
307.30
317.90**
3.26
5.41
Error
12
11.60
0.47
TOTAL
19
1260.20
**
-
Highly
significant Coefficient of variation = 3.31%
27
Appendix Table 2. Percentage of rooted cuttings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
3
1
2
3
9
32.14
250 ppm
2
5
6
3
16
57.14
500 ppm
3
6
3
2
14
50.00
750 ppm
4
5
4
2
15
53.57
1,000 ppm
3
6
2
4
15
53.57
TOTAL
17
23
17
14
67
246.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIA NCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
9.75
3.25
Treatment
4
7.70
1.93
0.91*
3.26
5.41
Error
12
25.50
2.13
TOTAL
19
42.95
*
-
Significant
Coefficient
of
variation
=
2.96%
28
Appendix Table 3. Average root length
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
16.8
7.5
2.2
6.3
32.8
8.2
250 ppm
22.8
21.3
8.5
3.0
55.6
13.90
500 ppm
6.6
10.9
5.4
18.5
41.4
10.35
750 ppm
6.7
6.6
4.5
2.4
20.2
5.05
1,000 ppm
4.1
25.3
3.5
15.0
47.9
11.98
TOTAL
57
71.6
24.1
45.2
197.90
49.48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
FREEDOM
Replication
3
241.66
80.55
Treatment
4
187.68
46.92
0.45ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
592.63
49.49
TOTAL
19
1021.41
Ns
–
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 42.71%
29
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per cuttings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
15
4
5
12
36
9.00
250 ppm
14
12
7
10
43
10.75
500 ppm
14
2
14
7
37
6.75
750 ppm
6
11
16
4
37
9.25
1,000 ppm
7
13
5
5
30
7.5
TOTAL
56
42
47
38
183
43.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
46.15
15.38
Treatment
4
39.30
09.83
0.42ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
274.10
23.26
TOTAL
19
366.55
Ns
–
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 35.16%
30
Appendix Table 5. Percentage of survival (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
3
1
2
3
9
32.14
250 ppm
2
5
6
3
16
57.14
500 ppm
3
7
3
2
15
53.57
750 ppm
4
5
4
2
15
53.57
1,000 ppm
3
6
2
4
15
53.57
TOTAL
15
24
17
14
70
249.99
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
12.20
4.07
Treatment
4
08.00
2.00
.83%
3.26
5.41
Error
12
28.80
2.40
TOTAL
19
49.00
*
-
Significant
Coefficient
of
variation
=
3.10%
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
30
32
30
31
123
30.75
250 ppm
19
20
18
20
77
19.25
500 ppm
25
27
25
26
103
25.75
750 ppm
24
25
24
26
99
24.25
1,000 ppm
15
16
15
17
63
15.75
TOTAL
113
120
112
120
465
116.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
11.35
3.78
Treatment
4
548.00
137.00
685.00**
3.26
5.41
Error
12
2.40
.20
TOTAL
19
561.75
**
-
Highly
significant Coefficient of variation = 1.92%
32
Appendix Table 7. Average number of leaves per plant
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
9
3
6
1
14
3.50
250 ppm
8
6
6
7
27
6.75
500 ppm
4
4
7
4
19
4.75
750 ppm
5
4
4
4
17
4.25
1,000 ppm
8
3
4
4
18
4.50
TOTAL
29
20
27
20
95
23.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
12.15
4.05
Treatment
4
23.50
5.88
2.51ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
28.10
2.34
TOTAL
19
63.75
Ns
=
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.22%
33
Appendix Table 8. Shoot length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
0 ppm
16.2
18.0
16.0
17.1
67.3
16.83
250 ppm
24.0
18.0
16.0
19.0
77.0
19.25
500 ppm
20.4
12.2
13.0
18.0
63.7
15.93
750 ppm
16.8
18.0
13.0
20.1
67.9
16.98
1,000 ppm
21.0
14.0
16.7
18.3
70.0
17.50
TOTAL
98.4
80.2
74.7
92.5
345.9
86.49
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
71.31
23.77
Treatment
4
24.53
6.13
1.13ns
3.26
5.41
Error
12
65.16
5.43
TOTAL
19
161.00
Ns
=
not
significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.48%
Document Outline
- Effect of Different ANAAConcentration on the Rooting and Growth of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum L.) Shoot TipCuttings
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES