BIBLIOGRAPHY GALAO, AMIE B. APRIL 2010. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GALAO, AMIE B. APRIL 2010. Growth and Yield of Vegetable Type Pigeon
Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) as Affected by Planting Distance. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Benguet State University Horticulture Experimental
Station, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to May 2009 to determine the effect of
the different planting distance on the growth and yield of pigeon pea and to determine the
best planting distance for pigeon pea production. The study was carried out in factorial
experiment, with pigeon pea accessions as factor A and planting distance as factor B.
Two accessions of vegetable type pigeon pea were evaluated, ICPL 87091 and ICPL
87119, under five different planting distances.
Result of the study showed that ICPL 87091 significantly flowered and was
harvested earlier. ICPL 87119 on the other hand, were significantly taller, has more
lateral branches, and produced more pods per plant. No significant differences were noted
on the total number of harvests and on the yield between the two accessions of pigeon
pea.
Plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm grew taller and had the highest yield per plot.
Spacing pigeon peas at 30 cm x 40 cm leads to earlier flowering and harvesting.
No significant interaction effect between the variety and planting distance used
were noted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography .................................................................................................. i
Abstract .......................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ........................................................................................... ii
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pigeon Pea .................................................................... 3
Importance of Pigeon Pea .................................................................... 4
Climatic and Soil Requirement of Pigeon Pea ..................................... 5
Planting Distance ................................................................................. 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................. 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to 50% Flowering, and
Days to First Harvest ........................................................................... 11
Plant Height ......................................................................................... 13
Number of Lateral Branches at Flowering........................................... 15
Total Number of Harvests .................................................................... 16
Number of Pods Produced per Plant, and
Seed Yield per Plant............................................................................. 16
Seed Yield per Plot, and
Computed Yield ................................................................................... 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary .............................................................................................. 22
Conclusion ........................................................................................... 23
Recommendation ................................................................................. 23
LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................. 24
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 26
iii
INTRODUCTION
Pigeon pea is used in a wide diversity of farming systems internationally, mainly
involving subsistence agriculture (Wallis, et al., 1983). In the Philippines, this crop is of
local importance and is even regarded as “poor man’s crop” (Barroga, 2005).
The crop is chiefly grown for its nutritive value. It is even one of the most
important food sources in arid countries. In India, it is widely grown food legume next to
chickpea.
Among other food legume, pigeon pea could withstand drought and it can resist
lodging and shattering. However, it is also susceptible to water logging, frost, and insect
attack particularly pod borer.
Low yield is one problem that the farmers encounter in the production of pigeon
pea which could be attributed to various agro ecological and management constraints.
Thus, proper cultural management of pigeon pea should be determined such as the ideal
planting distance.
Determining the appropriate planting distance for pigeon pea could lead to
increase of yield with the maximum land utilization.
The results of the study would serve as a guide for farmers who are engaged or
who are interested in the production of pigeon pea as sole crop. It could also serve as
baseline information for other researchers who would like to improve the cultural practice
in growing this crop.
The study was conducted with the following objectives: to determine the
appropriate planting distance for vegetable type pigeon pea production; and to determine
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
2
the effect of different planting distance on the growth and yield of vegetable type
pigeon pea.
This study was conducted at the Horticulture Experimental Station, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to May 2009.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pigeon Pea
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is a glandular –
pubescent, short-lived perennial shrub that is usually grown as an annual crop. It has
many slender branches. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate and glandular punctuate.
Flowers are pseudocracemes, sometimes concentrated and synchronous, usually scattered
and flowering over a long period and papillionaceous. The fruits are straight or sickle-
shaped pod with globose to ellipsoid or squarish seeds (van der Maesen and
Somaatmadja, 1990).
Pigeon pea has a well developed tap root system which can extend very deep in
the soil and fix appreciable quantities of atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association
with rhizobia (Salam and Wahid, 1993).
Emergence is complete two to three weeks after sowing pigeon pea. Vegetative
development starts slow. After two to three months, growth accelerates. Flowering starts
56 to 210 days after sowing. The maturity of the crop ranges from 95 to 256 days in
normal conditions with rainy season and long days. With short days, growth in length is
less and flowering is accelerated (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
There are four general maturity duration of pigeon pea; extra short duration, short
duration, medium duration, and late duration. Extra short duration pigeon peas mature
120 – 140 days after sowing. Short duration varieties mature after 140 – 170 days after
sowing. Medium duration and late duration pigeon peas mature 160 – 190 days and 180 –
270 days after sowing, respectively (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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Importance of Pigeon Pea
Pigeon pea is an important component of human nutrition, particularly vegetable-
based diet. Like other legumes, pigeon pea is important for its protein, carbohydrate and
mineral content (Wallis, et al., 1988).
Every 100 gram edible portion of pigeon pea dry seeds contain 7.0- 10.3 grams of
water, 14.0- 30.0 grams protein, 1.0- 9.0 grams of fat, 36.0- 65.8 grams carbohydrates,
5.94 grams fiber, and 3.08- 8.0 grams of ash. The fresh seeds also contribute vitamins
especially proVitamin A and vitamin B- complex (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja,
1990).
People use the seeds whole, dehulled, or as flour. In the Caribbean region, people
eat the seed as the popular green (immature) pea, but most is processed into “Dahl”, the
easily stored decorticated split pea (Price, 1998).
Pigeon pea is primarily used as pulse in India. However, use of fresh seeds and
even pods as vegetative sayors (spicy soups) and other side dishes is popular in Southeast
Asia. It has a potential in replacing soya bean in making tempeh and tahu (fermented
products) (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
The plant’s woody stems are valuable as fire wood, thatch and fencing. The
leaves are important source of organic matter and nitrogen; adding as much as 40
kilograms per hectare to the soil (Price, 1998).
Pigeon pea is also a good hedge, shade and cover crop (van der Maesen and
Somaatmadja, 1990).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
5
Climatic and Soil Requirement
of Pigeon Pea
The crop grows in wide variety of soil and it grows well at low to moderately high
altitudes (Childers, et al., 1950).
The optimum temperature and rainfall requirement of pigeon pea ranges from
18 – 38 and 600 – 1000 mm/ year respectively. Drained soils with 5.0 – 7.0 pH are
favourable for production. It also tolerates electrical conductivity from 0.60 – 1.20 S/m
(van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
Planting Distance
The ideal spacing and plant population are those that maximize yield and quality
without unduly increasing cost (AVRDC, 1990). Accordingly, as plant population per
unit area increases, the yield per unit also increase until the spacing is so close that
excessive competition between adjacent plants reduces the yield per plant (Mabesa and
Bautista, 1986).
Plant spacing in plant design allows enough space between plants so that they
have room to develop their full size (McDonald, 1993). Vegetables which have a narrow,
spreading root system and small top are planted closely because they could withstand
crowding and are not seriously injured by partial shade. However, plants with large
leaves, trailing vines, or fruit which require direct sunlight for proper development must
have more room (Ware and McCollum, 1980).
The proper distance between plants depends upon the variety, purpose of the crop,
fertility of the soil, method of cultivation, spraying and harvesting (Watts, 1922).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
6
Plant spacing greatly affects root shape and development in root crops. Increased
in spacing on carrots result in large roots and is suitable for processing. Close spacing in
beets produced small roots which is also desirable for processing. In heading lettuce,
planting distance affects head development and yield. Close spacing reduces head size
and delays maturity but may increase yield (Swiader and Ware, 2002).
In the case of sweet corn, wider row and plant spacing improved slightly the ear
size and the appearance, but the number of marketable ears per acre may be reduced.
Overcrowding may result to short ears and lack of tip fill (Swiader and Ware, 2002).
In potato production, it is essential to have a good stand of properly distributed
plants to achieve high yield and quality. Improper seed distribution and skips cause
varied plant growth and increased competition between individual plants (Hess, et al,
1999; Holland, 1991; Rupp and Thornton, 1992). By obtaining seed spacing accuracy of
75% or higher, farmers can expect a 5% to 10% yield increase and a 20% improvement
of crop quality (Hess et al., 1999; Harris, 1997; Holland, 1991, 1994).
Close spacing is used to increase and produce small fruits of pineapple for
canning; for the fresh fruit market, large fruit is often preferred thus wider spacing is
suitable (Williams, 1975).
Wider spacing in yacoon tends to promote earlier flowering that resulted to earlier
harvesting (Camlas, 2008).
Sugar beets spaced at 10 cm x 10 cm and 15 cm x 15 cm produced the heaviest
yield per plot compared to the plants spaced at 35 cm x 35 cm (Balas, 2005).
Spacing at 20 cm x 20 cm markedly increased the marketable and computed sprig
yield in sweet basil (Degala, 2003).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were pigeon pea seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,
irrigation implements, knapsack sprayer, weighing scale, measuring tools and identifying
tags.
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with four replications. Factor A
was the accessions while factor B was the planting distance. The treatments were as
follows:
Factor A (Accessions)
Factor B (Planting distance)
- ICPL 87091
- 30x20 cm
- ICPL 87119
-30x25 cm
-30x30 cm
-30x35 cm
-30x40 cm
Land preparation. An area of 200 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into
plots measuring 1 m x 5 m (Figure 1). The plots were levelled and holes were done based
on the planting distance specified in the treatments.
Planting. The seeds were germinated first in seed trays to ensure 100% field
emergence (Figure 2). Two week old seedlings were transplanted in the field.
Care and management. Weeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and crop
protection were employed to ensure optimum growth, development and yield of the crop.
Harvesting. Pigeon peas were hand harvested just before the pods start to lose
their green color.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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Figure 1. Overview of the prepared area for planting
ICPL 87119 ICPL 87091
Figure 2. Pigeon pea seedlings ready for transplanting
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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The data gathered were as follows:
A. Vegetative Phase
1. Days from planting to 50% flowering. This was taken when the plant
population reached 50% flowering by counting the number of days from transplanting to
flowering.
2. Average height at flowering (cm). This was taken during the flowering stage by
measuring the sample plants from the base of the stem to the tip of the plant.
3. Final height (cm). This was taken at full grown stage by measuring the sample
plant from the base of the stem to the tip of the plant.
4. Days from planting to first harvest. This was taken by counting the number of
days from transplanting to first harvest.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was taken during the
flowering stage by counting the lateral branches.
6. Total number of harvests. This is the total number of harvesting done in one
cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Average number of pods produced per plant. This is the total number of pods
produced, and this was computed by the formula;
2. Average yield per plant (g). The yield per sample plant was weighed and
computed using the formula;
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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3. Total yield per plot (kg). This is the total yield of experimental plot from the
first harvest up to the termination of the study.
4. Computed yield (t/ha). This is the yield per hectare. The total yield per plot is
converted to tons per hectare using the formula;
Yield (t/ha) = Yield (Kg/5 ) x 2
Where: 2 is a factor to convert Kg/5 to t/ha.
C. Documentation
The data gathered were subjected to variance analysis and mean separation test by
Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to 50% Flowering, and Days
to First Harvest
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Table 1 show the days from planting to 50%
flowering and days from planting to first harvest of the two accessions of pigeon pea.
Significant difference was noted between ICPL 87091 and ICPL87119 on number of
days from planting to flowering. Similarly, the days to first harvest were significantly
affected by the accession. ICPL 87091 flowered after 75.2 days and was harvested after
115.25 days while ICPL 87119 flowered after 86.5 days from planting; and green pods
were harvested after 136.55 days from planting. Figure 3 shows the two accessions of
pigeon pea at flowering and fruiting stage.
Effect of planting distance. Significant differences were observed on the effect of
the different planting distances on pigeon pea flowering (Table 1).
Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly flowered earlier with a mean
of 77.375 days and green pods were harvested after 121.875 days. This was followed by
plants spaced at 30 cm x 35 cm, 30 cm x30 cm, and 30 cm x25 cm which did not differ
significantly with each other and plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm. Plants spaced at 30 cm
x 20 cm were the latest to flower at 85.50 days and green pods were harvested after 130.
375 days.
Results showed that as the spacing is widened, the plants flowered earlier and was
also harvested earlier.
The results coincide with the study in yacoon wherein plants at wider spacing
flowered earlier and were harvested earlier (Camlas, 2008).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
12
ICPL 87091
ICPL 87119
Figure 3. Pigeon pea accessions at flowering and fruiting stage
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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Table 1. Days to 50% flowering, and days to first harvest
TREATMENT
DAYS TO 50%
DAYS TO FIRST
FLOWERING
HARVEST
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
75.20b
115.25b
ICPL87119
86.50a
136.55a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
85.50a
130.375a
30cm x 25 cm
82.625ab
127.500ab
30cm x30cm
80.50ab
125.625ab
30cm x 35 cm
79.125ab
124.125ab
30cm x 40 cm
77.375b
121.875b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of the accession and
planting distance on the number of days to 50% flowering, and days to first harvest.
Plant Height
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Accession ICPL 87119 was significantly taller
than ICPL 87091 at flowering and at final height (Table 2). ICPL 87091 has a height of
45.09 cm at flowering and 72.902 cm final height while ICPL 87119 has a height of
84.60 cm at flowering and 193.62 cm final height.
Effect of planting distance. No significant differences were observed on the height
of plants as influenced by planting distance (Table 2). However, the height of plants
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
14
increased as the planting distance is narrowed.
Numerically, plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm have the tallest height with 69.52
cm at flowering and 136.640 cm final height. These were followed by plants spaced at 30
cm x 25 cm with a height of 67.82 cm at flowering and 134.4 cm final height. The
shortest plants were spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm with a height of 59.54 cm at flowering and
130.875 cm final height.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of variety and
planting distance on the height of plants. Plant spacing at 30 cm x 20 cm, however,
enhanced the highest plant height in both accessions.
Table 2. Plant height
TREATMENT
HEIGHT AT
FINAL HEIGHT (cm)
FLOWERING (cm)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
45.09b
72.902b
ICPL87119
84.60a
193.620a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
69.82a
136.640a
30cm x 25 cm
67.82a
134.400a
30cm x30cm
65.54a
132.930a
30cm x 35 cm
61.38a
131.465a
30cm x 40 cm
59.54a
130.875a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
15
Number of Lateral Branches
at Flowering
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Significant difference was noted between the two
accessions tested (Table 3). ICPL 87119 produced 10.70 branches while ICPL 87091
have 7.82 branches per plant.
Effect of planting distance. Planting distance significantly affected the number of
lateral branches at flowering (Table 3). Plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm produced the
highest number of branches which is 10.3 and plants that produced the least number of
branches were spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm.
It was observed that the wider the planting distance the more branches were
produced by each plant.
Table 3. Number of lateral branches at flowering
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF LATERAL BRANCHES
AT FLOWEING
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
7.820b
ICPL87119
10.700a
Effect of Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
8.245b
30cm x 25 cm
8.675ab
30cm x30cm
9.100ab
30cm x 35 cm
9.975ab
30cm x 40 cm
10.300a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
16
Accordingly, the degree of branching in dicotyledonous crops is determined by
plant population density. And in most seed crops, any variation among varieties in the
genetic potential for branching is normally masked by the effects of high plant population
density (Hay and Porter, 2006).
Interaction effect. The number of lateral branches produced per plant at flowering
was not significantly affected by the accession and planting distance.
Total Number of Harvests
Effect of pigeon pea accession. No significant difference was noted on the total
number of harvest as influenced by accession. Numerically, however, ICPL 87091 has
higher total number of harvests than ICPL 87119.
Effect of planting distance. Table 4 showed that no significant differences were
noted on pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 25 cm, 30cm x 30 cm and 30 cm
x 35 cm on the number of harvesting done. Numerically, however, plants spaced at 30 cm
x 30 cm and 30 cm x 25 cm have the highest number of harvesting which is 4.750. Plants
spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly differed from plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, 30
cm x 25 cm, and 30 cm x 30 cm.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect noted between the accession
and planting distance on the total number of harvesting done.
Number of Pods Produced per Plant, and
Seed Yield per Plant
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Table 5 shows the average number of pods
produced per plant and seed yield per plant. ICPL 87091 differ significantly from ICPL
87119 in the number of pods produced per plant. ICPL 87119 produced more pods with a
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
17
number of 38.661. However, there is no significant difference between the two
accessions in terms of yield per plant. ICPL 87119 produced a seed yield of 30.932 grams
while ICPL 87091 has a yield of 30.22 grams. Figure 4 shows the yield of pigeon peas as
affected by the different planting distance.
Effect of planting distance. No significant difference was noted in the number of
pods produced per plant and the average seed yield per plant as influenced by planting
distance as shown by Table 5.
However, plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm produced the highest number of pods,
and seed yield per plant. It produced 39.547 pods which yielded 32.61 gram seeds. The
least number of pods produced, and least seed yield is obtained from plants spaced at 30
cm x 20 cm.
Table 4. Total number of harvests
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF HARVESTS
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
4.44a
ICPL87119
4.10a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
4.75a
30cm x 25 cm
4.75a
30cm x30cm
4.50a
30cm x 35 cm
4.00a
30cm x 40 cm
3.35b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
18
30 cm x 20 cm 30 cm x 25 cm
30 cm x 30 cm 30 cm x 35 cm
30 cm x 40 cm
Figure 4. Yield of pigeon peas as affected by different planting distance
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
19
Table 5. Number of pods produced per plant, and seed yield per plant
TREATMENT
PODS PRODUCED PER SEED YIELD PER PLANT
PLANT
(g)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
35.550b
30.22a
ICPL87119
38.661a
30.932a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
33.245a
27.395a
30cm x 25 cm
35.987a
29.630a
30cm x30cm
37.972a
31.285a
30cm x 35 cm
38.778a
31.960a
30cm x 40 cm
39.547a
32.610a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
It was observed that the wider the planting distance the more pods is produced thus the
yield per plant is also increased.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between
the accessions and planting distance on the average number of pods produced per plant,
and the average yield per plant.
Seed Yield per Plot, and Computed Yield
Effect of pigeon pea accession. As shown in Table 6, the two accessions did not
differ in their seed yield per plot and computed yield. ICPL 87119 yielded 1.062
kilograms which is higher than ICPL 87091 having a yield of 1.032 kilograms per plot.
Computed yield of ICPL 87091 is 2.065 t/ha while ICPL 87119 has 2.123 t/ha.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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Table 6. Seed yield per plot, and computed yield
TREATMENT
SEED YIELD PER PLOT COMPUTED YIELD (t/ha)
(kg)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
1.032a
2.065a
ICPL87119
1.062a
2.123a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
1.370a
2.740a
30cm x 25 cm
1.186b
2.371ab
30cm x30cm
1.002c
2.003bc
30cm x 35 cm
0.895cd
1.791cd
30cm x 40 cm
0.783d
1.566d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Effect of planting distance. Significant difference was observed in the average
seed yield produced per plant and the computed yield (Table 6). It was also noted that the
wider the planting Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm significantly produced the
highest seed yield which is 1.370 kilograms, followed by plants spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm
which yielded 1.186 kilograms. Lowest seed yield per plot was obtained from plants
spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm, however; it did not differ significantly with plants spaced at 30
cm x 35 cm.
Similarly, plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, significantly produced the highest
computed yield which is 2.740 t/ha. This was followed by plants spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
21
having a computed yield of 2.003 t/ha. The lowest computed yield was produced by
plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm.
Similar study conducted in soy bean show that crops sown in narrow rows able to
achieve full light interception sooner and with lower leaf area index than those in wide
rows consequently have a higher yield (James, et al., 1996). Another study conducted
showed that yield of vegetable soy bean increased as distance was decreased (SeungSu
and ChangHo, 2008).
Close spacing in heading lettuce reduces head size and delays maturity but may
increase yield. Ear size and appearance of sweet corn are improved slightly at wider row
and plant spacing but the number of marketable ears per acre may be reduced (Swiader
and Ware, 2002).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between accession and planting
distance was exhibited on the yield per plot, and on the computed yield.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted on October 2008 to May 2009 at the Horticulture
Experimental Station, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the
effect of the different planting distance on the growth and yield of two accessions of
vegetable type pigeon pea and to determine the best planting distance for pigeon pea
production.
The result of the study showed significant difference on the two accessions of
pigeon pea which is the ICPL 87091 and ICPL 87119. ICPL 87091 flowered and was
harvested earlier. ICPL 87119 is taller, has more lateral branches and produced more
number of pods per plot. There was no significant difference between the two accessions
on the total number of harvests, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot and computed
yield.
Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly flowered earlier (77.375 days),
harvested earlier (121.875 days), and produced more number of lateral branches (10.3).
Plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm flowered the latest, thus were harvested the latest, and
has the least number of branches. Plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm have the lowest number
of harvesting done. There were no significant effect of planting distance on plant height,
number of pods produced per plant and seed yield per plant. Spacing pigeon peas at 30
cm x 20 cm produced the highest yield per plot (0.716 Kg) and is followed by plants
spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm. The lowest yield per plot was obtained from plants spaced at 30
cm x 40 cm.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
23
Result showed that the wider the planting distance the earlier the flowering and
harvesting, heights of plants are shortened, more branches are produced, more pods are
produced leading to higher yield per plant, and the seed yield per unit area and computed
yield is lower. In contrast, narrower spacing leads to late flowering and harvesting, taller
plants, less branches, lower number of pods produced per plant, and lower seed yield per
plant but higher yield per unit area and computed yield.
Conclusion
Results of the study showed that close spacing of pigeon peas leads to higher
yield per unit area and computed yield. Wider spacing leads to earlier flowering and
harvesting, more lateral branches, but lower yield per unit area.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, ICPL 87119 spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm have the
highest yield per unit area thus it is recommended. But then, ICPL 87091 has quite a
good performance which did not differ significantly with ICPL 87119.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
Asian Vegetable Research Development Center. 1990. Vegetable Production Training
Manual. Asian Vegetable Research Development Center. Shanhua, Tainan. P. 181
BALAS, M.A. 2005. Effect of Planting Distance on the Growth and Yield of Sugar
beets (Beta vulgaris L.)‘Detroit Dark Red’. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet
State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15
BARROGA, A.M.D. 2005. Utilization of Pigeon pea Grains in Food Processing.
Highlights 2005. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD P. 41
CAMLAS, R.C. 2008. Growth and Yield of Yacoon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) as
Affected by Planting Distance. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10
CHILDERS, N.F., H.F. WINTERS, P.S. ROBLES and H.K. PLANK.1950. Vegetable
Gardening in the Tropics. Washington D.C.: USDA. P. 47
DEGALA, J.E. 2003. Growth and Yield Performance of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
as Influenced by Distance of Planting. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 13
HARRIS, J. 1997. Planting and Seedling Tips Given. Cited in SHRESTHA, A.
(ed.).2003.Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New York, USA: Food
Product Press. P. 371
HAY, R.KM. and J.R. PORTER. 2006. The Physiology of Crop Yield. 2nd ed. Blackwell
Publishing. Oxford. Pp. 47-50
HESS, J.R., J.M. SVOBADA, R.L. HOSKINSON, DW. HEMPSTEAD and W.B.
JONES . 1999. Spatial Potato Seed Piece Placement Monitoring System. Cited
in SHRESTHA, A. (ed). 2003. Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New
York, USA: Food Product Press. P.31
HOLLAND, S. 1994. Potato Planting for Precise Seed Spacing. Cited in SHRESTHA,
A. (ed.). 2003. Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New York, USA: Food
Product Press. P. 371
HOLLAND, S.1991. Planter Performance: A Key to High Yield and Quality. Cited in
SHRESTHA, A. (ed.).2003.Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New York,
USA: Food Product Press. P.371
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November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
25
JAMES, A.T., R.J. LAWN and B.C. IMRIE.1996. Raising Soybean Yield through
Application of Crop Physiology to Agronomy and Breeding. Retrieved September
15, 2009. http: //www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1996/contributed/333james.htm
MABESA, R.C. and O.K. BAUTISTA. 1986. Vegetable Crop Production. Los Baños,
Laguna: College of Agriculture, UPLB. P. 63
MCDONALD, E. 1993. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of
Gardening. USA: Dorling Kindersley, Inc. P. 320
PRICE, M.L.1998. Pigeon
pea. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
http://www.echotech.org/mambo/images/DocMan/Pigeonpea
RUPP, J.N. and R.E. THORNTON. 1992. Seed Placement for Yield Quality. Cited in
SHRESTHA, A.
(ed.). 2003. Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New
York, USA: Food Product Press. P. 371
SALAM, M.A. and P.A. WAHID. 1993. Rooting Patterns of Tropical Crops. New Delhi:
Tata – McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited. P. 46
SEUNGSU, L. and K. CHANGHO. 2008. Effect of Planting Density on Growth and
Yield of Vegetable Soybean Varieties. Korean Journal of Crop Science 2008. Vol.
53 (No.1). Retrieved September 15, 2009. http://d.wanfangdata.com.
SWIADER, J.M. and G.W. WARE. 2002. Producing Vegetable Crops. 5th edition.
Danville, Illinois: Interstate Publishers, Inc. Pp. 355 -366, 507
VAN DER MAESEN, L.J.G. and S. SOMAATMADJA (ed.) 1990. Plant Resources
of Southeast Asia1. Netherlands: Pudoc/ ESCAP/ CGPRT. Pp. 39 – 40
WALLIS, E.S., R.F. WOOLCOCK and D.E. BYTH. 1988. Pigeon pea: Uses, Potential,
Production, Systems, and
Research. In: Potential for Pigeon pea in Thailand,
Indonesia and Burma. CGPRT No. 15. Indonesia: CGPRT Center.
WALLIS, E.S., D.E. BYTH and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1983. The ACIAR/ University of
Pigeon pea Improvement
Program. In: PERSLEY, G.J. (ed.). Tropical
Legume Improvement.
ACIAR Series No. 8. Australia: ACIAR. P. 49
WARE, G.W. and J.P. MCCOLLUM. 1980. Producing Vegetable Crops.3rdedition.
Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc. P. 119
WATTS, R. 1922. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Judd.P. 271
WILLIAMS, C.N. 1975. The Agronomy of the Major Tropical Crops. London: Oxford
University Press. Pp. 33, 46
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from transplanting to 50% flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
79
76
71
89
315
78.75
30 cm x 25 cm
75
74
76
80
305
76.25
30 cm x 30 cm
74
73
74
78
299
74.75
30 cm x 35 cm
73
70
75
75
293
73.25
30 cm x 40 cm
71
73
74
74
292
73.00
SUBTOTAL
372
366
370
396
1504
75.20
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
90
94
95
90
369
92.25
30 cm x 25 cm
87
87
94
88
356
89.00
30 cm x 30 cm
89
80
90
86
345
86.25
30 cm x 35 cm
87
76
88
89
340
85.00
30 cm x 40 cm
86
77
82
82
327
81.75
SUBTOTAL
439
414
449
435
1737
86.25
GRAND TOTAL
3241
GRAND MEAN
81.025
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
27
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
142.750
47.583
Accession(A)
1
1357.225 1357.225 103.3714** 4.21 7.68
Planting
4
318.350
79.588
6.0617**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
26.150
6.538
0.4979ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
354.500
13.1296
TOTAL
39
2198.975
56.384
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 4.47
ns - Not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
28
Appendix Table 2. Average height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
44.66
45.76
48.66
55.50
196.58
49.15
30 cm x 25 cm
49.80
43.42
45.54
46.02
184.78
46.20
30 cm x 30 cm
55.34
40.48
41.00
41.36
178.18
44.55
30 cm x 35 cm
48.90
40.50
43.00
38.2
170.60
42.65
30 cm x 40 cm
42.40
42.00
43.00
43.00
170.40
42.60
SUBTOTAL
241.10
212.16
221.20
224.08
900.54
45.03
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
90.50
89.16
92.35
89.90
361.91
90.48
30 cm x 25 cm
77.62
93.42
97.20
89.48
357.72
89.43
30 cm x 30 cm
79.00
90.20
90.80
86.10
346.10
86.53
30 cm x 35 cm
85.20
60.74
97.64
76.80
320.38
80.10
30 cm x 40 cm
82.22
57.16
87.40
79.10
305.88
76.47
SUBTOTAL
414.54
390.68
465.39
421.38
1691.99
84.60
GRAND TOTAL
2592.53
GRAND MEAN
64.82
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
29
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
100.136
33.379
Accession(A)
1
15659.828 15659.828 267.886**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
593.561
148.390
2.538ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
118.704
29.676
0.508ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
1578.349
58.457
TOTAL
39
18050.578
462.835
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 11.80
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
30
Appendix Table 3. Final height (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
73.00
74.00
71.00
80.80
299.60
74.90
30 cm x 25 cm
74.60
73.00
72.20
75.80
295.60
73.90
30 cm x 30 cm
85.60
73.20
70.60
65.50
294.90
73.73
30 cm x 35 cm
74.40
61.20
66.40
82.00
284.00
71.00
30 cm x 40 cm
70.00
78.50
65.40
70.00
283.90
70.98
SUBTOTAL
378.40
359.60
345.60
374.10
1458.00
72.902
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
188.90
194.60
204.20
205.82
793.52
198.38
30 cm x 25 cm
173.40
196.10
204.80
205.30
779.60
194.90
30 cm x 30 cm
186.90
186.40
201.80
193.40
768.50
192.13
30 cm x 35 cm
199.60
171.10
183.80
213.20
767.70
191.93
30 cm x 40 cm
186.50
203.10
184.36
189.12
763.08
190.77
SUBTOTAL
935.30
951.30
978.96 1006.84 3872.40
193.62
GRAND TOTAL
5330.40
GRAND MEAN
133.26
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
31
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
321.657
107.219
Accession(A)
1
145733.184 145733.184 1549.068**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
174.139
43.535
0.463ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
27.952
6.988
0.074ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
2540.11
94.078
TOTAL
39
148797.042 3815.309
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 7.28
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
32
Appendix Table 4. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
119
116
111
129
475
118.75
30 cm x 25 cm
115
114
116
120
465
116.25
30 cm x 30 cm
114
113
114
118
459
114.75
30 cm x 35 cm
113
111
115
115
454
113.50
30 cm x 40 cm
111
113
114
114
452
113.00
SUBTOTAL
572
567
570
596
2305
115.25
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
140
144
144
140
568
142.00
30 cm x 25 cm
137
137
144
137
555
138.75
30 cm x 30 cm
139
130
140
137
546
136.50
30 cm x 35 cm
137
126
137
139
539
134.75
30 cm x 40 cm
137
126
130
130
523
130.75
SUBTOTAL
690
663
695
683
2731
136.55
GRAND TOTAL
5036
GRAND MEAN
125.90
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
33
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
128.60
42.867
Accession(A)
1
4536.90
4536.90
324.157**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
336.10
84.025
6.004**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
36.10
9.025
0.645ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
377.90
13.996
TOTAL
39
5415.60
138.862
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 2.97
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
5.75
5.80
7.20
8.40
27.15
6.79
30 cm x 25 cm
8.20
5.20
8.20
6.40
28.00
7.00
30 cm x 30 cm
9.00
6.60
6.80
8.00
30.40
7.60
30 cm x 35 cm
9.00
8.60
7.00
9.80
34.40
8.60
30 cm x 40 cm
9.20
8.60
9.80
8.80
36.40
9.10
SUBTOTAL
41.15
34.80
39.00
41.40
156.35
7.82
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
9.40
11.00
7.40
11.00
38.80
9.70
30 cm x 25 cm
7.80
12.00
9.60
12.00
41.40
10.35
30 cm x 30 cm
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.40
42.40
10.60
30 cm x 35 cm
10.60
11.00
11.20
12.60
45.40
11.35
30 cm x 40 cm
11.00
11.00
11.80
12.20
46.00
11.50
SUBTOTAL
47.80
55.00
51.00
60.20
214.00
10.70
GRAND TOTAL
370.35
GRAND MEAN
9.26
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
35
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
10.892
3.631
Accession(A)
1
83.088
83.088
55.914**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
23.947
5.987
4.029*
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.968
0.242
0.163ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
40.109
1.486
Total
39
159.004
4.077
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 13.16
* - significant
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
36
Appendix Table 6. Total number of harvests
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
5
5
5
5
20
5.00
30 cm x 25 cm
6
5
5
4
20
5.00
30 cm x 30 cm
5
5
5
3
18
4.50
30 cm x 35 cm
5
4
4
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 40 cm
4
4
4
4
16
3.20
SUBTOTAl
25
23
23
21
92
4.44
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
4
5
5
4
18
4.50
30 cm x 25 cm
5
3
5
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 30 cm
5
4
4
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 35 cm
4
4
3
3
14
3.50
30 cm x 40 cm
4
3
4
3
14
3.50
SUBTOTAL
22
19
21
20
82
4.27
GRAND TOTAL
174
GRAND MEAN
4.27
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
37
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
2.100
0.700
Accession(A)
1
2.500
2.500
6.188*
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
6.600
1.650
4.084*
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
1.000
0.250
0.619ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
10.900
0.404
TOTAL
39
23.100
0.592
* -Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 14.89
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
38
Appendix Table 7. Average number of pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x20 cm
34.00
33.60
32.53
27.59
127.72
31.930
30 cm x 25 cm
40.40
34.80
30.93
27.83
133.96
33.490
30 cm x 30 cm
36.83
42.25
35.42
30.00
144.50
36.125
30 cm x 35 cm
40.05
34.81
38.05
36.48
149.39
37.348
30 cm x 40 cm
41.67
42.00
34.75
37.00
155.42
38.855
SUBTOTAL
192.95
187.46
171.68
158.90
710.99
35.550
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
42.00
40.00
30.00
26.24
138.24
34.560
30 cm x 25 cm
49.07
37.96
31.90
35.00
153.93
38.483
30 cm x 30 cm
52.32
50.40
33.00
23.55
159.27
39.818
30 cm x 35 cm
50.07
46.67
34.09
30.00
160.83
40.208
30 cm x 40 cm
50.00
48.00
35.00
27.95
160.95
40.238
SUBTOTAL
243.46
223.03
163.99
142.74
773.22
38.661
GRAND TOTAL
1484.21
GRAND MEAN
37.106
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
39
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
1189.694
396.565
Accession(A)
1
96.814
96.814
4.426*
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
205.268
51.317
2.346ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
14.321
3.580
0.164ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
590.577
21.873
TOTAL
39
2096.674
53.761
* - significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 12.60
ns – not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
40
Appendix Table 8. Average seed yield per plant (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
28.90
28.56
27.65
23.45
108.56
27.14
30 cm x 25 cm
34.34
29.58
26.29
23.66
113.87
28.47
30 cm x 30 cm
31.31
35.91
30.11
25.50
122.83
30.71
30 cm x 35 cm
34.04
29.59
32.34
31.02
126.99
31.75
30 cm x 40 cm
35.42
35.70
29.54
31.45
132.11
33.03
SUBTOTAL
164.01
159.34
145.93
135.08
604.36
30.22
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
33.60
32.00
24.00
20.99
110.59
27.65
30 cm x 25 cm
39.26
30.37
25.52
28.00
123.15
30.79
30 cm x 30 cm
41.86
40.32
26.40
18.84
127.42
31.86
30 cm x 35 cm
40.06
37.34
27.27
24.00
128.67
32.17
30 cm x 40 cm
40.00
38.40
28.00
22.36
128.76
32.19
SUBTOTAL
194.78
178.43
131.19
114.19
618.59
30.932
GRAND TOTAL
1222.95
GRAND MEAN
30.58
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
41
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
784.819
261.606
Accession(A)
1
5.062
5.062
0.365ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
140.515
35.129
2.531ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
10.607
2.652
0.191ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
374.827
13.882
TOTAL
39
1315.830
33.739
ns - not significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 12.18
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
42
Appendix Table 9. Average seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
1.445
1.428
1.383
1.173
5.429
1.357
30 cm x 25 cm
1.374
1.183
1.052
0.946
4.555
1.139
30 cm x 30 cm
1.002
1.149
0.964
0.816
3.931
0.983
30 cm x 35 cm
0.953
0.829
0.906
0.869
3.557
0.889
30 cm x 40 cm
0.850
0.857
0.709
0.755
3.171
0.793
SUBTOTAL
5.624
5.446
5.014
4.559
20.643
1.032
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
1.680
1.600
1.200
1.050
5.530
1.383
30 cm x 25 cm
1.570
1.215
1.021
1.120
4.926
1.232
30 cm x 30 cm
1.340
1.290
0.845
0.603
4.078
1.020
30 cm x 35 cm
1.122
1.046
0.764
0.672
3.604
0.901
30 cm x 40 cm
0.960
0.922
0.672
0.537
3.091
0.773
SUBTOTAL
6.672
6.073
4.502
3.982
21.229
1.062
GRAND TOTAL
41.872
GRAND MEAN
1.047
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
43
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
1.045
0.348
Accession(A)
1
0.009
0.009
0.818ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
1.747
0.437
39.727**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.013
0.003
0.273 ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
0.285
0.011
TOTAL
39
3.094
0.079
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 10.02
ns- not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
44
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield (t/ha)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
2.890
2.856
2.766
2.346
10.858
2.715
30 cm x 25 cm
2.748
2.366
2.104
1.892
9.110
2.278
30 cm x 30 cm
2.004
2.298
1.928
1.632
7.862
1.966
30 cm x 35 cm
1.906
1.658
1.812
1.738
7.114
1.779
30 cm x 40 cm
1.700
1.714
1.418
1.510
6.342
1.586
SUBTOTAL
11.248
10.892
10.028
9.118
41.286
2.065
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
3.360
3.200
2.400
2.100
11.060
2.765
30 cm x 25 cm
3.140
2.430
2.042
2.240
9.852
2.463
30 cm x 30 cm
2.680
2.580
1.690
1.206
8.156
2.039
30 cm x 35 cm
2.244
2.092
1.528
1.344
7.208
1.802
30 cm x 40 cm
1.920
1.844
1.344
1.074
6.182
1.546
SUBTOTAL
13.344
12.146
9.004
7.963
42.458
2.123
GRAND TOTAL
83.744
GRAND MEAN
2.094
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
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45
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3.626
1.209
Accession(A)
1
0.034
0.034
0.548ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
6.986
1.747
28.177**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.055
0.014
0.226 ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
1.674
0.062
TOTAL
39
12.375
0.317
** -Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 11.89
ns – not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
GALAO, AMIE B. APRIL 2010. Growth and Yield of Vegetable Type Pigeon
Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) as Affected by Planting Distance. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Benguet State University Horticulture Experimental
Station, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to May 2009 to determine the effect of
the different planting distance on the growth and yield of pigeon pea and to determine the
best planting distance for pigeon pea production. The study was carried out in factorial
experiment, with pigeon pea accessions as factor A and planting distance as factor B.
Two accessions of vegetable type pigeon pea were evaluated, ICPL 87091 and ICPL
87119, under five different planting distances.
Result of the study showed that ICPL 87091 significantly flowered and was
harvested earlier. ICPL 87119 on the other hand, were significantly taller, has more
lateral branches, and produced more pods per plant. No significant differences were noted
on the total number of harvests and on the yield between the two accessions of pigeon
pea.
Plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm grew taller and had the highest yield per plot.
Spacing pigeon peas at 30 cm x 40 cm leads to earlier flowering and harvesting.
No significant interaction effect between the variety and planting distance used
were noted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography .................................................................................................. i
Abstract .......................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ........................................................................................... ii
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pigeon Pea .................................................................... 3
Importance of Pigeon Pea .................................................................... 4
Climatic and Soil Requirement of Pigeon Pea ..................................... 5
Planting Distance ................................................................................. 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................. 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to 50% Flowering, and
Days to First Harvest ........................................................................... 11
Plant Height ......................................................................................... 13
Number of Lateral Branches at Flowering........................................... 15
Total Number of Harvests .................................................................... 16
Number of Pods Produced per Plant, and
Seed Yield per Plant............................................................................. 16
Seed Yield per Plot, and
Computed Yield ................................................................................... 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary .............................................................................................. 22
Conclusion ........................................................................................... 23
Recommendation ................................................................................. 23
LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................. 24
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 26
iii
INTRODUCTION
Pigeon pea is used in a wide diversity of farming systems internationally, mainly
involving subsistence agriculture (Wallis, et al., 1983). In the Philippines, this crop is of
local importance and is even regarded as “poor man’s crop” (Barroga, 2005).
The crop is chiefly grown for its nutritive value. It is even one of the most
important food sources in arid countries. In India, it is widely grown food legume next to
chickpea.
Among other food legume, pigeon pea could withstand drought and it can resist
lodging and shattering. However, it is also susceptible to water logging, frost, and insect
attack particularly pod borer.
Low yield is one problem that the farmers encounter in the production of pigeon
pea which could be attributed to various agro ecological and management constraints.
Thus, proper cultural management of pigeon pea should be determined such as the ideal
planting distance.
Determining the appropriate planting distance for pigeon pea could lead to
increase of yield with the maximum land utilization.
The results of the study would serve as a guide for farmers who are engaged or
who are interested in the production of pigeon pea as sole crop. It could also serve as
baseline information for other researchers who would like to improve the cultural practice
in growing this crop.
The study was conducted with the following objectives: to determine the
appropriate planting distance for vegetable type pigeon pea production; and to determine
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
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2
the effect of different planting distance on the growth and yield of vegetable type
pigeon pea.
This study was conducted at the Horticulture Experimental Station, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2008 to May 2009.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pigeon Pea
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is a glandular –
pubescent, short-lived perennial shrub that is usually grown as an annual crop. It has
many slender branches. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate and glandular punctuate.
Flowers are pseudocracemes, sometimes concentrated and synchronous, usually scattered
and flowering over a long period and papillionaceous. The fruits are straight or sickle-
shaped pod with globose to ellipsoid or squarish seeds (van der Maesen and
Somaatmadja, 1990).
Pigeon pea has a well developed tap root system which can extend very deep in
the soil and fix appreciable quantities of atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association
with rhizobia (Salam and Wahid, 1993).
Emergence is complete two to three weeks after sowing pigeon pea. Vegetative
development starts slow. After two to three months, growth accelerates. Flowering starts
56 to 210 days after sowing. The maturity of the crop ranges from 95 to 256 days in
normal conditions with rainy season and long days. With short days, growth in length is
less and flowering is accelerated (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
There are four general maturity duration of pigeon pea; extra short duration, short
duration, medium duration, and late duration. Extra short duration pigeon peas mature
120 – 140 days after sowing. Short duration varieties mature after 140 – 170 days after
sowing. Medium duration and late duration pigeon peas mature 160 – 190 days and 180 –
270 days after sowing, respectively (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
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Importance of Pigeon Pea
Pigeon pea is an important component of human nutrition, particularly vegetable-
based diet. Like other legumes, pigeon pea is important for its protein, carbohydrate and
mineral content (Wallis, et al., 1988).
Every 100 gram edible portion of pigeon pea dry seeds contain 7.0- 10.3 grams of
water, 14.0- 30.0 grams protein, 1.0- 9.0 grams of fat, 36.0- 65.8 grams carbohydrates,
5.94 grams fiber, and 3.08- 8.0 grams of ash. The fresh seeds also contribute vitamins
especially proVitamin A and vitamin B- complex (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja,
1990).
People use the seeds whole, dehulled, or as flour. In the Caribbean region, people
eat the seed as the popular green (immature) pea, but most is processed into “Dahl”, the
easily stored decorticated split pea (Price, 1998).
Pigeon pea is primarily used as pulse in India. However, use of fresh seeds and
even pods as vegetative sayors (spicy soups) and other side dishes is popular in Southeast
Asia. It has a potential in replacing soya bean in making tempeh and tahu (fermented
products) (van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
The plant’s woody stems are valuable as fire wood, thatch and fencing. The
leaves are important source of organic matter and nitrogen; adding as much as 40
kilograms per hectare to the soil (Price, 1998).
Pigeon pea is also a good hedge, shade and cover crop (van der Maesen and
Somaatmadja, 1990).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
5
Climatic and Soil Requirement
of Pigeon Pea
The crop grows in wide variety of soil and it grows well at low to moderately high
altitudes (Childers, et al., 1950).
The optimum temperature and rainfall requirement of pigeon pea ranges from
18 – 38 and 600 – 1000 mm/ year respectively. Drained soils with 5.0 – 7.0 pH are
favourable for production. It also tolerates electrical conductivity from 0.60 – 1.20 S/m
(van der Maesen and Somaatmadja, 1990).
Planting Distance
The ideal spacing and plant population are those that maximize yield and quality
without unduly increasing cost (AVRDC, 1990). Accordingly, as plant population per
unit area increases, the yield per unit also increase until the spacing is so close that
excessive competition between adjacent plants reduces the yield per plant (Mabesa and
Bautista, 1986).
Plant spacing in plant design allows enough space between plants so that they
have room to develop their full size (McDonald, 1993). Vegetables which have a narrow,
spreading root system and small top are planted closely because they could withstand
crowding and are not seriously injured by partial shade. However, plants with large
leaves, trailing vines, or fruit which require direct sunlight for proper development must
have more room (Ware and McCollum, 1980).
The proper distance between plants depends upon the variety, purpose of the crop,
fertility of the soil, method of cultivation, spraying and harvesting (Watts, 1922).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
6
Plant spacing greatly affects root shape and development in root crops. Increased
in spacing on carrots result in large roots and is suitable for processing. Close spacing in
beets produced small roots which is also desirable for processing. In heading lettuce,
planting distance affects head development and yield. Close spacing reduces head size
and delays maturity but may increase yield (Swiader and Ware, 2002).
In the case of sweet corn, wider row and plant spacing improved slightly the ear
size and the appearance, but the number of marketable ears per acre may be reduced.
Overcrowding may result to short ears and lack of tip fill (Swiader and Ware, 2002).
In potato production, it is essential to have a good stand of properly distributed
plants to achieve high yield and quality. Improper seed distribution and skips cause
varied plant growth and increased competition between individual plants (Hess, et al,
1999; Holland, 1991; Rupp and Thornton, 1992). By obtaining seed spacing accuracy of
75% or higher, farmers can expect a 5% to 10% yield increase and a 20% improvement
of crop quality (Hess et al., 1999; Harris, 1997; Holland, 1991, 1994).
Close spacing is used to increase and produce small fruits of pineapple for
canning; for the fresh fruit market, large fruit is often preferred thus wider spacing is
suitable (Williams, 1975).
Wider spacing in yacoon tends to promote earlier flowering that resulted to earlier
harvesting (Camlas, 2008).
Sugar beets spaced at 10 cm x 10 cm and 15 cm x 15 cm produced the heaviest
yield per plot compared to the plants spaced at 35 cm x 35 cm (Balas, 2005).
Spacing at 20 cm x 20 cm markedly increased the marketable and computed sprig
yield in sweet basil (Degala, 2003).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were pigeon pea seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,
irrigation implements, knapsack sprayer, weighing scale, measuring tools and identifying
tags.
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with four replications. Factor A
was the accessions while factor B was the planting distance. The treatments were as
follows:
Factor A (Accessions)
Factor B (Planting distance)
- ICPL 87091
- 30x20 cm
- ICPL 87119
-30x25 cm
-30x30 cm
-30x35 cm
-30x40 cm
Land preparation. An area of 200 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into
plots measuring 1 m x 5 m (Figure 1). The plots were levelled and holes were done based
on the planting distance specified in the treatments.
Planting. The seeds were germinated first in seed trays to ensure 100% field
emergence (Figure 2). Two week old seedlings were transplanted in the field.
Care and management. Weeding, fertilizer application, irrigation and crop
protection were employed to ensure optimum growth, development and yield of the crop.
Harvesting. Pigeon peas were hand harvested just before the pods start to lose
their green color.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
8
Figure 1. Overview of the prepared area for planting
ICPL 87119 ICPL 87091
Figure 2. Pigeon pea seedlings ready for transplanting
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
9
The data gathered were as follows:
A. Vegetative Phase
1. Days from planting to 50% flowering. This was taken when the plant
population reached 50% flowering by counting the number of days from transplanting to
flowering.
2. Average height at flowering (cm). This was taken during the flowering stage by
measuring the sample plants from the base of the stem to the tip of the plant.
3. Final height (cm). This was taken at full grown stage by measuring the sample
plant from the base of the stem to the tip of the plant.
4. Days from planting to first harvest. This was taken by counting the number of
days from transplanting to first harvest.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was taken during the
flowering stage by counting the lateral branches.
6. Total number of harvests. This is the total number of harvesting done in one
cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Average number of pods produced per plant. This is the total number of pods
produced, and this was computed by the formula;
2. Average yield per plant (g). The yield per sample plant was weighed and
computed using the formula;
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
10
3. Total yield per plot (kg). This is the total yield of experimental plot from the
first harvest up to the termination of the study.
4. Computed yield (t/ha). This is the yield per hectare. The total yield per plot is
converted to tons per hectare using the formula;
Yield (t/ha) = Yield (Kg/5 ) x 2
Where: 2 is a factor to convert Kg/5 to t/ha.
C. Documentation
The data gathered were subjected to variance analysis and mean separation test by
Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to 50% Flowering, and Days
to First Harvest
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Table 1 show the days from planting to 50%
flowering and days from planting to first harvest of the two accessions of pigeon pea.
Significant difference was noted between ICPL 87091 and ICPL87119 on number of
days from planting to flowering. Similarly, the days to first harvest were significantly
affected by the accession. ICPL 87091 flowered after 75.2 days and was harvested after
115.25 days while ICPL 87119 flowered after 86.5 days from planting; and green pods
were harvested after 136.55 days from planting. Figure 3 shows the two accessions of
pigeon pea at flowering and fruiting stage.
Effect of planting distance. Significant differences were observed on the effect of
the different planting distances on pigeon pea flowering (Table 1).
Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly flowered earlier with a mean
of 77.375 days and green pods were harvested after 121.875 days. This was followed by
plants spaced at 30 cm x 35 cm, 30 cm x30 cm, and 30 cm x25 cm which did not differ
significantly with each other and plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm. Plants spaced at 30 cm
x 20 cm were the latest to flower at 85.50 days and green pods were harvested after 130.
375 days.
Results showed that as the spacing is widened, the plants flowered earlier and was
also harvested earlier.
The results coincide with the study in yacoon wherein plants at wider spacing
flowered earlier and were harvested earlier (Camlas, 2008).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
12
ICPL 87091
ICPL 87119
Figure 3. Pigeon pea accessions at flowering and fruiting stage
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
13
Table 1. Days to 50% flowering, and days to first harvest
TREATMENT
DAYS TO 50%
DAYS TO FIRST
FLOWERING
HARVEST
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
75.20b
115.25b
ICPL87119
86.50a
136.55a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
85.50a
130.375a
30cm x 25 cm
82.625ab
127.500ab
30cm x30cm
80.50ab
125.625ab
30cm x 35 cm
79.125ab
124.125ab
30cm x 40 cm
77.375b
121.875b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of the accession and
planting distance on the number of days to 50% flowering, and days to first harvest.
Plant Height
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Accession ICPL 87119 was significantly taller
than ICPL 87091 at flowering and at final height (Table 2). ICPL 87091 has a height of
45.09 cm at flowering and 72.902 cm final height while ICPL 87119 has a height of
84.60 cm at flowering and 193.62 cm final height.
Effect of planting distance. No significant differences were observed on the height
of plants as influenced by planting distance (Table 2). However, the height of plants
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
14
increased as the planting distance is narrowed.
Numerically, plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm have the tallest height with 69.52
cm at flowering and 136.640 cm final height. These were followed by plants spaced at 30
cm x 25 cm with a height of 67.82 cm at flowering and 134.4 cm final height. The
shortest plants were spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm with a height of 59.54 cm at flowering and
130.875 cm final height.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of variety and
planting distance on the height of plants. Plant spacing at 30 cm x 20 cm, however,
enhanced the highest plant height in both accessions.
Table 2. Plant height
TREATMENT
HEIGHT AT
FINAL HEIGHT (cm)
FLOWERING (cm)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
45.09b
72.902b
ICPL87119
84.60a
193.620a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
69.82a
136.640a
30cm x 25 cm
67.82a
134.400a
30cm x30cm
65.54a
132.930a
30cm x 35 cm
61.38a
131.465a
30cm x 40 cm
59.54a
130.875a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
15
Number of Lateral Branches
at Flowering
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Significant difference was noted between the two
accessions tested (Table 3). ICPL 87119 produced 10.70 branches while ICPL 87091
have 7.82 branches per plant.
Effect of planting distance. Planting distance significantly affected the number of
lateral branches at flowering (Table 3). Plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm produced the
highest number of branches which is 10.3 and plants that produced the least number of
branches were spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm.
It was observed that the wider the planting distance the more branches were
produced by each plant.
Table 3. Number of lateral branches at flowering
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF LATERAL BRANCHES
AT FLOWEING
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
7.820b
ICPL87119
10.700a
Effect of Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
8.245b
30cm x 25 cm
8.675ab
30cm x30cm
9.100ab
30cm x 35 cm
9.975ab
30cm x 40 cm
10.300a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
16
Accordingly, the degree of branching in dicotyledonous crops is determined by
plant population density. And in most seed crops, any variation among varieties in the
genetic potential for branching is normally masked by the effects of high plant population
density (Hay and Porter, 2006).
Interaction effect. The number of lateral branches produced per plant at flowering
was not significantly affected by the accession and planting distance.
Total Number of Harvests
Effect of pigeon pea accession. No significant difference was noted on the total
number of harvest as influenced by accession. Numerically, however, ICPL 87091 has
higher total number of harvests than ICPL 87119.
Effect of planting distance. Table 4 showed that no significant differences were
noted on pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 25 cm, 30cm x 30 cm and 30 cm
x 35 cm on the number of harvesting done. Numerically, however, plants spaced at 30 cm
x 30 cm and 30 cm x 25 cm have the highest number of harvesting which is 4.750. Plants
spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly differed from plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, 30
cm x 25 cm, and 30 cm x 30 cm.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect noted between the accession
and planting distance on the total number of harvesting done.
Number of Pods Produced per Plant, and
Seed Yield per Plant
Effect of pigeon pea accession. Table 5 shows the average number of pods
produced per plant and seed yield per plant. ICPL 87091 differ significantly from ICPL
87119 in the number of pods produced per plant. ICPL 87119 produced more pods with a
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
17
number of 38.661. However, there is no significant difference between the two
accessions in terms of yield per plant. ICPL 87119 produced a seed yield of 30.932 grams
while ICPL 87091 has a yield of 30.22 grams. Figure 4 shows the yield of pigeon peas as
affected by the different planting distance.
Effect of planting distance. No significant difference was noted in the number of
pods produced per plant and the average seed yield per plant as influenced by planting
distance as shown by Table 5.
However, plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm produced the highest number of pods,
and seed yield per plant. It produced 39.547 pods which yielded 32.61 gram seeds. The
least number of pods produced, and least seed yield is obtained from plants spaced at 30
cm x 20 cm.
Table 4. Total number of harvests
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF HARVESTS
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
4.44a
ICPL87119
4.10a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
4.75a
30cm x 25 cm
4.75a
30cm x30cm
4.50a
30cm x 35 cm
4.00a
30cm x 40 cm
3.35b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
18
30 cm x 20 cm 30 cm x 25 cm
30 cm x 30 cm 30 cm x 35 cm
30 cm x 40 cm
Figure 4. Yield of pigeon peas as affected by different planting distance
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
19
Table 5. Number of pods produced per plant, and seed yield per plant
TREATMENT
PODS PRODUCED PER SEED YIELD PER PLANT
PLANT
(g)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
35.550b
30.22a
ICPL87119
38.661a
30.932a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
33.245a
27.395a
30cm x 25 cm
35.987a
29.630a
30cm x30cm
37.972a
31.285a
30cm x 35 cm
38.778a
31.960a
30cm x 40 cm
39.547a
32.610a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
It was observed that the wider the planting distance the more pods is produced thus the
yield per plant is also increased.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between
the accessions and planting distance on the average number of pods produced per plant,
and the average yield per plant.
Seed Yield per Plot, and Computed Yield
Effect of pigeon pea accession. As shown in Table 6, the two accessions did not
differ in their seed yield per plot and computed yield. ICPL 87119 yielded 1.062
kilograms which is higher than ICPL 87091 having a yield of 1.032 kilograms per plot.
Computed yield of ICPL 87091 is 2.065 t/ha while ICPL 87119 has 2.123 t/ha.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
20
Table 6. Seed yield per plot, and computed yield
TREATMENT
SEED YIELD PER PLOT COMPUTED YIELD (t/ha)
(kg)
Pigeon Pea Accession
ICPL 87091
1.032a
2.065a
ICPL87119
1.062a
2.123a
Planting Distance
30cm x20 cm
1.370a
2.740a
30cm x 25 cm
1.186b
2.371ab
30cm x30cm
1.002c
2.003bc
30cm x 35 cm
0.895cd
1.791cd
30cm x 40 cm
0.783d
1.566d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Effect of planting distance. Significant difference was observed in the average
seed yield produced per plant and the computed yield (Table 6). It was also noted that the
wider the planting Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm significantly produced the
highest seed yield which is 1.370 kilograms, followed by plants spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm
which yielded 1.186 kilograms. Lowest seed yield per plot was obtained from plants
spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm, however; it did not differ significantly with plants spaced at 30
cm x 35 cm.
Similarly, plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm, significantly produced the highest
computed yield which is 2.740 t/ha. This was followed by plants spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
21
having a computed yield of 2.003 t/ha. The lowest computed yield was produced by
plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm.
Similar study conducted in soy bean show that crops sown in narrow rows able to
achieve full light interception sooner and with lower leaf area index than those in wide
rows consequently have a higher yield (James, et al., 1996). Another study conducted
showed that yield of vegetable soy bean increased as distance was decreased (SeungSu
and ChangHo, 2008).
Close spacing in heading lettuce reduces head size and delays maturity but may
increase yield. Ear size and appearance of sweet corn are improved slightly at wider row
and plant spacing but the number of marketable ears per acre may be reduced (Swiader
and Ware, 2002).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between accession and planting
distance was exhibited on the yield per plot, and on the computed yield.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted on October 2008 to May 2009 at the Horticulture
Experimental Station, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the
effect of the different planting distance on the growth and yield of two accessions of
vegetable type pigeon pea and to determine the best planting distance for pigeon pea
production.
The result of the study showed significant difference on the two accessions of
pigeon pea which is the ICPL 87091 and ICPL 87119. ICPL 87091 flowered and was
harvested earlier. ICPL 87119 is taller, has more lateral branches and produced more
number of pods per plot. There was no significant difference between the two accessions
on the total number of harvests, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot and computed
yield.
Pigeon peas spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm significantly flowered earlier (77.375 days),
harvested earlier (121.875 days), and produced more number of lateral branches (10.3).
Plants spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm flowered the latest, thus were harvested the latest, and
has the least number of branches. Plants spaced at 30 cm x 40 cm have the lowest number
of harvesting done. There were no significant effect of planting distance on plant height,
number of pods produced per plant and seed yield per plant. Spacing pigeon peas at 30
cm x 20 cm produced the highest yield per plot (0.716 Kg) and is followed by plants
spaced at 30 cm x 25 cm. The lowest yield per plot was obtained from plants spaced at 30
cm x 40 cm.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
23
Result showed that the wider the planting distance the earlier the flowering and
harvesting, heights of plants are shortened, more branches are produced, more pods are
produced leading to higher yield per plant, and the seed yield per unit area and computed
yield is lower. In contrast, narrower spacing leads to late flowering and harvesting, taller
plants, less branches, lower number of pods produced per plant, and lower seed yield per
plant but higher yield per unit area and computed yield.
Conclusion
Results of the study showed that close spacing of pigeon peas leads to higher
yield per unit area and computed yield. Wider spacing leads to earlier flowering and
harvesting, more lateral branches, but lower yield per unit area.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, ICPL 87119 spaced at 30 cm x 20 cm have the
highest yield per unit area thus it is recommended. But then, ICPL 87091 has quite a
good performance which did not differ significantly with ICPL 87119.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
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BARROGA, A.M.D. 2005. Utilization of Pigeon pea Grains in Food Processing.
Highlights 2005. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD P. 41
CAMLAS, R.C. 2008. Growth and Yield of Yacoon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) as
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University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10
CHILDERS, N.F., H.F. WINTERS, P.S. ROBLES and H.K. PLANK.1950. Vegetable
Gardening in the Tropics. Washington D.C.: USDA. P. 47
DEGALA, J.E. 2003. Growth and Yield Performance of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
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University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 13
HARRIS, J. 1997. Planting and Seedling Tips Given. Cited in SHRESTHA, A.
(ed.).2003.Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New York, USA: Food
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HESS, J.R., J.M. SVOBADA, R.L. HOSKINSON, DW. HEMPSTEAD and W.B.
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HOLLAND, S.1991. Planter Performance: A Key to High Yield and Quality. Cited in
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USA: Food Product Press. P.371
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25
JAMES, A.T., R.J. LAWN and B.C. IMRIE.1996. Raising Soybean Yield through
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15, 2009. http: //www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1996/contributed/333james.htm
MABESA, R.C. and O.K. BAUTISTA. 1986. Vegetable Crop Production. Los Baños,
Laguna: College of Agriculture, UPLB. P. 63
MCDONALD, E. 1993. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of
Gardening. USA: Dorling Kindersley, Inc. P. 320
PRICE, M.L.1998. Pigeon
pea. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
http://www.echotech.org/mambo/images/DocMan/Pigeonpea
RUPP, J.N. and R.E. THORNTON. 1992. Seed Placement for Yield Quality. Cited in
SHRESTHA, A.
(ed.). 2003. Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances. New
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SALAM, M.A. and P.A. WAHID. 1993. Rooting Patterns of Tropical Crops. New Delhi:
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WALLIS, E.S., R.F. WOOLCOCK and D.E. BYTH. 1988. Pigeon pea: Uses, Potential,
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Indonesia and Burma. CGPRT No. 15. Indonesia: CGPRT Center.
WALLIS, E.S., D.E. BYTH and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1983. The ACIAR/ University of
Pigeon pea Improvement
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ACIAR Series No. 8. Australia: ACIAR. P. 49
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Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc. P. 119
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WILLIAMS, C.N. 1975. The Agronomy of the Major Tropical Crops. London: Oxford
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Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from transplanting to 50% flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
79
76
71
89
315
78.75
30 cm x 25 cm
75
74
76
80
305
76.25
30 cm x 30 cm
74
73
74
78
299
74.75
30 cm x 35 cm
73
70
75
75
293
73.25
30 cm x 40 cm
71
73
74
74
292
73.00
SUBTOTAL
372
366
370
396
1504
75.20
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
90
94
95
90
369
92.25
30 cm x 25 cm
87
87
94
88
356
89.00
30 cm x 30 cm
89
80
90
86
345
86.25
30 cm x 35 cm
87
76
88
89
340
85.00
30 cm x 40 cm
86
77
82
82
327
81.75
SUBTOTAL
439
414
449
435
1737
86.25
GRAND TOTAL
3241
GRAND MEAN
81.025
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
27
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
142.750
47.583
Accession(A)
1
1357.225 1357.225 103.3714** 4.21 7.68
Planting
4
318.350
79.588
6.0617**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
26.150
6.538
0.4979ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
354.500
13.1296
TOTAL
39
2198.975
56.384
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 4.47
ns - Not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
28
Appendix Table 2. Average height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
44.66
45.76
48.66
55.50
196.58
49.15
30 cm x 25 cm
49.80
43.42
45.54
46.02
184.78
46.20
30 cm x 30 cm
55.34
40.48
41.00
41.36
178.18
44.55
30 cm x 35 cm
48.90
40.50
43.00
38.2
170.60
42.65
30 cm x 40 cm
42.40
42.00
43.00
43.00
170.40
42.60
SUBTOTAL
241.10
212.16
221.20
224.08
900.54
45.03
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
90.50
89.16
92.35
89.90
361.91
90.48
30 cm x 25 cm
77.62
93.42
97.20
89.48
357.72
89.43
30 cm x 30 cm
79.00
90.20
90.80
86.10
346.10
86.53
30 cm x 35 cm
85.20
60.74
97.64
76.80
320.38
80.10
30 cm x 40 cm
82.22
57.16
87.40
79.10
305.88
76.47
SUBTOTAL
414.54
390.68
465.39
421.38
1691.99
84.60
GRAND TOTAL
2592.53
GRAND MEAN
64.82
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
29
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
100.136
33.379
Accession(A)
1
15659.828 15659.828 267.886**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
593.561
148.390
2.538ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
118.704
29.676
0.508ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
1578.349
58.457
TOTAL
39
18050.578
462.835
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 11.80
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
30
Appendix Table 3. Final height (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
73.00
74.00
71.00
80.80
299.60
74.90
30 cm x 25 cm
74.60
73.00
72.20
75.80
295.60
73.90
30 cm x 30 cm
85.60
73.20
70.60
65.50
294.90
73.73
30 cm x 35 cm
74.40
61.20
66.40
82.00
284.00
71.00
30 cm x 40 cm
70.00
78.50
65.40
70.00
283.90
70.98
SUBTOTAL
378.40
359.60
345.60
374.10
1458.00
72.902
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
188.90
194.60
204.20
205.82
793.52
198.38
30 cm x 25 cm
173.40
196.10
204.80
205.30
779.60
194.90
30 cm x 30 cm
186.90
186.40
201.80
193.40
768.50
192.13
30 cm x 35 cm
199.60
171.10
183.80
213.20
767.70
191.93
30 cm x 40 cm
186.50
203.10
184.36
189.12
763.08
190.77
SUBTOTAL
935.30
951.30
978.96 1006.84 3872.40
193.62
GRAND TOTAL
5330.40
GRAND MEAN
133.26
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
31
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
321.657
107.219
Accession(A)
1
145733.184 145733.184 1549.068**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
174.139
43.535
0.463ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
27.952
6.988
0.074ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
2540.11
94.078
TOTAL
39
148797.042 3815.309
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 7.28
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
32
Appendix Table 4. Days from planting to first harvest
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
119
116
111
129
475
118.75
30 cm x 25 cm
115
114
116
120
465
116.25
30 cm x 30 cm
114
113
114
118
459
114.75
30 cm x 35 cm
113
111
115
115
454
113.50
30 cm x 40 cm
111
113
114
114
452
113.00
SUBTOTAL
572
567
570
596
2305
115.25
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
140
144
144
140
568
142.00
30 cm x 25 cm
137
137
144
137
555
138.75
30 cm x 30 cm
139
130
140
137
546
136.50
30 cm x 35 cm
137
126
137
139
539
134.75
30 cm x 40 cm
137
126
130
130
523
130.75
SUBTOTAL
690
663
695
683
2731
136.55
GRAND TOTAL
5036
GRAND MEAN
125.90
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
33
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
128.60
42.867
Accession(A)
1
4536.90
4536.90
324.157**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
336.10
84.025
6.004**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
36.10
9.025
0.645ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
377.90
13.996
TOTAL
39
5415.60
138.862
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 2.97
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
5.75
5.80
7.20
8.40
27.15
6.79
30 cm x 25 cm
8.20
5.20
8.20
6.40
28.00
7.00
30 cm x 30 cm
9.00
6.60
6.80
8.00
30.40
7.60
30 cm x 35 cm
9.00
8.60
7.00
9.80
34.40
8.60
30 cm x 40 cm
9.20
8.60
9.80
8.80
36.40
9.10
SUBTOTAL
41.15
34.80
39.00
41.40
156.35
7.82
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
9.40
11.00
7.40
11.00
38.80
9.70
30 cm x 25 cm
7.80
12.00
9.60
12.00
41.40
10.35
30 cm x 30 cm
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.40
42.40
10.60
30 cm x 35 cm
10.60
11.00
11.20
12.60
45.40
11.35
30 cm x 40 cm
11.00
11.00
11.80
12.20
46.00
11.50
SUBTOTAL
47.80
55.00
51.00
60.20
214.00
10.70
GRAND TOTAL
370.35
GRAND MEAN
9.26
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
35
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
10.892
3.631
Accession(A)
1
83.088
83.088
55.914**
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
23.947
5.987
4.029*
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.968
0.242
0.163ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
40.109
1.486
Total
39
159.004
4.077
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 13.16
* - significant
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
36
Appendix Table 6. Total number of harvests
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
5
5
5
5
20
5.00
30 cm x 25 cm
6
5
5
4
20
5.00
30 cm x 30 cm
5
5
5
3
18
4.50
30 cm x 35 cm
5
4
4
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 40 cm
4
4
4
4
16
3.20
SUBTOTAl
25
23
23
21
92
4.44
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
4
5
5
4
18
4.50
30 cm x 25 cm
5
3
5
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 30 cm
5
4
4
5
18
4.50
30 cm x 35 cm
4
4
3
3
14
3.50
30 cm x 40 cm
4
3
4
3
14
3.50
SUBTOTAL
22
19
21
20
82
4.27
GRAND TOTAL
174
GRAND MEAN
4.27
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
37
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
2.100
0.700
Accession(A)
1
2.500
2.500
6.188*
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
6.600
1.650
4.084*
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
1.000
0.250
0.619ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
10.900
0.404
TOTAL
39
23.100
0.592
* -Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 14.89
ns - not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
38
Appendix Table 7. Average number of pods produced per plant
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x20 cm
34.00
33.60
32.53
27.59
127.72
31.930
30 cm x 25 cm
40.40
34.80
30.93
27.83
133.96
33.490
30 cm x 30 cm
36.83
42.25
35.42
30.00
144.50
36.125
30 cm x 35 cm
40.05
34.81
38.05
36.48
149.39
37.348
30 cm x 40 cm
41.67
42.00
34.75
37.00
155.42
38.855
SUBTOTAL
192.95
187.46
171.68
158.90
710.99
35.550
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
42.00
40.00
30.00
26.24
138.24
34.560
30 cm x 25 cm
49.07
37.96
31.90
35.00
153.93
38.483
30 cm x 30 cm
52.32
50.40
33.00
23.55
159.27
39.818
30 cm x 35 cm
50.07
46.67
34.09
30.00
160.83
40.208
30 cm x 40 cm
50.00
48.00
35.00
27.95
160.95
40.238
SUBTOTAL
243.46
223.03
163.99
142.74
773.22
38.661
GRAND TOTAL
1484.21
GRAND MEAN
37.106
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
39
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
1189.694
396.565
Accession(A)
1
96.814
96.814
4.426*
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
205.268
51.317
2.346ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
14.321
3.580
0.164ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
590.577
21.873
TOTAL
39
2096.674
53.761
* - significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 12.60
ns – not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
40
Appendix Table 8. Average seed yield per plant (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
28.90
28.56
27.65
23.45
108.56
27.14
30 cm x 25 cm
34.34
29.58
26.29
23.66
113.87
28.47
30 cm x 30 cm
31.31
35.91
30.11
25.50
122.83
30.71
30 cm x 35 cm
34.04
29.59
32.34
31.02
126.99
31.75
30 cm x 40 cm
35.42
35.70
29.54
31.45
132.11
33.03
SUBTOTAL
164.01
159.34
145.93
135.08
604.36
30.22
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
33.60
32.00
24.00
20.99
110.59
27.65
30 cm x 25 cm
39.26
30.37
25.52
28.00
123.15
30.79
30 cm x 30 cm
41.86
40.32
26.40
18.84
127.42
31.86
30 cm x 35 cm
40.06
37.34
27.27
24.00
128.67
32.17
30 cm x 40 cm
40.00
38.40
28.00
22.36
128.76
32.19
SUBTOTAL
194.78
178.43
131.19
114.19
618.59
30.932
GRAND TOTAL
1222.95
GRAND MEAN
30.58
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
41
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
784.819
261.606
Accession(A)
1
5.062
5.062
0.365ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
140.515
35.129
2.531ns
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
10.607
2.652
0.191ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
374.827
13.882
TOTAL
39
1315.830
33.739
ns - not significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 12.18
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
42
Appendix Table 9. Average seed yield per plot (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
1.445
1.428
1.383
1.173
5.429
1.357
30 cm x 25 cm
1.374
1.183
1.052
0.946
4.555
1.139
30 cm x 30 cm
1.002
1.149
0.964
0.816
3.931
0.983
30 cm x 35 cm
0.953
0.829
0.906
0.869
3.557
0.889
30 cm x 40 cm
0.850
0.857
0.709
0.755
3.171
0.793
SUBTOTAL
5.624
5.446
5.014
4.559
20.643
1.032
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
1.680
1.600
1.200
1.050
5.530
1.383
30 cm x 25 cm
1.570
1.215
1.021
1.120
4.926
1.232
30 cm x 30 cm
1.340
1.290
0.845
0.603
4.078
1.020
30 cm x 35 cm
1.122
1.046
0.764
0.672
3.604
0.901
30 cm x 40 cm
0.960
0.922
0.672
0.537
3.091
0.773
SUBTOTAL
6.672
6.073
4.502
3.982
21.229
1.062
GRAND TOTAL
41.872
GRAND MEAN
1.047
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
43
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
1.045
0.348
Accession(A)
1
0.009
0.009
0.818ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
1.747
0.437
39.727**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.013
0.003
0.273 ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
0.285
0.011
TOTAL
39
3.094
0.079
**- Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 10.02
ns- not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
44
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield (t/ha)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
ICPL 87091
30 cm x 20 cm
2.890
2.856
2.766
2.346
10.858
2.715
30 cm x 25 cm
2.748
2.366
2.104
1.892
9.110
2.278
30 cm x 30 cm
2.004
2.298
1.928
1.632
7.862
1.966
30 cm x 35 cm
1.906
1.658
1.812
1.738
7.114
1.779
30 cm x 40 cm
1.700
1.714
1.418
1.510
6.342
1.586
SUBTOTAL
11.248
10.892
10.028
9.118
41.286
2.065
ICPL 87119
30 cm x 20 cm
3.360
3.200
2.400
2.100
11.060
2.765
30 cm x 25 cm
3.140
2.430
2.042
2.240
9.852
2.463
30 cm x 30 cm
2.680
2.580
1.690
1.206
8.156
2.039
30 cm x 35 cm
2.244
2.092
1.528
1.344
7.208
1.802
30 cm x 40 cm
1.920
1.844
1.344
1.074
6.182
1.546
SUBTOTAL
13.344
12.146
9.004
7.963
42.458
2.123
GRAND TOTAL
83.744
GRAND MEAN
2.094
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
45
ANOVA TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3.626
1.209
Accession(A)
1
0.034
0.034
0.548ns
4.21 7.68
Planting
4
6.986
1.747
28.177**
2.73 4.11
Distance(B)
AxB
4
0.055
0.014
0.226 ns
2.73 4.11
Error
27
1.674
0.062
TOTAL
39
12.375
0.317
** -Highly significant Coefficient of variation (%) = 11.89
ns – not significant
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield of Vegetable Type PigeonPea (Cajanus cajan L.) as Affected by Planting Distance
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Pigeon Pea
- Importance of Pigeon Pea
- Climatic and Soil Requirementof Pigeon Pea
- Planting Distance
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days to 50% Flowering, and Daysto First Harvest
- Plant Height
- Number of Lateral Branchesat Flowering
- Total Number of Harvests
- Number of Pods Produced per Plant, andSeed Yield per Plant
- Seed Yield per Plot, and Computed Yield
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES