BIBLIOGRAPHY MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013. Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape
Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing Media. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser : Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Pomology project,Benguet State University from
of October to December 2010 to determine the effects of the different growing media on
the germination of Cape gooseberry seeds, and determine the best growing media that will
promote and enhance seed germination and seedling growth of Cape gooseberry.
There were significant differences were observed among the different media used
with the number of days to emergence, the number of days to complete seedling
emergence, the percentage of germination, percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of
abnormal seedling, Number of days to first appearance of leaves, seedling height at 30
days, seedling height at 60 days after emergence seedling height at transplanting, number
of leaves at transplanting, number of days to readiness for transplanting and seedling vigor.
The media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden Soil: alnus compost: coco coir dust and
sand enhanced faster emergence, earliest to complete seedling emergence, high percentage
of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, earliest appearance of leaves, earliest
to be transplanted, and produced the most vigorous seedlings with excellent growth and
dark green leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Number of Days to Seedling Emergence
As presented in Table 1, there were significant differences observed among the
different media used on the number of days to emergence of Cape gooseberry seeds. Results
showed that the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost+ coco coir dust +sand were the
earliest to germinate with a mean of 8 days. This was followed by the seeds sown in media
combination of garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 9 days which was
statistically comparable also with the seeds sown garden soil+ alnus compost which was
followed further by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost +coco coir dust and the
combination of garden soil and coco coir dust While the seeds sown in Garden soil +sand
had delayed seed germination with a mean of 12 days from sowing.
Table 1. Number of days to seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
11b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
10c
1:1 garden soil + sand
12a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
10bc
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
11b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
9d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
8d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Number of days to complete seedling emergence
The result in Table 2 shows that there were significant differences observed among
the various media used on the number of days to complete seedling emergence. The results
reveal that the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand had the
earliest number of days to complete seedling emergence with a mean of 11 days but were
comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost. This was followed by the
seed sown in garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 13 days which was
statistically the same with the seeds sown in garden soil + coco coir dust+ garden soil. The
seeds sown in garden soil +sand had the longest days to complete seedling emergence with
a mean of 15 days.
Table 2. Number of days to complete seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
15b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
11e
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
14c
1:1 garden soil + sand
16a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
13d
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
14bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
13d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
11e
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRt
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage Germination
Table 3 reveals that there were slight differences noted on the percentage of
germination of Cape gooseberry seeds as affected by the different growing media used.
The seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost + coco coir dust +sand had the highest
percentage germination with a
mean of 100 % but was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil (control), garden
soil+ alnus compost and garden soil + alnus compost +sand followed by seeds sown in
media combination of garden soil +coco coir dust with a mean of 95 % while it was found
out that the lowest percentage of germination was obtained by the seeds sown in garden
soil +sand with a mean of 82.5 %.
Table 3. Percentage germination
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
100a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
100a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
95a
1:1 garden soil+ sand
82.5b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
92.5a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
95a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
100a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
100a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Normal Seedling
With regards to the percentage of normal seedlings, there were significant
differences observed as shown in table 4. The results showed that seeds sown in garden
soil+ alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand attained the highest percentage of normal
seedling with a mean of 100% which was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+
alnus compost but statistically the same with the seed sown in the combination of garden
soil + alnus compost +sand, garden soil (control) and garden soil + coco coir dust followed
by the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost+ coco coir dust; while the seeds sown in
garden soil +sand had the lowest percentage of normal seedlings with a mean of 77.5 %.
Table 4. Percentage of normal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
97.5a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
100a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
82.5a
1:1 garden soil + sand
77.5d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
90b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
87.5cd
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
98a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
100a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Abnormal Seedling
Table 5 shows that there were significant differences obtained on the percentage of
abnormal seedling as affected by different growing media used. Results shows that seeds
sown garden soil+ alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand did not result to any abnormal
seedlings. It was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost. This was
followed by the seeds sown garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 2.5%but was
statistically the same with the seeds sown in garden soil (control) .It was followed further
by the seeds sown in garden soil + coco coir dust +sand and garden soil+ coco coir dust.
The seeds sown in garden soil +sand had the highest percentage of abnormal seedling with
a mean of 22.5 %.
Table 5 Percentage of abnormal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
2.5d
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
0d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
15ab
1:1 garden soil + sand
22.5a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
10c
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
12.5bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
2.5d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
0d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Number of Days to First appearance of Leaves
As presented in table 6, there were only slight differences observed among the
different media used in the study. Results showed that the seeds sown in a media
composition using garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand had the shortest
number of days to first appearance of leaves with a mean of 11 days which is was
comparable to the seeds sown using garden soil + alnus compost. This was followed by the
seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost + sand as well as those sown in garden soil +
alnus compost+ coco coir dust. The seeds sown using garden soil + sand had significantly
delayed first appearance of leaves.
Table 6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
14.75b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
11.5ef
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
13.25c
1:1 garden soil + sand
16.25a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
12.25cd
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
14.25b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
12.25ed
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
11f
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Seedling Height at 30 Days After Emergence
Table 7 reveals that there were significant differences on the seedling height at 30
days after seed germination of Cape gooseberry. The result showed that seeds sown in
gardensoil +alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand were the tallest seedlings with a mean
of 5.05 cm in height followed by the seeds sown in media composition of garden soil +
alnus compost with a mean of 4.90 cm in height It was further followed by the seeds sown
in garden soil +alnus compost, garden soil +alnus compost + sand, garden soil + coco coir
dust and garden soil+ coco coir dust + sand. The seeds sown in garden soil + sand were the
shortest among the treatments with a mean of only 4.57 cm in height at 30 days after
seedling emergence. Seedling, at 30 days at planting is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Seedling at 30 days after seed emergence.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 7.1 Seedling height at 30 days after emergence
TREATMENT
SEEDLING HEIGHTAT
30 DAYS AFTER EMERGENCE
Garden soil (Control)
4.63de
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
4.90b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
4.90b
1:1 garden soil + sand
4.73d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
4.57e
coco coir dust
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
4.70d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
4.65d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
4.81c
coco coir dust + sand
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Height at 60 Days After Seed Emergence
Table 7.2 reveals that there were hightly significant differences in the seedling
height at 60 days after seedling emergence. The results showed that the seeds sown in
garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand produced the tallest seedling as
influenced by the media used with a mean of 8.77cm in height followed by the seed sown
in garden soil+ alnus compost with a mean of 8.72 cm The seeds sown in garden soil +alnus
compost + sand also followed as well as the seed sown using garden soil + alnus compost
+ coco coir dust were statistically comparable to the seedling height of seed sown in
garden soil + coco coir dust. The shortest seedlings at 60 days after emergence were noted
on the seedlings with garden soil + sand as the growing media.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
The shortest seedling height with a mean of 8.50 cm was obtained from the plants grown
in garden soil +sand.
Figure 4. Seedling height at 60 days after seedling emergence
Table 7.2 Seedling height at 60 days after emergence
TREATMENT
SEEDLING HEIGHTAT
60 DAYS AFTER EMERGENCE
Garden soil (Control)
8.57e
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
8.72b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.60cd
1:1 garden soil + sand
8.50f
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
8.62cd
coco coir dust
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
8.58de
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
8.64c
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
8.77a
coco coir dust + sand
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Seedling Height at Transplanting (cm)
Table 8 shows that there were significant differences observed among the various
media used in the study affecting the seedling height at transplanting. The results show that
the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust + sand attained the tallest
height with a mean of 9.30 cm height followed by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus
compost with a mean of 9.25 cm in height as well as the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus
compost+ sand and garden soil +alnus compost but statistically comparable to the rest of
the treatment. Height at transplanting is shown in Figure 5
Table 8.Seedling height at transplanting (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (Control)
8.95d
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9.25b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.97d
1:1 garden soil + sand
8.93d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
8.96d
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
8.96d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
9.12c
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
9.30a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Figure 5. Seedling at transplanting
Number of Leaves at Transplanting
With regards to the number of leaves at transplanting, there were significant
differences Observed as shown in Table 9. The results show that the seeds sown using
garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust+ sand had the highest number of leaves with
a mean of 10.25 which was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost
+sand and garden soil+ alnus compost. Following are the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus
compost+ coco coir dust, garden soil + coco coir dust and garden soil+ coco coir dust+
sand. The least number of leaves at transplanting were noted on the media combination of
garden soil+ sand.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Number of leaves at transplanting
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (Control)
8.25bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9.75a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.25bc
1:1 garden soil + sand
7.25c
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
8.5b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
7.75bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
10.25a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
10.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of days to readiness to transplant
As presented in Table 10, there were significant differences observed among the
media used in the study affecting the number of days to readiness to transplant. Results
showed that the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand had the
shortest number of days to transplanting with a mean of 73 days followed by the seeds
sown in garden soil +alnus compost +sand and garden soil + alnus compost with mean of
78 days followed further by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust
while the seeds sown in garden soil +sand attained the highest number of
days to transplanting time with a mean of 85 days.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Number of days to readiness for transplanting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
83ab
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
78d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
81bc
1:1 garden soil + sand
85a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
80cd
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
83ab
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
78d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
73e
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Vigor
Table 11 shows that there were significant differences among the media used in
the seedling vigor of Cape gooseberry seedlings. The results revealed that the seeds sown
in garden soil + alnus compost +coco coir dust + sand attained the most vigorous seedlings
with a mean of4 most vigorous excellent growths with dark green leaves which is
comparable with seeds sowngarden soil +alnus compost+ sand and garden soil +alnus
compost, garden soil + coco coir dustand garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust
while seeds sown in garden soil +sand attained the lowest rating with a mean of 2.75 which
is less vigorous and with yellow leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Seedling vigor
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Rating)
Garden soil (Control)
3.25ab
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
4a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
3.5ab
1:1 garden soil + sand
2.75c
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
3.5ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sandl
3.25bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
4a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
4a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rating
Description
4
Most vigorous - excellent growth with dark
green leaves.
3
Vigorous - good growth with green leaves.
2
Less vigorous - poor growth with yellow
leaves.
1
Poor – poor growth with yellow leaves
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Benguet State University from
the month of October to December 2010 to determine the effects of the different growing
media on the seed germination of Cape gooseberry seed, as well determine the best growing
media that will promote and enhance seed germination and seedling growth of Cape
gooseberry.
There were only slight significant differences observe with regards percentage of
germination, number of days to first appearance of leaves seedling height at 30 days after
seed emergence and seedling height at 60 days However significant differences were
observed on the number of days of emergence, number of days to complete seedling
emergence, percentage of normal seedlings percentage of abnormal seedlings, Seedling
height at transplanting, number of leaves at transplanting, number of days to readiness for
transplanting and seedling vigor.
The media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden soil +alnust compost +coco coir dust
+sand enhanced faster to emergence , shortest number of days to complete seedling
emergence, high percentage, of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, first
appearance of leaves, shortest days to transplant, and produced the most vigorous seedlings
with excellent growth and dark green leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based from the results, the media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden soil +alnust
compost +coco coir dust +sand is the best growing media in sowing Cape gooseberry seeds
as it enhanced faster to emergence, shortest number of days to complete seedling
emergence, high percentage of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, first
appearance of leaves, shortest days to transplant, and produced the most vigorous seedlings
with excellent growth and dark green leaves.
Recommendation
From the preceding results and discussions, the combination of garden soil +alnus
compost +coco coir dust +sand is recommended as the appropriate growing media in
germinating Cape gooseberry as it was observed to have influenced the production of
seedling with observable characteristics.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming Quezon City AFA. Publication: Inc. Pp. 8-181.
ANDERSON, J.R., ERNEST E.E HARDY, J T. ROACH, and E WITMER. 1976. A land
use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Reston,
Virginia, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. Pp. 289-290
BHANDARI, A.L.; A SOOD,K.N. SHARMA, D.S. and RONA, 1992. Integrated
Nutrient Management in rice-wheat system. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 40(4): 742-
747.
CID, G.S. 2000 Growth and Yield response of cucumber to different Organic Fertilizer Bs
thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
CURRIER, M. P. 1991. Missouri natural feature inventory: Camden, Cole Cooper,
Gasconade, Maries, Moniteau, Morgan, and Osage counties. Natural History
Division, Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, MO. Pp.156-189.
CRUNKILTON, R. L. and CZARNEZKI, J. M. 1981. Missouri pollution and fish kill
investigations 1980. Missouri Department of Conservation, Fish and Wildlife
Research Center, Columbia, Missouri. Pp. 99-113.
DAINILLO, FRANK J. 2001. The Vegetable Growers Handbook – Web edition. Texas
Cooperative Extension (27). Pp. 67.
DUCHROW, R. M. 1978. An inventory of point and non-point water pollution sources in
Missouri with notes regarding their impact upon fish and other aquatic resources.
208 Water Quality Report. Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia,
Missouri. Pp.67-88.
DONHAUE, R.1971 and J.C SHICKLUNA 1971 AN Introduction to soils and plant
growth new jersey: prentice Hall Inc. P. 211-214.
FACCIOLA, S. C. 1990. A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications P. 207.
FORMALI, G.N. and R. PRASAD, 1979. Effect of farm yard manure, phosphorus and
potassium fertilizers on soil properties in rice-wheat rotation. J. agric. Sci. Camb.
92 :Pp 359-362.
HANDRECK, K.A. A.I BLACK 1994 Growing media for ornamental plants and turf Mc
Phersons Printing Group. Sydney. Pp. 111-121.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
HELKAIH, J.; MANICKMAN, T.S. and NAGLAKSHMI, K. (1981). Influence of organic
manures alone and in combination with inorganics on properties of black soil and
jowar yield. Madras agric. J. 68(6) : Pp. 360-365.
MORTON, J. F. 1987 Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resources Systems, Inc. P. 431-
434.
MORTON, J.F.; O.S. RUSSELL, 1954 The Cape gooseberry and the Mexican husk
tomato"Florida State Horticultural Society 67: Pp. 261–266.
SUBRAMANIAN, K.S. and K. KUMARSWAMY, (1989). Effect of continuous cropping
and fertilization on chemical properties of soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 37: 171-173.
WU, SJ; JY. TSAI, S.P. CHANG, D.L. LIN, S.S. WANG, S.N. HUANG, and L.T. NG
2006. Supercritical carbon dioxide extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activities of Physalis peruviana". Pp. 407–13.
WARE, G.W. 1975 Producing Vegetable Crops. Illinois: The Enter State Printers and
Publication, Inc. Pp. 41-251.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013. Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape
Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing Media. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser : Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Pomology project,Benguet State University from
of October to December 2010 to determine the effects of the different growing media on
the germination of Cape gooseberry seeds, and determine the best growing media that will
promote and enhance seed germination and seedling growth of Cape gooseberry.
There were significant differences were observed among the different media used
with the number of days to emergence, the number of days to complete seedling
emergence, the percentage of germination, percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of
abnormal seedling, Number of days to first appearance of leaves, seedling height at 30
days, seedling height at 60 days after emergence seedling height at transplanting, number
of leaves at transplanting, number of days to readiness for transplanting and seedling vigor.
The media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden Soil: alnus compost: coco coir dust and
sand enhanced faster emergence, earliest to complete seedling emergence, high percentage
of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, earliest appearance of leaves, earliest
to be transplanted, and produced the most vigorous seedlings with excellent growth and
dark green leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Number of Days to Seedling Emergence
As presented in Table 1, there were significant differences observed among the
different media used on the number of days to emergence of Cape gooseberry seeds. Results
showed that the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost+ coco coir dust +sand were the
earliest to germinate with a mean of 8 days. This was followed by the seeds sown in media
combination of garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 9 days which was
statistically comparable also with the seeds sown garden soil+ alnus compost which was
followed further by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost +coco coir dust and the
combination of garden soil and coco coir dust While the seeds sown in Garden soil +sand
had delayed seed germination with a mean of 12 days from sowing.
Table 1. Number of days to seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
11b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
10c
1:1 garden soil + sand
12a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
10bc
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
11b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
9d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
8d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Number of days to complete seedling emergence
The result in Table 2 shows that there were significant differences observed among
the various media used on the number of days to complete seedling emergence. The results
reveal that the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand had the
earliest number of days to complete seedling emergence with a mean of 11 days but were
comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost. This was followed by the
seed sown in garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 13 days which was
statistically the same with the seeds sown in garden soil + coco coir dust+ garden soil. The
seeds sown in garden soil +sand had the longest days to complete seedling emergence with
a mean of 15 days.
Table 2. Number of days to complete seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
15b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
11e
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
14c
1:1 garden soil + sand
16a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
13d
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
14bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
13d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
11e
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRt
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage Germination
Table 3 reveals that there were slight differences noted on the percentage of
germination of Cape gooseberry seeds as affected by the different growing media used.
The seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost + coco coir dust +sand had the highest
percentage germination with a
mean of 100 % but was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil (control), garden
soil+ alnus compost and garden soil + alnus compost +sand followed by seeds sown in
media combination of garden soil +coco coir dust with a mean of 95 % while it was found
out that the lowest percentage of germination was obtained by the seeds sown in garden
soil +sand with a mean of 82.5 %.
Table 3. Percentage germination
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
100a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
100a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
95a
1:1 garden soil+ sand
82.5b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
92.5a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
95a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
100a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
100a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Normal Seedling
With regards to the percentage of normal seedlings, there were significant
differences observed as shown in table 4. The results showed that seeds sown in garden
soil+ alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand attained the highest percentage of normal
seedling with a mean of 100% which was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+
alnus compost but statistically the same with the seed sown in the combination of garden
soil + alnus compost +sand, garden soil (control) and garden soil + coco coir dust followed
by the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost+ coco coir dust; while the seeds sown in
garden soil +sand had the lowest percentage of normal seedlings with a mean of 77.5 %.
Table 4. Percentage of normal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
97.5a
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
100a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
82.5a
1:1 garden soil + sand
77.5d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
90b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
87.5cd
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
98a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
100a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Abnormal Seedling
Table 5 shows that there were significant differences obtained on the percentage of
abnormal seedling as affected by different growing media used. Results shows that seeds
sown garden soil+ alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand did not result to any abnormal
seedlings. It was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost. This was
followed by the seeds sown garden soil +alnus compost +sand with a mean of 2.5%but was
statistically the same with the seeds sown in garden soil (control) .It was followed further
by the seeds sown in garden soil + coco coir dust +sand and garden soil+ coco coir dust.
The seeds sown in garden soil +sand had the highest percentage of abnormal seedling with
a mean of 22.5 %.
Table 5 Percentage of abnormal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Garden soil (Control)
2.5d
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
0d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
15ab
1:1 garden soil + sand
22.5a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
10c
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
12.5bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
2.5d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
0d
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Number of Days to First appearance of Leaves
As presented in table 6, there were only slight differences observed among the
different media used in the study. Results showed that the seeds sown in a media
composition using garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand had the shortest
number of days to first appearance of leaves with a mean of 11 days which is was
comparable to the seeds sown using garden soil + alnus compost. This was followed by the
seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost + sand as well as those sown in garden soil +
alnus compost+ coco coir dust. The seeds sown using garden soil + sand had significantly
delayed first appearance of leaves.
Table 6. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
14.75b
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
11.5ef
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
13.25c
1:1 garden soil + sand
16.25a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
12.25cd
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
14.25b
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
12.25ed
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
11f
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Seedling Height at 30 Days After Emergence
Table 7 reveals that there were significant differences on the seedling height at 30
days after seed germination of Cape gooseberry. The result showed that seeds sown in
gardensoil +alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand were the tallest seedlings with a mean
of 5.05 cm in height followed by the seeds sown in media composition of garden soil +
alnus compost with a mean of 4.90 cm in height It was further followed by the seeds sown
in garden soil +alnus compost, garden soil +alnus compost + sand, garden soil + coco coir
dust and garden soil+ coco coir dust + sand. The seeds sown in garden soil + sand were the
shortest among the treatments with a mean of only 4.57 cm in height at 30 days after
seedling emergence. Seedling, at 30 days at planting is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Seedling at 30 days after seed emergence.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 7.1 Seedling height at 30 days after emergence
TREATMENT
SEEDLING HEIGHTAT
30 DAYS AFTER EMERGENCE
Garden soil (Control)
4.63de
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
4.90b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
4.90b
1:1 garden soil + sand
4.73d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
4.57e
coco coir dust
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
4.70d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
4.65d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
4.81c
coco coir dust + sand
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Height at 60 Days After Seed Emergence
Table 7.2 reveals that there were hightly significant differences in the seedling
height at 60 days after seedling emergence. The results showed that the seeds sown in
garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust +sand produced the tallest seedling as
influenced by the media used with a mean of 8.77cm in height followed by the seed sown
in garden soil+ alnus compost with a mean of 8.72 cm The seeds sown in garden soil +alnus
compost + sand also followed as well as the seed sown using garden soil + alnus compost
+ coco coir dust were statistically comparable to the seedling height of seed sown in
garden soil + coco coir dust. The shortest seedlings at 60 days after emergence were noted
on the seedlings with garden soil + sand as the growing media.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
The shortest seedling height with a mean of 8.50 cm was obtained from the plants grown
in garden soil +sand.
Figure 4. Seedling height at 60 days after seedling emergence
Table 7.2 Seedling height at 60 days after emergence
TREATMENT
SEEDLING HEIGHTAT
60 DAYS AFTER EMERGENCE
Garden soil (Control)
8.57e
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
8.72b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.60cd
1:1 garden soil + sand
8.50f
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
8.62cd
coco coir dust
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
8.58de
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
8.64c
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost +
8.77a
coco coir dust + sand
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Seedling Height at Transplanting (cm)
Table 8 shows that there were significant differences observed among the various
media used in the study affecting the seedling height at transplanting. The results show that
the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus compost +coco coir dust + sand attained the tallest
height with a mean of 9.30 cm height followed by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus
compost with a mean of 9.25 cm in height as well as the seeds sown in garden soil +alnus
compost+ sand and garden soil +alnus compost but statistically comparable to the rest of
the treatment. Height at transplanting is shown in Figure 5
Table 8.Seedling height at transplanting (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (Control)
8.95d
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9.25b
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.97d
1:1 garden soil + sand
8.93d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
8.96d
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
8.96d
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
9.12c
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
9.30a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Figure 5. Seedling at transplanting
Number of Leaves at Transplanting
With regards to the number of leaves at transplanting, there were significant
differences Observed as shown in Table 9. The results show that the seeds sown using
garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust+ sand had the highest number of leaves with
a mean of 10.25 which was comparable with the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost
+sand and garden soil+ alnus compost. Following are the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus
compost+ coco coir dust, garden soil + coco coir dust and garden soil+ coco coir dust+
sand. The least number of leaves at transplanting were noted on the media combination of
garden soil+ sand.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Number of leaves at transplanting
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (Control)
8.25bc
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
9.75a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
8.25bc
1:1 garden soil + sand
7.25c
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
8.5b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
7.75bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
10.25a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
10.25a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of days to readiness to transplant
As presented in Table 10, there were significant differences observed among the
media used in the study affecting the number of days to readiness to transplant. Results
showed that the seeds sown in garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand had the
shortest number of days to transplanting with a mean of 73 days followed by the seeds
sown in garden soil +alnus compost +sand and garden soil + alnus compost with mean of
78 days followed further by the seeds sown in garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust
while the seeds sown in garden soil +sand attained the highest number of
days to transplanting time with a mean of 85 days.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Number of days to readiness for transplanting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Garden soil (Control)
83ab
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
78d
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
81bc
1:1 garden soil + sand
85a
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
80cd
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sand
83ab
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
78d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
73e
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Vigor
Table 11 shows that there were significant differences among the media used in
the seedling vigor of Cape gooseberry seedlings. The results revealed that the seeds sown
in garden soil + alnus compost +coco coir dust + sand attained the most vigorous seedlings
with a mean of4 most vigorous excellent growths with dark green leaves which is
comparable with seeds sowngarden soil +alnus compost+ sand and garden soil +alnus
compost, garden soil + coco coir dustand garden soil+ alnus compost + coco coir dust
while seeds sown in garden soil +sand attained the lowest rating with a mean of 2.75 which
is less vigorous and with yellow leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Seedling vigor
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Rating)
Garden soil (Control)
3.25ab
1:1 garden soil + alnus compost
4a
1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust
3.5ab
1:1 garden soil + sand
2.75c
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost+ coco coir dust
3.5ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco coir dust + sandl
3.25bc
1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + sand
4a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus compost + coco coir dust + sand
4a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Rating
Description
4
Most vigorous - excellent growth with dark
green leaves.
3
Vigorous - good growth with green leaves.
2
Less vigorous - poor growth with yellow
leaves.
1
Poor – poor growth with yellow leaves
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Benguet State University from
the month of October to December 2010 to determine the effects of the different growing
media on the seed germination of Cape gooseberry seed, as well determine the best growing
media that will promote and enhance seed germination and seedling growth of Cape
gooseberry.
There were only slight significant differences observe with regards percentage of
germination, number of days to first appearance of leaves seedling height at 30 days after
seed emergence and seedling height at 60 days However significant differences were
observed on the number of days of emergence, number of days to complete seedling
emergence, percentage of normal seedlings percentage of abnormal seedlings, Seedling
height at transplanting, number of leaves at transplanting, number of days to readiness for
transplanting and seedling vigor.
The media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden soil +alnust compost +coco coir dust
+sand enhanced faster to emergence , shortest number of days to complete seedling
emergence, high percentage, of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, first
appearance of leaves, shortest days to transplant, and produced the most vigorous seedlings
with excellent growth and dark green leaves.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
Based from the results, the media combination of 1:1:1:1 garden soil +alnust
compost +coco coir dust +sand is the best growing media in sowing Cape gooseberry seeds
as it enhanced faster to emergence, shortest number of days to complete seedling
emergence, high percentage of germination, high percentage of normal seedlings, first
appearance of leaves, shortest days to transplant, and produced the most vigorous seedlings
with excellent growth and dark green leaves.
Recommendation
From the preceding results and discussions, the combination of garden soil +alnus
compost +coco coir dust +sand is recommended as the appropriate growing media in
germinating Cape gooseberry as it was observed to have influenced the production of
seedling with observable characteristics.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming Quezon City AFA. Publication: Inc. Pp. 8-181.
ANDERSON, J.R., ERNEST E.E HARDY, J T. ROACH, and E WITMER. 1976. A land
use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Reston,
Virginia, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 964. Pp. 289-290
BHANDARI, A.L.; A SOOD,K.N. SHARMA, D.S. and RONA, 1992. Integrated
Nutrient Management in rice-wheat system. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 40(4): 742-
747.
CID, G.S. 2000 Growth and Yield response of cucumber to different Organic Fertilizer Bs
thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
CURRIER, M. P. 1991. Missouri natural feature inventory: Camden, Cole Cooper,
Gasconade, Maries, Moniteau, Morgan, and Osage counties. Natural History
Division, Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, MO. Pp.156-189.
CRUNKILTON, R. L. and CZARNEZKI, J. M. 1981. Missouri pollution and fish kill
investigations 1980. Missouri Department of Conservation, Fish and Wildlife
Research Center, Columbia, Missouri. Pp. 99-113.
DAINILLO, FRANK J. 2001. The Vegetable Growers Handbook – Web edition. Texas
Cooperative Extension (27). Pp. 67.
DUCHROW, R. M. 1978. An inventory of point and non-point water pollution sources in
Missouri with notes regarding their impact upon fish and other aquatic resources.
208 Water Quality Report. Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia,
Missouri. Pp.67-88.
DONHAUE, R.1971 and J.C SHICKLUNA 1971 AN Introduction to soils and plant
growth new jersey: prentice Hall Inc. P. 211-214.
FACCIOLA, S. C. 1990. A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications P. 207.
FORMALI, G.N. and R. PRASAD, 1979. Effect of farm yard manure, phosphorus and
potassium fertilizers on soil properties in rice-wheat rotation. J. agric. Sci. Camb.
92 :Pp 359-362.
HANDRECK, K.A. A.I BLACK 1994 Growing media for ornamental plants and turf Mc
Phersons Printing Group. Sydney. Pp. 111-121.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013
HELKAIH, J.; MANICKMAN, T.S. and NAGLAKSHMI, K. (1981). Influence of organic
manures alone and in combination with inorganics on properties of black soil and
jowar yield. Madras agric. J. 68(6) : Pp. 360-365.
MORTON, J. F. 1987 Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resources Systems, Inc. P. 431-
434.
MORTON, J.F.; O.S. RUSSELL, 1954 The Cape gooseberry and the Mexican husk
tomato"Florida State Horticultural Society 67: Pp. 261–266.
SUBRAMANIAN, K.S. and K. KUMARSWAMY, (1989). Effect of continuous cropping
and fertilization on chemical properties of soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 37: 171-173.
WU, SJ; JY. TSAI, S.P. CHANG, D.L. LIN, S.S. WANG, S.N. HUANG, and L.T. NG
2006. Supercritical carbon dioxide extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activities of Physalis peruviana". Pp. 407–13.
WARE, G.W. 1975 Producing Vegetable Crops. Illinois: The Enter State Printers and
Publication, Inc. Pp. 41-251.
Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry as Affected by Different Growing
Media | MORESTO, DARWIN P. APRIL 2013