BIBLIOGRAPHY BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011. Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L.
Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA Concentrations. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture, College
of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2010 to January
2011 to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on the rooting of sliced
pineapple crown and to establish the best ANAA concentration that would enhance rooting of the
sliced pineapple crown.
Results show that the sliced crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA concentrations were the
earliest to form root, had the longest average root length, production of more roots and had the
highest percentage of survival with a mean of 90.47%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….
ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………
1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………
2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………….
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Crop ……………………………………………………………
3
Types of Planting Materials…………………………………………
3
Rooting Hormones ………………………………………………….
4
Hormone Concentrations …………………………………………..
5
Rooting in Relation to Variety …………………………………….
5
The Root: Its Functions and Importance …………………………..
6
Adventitious Roots Formation …………………………………….
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………………
8
Methods ……………………………………………………………
8
Preparation of the Crown ………………………………………….
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………….
18
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………….
20
INTRODUCTION
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) which belongs to Bromelieaceae family ais
one of the commercialized fruit crops in the Philippines which is extensively cultivated in
the country. According to PCARRD (1995), products of the large plantations in
Mindanao is mainly for export while the fruits produced in Luzon and Visayas supply the
domestic markets. In 1993, a total of 66,925 ha were planted to pineapple producing
1,254,375 tons valued at more than Php 5,230 million.
Pineapple is considered as one of the highly marketable fruit crops in the
international market. Pineapple is grown not only for its fruit but also for the fiber
processed from its leaves. It is a source of a lustrous transparent fabric called pina fibers,
where the Philippine “barong tagalong” for men and blouses and dressed for women are
made. A special kind of paper that is thin and pliable with a smooth surface is also made
from it.
Other processed products derived from pineapple includes dried pineapple glazed
or crystallized concentrate, canned slices, and chunks or mixed with other fruits and
pickles, jams, marmalade, candy or nata de pinya. The juice is a a very good source of
alcohol and vinegar. It is also used in the biological coagulation of rubber. The by-
products can also be used as cattle feeds (Bautista 1994).
Inspite of the economic potential of pineapple in the Philippines, propagation
techniques must be improved.
There are several rooting techniques or practices used by the pineapple growers in
Benguet. However, up to the present, there has been no rooting media formulation
established that would effectively hasten rooting of the sliced pineapple crown. In this
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
2
endeavor, if slicing pineapple crown can be proven as one potential technique in
propagating the crop, it may perhaps solve the problem on the quality and rate of rooting
by using appropriate growth regulators, different concentrations, formulations and
application as cited by Alingcayon (2000). Thus, this study was conducted to offer some
insights and information to the end-users, the farmer themselves and future researchers
on rooting techniques.
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on
the rooting of sliced pineapple crowns; and to establish the best ANAA concentration that
would enhance rooting of the sliced pineapple crown.
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University from November 2010 to January 2011.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Crop
Pineapple belongs to the family Bromeliaeceae. A perennial and
monocotyledonous herb, growing up to 1 m in height. Leaves are narrow, thick, rosette
shapes, with a pointed tip and spiny margin, and are about 60 to 80 in number. The
inflorescence is compact and bears 100 to 200 flowers. Flowers are perfect, opening first
at the basal portion and later moving upward to produce fruit parthenocarpically. Fruit is
cylindrical and dark green, changing from yellow flesh (Coronel and Verheij, 1992).
Types of Planting Material
In pineapple, production of planting materials can be done by cutting the stems
lengthwise and burying them horizontally with the cut portion facing down. After 2-3
weeks, sprouts will come out from these cut stems (Bautista, 1994).
Pineapple is propagated through asexual method and there are three types of
planting materials; the suckers, slips and crowns.
Suckers. Suckers are shoots arising on plants from below ground. Suckers are
dug out and cut from the parent plant. In some cases, part of the old root maybe retained,
although most new roots arise from the base of the suckers. It is important to dig the
sucker out rather than pull it, to avoid injury to its base. Suckers are treated essentially as
a rooted layer or as a cutting, in case few or no roots have formed. They are usually dug
during the dry season (Hartman and Kester, 1990).
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Crown. Crown is the shoot produced on top of a fruit. In herbaceous perennials,
the crown is the part of the plant from which new shoots arises annually, and crown are
usually used for propagation taken earlier before or at the time of harvest.
Slips. Slips are the most popular type of planting materials for commercial use.
Slips can be stored for relatively long time and still retain sufficient vigor in replanting.
According to Hartman and Kester (1990) all types of planting materials must be
cured or dried for one to several weeks after they are cut from the mother plant. This
purpose allows a callus layer to develop over the cut surface, reducing losses from decay
organisms after they are planted.
Rooting Hormone
All aspect of plant and development are influenced by plant growth regulators, or
plant hormones (Ingles, 2000) Riely and Shry (1999) reported that the development of
rooting hormones made the possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were
considered impossible to root before. These chemicals also shortened the length of time
required to root cuttings.
Wilkens (1969) said that the most common growth regulators are gibberilic acid
(GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Indolebutyric acid (IBA), cytokinins and abscisic
acid. Riely and Shry (1999) further stated that alpha-napthalene acetic acid (ANAA) was
also enumerated as widely used. Ingles (2000) reported that auxins such as idole acetic
acid (IAA) can be included.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Hormone Concentration
Bleasedale (1975) stated that hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting; however, it can also inhibit growth of cutting if used
at wrong concentration. It is important to consider the specific concentrations ranging
from each individual species and cultivars. Adriance and Brison (1955) reported that
growth regulators are more effective if the concentration is just below toxic level.
Halfacre and Barden (1979) stated that high concentration may injure or kill the cuttings
and too low concentrations may be ineffective. Weaver (1972) added that high
concentration of growth regulators do not produce abnormalities in root formation and
necrosis on tissues.
Rooting in Relation to Variety
Nye and Tinker (1977) have accepted the presence of differences in rooting
patterns of different plant species. Every species has its inherent make-up. Poincelot
(1980) stated that the hereditary potentials play much in the biochemical processes of
plants and to regulate the pattern of plant development. Ingles (2000) enumerated
reasons that could inhibit rooting of different species such as (1) naturally occurring
rooting inhibitors in the plant tissue, (2) the lack of one are more rooting co-factors,
found by several researchers to work synergistically with auxin in root initiation, or (3) a
continuous schlerenchyma ring between the phloem and the cortex creates a physical
barrier to developing roots as they attempt to emerge from the center of the vascular core.
The effect of variety and their inherent factors is likewise considered. Although, Last et
al, (1983) paid little attention to the inherent factors in rooting of trees. However, several
studies showed their great effect on the rooting of lower plants.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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The Root: Its Functions and Importance
According to Conquist, (1982) roots are typically the organs that anchor the plant
into the soil and absorb water and soil nutrients. Berg (1997) mentioned that roots
perform three main functions: the anchorage, absorption conduction and storage. Roots
store surplus carbohydrates produced by the leaves as starch or sugar. In addition,
Mauseth (1998) stated that roots also produce several hormones wherein shoot growth
and development depend on the hormones cytokinin and gibberellins imported from the
roots.
Anon (2000) stated that most roots g row underground so they are not easily seen
added by Riely and Shry (1999). Hutchison (1980) also noted the roots are considered to
be “stick in-the-mud”.
Moore et al (1995) again stated that root are important to plant growth because
they provide chlorenchyma cells for water and dissolved nutrients. Roots are like
photosynthetic cells with soils moisture and nutrients, and the absorption and
transportation minerals from the soil to the top of plant or other plant part such as the
shoots.
Adventitious Roots Formation
Brown (1996) mentioned that formation of adventitious roots can be divided into
two phases. First is initiation, which is characterized by cell division and the
differentiation of certain cells into a root initial and second growth, in which root initial
expands by a combination of cell division and elongation. Ingles (2000) stated that
adventitious roots are initiated in herbaceous plants from points just outside or between
the vascular bundles. Meyer and Anderson (1973) reported that the roots initially arise
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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from the apical cells. Ingles (1994) identified them as growing points of adventitious
roots and maybe formed but dormant in the vegetative tissue before the cuttings are
taken. Hartman and Kester (1975) explained that they continue to divide forming a group
of many cell which later develops into root primodial, from which the formation of
adventitious roots begins coupled by distribution of roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used were pineapple crown, rooting hormone (ANAA),
polyethylene bags, knife, compost and garden soil (1:1), beaker and labeling materials.
Methods
Following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), the field were
divided into three (3) rows with each row representing a replication. Each row was
further subdivided into 5 units representing the five (5) treatments. There were at least
eight sliced pineapple crown in every replication in all five treatments.
Treatments were the following:
T1 = 0 (Control)
T2 = 250
T3 = 500
T4 = 750
T5 = 1,000
Preparation of the Crown
Selected crown intended for the study was properly cleaned and sliced from the
base section and dipped for thirty (30) minutes in the different ANAA concentrations.
After treatment, the sliced pineapple crown was planted in 4”x5”x7” polyethylene plastic
bags with 1:1 part by volume of compost and garden soil as the potting media for rooting.
Care and maintenance were given to the entire crow planted throughout the
duration of the study.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Data Gathered
The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis and mean separation test by
Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) were as follows:
1. Number of days to visible root formation. This was gathered by counting the
number of days from treatment until the roots were about 0.5 cm long observed on the
destructive samples.
2. Average root length (cm). The length of the roots in every sliced crown were
measured one month from planting and the average length was computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of Roots_______
Number of Roots Produced per Plant
3. Percentage of rooted slice crown. This was obtained one month after planting
the crown in the rooting media using the formula:
Percentage of rooted crown = Number of Rooted Crown______ x 100
Total Number of Sliced Crown Planted
4. Average number of roots produced per crown. All the formed roots of every
crown were counted one month from planting in the rooting media and was computed as
follows:
Average number of roots = Total Number of Roots Produced_
Number of Crown Samples Planted
5. Percentage of survival. This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival = Number of Sliced Crown Survive x 100
Total Number of Sliced Crown
6. Number of days the crown are ready for transplanting. This was obtained
when the roots from the samples of rooted crown have fully developed roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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7. Number of days to emergence of new shoot. This was obtained by counting
the days from planting to new shoots formation.
8. Documentation. This was taken through pictures.
• Preparation of the planting materials
• Dipping in ANAA solutions
• Planting in plastic bag
• Root length of treatments one month from rooting
• Overview of the experiment
a
b
c
Figure 1. Preparation and the overview of the experimental) Overview of the experimental
area; b) sliced pineapple crowns before treatment; c) sliced pineapple crowns
dipped in various ANAA concentrations before planting
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation
Statistical analysis shows that there were significant differences among the treated
and untreated pineapple crowns regarding days from planting to visible root formation as
shown in Table 1.
Results showed that crowns treated with 250 ppm ANAA were the earliest to
initiate visible roots with a mean of 19 days. It was followed by the crowns treated with
500 ppm ANAA with a mean of 21.33 days and the untreated crowns or the control with
a mean of 21.66 days but is comparable to the crowns treated with 750 ppm ANAA with
a mean of 22.33 days. The crowns treated with 1000 ppm ANAA had taken longer days
to root formation having a mean of 24 days.
Results agree with the statement of Bleasedale (1973), that although hormones
were known to promote earlier rooting of various kinds of cuttings, it is important to take
into consideration individual plant species and different cultivar needs and specific
concentrations to be used.
Reily and Shry (1999) also stated that some plants root easily from hard wood. In
addition, they stated that cuttings require essentially the same conditions that seeds need
to germinate; moisture oxygen and warmth {%0F (% 0C)} or above for the cuttings to
root.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (days)
0 ppm
21.66 ab
250 ppm
19.00 b
500 ppm
21.33 ab
750 ppm
22.33 ab
1,000 ppm
24.00 a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 2 shows that there were no significant statistical differences observed on the
average root length of pineapple crowns as affected by the different concentrations of
ANAA.
However, numerical results showed that the application of 250 ppm ANAA
promoted the production of longer roots with a mean of 1.98 cm followed by the
untreated crowns or the control (0 ppm) with a mean of 1.86 cm then followed further by
the crowns treated with 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA all having a mean of
1.84 cm, 1.62 cm and 1.58 cm respectively.
These results correlate with the findings of Banwa (2010), that 250 ppm ANAA
generally affected the rooting of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings. Cuttings treated at this
concentration formed the longest roots. In addition, Akyapat (2009) reported that 250
ppm ANAA with 30 minutes soaking produced the longest and greater number of roots
in passion fruit shoot tip cuttings.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Table 2. Average root length
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (cm)
0 ppm
1.86 a
250 ppm
1.98 a
500 ppm
1.84 a
750 ppm
1.58 a
1,000 ppm
1.62 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Delvin and Jackson (1961), stated that real stimulation of root elongation maybe
achieved if enough concentrations are used.
The results in Table 3 shows no significant differences on the percentage of
rooted sliced crown as affected by different ANAA concentrations observed within one
month. Figure 2 shows the rooted pineapple crowns one month after treatment.
0 ppm
250 ppm
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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500 ppm
750 ppm
1,000 ppm
Figure 2. Rooted sliced pineapple crown after 1 month after treatment
But numerically, results revealed that 0 ppm (Control) and 250 ppm ANAA had
obtained the highest percentage of rooted sliced crown with the mean of 80.95%,
followed by the crowns treated with 500 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of
76.19%. Sliced crown treated with 1000 ppm ANAA had the lowest rooting percentage
with a mean of 66.67%
According to Halfacre and Barden (1979) as cited by Nuwatt (2007) that high
concentrations of hormones might injure or kill the cuttings. On the other hand, too low
concentrations do not have significant effects.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
15
Table 3. Percentage of rooted sliced crown
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (%)
0 ppm
80.95 a
250 ppm
80.95 a
500 ppm
76.19 a
750 ppm
76.19 a
1,000 ppm
66.67 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 4 shows that there were significant differences on the average number of
roots produced by the pineapple crown as affected by different concentrations of ANAA.
Crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA produced the highest number of roots with a
mean of 9.28 roots per crown, followed by the crowns dipped in 500 ppm ANAA with
5.81 then followed further by the crowns dipped with 0 ppm ANAA (Control), 750 ppm
and 1000 ppm ANAA all having a mean of 5.48, 4.14 and 4.00 respectively. However,
all the former treatments are statistically comparable with each other.
In addition, Bleasedale (1973) stated that hormones maybe used to overcome the
inherent difficulties encountered in rooting of cuttings that many also inhibit the grown of
the cuttings if applied at the wrong concentration. These chemical not only speed up the
healing of the wound and the productions of roots, but they also induce the development
of a large number of roots and are now used widely for the propagation of several plants.
Likewise, Adriance and Brinson (1955) noted that the best stimulation of root
formation is usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Table 4. Average number of roots produced per crown
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN
0 ppm
5.48 b
250 ppm
9.28 a
500 ppm
5.81 b
750 ppm
4.14 b
1,000 ppm
4.00 b
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 5 shows the effect of the different concentrations of ANAA used in the
percentage of survival on rooted sliced pineapple crowns.
There were significant differences observed among the treatment means as shown
in the results. Findings showed that sliced pineapple crowns dipped in 250 ppm of
ANAA concentrations had the highest percentage of survival which indicates the effect of
ANAA on the survival of pineapple crowns. Results also showed that the next higher
survival percentage of sliced crowns were obtained from the untreated crowns or the
control with a mean of 80.95% but is comparable with the crowns treated with 500 ppm
ANAA with a mean of 76.19% then followed by the crown dipped in 1000 ppm and 750
ppm ANAA which has a mean of 66.66% and 61.90%.
Foster (1977), stated that propagators encourage root growth by using indole
acetic acid (IAA). However, some growers prefer the synthetic auxins naphthalene acetic
(0C-NAA) because it is not affected by the inhibiting enzyme in the cuttings that destroy
some of the natural auxins.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Table 5. Percentage of survival
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (%)
0 ppm
80.95 ab
250 ppm
90.47 a
500 ppm
76.19 ab
750 ppm
61.90 b
1,000 ppm
66.66 b
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 6 shows that there were significant differences on the number of days the sliced
pineapple crowns produced new shoots as affected by the different concentrations of
ANAA.
Crown treated with 550 ppm ANAA obtained earlier days to produce new shoots
with a mean of 38.67 days, followed by the crowns showed in 0 ppm (Control) and 250
ppm with a comparable statistical analysis mean of 42.67 and 45.33 days respectively,
then followed by the 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of 46.66 and 48.67
days.
Findings can corroborate with the earlier study of Almos (1998) that the
application of ANAA at lower rates had no significant effects on the number of days to
opening of lateral buds, final length of shoots leaf number, and percentage of rooted
cuttings.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Table 6. Number of days to emergence of new shoots
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (days)
0 ppm
42.67 ab
250 ppm
45.33 ab
500 ppm
38.67 b
750 ppm
48.67 a
1,000 ppm
46.66 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
19
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2010 to January 2011 to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on the
rooting of sliced pineapple crowns and to establish the best ANAA concentration that
would enhance rooting of the sliced pineapple crowns.
Results showed that crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA formed root faster with a
mean of 19 days. It also attained the longest root length which has a mean of 1.98 cm
and had the highest number of roots produced per crown with a mean of 9.28 likewise
obtained the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 90.47% while the number of
days to emergence of new shoots was obtained in 500 ppm ANAA with a mean of 38.67
days.
Conclusion
Based from the results, it is therefore concluded that the use of rooting hormone
was effective especially in the rooting of pineapple crown. The use of 250 ppm ANAA
enhances the earlier production of roots, highest average root length, highest percentage
of survival and production of more roots. Treating pineapple crown with rooting
hormones could be done to shorten the time to produce roots and to increase the
percentage of survival.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Recommendation
From the proceeding results and discussion, it is recommended that 250 ppm
concentration of ANAA for 30 minutes dipping can be used for sliced pineapple crowns
to enhance faster rooting and higher survival percentage as well as induce the production
of longer and higher number of roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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NUWATT, A. D. 2007. Rooting of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Shhot tip
cuttings with Hormex treatment.
NYE, N. H. and P. B. TINKER. 1977. Salute Movement in the Soil Root System. In
Studies in Ecology (Anderson, D. J. ED.) Osney Mead, Oxford. Blackwell
Scientific Publ. Ox 20 EL 4:146-147.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1995. The
Philippine Industry. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
POINCELOT, R. D. 1980. Horticulture. Principles and Practical Applications.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice. Pp. 103-105.
RIELY, E. H. and C. L. SHRY JR. 1999. Introductory Horticulture. New York. Delmar
Publ. Pp. 196-198.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
25
WEAVER, R. T. 1972. Plant Growth Substances in Agriculture. San Francisco,
California.; W.H. Freeman and Co. P. 128.
WILKENS, M. B. 1969. Plant Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. New
Delhi, India: Tata – McGraw-Hill Publ. Co. Ltd. P. 298.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
21
23
21
65
21.66
250 ppm
18
18
21
57
19.00
500 ppm
18
23
23
64
21.33
750 ppm
18
23
26
67
22.33
1,000 ppm
23
23
26
72
24.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
36.9333
18.4667
Treatment
4
39.3333
9.8333
2.91ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
27.0667
3.3833
TOTAL
14
103.3333
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.49%
26
Appendix Table 2. Average root length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
2.88
1.05
1.64
5.57
1.86
250 ppm
1.69
1.86
2.38
5.93
1.98
500 ppm
2.43
1.18
1.91
5.52
1.84
750 ppm
2.01
1.27
1.45
4.73
1.58
1,000 ppm
1.50
2.11
1.26
4.87
1.62
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.9405
0.4702
Treatment
4
0.3417
0.0854
0.27ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.5334
0.3167
TOTAL
14
3.8156
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 31.71%
27
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of rooted sliced crown
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
85.71
71.43
85.71
242.85
80.95
250 ppm
71.43
71.43
100
242.85
80.95
500 ppm
85.71
71.43
71.43
228.57
76.19
750 ppm
71.43
57.14
100
228.57
76.19
1,000 ppm
57.14
71.43
71.43
200.00
66.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
761.8667 380.9333
Treatment
4
408.1225 102.0306
0.71ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
1142.8000 142.8500
TOTAL
14
2312.7892
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.69%
28
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per crown
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
5.29
5.43
5.71
16.43
5.48
250 ppm
7.71
13.00
7.16
27.84
9.28
500 ppm
5.86
6.71
4.86
17.43
5.81
750 ppm
3.00
3.00
6.43
12.43
4.14
1,000 ppm
3.43
3.57
5.00
12.00
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
4.1798
2.0899
Treatment
4
54.7608
13.6902
3.94*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
27.7772
3.4722
TOTAL
14
86.7178
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.44%
29
Appendix Table 5. Percentage survival
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
85.71
71.43
85.71
242.85
80.95
250 ppm
85.71
85.71
100.00
271.42
90.47
500 ppm
85.71
71.43
71.43
228.57
76.19
750 ppm
71.43
57.14
57.14
185.71
61.90
1,000 ppm
57.16
57.14
85.71
199.99
66.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1550.9606 387.7401
Treatment
4
353.6871 176.8435
4.22*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
734.6395 91.8299
TOTAL
14
2639.2872
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 12.74%
30
Appendix Table 6. Number of days the crown produced new shoot
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
42
42
44
128
42.67
250 ppm
42
46
48
136
45.33
500 ppm
36
40
40
116
38.67
750 ppm
48
48
50
146
48.67
1,000 ppm
36
52
52
140
46.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
100.8000
50.4000
Treatment
4
180.2667
45.0667
3.45*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
104.5333
13.0667
TOTAL
14
385.6000
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.14%
BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011. Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L.
Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA Concentrations. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture, College
of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2010 to January
2011 to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on the rooting of sliced
pineapple crown and to establish the best ANAA concentration that would enhance rooting of the
sliced pineapple crown.
Results show that the sliced crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA concentrations were the
earliest to form root, had the longest average root length, production of more roots and had the
highest percentage of survival with a mean of 90.47%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….
ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………
1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………
2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………….
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Crop ……………………………………………………………
3
Types of Planting Materials…………………………………………
3
Rooting Hormones ………………………………………………….
4
Hormone Concentrations …………………………………………..
5
Rooting in Relation to Variety …………………………………….
5
The Root: Its Functions and Importance …………………………..
6
Adventitious Roots Formation …………………………………….
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………………
8
Methods ……………………………………………………………
8
Preparation of the Crown ………………………………………….
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………….
18
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………….
20
INTRODUCTION
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) which belongs to Bromelieaceae family ais
one of the commercialized fruit crops in the Philippines which is extensively cultivated in
the country. According to PCARRD (1995), products of the large plantations in
Mindanao is mainly for export while the fruits produced in Luzon and Visayas supply the
domestic markets. In 1993, a total of 66,925 ha were planted to pineapple producing
1,254,375 tons valued at more than Php 5,230 million.
Pineapple is considered as one of the highly marketable fruit crops in the
international market. Pineapple is grown not only for its fruit but also for the fiber
processed from its leaves. It is a source of a lustrous transparent fabric called pina fibers,
where the Philippine “barong tagalong” for men and blouses and dressed for women are
made. A special kind of paper that is thin and pliable with a smooth surface is also made
from it.
Other processed products derived from pineapple includes dried pineapple glazed
or crystallized concentrate, canned slices, and chunks or mixed with other fruits and
pickles, jams, marmalade, candy or nata de pinya. The juice is a a very good source of
alcohol and vinegar. It is also used in the biological coagulation of rubber. The by-
products can also be used as cattle feeds (Bautista 1994).
Inspite of the economic potential of pineapple in the Philippines, propagation
techniques must be improved.
There are several rooting techniques or practices used by the pineapple growers in
Benguet. However, up to the present, there has been no rooting media formulation
established that would effectively hasten rooting of the sliced pineapple crown. In this
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
2
endeavor, if slicing pineapple crown can be proven as one potential technique in
propagating the crop, it may perhaps solve the problem on the quality and rate of rooting
by using appropriate growth regulators, different concentrations, formulations and
application as cited by Alingcayon (2000). Thus, this study was conducted to offer some
insights and information to the end-users, the farmer themselves and future researchers
on rooting techniques.
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on
the rooting of sliced pineapple crowns; and to establish the best ANAA concentration that
would enhance rooting of the sliced pineapple crown.
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University from November 2010 to January 2011.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Crop
Pineapple belongs to the family Bromeliaeceae. A perennial and
monocotyledonous herb, growing up to 1 m in height. Leaves are narrow, thick, rosette
shapes, with a pointed tip and spiny margin, and are about 60 to 80 in number. The
inflorescence is compact and bears 100 to 200 flowers. Flowers are perfect, opening first
at the basal portion and later moving upward to produce fruit parthenocarpically. Fruit is
cylindrical and dark green, changing from yellow flesh (Coronel and Verheij, 1992).
Types of Planting Material
In pineapple, production of planting materials can be done by cutting the stems
lengthwise and burying them horizontally with the cut portion facing down. After 2-3
weeks, sprouts will come out from these cut stems (Bautista, 1994).
Pineapple is propagated through asexual method and there are three types of
planting materials; the suckers, slips and crowns.
Suckers. Suckers are shoots arising on plants from below ground. Suckers are
dug out and cut from the parent plant. In some cases, part of the old root maybe retained,
although most new roots arise from the base of the suckers. It is important to dig the
sucker out rather than pull it, to avoid injury to its base. Suckers are treated essentially as
a rooted layer or as a cutting, in case few or no roots have formed. They are usually dug
during the dry season (Hartman and Kester, 1990).
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
4
Crown. Crown is the shoot produced on top of a fruit. In herbaceous perennials,
the crown is the part of the plant from which new shoots arises annually, and crown are
usually used for propagation taken earlier before or at the time of harvest.
Slips. Slips are the most popular type of planting materials for commercial use.
Slips can be stored for relatively long time and still retain sufficient vigor in replanting.
According to Hartman and Kester (1990) all types of planting materials must be
cured or dried for one to several weeks after they are cut from the mother plant. This
purpose allows a callus layer to develop over the cut surface, reducing losses from decay
organisms after they are planted.
Rooting Hormone
All aspect of plant and development are influenced by plant growth regulators, or
plant hormones (Ingles, 2000) Riely and Shry (1999) reported that the development of
rooting hormones made the possibility of rooting certain plant cuttings that were
considered impossible to root before. These chemicals also shortened the length of time
required to root cuttings.
Wilkens (1969) said that the most common growth regulators are gibberilic acid
(GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Indolebutyric acid (IBA), cytokinins and abscisic
acid. Riely and Shry (1999) further stated that alpha-napthalene acetic acid (ANAA) was
also enumerated as widely used. Ingles (2000) reported that auxins such as idole acetic
acid (IAA) can be included.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
5
Hormone Concentration
Bleasedale (1975) stated that hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting; however, it can also inhibit growth of cutting if used
at wrong concentration. It is important to consider the specific concentrations ranging
from each individual species and cultivars. Adriance and Brison (1955) reported that
growth regulators are more effective if the concentration is just below toxic level.
Halfacre and Barden (1979) stated that high concentration may injure or kill the cuttings
and too low concentrations may be ineffective. Weaver (1972) added that high
concentration of growth regulators do not produce abnormalities in root formation and
necrosis on tissues.
Rooting in Relation to Variety
Nye and Tinker (1977) have accepted the presence of differences in rooting
patterns of different plant species. Every species has its inherent make-up. Poincelot
(1980) stated that the hereditary potentials play much in the biochemical processes of
plants and to regulate the pattern of plant development. Ingles (2000) enumerated
reasons that could inhibit rooting of different species such as (1) naturally occurring
rooting inhibitors in the plant tissue, (2) the lack of one are more rooting co-factors,
found by several researchers to work synergistically with auxin in root initiation, or (3) a
continuous schlerenchyma ring between the phloem and the cortex creates a physical
barrier to developing roots as they attempt to emerge from the center of the vascular core.
The effect of variety and their inherent factors is likewise considered. Although, Last et
al, (1983) paid little attention to the inherent factors in rooting of trees. However, several
studies showed their great effect on the rooting of lower plants.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
6
The Root: Its Functions and Importance
According to Conquist, (1982) roots are typically the organs that anchor the plant
into the soil and absorb water and soil nutrients. Berg (1997) mentioned that roots
perform three main functions: the anchorage, absorption conduction and storage. Roots
store surplus carbohydrates produced by the leaves as starch or sugar. In addition,
Mauseth (1998) stated that roots also produce several hormones wherein shoot growth
and development depend on the hormones cytokinin and gibberellins imported from the
roots.
Anon (2000) stated that most roots g row underground so they are not easily seen
added by Riely and Shry (1999). Hutchison (1980) also noted the roots are considered to
be “stick in-the-mud”.
Moore et al (1995) again stated that root are important to plant growth because
they provide chlorenchyma cells for water and dissolved nutrients. Roots are like
photosynthetic cells with soils moisture and nutrients, and the absorption and
transportation minerals from the soil to the top of plant or other plant part such as the
shoots.
Adventitious Roots Formation
Brown (1996) mentioned that formation of adventitious roots can be divided into
two phases. First is initiation, which is characterized by cell division and the
differentiation of certain cells into a root initial and second growth, in which root initial
expands by a combination of cell division and elongation. Ingles (2000) stated that
adventitious roots are initiated in herbaceous plants from points just outside or between
the vascular bundles. Meyer and Anderson (1973) reported that the roots initially arise
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
7
from the apical cells. Ingles (1994) identified them as growing points of adventitious
roots and maybe formed but dormant in the vegetative tissue before the cuttings are
taken. Hartman and Kester (1975) explained that they continue to divide forming a group
of many cell which later develops into root primodial, from which the formation of
adventitious roots begins coupled by distribution of roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used were pineapple crown, rooting hormone (ANAA),
polyethylene bags, knife, compost and garden soil (1:1), beaker and labeling materials.
Methods
Following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), the field were
divided into three (3) rows with each row representing a replication. Each row was
further subdivided into 5 units representing the five (5) treatments. There were at least
eight sliced pineapple crown in every replication in all five treatments.
Treatments were the following:
T1 = 0 (Control)
T2 = 250
T3 = 500
T4 = 750
T5 = 1,000
Preparation of the Crown
Selected crown intended for the study was properly cleaned and sliced from the
base section and dipped for thirty (30) minutes in the different ANAA concentrations.
After treatment, the sliced pineapple crown was planted in 4”x5”x7” polyethylene plastic
bags with 1:1 part by volume of compost and garden soil as the potting media for rooting.
Care and maintenance were given to the entire crow planted throughout the
duration of the study.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
9
Data Gathered
The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis and mean separation test by
Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) were as follows:
1. Number of days to visible root formation. This was gathered by counting the
number of days from treatment until the roots were about 0.5 cm long observed on the
destructive samples.
2. Average root length (cm). The length of the roots in every sliced crown were
measured one month from planting and the average length was computed as follows:
Average root length = Length of Roots_______
Number of Roots Produced per Plant
3. Percentage of rooted slice crown. This was obtained one month after planting
the crown in the rooting media using the formula:
Percentage of rooted crown = Number of Rooted Crown______ x 100
Total Number of Sliced Crown Planted
4. Average number of roots produced per crown. All the formed roots of every
crown were counted one month from planting in the rooting media and was computed as
follows:
Average number of roots = Total Number of Roots Produced_
Number of Crown Samples Planted
5. Percentage of survival. This was obtained by using the formula:
% Survival = Number of Sliced Crown Survive x 100
Total Number of Sliced Crown
6. Number of days the crown are ready for transplanting. This was obtained
when the roots from the samples of rooted crown have fully developed roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
10
7. Number of days to emergence of new shoot. This was obtained by counting
the days from planting to new shoots formation.
8. Documentation. This was taken through pictures.
• Preparation of the planting materials
• Dipping in ANAA solutions
• Planting in plastic bag
• Root length of treatments one month from rooting
• Overview of the experiment
a
b
c
Figure 1. Preparation and the overview of the experimental) Overview of the experimental
area; b) sliced pineapple crowns before treatment; c) sliced pineapple crowns
dipped in various ANAA concentrations before planting
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation
Statistical analysis shows that there were significant differences among the treated
and untreated pineapple crowns regarding days from planting to visible root formation as
shown in Table 1.
Results showed that crowns treated with 250 ppm ANAA were the earliest to
initiate visible roots with a mean of 19 days. It was followed by the crowns treated with
500 ppm ANAA with a mean of 21.33 days and the untreated crowns or the control with
a mean of 21.66 days but is comparable to the crowns treated with 750 ppm ANAA with
a mean of 22.33 days. The crowns treated with 1000 ppm ANAA had taken longer days
to root formation having a mean of 24 days.
Results agree with the statement of Bleasedale (1973), that although hormones
were known to promote earlier rooting of various kinds of cuttings, it is important to take
into consideration individual plant species and different cultivar needs and specific
concentrations to be used.
Reily and Shry (1999) also stated that some plants root easily from hard wood. In
addition, they stated that cuttings require essentially the same conditions that seeds need
to germinate; moisture oxygen and warmth {%0F (% 0C)} or above for the cuttings to
root.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
12
Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (days)
0 ppm
21.66 ab
250 ppm
19.00 b
500 ppm
21.33 ab
750 ppm
22.33 ab
1,000 ppm
24.00 a
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 2 shows that there were no significant statistical differences observed on the
average root length of pineapple crowns as affected by the different concentrations of
ANAA.
However, numerical results showed that the application of 250 ppm ANAA
promoted the production of longer roots with a mean of 1.98 cm followed by the
untreated crowns or the control (0 ppm) with a mean of 1.86 cm then followed further by
the crowns treated with 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA all having a mean of
1.84 cm, 1.62 cm and 1.58 cm respectively.
These results correlate with the findings of Banwa (2010), that 250 ppm ANAA
generally affected the rooting of tamarillo shoot tip cuttings. Cuttings treated at this
concentration formed the longest roots. In addition, Akyapat (2009) reported that 250
ppm ANAA with 30 minutes soaking produced the longest and greater number of roots
in passion fruit shoot tip cuttings.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
13
Table 2. Average root length
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (cm)
0 ppm
1.86 a
250 ppm
1.98 a
500 ppm
1.84 a
750 ppm
1.58 a
1,000 ppm
1.62 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Delvin and Jackson (1961), stated that real stimulation of root elongation maybe
achieved if enough concentrations are used.
The results in Table 3 shows no significant differences on the percentage of
rooted sliced crown as affected by different ANAA concentrations observed within one
month. Figure 2 shows the rooted pineapple crowns one month after treatment.
0 ppm
250 ppm
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
14
500 ppm
750 ppm
1,000 ppm
Figure 2. Rooted sliced pineapple crown after 1 month after treatment
But numerically, results revealed that 0 ppm (Control) and 250 ppm ANAA had
obtained the highest percentage of rooted sliced crown with the mean of 80.95%,
followed by the crowns treated with 500 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of
76.19%. Sliced crown treated with 1000 ppm ANAA had the lowest rooting percentage
with a mean of 66.67%
According to Halfacre and Barden (1979) as cited by Nuwatt (2007) that high
concentrations of hormones might injure or kill the cuttings. On the other hand, too low
concentrations do not have significant effects.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
15
Table 3. Percentage of rooted sliced crown
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (%)
0 ppm
80.95 a
250 ppm
80.95 a
500 ppm
76.19 a
750 ppm
76.19 a
1,000 ppm
66.67 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 4 shows that there were significant differences on the average number of
roots produced by the pineapple crown as affected by different concentrations of ANAA.
Crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA produced the highest number of roots with a
mean of 9.28 roots per crown, followed by the crowns dipped in 500 ppm ANAA with
5.81 then followed further by the crowns dipped with 0 ppm ANAA (Control), 750 ppm
and 1000 ppm ANAA all having a mean of 5.48, 4.14 and 4.00 respectively. However,
all the former treatments are statistically comparable with each other.
In addition, Bleasedale (1973) stated that hormones maybe used to overcome the
inherent difficulties encountered in rooting of cuttings that many also inhibit the grown of
the cuttings if applied at the wrong concentration. These chemical not only speed up the
healing of the wound and the productions of roots, but they also induce the development
of a large number of roots and are now used widely for the propagation of several plants.
Likewise, Adriance and Brinson (1955) noted that the best stimulation of root
formation is usually obtained from concentrations just below the toxic level.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
16
Table 4. Average number of roots produced per crown
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN
0 ppm
5.48 b
250 ppm
9.28 a
500 ppm
5.81 b
750 ppm
4.14 b
1,000 ppm
4.00 b
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 5 shows the effect of the different concentrations of ANAA used in the
percentage of survival on rooted sliced pineapple crowns.
There were significant differences observed among the treatment means as shown
in the results. Findings showed that sliced pineapple crowns dipped in 250 ppm of
ANAA concentrations had the highest percentage of survival which indicates the effect of
ANAA on the survival of pineapple crowns. Results also showed that the next higher
survival percentage of sliced crowns were obtained from the untreated crowns or the
control with a mean of 80.95% but is comparable with the crowns treated with 500 ppm
ANAA with a mean of 76.19% then followed by the crown dipped in 1000 ppm and 750
ppm ANAA which has a mean of 66.66% and 61.90%.
Foster (1977), stated that propagators encourage root growth by using indole
acetic acid (IAA). However, some growers prefer the synthetic auxins naphthalene acetic
(0C-NAA) because it is not affected by the inhibiting enzyme in the cuttings that destroy
some of the natural auxins.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
17
Table 5. Percentage of survival
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (%)
0 ppm
80.95 ab
250 ppm
90.47 a
500 ppm
76.19 ab
750 ppm
61.90 b
1,000 ppm
66.66 b
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Table 6 shows that there were significant differences on the number of days the sliced
pineapple crowns produced new shoots as affected by the different concentrations of
ANAA.
Crown treated with 550 ppm ANAA obtained earlier days to produce new shoots
with a mean of 38.67 days, followed by the crowns showed in 0 ppm (Control) and 250
ppm with a comparable statistical analysis mean of 42.67 and 45.33 days respectively,
then followed by the 1000 ppm and 750 ppm ANAA with a mean of 46.66 and 48.67
days.
Findings can corroborate with the earlier study of Almos (1998) that the
application of ANAA at lower rates had no significant effects on the number of days to
opening of lateral buds, final length of shoots leaf number, and percentage of rooted
cuttings.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
18
Table 6. Number of days to emergence of new shoots
ANAA CONCENTRATION
MEAN (days)
0 ppm
42.67 ab
250 ppm
45.33 ab
500 ppm
38.67 b
750 ppm
48.67 a
1,000 ppm
46.66 a
*Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
19
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Department of Horticulture,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2010 to January 2011 to evaluate the effects of the different ANAA concentrations on the
rooting of sliced pineapple crowns and to establish the best ANAA concentration that
would enhance rooting of the sliced pineapple crowns.
Results showed that crown treated with 250 ppm ANAA formed root faster with a
mean of 19 days. It also attained the longest root length which has a mean of 1.98 cm
and had the highest number of roots produced per crown with a mean of 9.28 likewise
obtained the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 90.47% while the number of
days to emergence of new shoots was obtained in 500 ppm ANAA with a mean of 38.67
days.
Conclusion
Based from the results, it is therefore concluded that the use of rooting hormone
was effective especially in the rooting of pineapple crown. The use of 250 ppm ANAA
enhances the earlier production of roots, highest average root length, highest percentage
of survival and production of more roots. Treating pineapple crown with rooting
hormones could be done to shorten the time to produce roots and to increase the
percentage of survival.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
22
Recommendation
From the proceeding results and discussion, it is recommended that 250 ppm
concentration of ANAA for 30 minutes dipping can be used for sliced pineapple crowns
to enhance faster rooting and higher survival percentage as well as induce the production
of longer and higher number of roots.
Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
LITERATURE CITED
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New York. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc. Pp. 119-131.
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shoot tip cuttings of passion fruit (passitova edulis). Unpublished undergraduate
thesis. Benguet State University. P. 15.
ALINGCAYON, J. I. 200. Comparative effects of commercially available rooting
hormones on the rooting of marcotted pears. Unpublished undergraduate thesis.
Benguet State University. P. 3
BANWA, A. C. 2010. Effect of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting and
shoot growth of tamarillo (solanum betaceum L.) shoot tip cutting. Unpublished
undergraduate thesis. Benguet State University. P. 10.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1994. Introduction to tropical horticulture. 2nd ed. Pp. 186-187.
BERG, L. R. 1997. Introductory Botany. Plants, people and environment. Saunders,
Hudson Valley. College Pub., Harcour Barg College Publ. Pp. 91-93
BLEASDALE, J. K. A. 1975. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture Connecticut:
Ellis and Macmillan. Pp. 150-155.
BROWN, L. V. 1996. Applied Principles of Horticultural Science. Linacre House,
Jordan Hill, Oxford. Butterworth. Heinemann. Pp. 36-40.
CONQUIST, A. 1982. Basic Botany. New York. Harper and Row Publ. Inc. Pp. 340-
370.
CORONEL, R. E. and E. M. VERHEIJ. 1992. Plant resources of South East Asia No. 2.
Edible fruits and nuts. Publ. in the Bogor, Indonesia. P. 75.
DELVIN, R. M. and W. T. JACKSON. 1961. Effect of p. chlophenoxy isobutyric acid
on rate of isobutyric acid of elongation on root hairs of (agratis alba L.) plant
physiology.
FOSTER, S. A. 1977. Fundamentals of Horticulture. New York. McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc. P. 167.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Plant propagation principles and
practices. New Delhi, India. Prentice Hall of India Put. Ltd. Pp. 305-578.
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Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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HARTMAN, N. I. and J. A. KESTER. 1990. Plant propagation principles and practices
Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall Inc. Pp. 128-130.
HARTMAN, N. I. and J. A. KESTER. 1975. Plant propagation. Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi. P. 135
HUTCHISON, W. A. 1980. Text Manual Series. Plant propagation and cultivation,
West Point, Connecticut. P. 28
INGLES, J.E. 1994. Ornamental Horticulture Science Operation and Management New
York. Delmar Publ. Inc. Pp. 346-351.
INGLES, J. E. 2000. Ornamental Horticulture Science, Operation and Mgt. New York:
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LAST, E. T., P. A. MAMSON, J. WILSON and J. W. DEACON. 1983. Fine roots and
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Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
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Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L. Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA
Concentrations. BAYENG, JUNE O. APRIL 2011
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
21
23
21
65
21.66
250 ppm
18
18
21
57
19.00
500 ppm
18
23
23
64
21.33
750 ppm
18
23
26
67
22.33
1,000 ppm
23
23
26
72
24.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
36.9333
18.4667
Treatment
4
39.3333
9.8333
2.91ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
27.0667
3.3833
TOTAL
14
103.3333
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.49%
26
Appendix Table 2. Average root length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
2.88
1.05
1.64
5.57
1.86
250 ppm
1.69
1.86
2.38
5.93
1.98
500 ppm
2.43
1.18
1.91
5.52
1.84
750 ppm
2.01
1.27
1.45
4.73
1.58
1,000 ppm
1.50
2.11
1.26
4.87
1.62
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.9405
0.4702
Treatment
4
0.3417
0.0854
0.27ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.5334
0.3167
TOTAL
14
3.8156
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 31.71%
27
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of rooted sliced crown
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
85.71
71.43
85.71
242.85
80.95
250 ppm
71.43
71.43
100
242.85
80.95
500 ppm
85.71
71.43
71.43
228.57
76.19
750 ppm
71.43
57.14
100
228.57
76.19
1,000 ppm
57.14
71.43
71.43
200.00
66.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
761.8667 380.9333
Treatment
4
408.1225 102.0306
0.71ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
1142.8000 142.8500
TOTAL
14
2312.7892
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.69%
28
Appendix Table 4. Average number of roots produced per crown
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
5.29
5.43
5.71
16.43
5.48
250 ppm
7.71
13.00
7.16
27.84
9.28
500 ppm
5.86
6.71
4.86
17.43
5.81
750 ppm
3.00
3.00
6.43
12.43
4.14
1,000 ppm
3.43
3.57
5.00
12.00
4.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
4.1798
2.0899
Treatment
4
54.7608
13.6902
3.94*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
27.7772
3.4722
TOTAL
14
86.7178
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.44%
29
Appendix Table 5. Percentage survival
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
85.71
71.43
85.71
242.85
80.95
250 ppm
85.71
85.71
100.00
271.42
90.47
500 ppm
85.71
71.43
71.43
228.57
76.19
750 ppm
71.43
57.14
57.14
185.71
61.90
1,000 ppm
57.16
57.14
85.71
199.99
66.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1550.9606 387.7401
Treatment
4
353.6871 176.8435
4.22*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
734.6395 91.8299
TOTAL
14
2639.2872
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 12.74%
30
Appendix Table 6. Number of days the crown produced new shoot
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
0 ppm
42
42
44
128
42.67
250 ppm
42
46
48
136
45.33
500 ppm
36
40
40
116
38.67
750 ppm
48
48
50
146
48.67
1,000 ppm
36
52
52
140
46.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
100.8000
50.4000
Treatment
4
180.2667
45.0667
3.45*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
104.5333
13.0667
TOTAL
14
385.6000
* – significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.14%
Document Outline
- Rooting of Pineapple Crown (Ananas Comosus L.Merr) as Affected by Different ANAA Concentrations
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES