BIBLIOGRAPHY MAGCELO, MARY M. APRIL 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAGCELO, MARY M. APRIL 2010. Postharvest Characteristics of Calla Lily as
Affected by Different Holding Solutions. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the best holding solutions that can
effectively prolong the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers; and to determine the best holding
solutions/s that can further prolong the opening of calla lily.
Calla lily were held in different holding solutions containing distilled water only;
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5
ml chlorox/ li water; 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water; 150 ppm
ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water.
Results show that distilled water only is the best for calla lily cutflowers in
prolonging the vaselife and exhibits good stem quality.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………… .
3
The Plant…………………………………………………………….
3
Floral Preservatives………………………………………………….
4
Longevity of the Flower……………………………………………..
4
Senescence…………………………………………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………… 11
Vaselife (days)………………………………………………………
11
Initial and final pH of the holding
Solution……………………………………………………………...
12
Stem quality rating…………………………………………………. .
13
Temperature (°C)…………………………………………………….
15
Number of days from immersion of the
stem ends to full flower opening…………………………………… .
16
Number of days from full flower
opening to onset of senescence…………………………………….. .
17
ii
Flower opening index………………………………………………..
19
Volume of solution taken up (ml)……………………………………
21
Maximum flower diameter attained (cm)……………………………
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..
24
Recommendation……………………………………………………
24
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. .
25
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………
26
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Calla lilies are known as the arum lily, this elegant, trumpet shaped blossom
originated in Africa and symbolizes “magnificent beauty” in the language of flowers. It is
unique and elegant flowering plant that makes a spectacular addition to the home garden.
They are also very popular for bridal bouquets and cut flower arrangement. Calla lilies
are quite common; the white callas referred to as the local indigenous calla lilies that are
grown in Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mt. Province. These plants are also
available in an array of beautiful colors including shades of green, pink, purple, yellow,
and orange. Callas are large flowers with thick, waxy petals and solitary 6-8 inch flower
heads that make excellent cutflowers and blooming petals. Considering the fact that calla
lilies grow from funny-looking knobby tubers, its difficult to believe that each will
produces 10-30 elegant sculptural flowers.
Calla lily of the genus Zanthedeschia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the same habit and cultural requirement as
found in the liliums. There are six known species of the genus such as Zanthedeschia
aethipica, the common white calla lily; Zanthedeschia elliottiana, the yellow calla;
Zanthedeschia albumaculata, the cream flowers; Zanthedeschia peantandii, deciduous
or gold; Zanthedeschia rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Zanthedeschia jucanda,
deciduous flower and spotted, but not use as horticultural.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
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The study was conducted to determine the best holding solutions that can
effectively prolong the vaselife of calla lily; and to determine the best holding solution/s
that can further prolong the opening of calla lily cutflowers.
The study gave additional information to farmers and florists in prolonging the
vaselife of calla lily by using holding solutions for newly harvested calla lily.
Many research findings claim that solutions when properly used will delay
wilting, discoloration, yellowing of leaves of some cutflowers which will ultimately
delay senescence, thus prolonging vaselife.
Postharvest techniques to prolong vaselife are important in cutflower production
and marketing in advanced countries. Cutflowers are stored using either controlled
atmosphere and refrigerated storage trucks and vans along with preservatives for opening
and lengthening the life of cutflowers.
Sucrose is important in the holding solution of cutflower. Sucrose is the most
common food source used in floral preservatives. It provides energy to sustain flowers
longer and to open flower in the bud stage. One to two percent sucrose is the standard
amount used in floral preservatives.
The study was conducted at the Floriculture Room, College of Agriculture,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from March 05 to March 23, 2010.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
Calla lily of the genus Zanthedeschia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the habit and cultural requirements as
found in the liliums.
There are six known species of the genus such as Zanthedeschia. aethiopiea, the
common white calla lily; Zanthedeschia elliottiana, the yellow calla; Zanthedeschia
albumaculata, the cream flowers; Zanthedeschia peantandii, deciduous or gold;
Zanthedeschia rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Zanthedeschia jucanda,
deciduous flower and spotted.
Cut flower yield is dependent on cultivar, tuber size and growth regulator
applications. One to three flowers can be exceeded from 1-5 diameters tuber. The flowers
are green at macobud stage and gain full color upon opening. After pollination flowers
often depend on the color, begin to re-green and close (Rimando, 1982).
Floral preservatives
Floral preservatives are needed to prolong the vase life of all cut flowers. Its
component contains carbohydrates, germicides, ethylene inhibitors, growth regulator, and
some mineral compounds. Flowers remain fresh longer if they are placed in a floral
preservative solution. Such solutions should be prepared according to the instructions on
the package. It is important not to exceed the recommended dosage, for too high
concentration of the preservative may be harmful to flowers. The floral preservative
should not be used for flowers other than those mentioned in the manufacturers instruct
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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should not be used for flowers other than those mentioned in the manufacturers
instructions. (Nowak and Rudnicki, 1997).
Nicholas (1973), found that sucrose is the major component of floral preservatives
and it is evident that the carnation will respond before their endogenous sugar is used up.
According to Rimando and Maralit (1980), as cited by Paet (1984), to
successfully open cut flowers buds to quality blooms comparable with field-opened
flowers, the presence of an optimum level of sucrose must be provided.
Sucrose increases the fresh weight and longevity of cut flowers and it also reduces
moisture stress, in cut flower by decreasing the size of leaf stomata (Marousky, 1975).
Rogers (1973) as cited by Alacyang (1998), found that using citric acid as one of
the preservatives may improve water balance and reduce stem plugging in cut flowers.
Ladilad (1980), found out that 50% 7- up (carbonated soda) significantly
lengthened the vase life of cut flowers compared to 50% 7 –up, 0.01AL ( SO4), 2.5 %
sucrose and 1-drop phisohex and distilled water.
Longevity of the Flower
According to Laurie (1976), the rate of respiration has a bearing on the length of
postharvest life of any cut flower.
The turgidity of plants and cut flowers is dependent upon a balance between the
rate of water loss or utilization and of water supply. Turgidity is also necessary for the
continuance of normal metabolic activity in cut flowers as it is needed for the
development of flower buds bloom maturity at high level as cited by Bernard (1990).
Senescence
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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A fresh cut flower is still a living and actively metabolizing entity whose life span
is subsequently terminated by senescence, as distinguished from aging which involves
gradual changes that are deteriorative but not lethal in them (Leopold, 1975). Flowers
remaining on plant are also senescing but a much flower pace.
Senescence is a concept of physiological and biochemical process. The initial
event of senescence remains the development of some cut flowers like carnation and rose,
a climacteric rise in ethylene production signifies the promotion of senescence.
Thereafter, a change in permeability of the tissues can be detected (Mayak, 1987).
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study are the newly harvested calla lily at 25% anthesis,
pruning shear, catsup bottles, stirring rod, beaker, and portable pH meter.
The newly harvested calla lily cut flowers was obtained from the florist in Baguio
City at 25% anthesis, the stem ends was re-cut about 3-4 cm at the basal ends and the
slim ends where soaked for one night in tap water only before holding them in the
different solutions stem length at about 45 cm.
The study was laid out in factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
one (1) sample cut flower per replication and four replication per treatment combination.
The volume of holding was 300 ml per bottle. The cut flower was held in ambient room
condition for observation. The factor A was the variety while the Factor B was the
treatments.
Factor A
V1- Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
V2- Zanthedeschia elliottiana (green)
Factor B
T1- control (distilled water only)
T2- 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
T3- 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
T4- 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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T5- 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1 ml chlorox/ li water
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Vaselife. This was the number of days covering the period from holding the cut
flower in the vase/ container to the termination of the aesthetic value of the flower.
2. Initial and final pH of the holding solutions. The initial pH was taken just
before the immersion of cutflower stem ends in the holding solutions, while the final pH
was taken upon the termination of the observations.
3. Stem quality rating. The stem quality rating of each flower was determined
daily by using the following index.
Rating
Description (cm)
1
deep green, no injury
2
deep green and browning at the base at least less
than 2.54
3
stem browning/ rotting at the base least less than
3.81
4
stem browning/ rotting at the base at least less than
5.08
4. Temperature. The temperature (minimum and maximum) in the laboratory was
recorded daily in °C.
5. The number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower opening.
This was counted in the number of days from immersion of stem ends to full opening of
the cutflower.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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6. Number of days from full opening to the onset of senescence. This was
counted by the number of days covering the period from full opening to flower
senescence (utilize, browning, discoloration).
7. Flower opening index. The percentage of flower opening of each flower was
noted daily using the following index.
Index
Description
1
1-25% open
2
26-50% open
3
51-75% open
4
76-100% open
8. Volume of solution taken up. This was obtained by measuring the final volume
of the solution per treatment at the termination of the postharvest life of the cutflower
samples and deducted from the initial volume of 300 ml.
9. Maximum flower diameter attained (cm). This was obtained by measuring the
maximum flower attained after the termination of the study.
10. Documentation. This was taken through pictures. Figure 1 shows the overview
of the experiment during setting- up while Figures 2 to 4 show documentation of the
whole study.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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Figure 1. Overview of the experiment during setting-up
Figure 2. Zanthedeschia aethiopiea Figure 3. Zanthedeschia elliotiana
at the termination
at the termination
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
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Figure 4. Overview of the experiment at the termination of the observation
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife (Days)
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences on
the effect of the different holding solutions on the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers.
Results show that cutflowers of Zanthedeschia aethiopiea had the longest aesthetic value
with 15.10 days compared to Zanthedeschia elliotiana which had the shortest vaselife
with a mean of 14.90 days only. It was observed also that the Zanthedeschia elliotiana
has a longer vaselife compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea as shown in Figure 2 and
Figure 3.
Effect of holding solutions. Statistical analysis shows that there is significant
differences on the effect of the different holding solutions on the vaselife of cut calla lily
flowers held in control or the distilled water only had the longest of vaselife with a mean
Table 1. Vaselife
TREATMENT
VASELIFE (days)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
15.10a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
14.90a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
18.00a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.00b
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.75b
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.25b
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
14.00b
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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of 18.00 days followed by cutflowers held in 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water with a mean of 14.75. Cutflowers held in20% sucrose + 5
ml chlorox/ li water and 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/ li water had
the lowest vaselife with a mean of 14.00 days from holding.
Interaction effect- It did not show significant differences observed between the
two varieties of calla lily cutflowers and the different holding solutions on the vaselife of
calla lily cutflowers. Findings showed that using the distilled water only was the best
holding solution in prolonging the vaselife of calla lily with a mean of 18.00 days.
Initial pH of the Holding Solutions
Effect of variety. The initial pH of the holding solutions containing distilled water
only were more alkaline in contrast to other holding solutions which had initial pH that
ranged from 6.5 to 6.8.
Effect of holding solutions. Results show that there were no significant
differences obtained on the initial pH among the treatments. Calla lily held in distilled
water only had the highest initial pH among the treatments with a mean of 7.0 while
cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the lowest
pH of 6.5.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
interaction effects noted between the two varieties calla lily and the holding solutions
with regards to the initial pH of the holding solutions. Results showed that cutflowers
held in distilled water only had the highest initial pH reading of 7.0.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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Final pH of the Holding Solution
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis showed significant differences on the final
pH of the holding solution with regards to the final pH of the holding solution.
Effect of holding solution. It did not show significant differences with regards to
the different holding solutions. Based from the results, there was a decrease in pH of the
holding solutions which became more acidic ranging from 6.25 to 6.66 but were more
effective in prolonging the postharvest life of the cutflowers.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
interaction effects noted between the two varieties and the different holding solutions
with regards to the final pH of the holding solution. Results showed that cutflowers held
in distilled water only had the highest final pH reading of 6.8.
Table 2. Initial and final pH of the holding solutions
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
pH pH
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
6.42a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.61a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.0
6.25a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.66a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.58a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
6.5
6.45a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.63a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Stem Quality
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
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Effect of variety. It shows that there were no significant differences obtained on
the stem quality rating. Results show that Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety exhibited the
best stem quality with a mean of 2.40 compared to Zanthedeschia elliotiana with a mean
of 2.20.
On the 4th day, there were no significant differences obtained on the stem quality.
On the 8th day, still it did not show significant differences; however cutflowers held in
50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the highest percentage of stem
browning and rotting with a mean of 3.50 of compared to those held in distilled water
only which had the highest stem quality rating with a mean of 1.00. On the 12th day to
16th day, there were no significant differences obtained on the stem quality of the calla
lily cutflowers. Stem quality rating ranged from 1 to 3.50.
Effect of holding solution. There were no significant differences obtained on the
4th day with regards to the stem quality rating of calla lily cutflowers as affected by the
different holding solution used.
On the 8th day, calla lily cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water had the highest stem quality rating of 3.50 showing the highest
percentage of stem browning and rotting while calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water
only or the control had the lowest percentage of stem browning/ rotting at the base.
Furthermore, on the 12th day, it was observed that there were significant differences
obtained on the stem quality. Cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water still had the highest percentage of stem browning and rotting with a
mean of 3.50 while the lowest percentage of stem browning and rotting was obtained by
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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Table 3. Stem quality rating
STEM QUALITY RATING (days)
TREATMENT
4th 8th 12th 16th
__________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
1 2.40a 2.40a
2.80a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
1 2.20a 2.45a
2.80a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
1 1.00c 1.00a
1.00c
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1 2.00b 2.25a
3.25ab
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1 2.62b 2.87ab
3.25ab
50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water
1 3.50a 3.50a
3.62b
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/ li water
1 2.37b 2.50b
2.87b
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
those cutflower held in distilled water only or the control. On the 16th day, it shows
significant differences on the stem quality rating. Cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop
drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water attained the highest percentage of stem browning
and rotting of 3.62 mean while calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water only or the
control promote or displayed the best stem quality.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences between the two varieties of calla lily cutflowers and the different holding
solutions on the stem quality rating obtained.
Temperature
Calla lily cutflowers were held for 18 days in the Floriculture Room for
observations. Room temperature was gathered daily from holding in the different
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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solutions to the termination of the study. The daily temperature of the holding room
(Table 4) was recorded every 10 o’clock in the morning and 2 o’clock in the afternoon
Table 4. Daily temperature
DATE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
10:00 AM
2:00 PM
March 6, 2010
25
24
March 7, 2010
22
24
March 8, 2010
23
24
March 9, 2010
23
25
March10, 2010
25
25
March 11, 2010
24
23
March 12, 2010
23
24
March 13, 2010
22
23
March 14, 2010
24
25
March 15, 2010
25
24
March 16, 2010
24
25
March 17, 2010
25
24
March 18, 2010
24
22
March 19, 2010
25
23
March 20, 2010
23
24
March 21, 2010
24
25
March 22, 2010
25
26
March 23, 2010
23
24
solutions to the termination of the study. The daily temperature of the holding room
everyday. Observations shows that there were no drastic fluctuations in the temperature
of the holding room, which ranged from 22 to 25 °C minimum and from 22 to 26 °C
maximum temperature.
Number of Days from Immersion of
the Stems Ends to Full Flower Opening
Effect of variety. It shows that there were no significant differences obtained on
the two varieties on the number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower
opening. Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety opened faster with a mean of 11.40 days while
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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Table 5. Number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower opening
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
IMMERSION
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
9.20a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
11.40a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
11.00a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
9.75a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
10.12a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
9.37a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/ li water
11.25a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety had the longest duration of flower opening with 9.20
days (Table 5).
Effect of holding solutions. Table 5 shows that there were no significant
differences obtained on the number of days from immersion of the stem ends in the
different holding solutions to full flower opening. However, cut calla lily flowers held in
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water has the longest duration to
open with a mean of 11.25 days followed by calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water
only with a mean of 11.00 while holding solutions containing 50% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has the shortest duration to flower opening with a mean
of 9.37 days.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects on the number of days from immersion
of the stem ends to full flower opening as affected by the two varieties and the different
holding solutions were not significant.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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Number of Days from Full Flower
Opening to the Onset of Senescence
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows that there were significant differences obtained
between the two varieties. Zanthedeschia aethiopiea cutflowers showed onset of
senescence after 8.80 days while Zanthedeschia elliotiana earlier signs of senescence
after a mean of 6.60 days.
Effect of holding solutions. Results shows that there were no significant
differences among the different holding solutions, with regards to the number of days
from full flower opening to the onset of senescence cutflowers held in distilled water only
with a mean of 11.00 while holding solutions containing 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) +
5 ml chlorox/ li water has the longest duration to flower opening with a mean of 9.37.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects on the number of days from immersion
Table 6. Number of days from full flower opening to the onset of senescence
TREATMENT
DAYS FROM FULL FLOWER
OPENING
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
8.00a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.60b
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.62a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.25a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
7.37a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.62a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.62a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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of the stem ends to full flower opening as affected by the two varieties and the different
holding solutions were not significant.
Flower Opening Index
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis that there were no significant differences
obtained on the effect of two varieties as affected by flower opening index. Results shows
that on the 4th and 8th day had no significant differences observed. However on the 12th
day, significant differences observed on the flower opening index, Zanthedeschia
elliotiana attained 3.55 mean while Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety has 3.10 mean. On
the 16th day, it shows that there were no significant differences on the flower opening
index of the two varieties. Figure 1 shows the calla lily in its 25% anthesis while the
Figure 4 shows its 100% anthesis until its termination.
Effect of holding solution. There were no significant differences on the 4th day
until 16th day obtained on the flower opening index as affected by the different holding
solution as shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Flower opening index
FLOWER OPENING INDEX
TREATMENT
4th 8th
12th
16th
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
1
2.45a 3.10b
3.75a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
1
2.75a 3.55a
3.85a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
1
2.37a 3.25a
3.87a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.37a 3.12a
3.75a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
3.12a 3.50a
4.00a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.62a 3.37a
3.75a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.50a 3.37a
3.62a
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
20
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects noted between the
two varieties and the different holding solutions with regards to flower opening index.
Volume of Solution Taken Up
Effect of variety. It was observed that the two varieties had significant differences
effect on the volume solution taken up measured after the termination of observations on
the 12th day. Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety had higher rate of solution uptake with a
mean of 63.55 compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety with a mean of 55.85.
Effect of holding solution. Statistical analysis showed that there were no
significant differences in the volume of holding solution taken up by the calla lily
cutflowers as affected by the different holding solutions. However, cutflowers held in
control or the distilled water only the had higher rate of absorption taking up 62.62 ml at
Table 8. Volume of solution taken up
TREATMENT
VOLUME OF SOLUTION (ml)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
8.00a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.60b
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.62a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.25a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
7.37a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.62a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.62a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
21
the termination of observations while cutflowers held in 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8%
sucrose + 1ml chlorox/ li water has the lowest rate of absorption with a mean of 56.60.
Interaction Effect. Statistical analysis that there were no significant interaction
effects noted between the two varieties calla lily and the holding solutions with regards to
the initial pH of the holding solutions.
Maximum Flower Diameter Attained
Effect of variety. Table 9 shows the observed maximum flower diameter attained.
Zanthedeschia elliotiana displayed maximum diameter of 10.95 cm and were
significantly bigger compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea with a mean of 9.29 cm.
Effect of holding solution. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences obtained in the maximum flower diameter attained. However, results shows
that cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has the
highest mean of 11.17 cm while the cutflowers treated with 20% sucrose + 25% uncola
pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has 8.71 cm mean.
Table 9. Maximum flower diameter attained
TREATMENT
FLOWER DIAMETER (cm)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
9.29b
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
10.95a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
10.28a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
10.21a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.71a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
11.17a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/li water
10.22a
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
22
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences obtained in the varieties and the different holding solutions used.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The newly harvested calla lily cutflowers were obtained from the florist in Baguio
City at 25% anthesis, the stem ends were cut about 3-4 cm at the basal ends and slim
were soaked for one night in tap water only before holding them in the different holding
solutions stem length at about 45 cm. They were held at different holding solutions with
different levels of sucrose, ascorbic acid, uncola pop drink (sprite) concentrations.
Results shows that calla lily cutflowers Zanthedeschia aethiopiea held in distilled water
had longer postharvest life.
Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety and were held in 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li
water had the highest pH of the holding solution. With regards to number of days to full
flower opening it was observed that Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety held in 150 ppm
ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water enhance faster duration to open. In
terms of flower quality rating Zanthedeschia aethiopiea held in 150 ppm ascorbic acid +
8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water had the lowest flower quality rating compared to
Zanthedeschia elliotiana in the different holding solutions. However cutflowers held in
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water enhance flower
opening compared to control. The number of days from full opening to onset of
senescence observed in cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/
li water enhance onset of senescence while 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/li water delay senescence. On the variety Zanthedeschia aethiopiea attained the
highest percentage of senescence.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
24
The volume of solution taken up was higher on Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety with a
mean of 63.65. With regards to the effect of different holding solutions, distilled water
promoted higher solution absorption compared to the other treatments. Highest stem
quality were recorded in cutflowers Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety held in distilled
water only while 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the lowest quality showing
the highest percentage of stem browning and rotting. The two varieties have the same
stem quality rating. Distilled water only exhibited the best stem quality. However, the
widest flower diameter was attained in calla lily cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water while Zanthedeschia elliotiana displayed the widest
flower diameter.
Conclusions
Results show that distilled water only is the best for calla lily cutflowers for
longer vaselife and displayed good stem quality.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended to use distilled water only in prolonging
the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers and maintain or promote the best stem quality.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
25
LITERATURE CITED
ALACYANG, J. 1998. Influence of Different Holding Solutions on the Postharvest life
of Carnation cvs. Desio and Orange Isac. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. pp. 4-5 and 7.
BANTIYAN, H. M. 2004. Postharvest Characteristics of Easter Lily as Affected by
Different Holding Solutions. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. pp.
3-8.
BERNARD.I.B. 1990. Effects of Different Holding Solutions on the Vaselife of Further
Flower Opening of Tight-bud Carnation Cutflower (Deanthus caryophyllus).
B.S. Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
LADILAD, B.D. 1980. Effect of Postharvest and Holding Solution on the Vaselife of
Cutflower Chrysanthemum Morfulium. Mountain State Agricultural College
Research Journal. pp. 92-102.
LAURIE, A. 1976. Studies on Keeping Quality of Cutflower, Proc. Armer. Soc. Hort.
Science. 34. pp. 595-597.
LEOPOLD, A.C.1975. Bio Science 34. pp. 595-597.
MAYAK. S.1987. Senescence of Leafy Vegetables. Hort Sci 22 (5). p. 863
MAROUSKY, F. J. 1975. Vascular Blockage, Water Absorption Stomatal Opening and
Respiratory of Cut “Better times” Rose Treated with 8-Hydroxy Quinlome Citrate
and Sucrose. Proc. American. Soc. Hort. Science. pp. 223-229.
NICHOLAS, R. 1973. Senescence of the Cut Carnation, Respiration and Sugar Status. J.
Hort. Sci 48. pp. 111-121.
NOWAK, J. and R. M. RUDNICKI. 1997. Postharvest Handling and Storage of
Cutflowers, Florist Greens and Potted Plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. p.
119.
PAET, E. P. 1984. Sucrose as Holding and Opening Solution for Gladiola Cutflowers.
B. S. Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 4-5.
RIMANDO, T. J. 1982. Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Cutflowers: A Paper
Presented During the 2nd Professional Chair Lecture in Ornamental Horticulture at
UPLB-CA College, Los Baños, Laguna. p. 35.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Vaselife (days)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 18
18
18
18
72
18.00
T2 14
15
13
14 56
14.00
T3 13
15
16
15 59 14.75
T4 12
14
17
16 59 14.75
T5 14
14
14
14 56
14.00
V2T1 18
18
18
18
72
18.00
T2 16
14
13
13
56
14.00
T3 14
16
15
14
60
15.00
T4 13
15
13 14 55
13.75
T5 13
15
15
13 56 14.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.32ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
93.00
23.25
18.85**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.32ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
37.00
1.23
TOTAL
39
132.00
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 7.40 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
27
Appendix Table 2. Final ph of holding solution
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 6.7
4.6
6.8
6.5
24.60
6.15
T2 6.6
6.6
6.7
6.6
26.50
6.62
T3 6.6
6.2
6.6
6.6
26.00
6.50
T4 6.5
5.8
6.2
6.5
25.00
6.25
T5 6.8
6.7
6.4
6.4
26.30
6.57
V2T1 6.3
6.6
6.1
6.4
25.40
6.35
T2 6.6
6.8
6.8
6.6
26.80
6.70
T3 6.6
6.7
6.6
6.8
26.70
6.65
T4 6.6
6.8
6.6
6.6
26.60
6.65
T5 6.6
6.6
6.8 6.6 26.80 6.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.32ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
93.00
23.25
18.85**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.32ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
37.00
1.23
TOTAL
39
132.00
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 5.67 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
28
Appendix Table 3. Stem quality rating (day 8)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 2
4
3
3
12
3.00
T4 3
4
3
4
14
3.50
T5 3
2
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 2
2
3
3
9
2.25
T4 2
4
4
4
14
3.50
T5 1
2
2
4 9
2.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.96ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
26.65
6.66
15.99**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.85
0.21
0.51ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
12.50
0.41
TOTAL
39
40.40
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 28.07 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
29
Appendix Table 4. Stem quality rating (day 12)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 3
2
2
2
9
2.25
T3 2
4
3
3
12
3.00
T4 3
4
4
2
13
3.25
T5 3
2
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
3
2
9
2.25
T3 4
2
3
2
11
2.75
T4 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T5 2
2
2
4 10
2. 50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.02
0.02
0.05ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
27.40
6.85
14.94**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.60
0.15
0.33ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
13.75
0.15
TOTAL
39
41.77
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 27.92%
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
30
Appendix Table 5. Stem quality rating (day 16)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 4
3
3
3
13
3.25
T3 3
4
3
3
13
3.25
T4 3
4
4
3
14
3. 50
T5 3
3
3
3
9
2.25
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 3
3
4
3
13
3.25
T3 4
2
4
3
13
3.25
T4 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T5 2
2
3
4 11
2. 75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
34.65
8.66
27.35**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.25
0.06
0.20ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
9.50
0.31
TOTAL
39
44.40
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 20.10 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower
opening
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 10
9
9
8
36
9.00
T2 8
7
8
8
31
7.75
T3 10
10 9
11 40 10.00
T4 8
8
9
9
33
8.25
T5 12
10
10
11
33
8.25
V2T1 14
12
12
14
52
13.00
T2 12
14
13
8
47
11.25
T3 8
7
13
13
41
10.25
T4 15
9
9
8
15
10.25
T5 14
9
13
11 47
11.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
48.40
48.40
13.26**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
20.65
5.16
1.41ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
23.85
5.96
1.61ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
109.50
3.65
TOTAL
39
202.400
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 18.55%
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
32
Appendix Table 7. Number of days from full flower opening to the onset of senescence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 8
9
9
10
36
9.00
T2 10
11
10
10
41
10.25
T3 8
8
9
7
32
8.00
T4 10
10
9
9
38
9.50
T5 6
8
8
7
29
7.25
V2T1 4
6
6
4
20
5.00
T2 6
3
5
10
25
6.25
T3 10
7
5
5
27
6.75
T4 3
9
9
10
31
7.75
T5 4
8
5
7 24
6.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
48.40
48.40
14.59**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
19.40
4.85
1.46ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
11.10
2.77
0.84ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
99.50
3.31
TOTAL
39
178.400
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 23.65 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
33
Appendix Table 8. Flower opening index (day 8)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 2
3
3
2
10
2.50
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 4
2
3
3
12
3.00
T4 2
2
3
2
9
2.25
T5 2
3
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 2
2
3
2 9
2.25
T2 2
2
3
4
11
2.75
T3 4
4
3
2
13
3.25
T4 2
3
4
3
12
3.00
T5 2
3
3
3 10
2.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.90
0.90
1.93ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
3.10
0.77
1.66ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.86ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
14.00
0.46
TOTAL
39
178.400
ns = not significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.27 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
34
Appendix Table 9. Flower opening index (day 12)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 3
3
2
3
11
2.75
T2 4
3
3
2
12
3.00
T3 3
4
3
3
13
3.25
T4 4
3
3
3
13
3.25
T5 3
3
3
4
13
3.25
V2T1 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T2 3
2
4
4
13
3.25
T3 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T4 3
3
4
4
14
3.50
T5 3
4
3
4 14
3.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
2.02
2.02
5.40*
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
0.65
0.16
0.43ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.85
0.21
0.57ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
11.25
0.37
TOTAL
39
14.775
ns = not significant; *= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 18.82 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
35
Appendix Table 10. Flower opening index (day 16)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T2 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T3 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T4 4
3
4
4
15
3.75
T5 3
3
4
4
14
3. 50
V2T1 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T2 4
3
4
4
15
3.75
T3 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T4 3
4
4
4
15
3.75
T5 4
4
3
4 15
3.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.10
0.10
0.55
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
0.65
0.16
0.89ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.15
0.03
0.20ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
5.50
0.18
TOTAL
39
6.400
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation = 11.27 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
36
Appendix Table 11. Volume of solution taken up
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL MEAN (ml)
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 64
40
64
52
220
55.00
T2 55
67
54
58
234
58.50
T3 57
56
60
54
227
56.75
T4 54
56
60
58
228
57.00
T5 58
52
56
42
208
52.00
V2T1 86
67
66
62
281
70.25
T2 66
40
54
68
228
57.00
T3 64
78
72
54
268
67.00
T4 68
64
60
60
252
63.00
T5 53
77
56
58 244
61.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
608.40
608.40
8.08**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
219.25
54.81
0.73ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
305.35
76.33
1.01ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
2258.50
75.28
TOTAL
39
3391.50
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 14.52 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
37
Appendix Table 12. Maximum flower diameter attained
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL MEAN (cm)
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 8.2
9.5
8
7.5 33.20
8.30
T2 10
9.2
8.5 9
36.70
9.17
T3 9
8
6.6
8.5 32.10 8.02
T4 13.6
12
11
7.8 44.40 11.10
T5 10
12.5
8
9
39.50 9.87
V2T1 13.6
14
10.5
11
49.10 12.27
T2 14
7.5
13.5
10
45.00 11.25
T3 7
6
12.6
12 37.60 9.4
T4 8.4
14
12
10.6 45.00 11.25
T5 13.5
7.4
10.4
11 42.30 10.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
27.39
27.39
5.73*
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
25.13
6.28
1.32ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
17.62
4.40
0.92ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
143.29
4.47
TOTAL
39
213.45
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 21.59 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
MAGCELO, MARY M. APRIL 2010. Postharvest Characteristics of Calla Lily as
Affected by Different Holding Solutions. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the best holding solutions that can
effectively prolong the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers; and to determine the best holding
solutions/s that can further prolong the opening of calla lily.
Calla lily were held in different holding solutions containing distilled water only;
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5
ml chlorox/ li water; 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water; 150 ppm
ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water.
Results show that distilled water only is the best for calla lily cutflowers in
prolonging the vaselife and exhibits good stem quality.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………… .
3
The Plant…………………………………………………………….
3
Floral Preservatives………………………………………………….
4
Longevity of the Flower……………………………………………..
4
Senescence…………………………………………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………… 11
Vaselife (days)………………………………………………………
11
Initial and final pH of the holding
Solution……………………………………………………………...
12
Stem quality rating…………………………………………………. .
13
Temperature (°C)…………………………………………………….
15
Number of days from immersion of the
stem ends to full flower opening…………………………………… .
16
Number of days from full flower
opening to onset of senescence…………………………………….. .
17
ii
Flower opening index………………………………………………..
19
Volume of solution taken up (ml)……………………………………
21
Maximum flower diameter attained (cm)……………………………
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..
24
Recommendation……………………………………………………
24
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. .
25
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………
26
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Calla lilies are known as the arum lily, this elegant, trumpet shaped blossom
originated in Africa and symbolizes “magnificent beauty” in the language of flowers. It is
unique and elegant flowering plant that makes a spectacular addition to the home garden.
They are also very popular for bridal bouquets and cut flower arrangement. Calla lilies
are quite common; the white callas referred to as the local indigenous calla lilies that are
grown in Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mt. Province. These plants are also
available in an array of beautiful colors including shades of green, pink, purple, yellow,
and orange. Callas are large flowers with thick, waxy petals and solitary 6-8 inch flower
heads that make excellent cutflowers and blooming petals. Considering the fact that calla
lilies grow from funny-looking knobby tubers, its difficult to believe that each will
produces 10-30 elegant sculptural flowers.
Calla lily of the genus Zanthedeschia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the same habit and cultural requirement as
found in the liliums. There are six known species of the genus such as Zanthedeschia
aethipica, the common white calla lily; Zanthedeschia elliottiana, the yellow calla;
Zanthedeschia albumaculata, the cream flowers; Zanthedeschia peantandii, deciduous
or gold; Zanthedeschia rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Zanthedeschia jucanda,
deciduous flower and spotted, but not use as horticultural.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
2
The study was conducted to determine the best holding solutions that can
effectively prolong the vaselife of calla lily; and to determine the best holding solution/s
that can further prolong the opening of calla lily cutflowers.
The study gave additional information to farmers and florists in prolonging the
vaselife of calla lily by using holding solutions for newly harvested calla lily.
Many research findings claim that solutions when properly used will delay
wilting, discoloration, yellowing of leaves of some cutflowers which will ultimately
delay senescence, thus prolonging vaselife.
Postharvest techniques to prolong vaselife are important in cutflower production
and marketing in advanced countries. Cutflowers are stored using either controlled
atmosphere and refrigerated storage trucks and vans along with preservatives for opening
and lengthening the life of cutflowers.
Sucrose is important in the holding solution of cutflower. Sucrose is the most
common food source used in floral preservatives. It provides energy to sustain flowers
longer and to open flower in the bud stage. One to two percent sucrose is the standard
amount used in floral preservatives.
The study was conducted at the Floriculture Room, College of Agriculture,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from March 05 to March 23, 2010.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
Calla lily of the genus Zanthedeschia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the habit and cultural requirements as
found in the liliums.
There are six known species of the genus such as Zanthedeschia. aethiopiea, the
common white calla lily; Zanthedeschia elliottiana, the yellow calla; Zanthedeschia
albumaculata, the cream flowers; Zanthedeschia peantandii, deciduous or gold;
Zanthedeschia rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Zanthedeschia jucanda,
deciduous flower and spotted.
Cut flower yield is dependent on cultivar, tuber size and growth regulator
applications. One to three flowers can be exceeded from 1-5 diameters tuber. The flowers
are green at macobud stage and gain full color upon opening. After pollination flowers
often depend on the color, begin to re-green and close (Rimando, 1982).
Floral preservatives
Floral preservatives are needed to prolong the vase life of all cut flowers. Its
component contains carbohydrates, germicides, ethylene inhibitors, growth regulator, and
some mineral compounds. Flowers remain fresh longer if they are placed in a floral
preservative solution. Such solutions should be prepared according to the instructions on
the package. It is important not to exceed the recommended dosage, for too high
concentration of the preservative may be harmful to flowers. The floral preservative
should not be used for flowers other than those mentioned in the manufacturers instruct
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
4
should not be used for flowers other than those mentioned in the manufacturers
instructions. (Nowak and Rudnicki, 1997).
Nicholas (1973), found that sucrose is the major component of floral preservatives
and it is evident that the carnation will respond before their endogenous sugar is used up.
According to Rimando and Maralit (1980), as cited by Paet (1984), to
successfully open cut flowers buds to quality blooms comparable with field-opened
flowers, the presence of an optimum level of sucrose must be provided.
Sucrose increases the fresh weight and longevity of cut flowers and it also reduces
moisture stress, in cut flower by decreasing the size of leaf stomata (Marousky, 1975).
Rogers (1973) as cited by Alacyang (1998), found that using citric acid as one of
the preservatives may improve water balance and reduce stem plugging in cut flowers.
Ladilad (1980), found out that 50% 7- up (carbonated soda) significantly
lengthened the vase life of cut flowers compared to 50% 7 –up, 0.01AL ( SO4), 2.5 %
sucrose and 1-drop phisohex and distilled water.
Longevity of the Flower
According to Laurie (1976), the rate of respiration has a bearing on the length of
postharvest life of any cut flower.
The turgidity of plants and cut flowers is dependent upon a balance between the
rate of water loss or utilization and of water supply. Turgidity is also necessary for the
continuance of normal metabolic activity in cut flowers as it is needed for the
development of flower buds bloom maturity at high level as cited by Bernard (1990).
Senescence
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
5
A fresh cut flower is still a living and actively metabolizing entity whose life span
is subsequently terminated by senescence, as distinguished from aging which involves
gradual changes that are deteriorative but not lethal in them (Leopold, 1975). Flowers
remaining on plant are also senescing but a much flower pace.
Senescence is a concept of physiological and biochemical process. The initial
event of senescence remains the development of some cut flowers like carnation and rose,
a climacteric rise in ethylene production signifies the promotion of senescence.
Thereafter, a change in permeability of the tissues can be detected (Mayak, 1987).
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study are the newly harvested calla lily at 25% anthesis,
pruning shear, catsup bottles, stirring rod, beaker, and portable pH meter.
The newly harvested calla lily cut flowers was obtained from the florist in Baguio
City at 25% anthesis, the stem ends was re-cut about 3-4 cm at the basal ends and the
slim ends where soaked for one night in tap water only before holding them in the
different solutions stem length at about 45 cm.
The study was laid out in factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
one (1) sample cut flower per replication and four replication per treatment combination.
The volume of holding was 300 ml per bottle. The cut flower was held in ambient room
condition for observation. The factor A was the variety while the Factor B was the
treatments.
Factor A
V1- Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
V2- Zanthedeschia elliottiana (green)
Factor B
T1- control (distilled water only)
T2- 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
T3- 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
T4- 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
7
T5- 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1 ml chlorox/ li water
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Vaselife. This was the number of days covering the period from holding the cut
flower in the vase/ container to the termination of the aesthetic value of the flower.
2. Initial and final pH of the holding solutions. The initial pH was taken just
before the immersion of cutflower stem ends in the holding solutions, while the final pH
was taken upon the termination of the observations.
3. Stem quality rating. The stem quality rating of each flower was determined
daily by using the following index.
Rating
Description (cm)
1
deep green, no injury
2
deep green and browning at the base at least less
than 2.54
3
stem browning/ rotting at the base least less than
3.81
4
stem browning/ rotting at the base at least less than
5.08
4. Temperature. The temperature (minimum and maximum) in the laboratory was
recorded daily in °C.
5. The number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower opening.
This was counted in the number of days from immersion of stem ends to full opening of
the cutflower.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
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8
6. Number of days from full opening to the onset of senescence. This was
counted by the number of days covering the period from full opening to flower
senescence (utilize, browning, discoloration).
7. Flower opening index. The percentage of flower opening of each flower was
noted daily using the following index.
Index
Description
1
1-25% open
2
26-50% open
3
51-75% open
4
76-100% open
8. Volume of solution taken up. This was obtained by measuring the final volume
of the solution per treatment at the termination of the postharvest life of the cutflower
samples and deducted from the initial volume of 300 ml.
9. Maximum flower diameter attained (cm). This was obtained by measuring the
maximum flower attained after the termination of the study.
10. Documentation. This was taken through pictures. Figure 1 shows the overview
of the experiment during setting- up while Figures 2 to 4 show documentation of the
whole study.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
9
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment during setting-up
Figure 2. Zanthedeschia aethiopiea Figure 3. Zanthedeschia elliotiana
at the termination
at the termination
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
10
Figure 4. Overview of the experiment at the termination of the observation
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife (Days)
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences on
the effect of the different holding solutions on the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers.
Results show that cutflowers of Zanthedeschia aethiopiea had the longest aesthetic value
with 15.10 days compared to Zanthedeschia elliotiana which had the shortest vaselife
with a mean of 14.90 days only. It was observed also that the Zanthedeschia elliotiana
has a longer vaselife compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea as shown in Figure 2 and
Figure 3.
Effect of holding solutions. Statistical analysis shows that there is significant
differences on the effect of the different holding solutions on the vaselife of cut calla lily
flowers held in control or the distilled water only had the longest of vaselife with a mean
Table 1. Vaselife
TREATMENT
VASELIFE (days)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
15.10a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
14.90a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
18.00a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.00b
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.75b
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
14.25b
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
14.00b
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
12
of 18.00 days followed by cutflowers held in 20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water with a mean of 14.75. Cutflowers held in20% sucrose + 5
ml chlorox/ li water and 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/ li water had
the lowest vaselife with a mean of 14.00 days from holding.
Interaction effect- It did not show significant differences observed between the
two varieties of calla lily cutflowers and the different holding solutions on the vaselife of
calla lily cutflowers. Findings showed that using the distilled water only was the best
holding solution in prolonging the vaselife of calla lily with a mean of 18.00 days.
Initial pH of the Holding Solutions
Effect of variety. The initial pH of the holding solutions containing distilled water
only were more alkaline in contrast to other holding solutions which had initial pH that
ranged from 6.5 to 6.8.
Effect of holding solutions. Results show that there were no significant
differences obtained on the initial pH among the treatments. Calla lily held in distilled
water only had the highest initial pH among the treatments with a mean of 7.0 while
cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the lowest
pH of 6.5.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
interaction effects noted between the two varieties calla lily and the holding solutions
with regards to the initial pH of the holding solutions. Results showed that cutflowers
held in distilled water only had the highest initial pH reading of 7.0.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
13
Final pH of the Holding Solution
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis showed significant differences on the final
pH of the holding solution with regards to the final pH of the holding solution.
Effect of holding solution. It did not show significant differences with regards to
the different holding solutions. Based from the results, there was a decrease in pH of the
holding solutions which became more acidic ranging from 6.25 to 6.66 but were more
effective in prolonging the postharvest life of the cutflowers.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
interaction effects noted between the two varieties and the different holding solutions
with regards to the final pH of the holding solution. Results showed that cutflowers held
in distilled water only had the highest final pH reading of 6.8.
Table 2. Initial and final pH of the holding solutions
TREATMENT
INITIAL
FINAL
pH pH
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
6.42a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.61a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.0
6.25a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.66a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.58a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
6.5
6.45a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.8
6.63a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Stem Quality
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
14
Effect of variety. It shows that there were no significant differences obtained on
the stem quality rating. Results show that Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety exhibited the
best stem quality with a mean of 2.40 compared to Zanthedeschia elliotiana with a mean
of 2.20.
On the 4th day, there were no significant differences obtained on the stem quality.
On the 8th day, still it did not show significant differences; however cutflowers held in
50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the highest percentage of stem
browning and rotting with a mean of 3.50 of compared to those held in distilled water
only which had the highest stem quality rating with a mean of 1.00. On the 12th day to
16th day, there were no significant differences obtained on the stem quality of the calla
lily cutflowers. Stem quality rating ranged from 1 to 3.50.
Effect of holding solution. There were no significant differences obtained on the
4th day with regards to the stem quality rating of calla lily cutflowers as affected by the
different holding solution used.
On the 8th day, calla lily cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water had the highest stem quality rating of 3.50 showing the highest
percentage of stem browning and rotting while calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water
only or the control had the lowest percentage of stem browning/ rotting at the base.
Furthermore, on the 12th day, it was observed that there were significant differences
obtained on the stem quality. Cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water still had the highest percentage of stem browning and rotting with a
mean of 3.50 while the lowest percentage of stem browning and rotting was obtained by
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
15
Table 3. Stem quality rating
STEM QUALITY RATING (days)
TREATMENT
4th 8th 12th 16th
__________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
1 2.40a 2.40a
2.80a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
1 2.20a 2.45a
2.80a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
1 1.00c 1.00a
1.00c
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1 2.00b 2.25a
3.25ab
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1 2.62b 2.87ab
3.25ab
50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml
chlorox/ li water
1 3.50a 3.50a
3.62b
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/ li water
1 2.37b 2.50b
2.87b
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
those cutflower held in distilled water only or the control. On the 16th day, it shows
significant differences on the stem quality rating. Cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop
drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water attained the highest percentage of stem browning
and rotting of 3.62 mean while calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water only or the
control promote or displayed the best stem quality.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences between the two varieties of calla lily cutflowers and the different holding
solutions on the stem quality rating obtained.
Temperature
Calla lily cutflowers were held for 18 days in the Floriculture Room for
observations. Room temperature was gathered daily from holding in the different
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
16
solutions to the termination of the study. The daily temperature of the holding room
(Table 4) was recorded every 10 o’clock in the morning and 2 o’clock in the afternoon
Table 4. Daily temperature
DATE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
10:00 AM
2:00 PM
March 6, 2010
25
24
March 7, 2010
22
24
March 8, 2010
23
24
March 9, 2010
23
25
March10, 2010
25
25
March 11, 2010
24
23
March 12, 2010
23
24
March 13, 2010
22
23
March 14, 2010
24
25
March 15, 2010
25
24
March 16, 2010
24
25
March 17, 2010
25
24
March 18, 2010
24
22
March 19, 2010
25
23
March 20, 2010
23
24
March 21, 2010
24
25
March 22, 2010
25
26
March 23, 2010
23
24
solutions to the termination of the study. The daily temperature of the holding room
everyday. Observations shows that there were no drastic fluctuations in the temperature
of the holding room, which ranged from 22 to 25 °C minimum and from 22 to 26 °C
maximum temperature.
Number of Days from Immersion of
the Stems Ends to Full Flower Opening
Effect of variety. It shows that there were no significant differences obtained on
the two varieties on the number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower
opening. Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety opened faster with a mean of 11.40 days while
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
17
Table 5. Number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower opening
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
IMMERSION
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
9.20a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
11.40a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
11.00a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
9.75a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
10.12a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
9.37a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/ li water
11.25a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety had the longest duration of flower opening with 9.20
days (Table 5).
Effect of holding solutions. Table 5 shows that there were no significant
differences obtained on the number of days from immersion of the stem ends in the
different holding solutions to full flower opening. However, cut calla lily flowers held in
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water has the longest duration to
open with a mean of 11.25 days followed by calla lily cutflowers held in distilled water
only with a mean of 11.00 while holding solutions containing 50% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has the shortest duration to flower opening with a mean
of 9.37 days.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects on the number of days from immersion
of the stem ends to full flower opening as affected by the two varieties and the different
holding solutions were not significant.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
18
Number of Days from Full Flower
Opening to the Onset of Senescence
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows that there were significant differences obtained
between the two varieties. Zanthedeschia aethiopiea cutflowers showed onset of
senescence after 8.80 days while Zanthedeschia elliotiana earlier signs of senescence
after a mean of 6.60 days.
Effect of holding solutions. Results shows that there were no significant
differences among the different holding solutions, with regards to the number of days
from full flower opening to the onset of senescence cutflowers held in distilled water only
with a mean of 11.00 while holding solutions containing 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) +
5 ml chlorox/ li water has the longest duration to flower opening with a mean of 9.37.
Interaction effect. The interaction effects on the number of days from immersion
Table 6. Number of days from full flower opening to the onset of senescence
TREATMENT
DAYS FROM FULL FLOWER
OPENING
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
8.00a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.60b
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.62a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.25a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
7.37a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.62a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.62a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
19
of the stem ends to full flower opening as affected by the two varieties and the different
holding solutions were not significant.
Flower Opening Index
Effect of variety. Statistical analysis that there were no significant differences
obtained on the effect of two varieties as affected by flower opening index. Results shows
that on the 4th and 8th day had no significant differences observed. However on the 12th
day, significant differences observed on the flower opening index, Zanthedeschia
elliotiana attained 3.55 mean while Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety has 3.10 mean. On
the 16th day, it shows that there were no significant differences on the flower opening
index of the two varieties. Figure 1 shows the calla lily in its 25% anthesis while the
Figure 4 shows its 100% anthesis until its termination.
Effect of holding solution. There were no significant differences on the 4th day
until 16th day obtained on the flower opening index as affected by the different holding
solution as shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Flower opening index
FLOWER OPENING INDEX
TREATMENT
4th 8th
12th
16th
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
1
2.45a 3.10b
3.75a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
1
2.75a 3.55a
3.85a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
1
2.37a 3.25a
3.87a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.37a 3.12a
3.75a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
3.12a 3.50a
4.00a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.62a 3.37a
3.75a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
1
2.50a 3.37a
3.62a
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
20
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects noted between the
two varieties and the different holding solutions with regards to flower opening index.
Volume of Solution Taken Up
Effect of variety. It was observed that the two varieties had significant differences
effect on the volume solution taken up measured after the termination of observations on
the 12th day. Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety had higher rate of solution uptake with a
mean of 63.55 compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea variety with a mean of 55.85.
Effect of holding solution. Statistical analysis showed that there were no
significant differences in the volume of holding solution taken up by the calla lily
cutflowers as affected by the different holding solutions. However, cutflowers held in
control or the distilled water only the had higher rate of absorption taking up 62.62 ml at
Table 8. Volume of solution taken up
TREATMENT
VOLUME OF SOLUTION (ml)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
8.00a
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
6.60b
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
7.62a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.25a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
7.37a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.62a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/ li water
6.62a
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
21
the termination of observations while cutflowers held in 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8%
sucrose + 1ml chlorox/ li water has the lowest rate of absorption with a mean of 56.60.
Interaction Effect. Statistical analysis that there were no significant interaction
effects noted between the two varieties calla lily and the holding solutions with regards to
the initial pH of the holding solutions.
Maximum Flower Diameter Attained
Effect of variety. Table 9 shows the observed maximum flower diameter attained.
Zanthedeschia elliotiana displayed maximum diameter of 10.95 cm and were
significantly bigger compared to Zanthedeschia aethiopiea with a mean of 9.29 cm.
Effect of holding solution. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences obtained in the maximum flower diameter attained. However, results shows
that cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has the
highest mean of 11.17 cm while the cutflowers treated with 20% sucrose + 25% uncola
pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water has 8.71 cm mean.
Table 9. Maximum flower diameter attained
TREATMENT
FLOWER DIAMETER (cm)
________________________________________________________________________
Variety
Zanthedeschia aethiopiea (white)
9.29b
Zanthedeschia elliotiana (green)
10.95a
Holding Solution
Distilled water only
10.28a
20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water
10.21a
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
8.71a
50% uncola pop drink (sprite)
+ 5 ml chlorox/ li water
11.17a
150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose
+ 1ml chlorox/li water
10.22a
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
22
Means with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis shows that there were no significant
differences obtained in the varieties and the different holding solutions used.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The newly harvested calla lily cutflowers were obtained from the florist in Baguio
City at 25% anthesis, the stem ends were cut about 3-4 cm at the basal ends and slim
were soaked for one night in tap water only before holding them in the different holding
solutions stem length at about 45 cm. They were held at different holding solutions with
different levels of sucrose, ascorbic acid, uncola pop drink (sprite) concentrations.
Results shows that calla lily cutflowers Zanthedeschia aethiopiea held in distilled water
had longer postharvest life.
Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety and were held in 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li
water had the highest pH of the holding solution. With regards to number of days to full
flower opening it was observed that Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety held in 150 ppm
ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water enhance faster duration to open. In
terms of flower quality rating Zanthedeschia aethiopiea held in 150 ppm ascorbic acid +
8% sucrose + 1ml chlorox/li water had the lowest flower quality rating compared to
Zanthedeschia elliotiana in the different holding solutions. However cutflowers held in
20% sucrose + 25% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water enhance flower
opening compared to control. The number of days from full opening to onset of
senescence observed in cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink (sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/
li water enhance onset of senescence while 150 ppm ascorbic acid + 8% sucrose + 1ml
chlorox/li water delay senescence. On the variety Zanthedeschia aethiopiea attained the
highest percentage of senescence.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
24
The volume of solution taken up was higher on Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety with a
mean of 63.65. With regards to the effect of different holding solutions, distilled water
promoted higher solution absorption compared to the other treatments. Highest stem
quality were recorded in cutflowers Zanthedeschia elliotiana variety held in distilled
water only while 20% sucrose + 5 ml chlorox/ li water had the lowest quality showing
the highest percentage of stem browning and rotting. The two varieties have the same
stem quality rating. Distilled water only exhibited the best stem quality. However, the
widest flower diameter was attained in calla lily cutflowers held in 50% uncola pop drink
(sprite) + 5 ml chlorox/ li water while Zanthedeschia elliotiana displayed the widest
flower diameter.
Conclusions
Results show that distilled water only is the best for calla lily cutflowers for
longer vaselife and displayed good stem quality.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended to use distilled water only in prolonging
the vaselife of calla lily cutflowers and maintain or promote the best stem quality.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
25
LITERATURE CITED
ALACYANG, J. 1998. Influence of Different Holding Solutions on the Postharvest life
of Carnation cvs. Desio and Orange Isac. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. pp. 4-5 and 7.
BANTIYAN, H. M. 2004. Postharvest Characteristics of Easter Lily as Affected by
Different Holding Solutions. B.S. Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. pp.
3-8.
BERNARD.I.B. 1990. Effects of Different Holding Solutions on the Vaselife of Further
Flower Opening of Tight-bud Carnation Cutflower (Deanthus caryophyllus).
B.S. Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
LADILAD, B.D. 1980. Effect of Postharvest and Holding Solution on the Vaselife of
Cutflower Chrysanthemum Morfulium. Mountain State Agricultural College
Research Journal. pp. 92-102.
LAURIE, A. 1976. Studies on Keeping Quality of Cutflower, Proc. Armer. Soc. Hort.
Science. 34. pp. 595-597.
LEOPOLD, A.C.1975. Bio Science 34. pp. 595-597.
MAYAK. S.1987. Senescence of Leafy Vegetables. Hort Sci 22 (5). p. 863
MAROUSKY, F. J. 1975. Vascular Blockage, Water Absorption Stomatal Opening and
Respiratory of Cut “Better times” Rose Treated with 8-Hydroxy Quinlome Citrate
and Sucrose. Proc. American. Soc. Hort. Science. pp. 223-229.
NICHOLAS, R. 1973. Senescence of the Cut Carnation, Respiration and Sugar Status. J.
Hort. Sci 48. pp. 111-121.
NOWAK, J. and R. M. RUDNICKI. 1997. Postharvest Handling and Storage of
Cutflowers, Florist Greens and Potted Plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. p.
119.
PAET, E. P. 1984. Sucrose as Holding and Opening Solution for Gladiola Cutflowers.
B. S. Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. pp. 4-5.
RIMANDO, T. J. 1982. Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Cutflowers: A Paper
Presented During the 2nd Professional Chair Lecture in Ornamental Horticulture at
UPLB-CA College, Los Baños, Laguna. p. 35.
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Vaselife (days)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 18
18
18
18
72
18.00
T2 14
15
13
14 56
14.00
T3 13
15
16
15 59 14.75
T4 12
14
17
16 59 14.75
T5 14
14
14
14 56
14.00
V2T1 18
18
18
18
72
18.00
T2 16
14
13
13
56
14.00
T3 14
16
15
14
60
15.00
T4 13
15
13 14 55
13.75
T5 13
15
15
13 56 14.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.32ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
93.00
23.25
18.85**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.32ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
37.00
1.23
TOTAL
39
132.00
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 7.40 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
27
Appendix Table 2. Final ph of holding solution
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 6.7
4.6
6.8
6.5
24.60
6.15
T2 6.6
6.6
6.7
6.6
26.50
6.62
T3 6.6
6.2
6.6
6.6
26.00
6.50
T4 6.5
5.8
6.2
6.5
25.00
6.25
T5 6.8
6.7
6.4
6.4
26.30
6.57
V2T1 6.3
6.6
6.1
6.4
25.40
6.35
T2 6.6
6.8
6.8
6.6
26.80
6.70
T3 6.6
6.7
6.6
6.8
26.70
6.65
T4 6.6
6.8
6.6
6.6
26.60
6.65
T5 6.6
6.6
6.8 6.6 26.80 6.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.32ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
93.00
23.25
18.85**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.32ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
37.00
1.23
TOTAL
39
132.00
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 5.67 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
28
Appendix Table 3. Stem quality rating (day 8)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 2
4
3
3
12
3.00
T4 3
4
3
4
14
3.50
T5 3
2
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 2
2
3
3
9
2.25
T4 2
4
4
4
14
3.50
T5 1
2
2
4 9
2.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.40
0.40
0.96ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
26.65
6.66
15.99**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.85
0.21
0.51ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
12.50
0.41
TOTAL
39
40.40
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 28.07 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
29
Appendix Table 4. Stem quality rating (day 12)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 3
2
2
2
9
2.25
T3 2
4
3
3
12
3.00
T4 3
4
4
2
13
3.25
T5 3
2
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 2
2
3
2
9
2.25
T3 4
2
3
2
11
2.75
T4 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T5 2
2
2
4 10
2. 50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.02
0.02
0.05ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
27.40
6.85
14.94**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.60
0.15
0.33ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
13.75
0.15
TOTAL
39
41.77
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 27.92%
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
30
Appendix Table 5. Stem quality rating (day 16)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 4
3
3
3
13
3.25
T3 3
4
3
3
13
3.25
T4 3
4
4
3
14
3. 50
T5 3
3
3
3
9
2.25
V2T1 1
1
1
1
4
1.00
T2 3
3
4
3
13
3.25
T3 4
2
4
3
13
3.25
T4 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T5 2
2
3
4 11
2. 75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.00
0.00
0.00ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
34.65
8.66
27.35**
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.25
0.06
0.20ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
9.50
0.31
TOTAL
39
44.40
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 20.10 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days from immersion of the stem ends to full flower
opening
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 10
9
9
8
36
9.00
T2 8
7
8
8
31
7.75
T3 10
10 9
11 40 10.00
T4 8
8
9
9
33
8.25
T5 12
10
10
11
33
8.25
V2T1 14
12
12
14
52
13.00
T2 12
14
13
8
47
11.25
T3 8
7
13
13
41
10.25
T4 15
9
9
8
15
10.25
T5 14
9
13
11 47
11.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
48.40
48.40
13.26**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
20.65
5.16
1.41ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
23.85
5.96
1.61ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
109.50
3.65
TOTAL
39
202.400
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 18.55%
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
32
Appendix Table 7. Number of days from full flower opening to the onset of senescence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 8
9
9
10
36
9.00
T2 10
11
10
10
41
10.25
T3 8
8
9
7
32
8.00
T4 10
10
9
9
38
9.50
T5 6
8
8
7
29
7.25
V2T1 4
6
6
4
20
5.00
T2 6
3
5
10
25
6.25
T3 10
7
5
5
27
6.75
T4 3
9
9
10
31
7.75
T5 4
8
5
7 24
6.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
48.40
48.40
14.59**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
19.40
4.85
1.46ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
11.10
2.77
0.84ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
99.50
3.31
TOTAL
39
178.400
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 23.65 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
33
Appendix Table 8. Flower opening index (day 8)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 2
3
3
2
10
2.50
T2 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
T3 4
2
3
3
12
3.00
T4 2
2
3
2
9
2.25
T5 2
3
3
2
10
2.50
V2T1 2
2
3
2 9
2.25
T2 2
2
3
4
11
2.75
T3 4
4
3
2
13
3.25
T4 2
3
4
3
12
3.00
T5 2
3
3
3 10
2.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.90
0.90
1.93ns
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
3.10
0.77
1.66ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
1.60
0.40
0.86ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
14.00
0.46
TOTAL
39
178.400
ns = not significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.27 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
34
Appendix Table 9. Flower opening index (day 12)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 3
3
2
3
11
2.75
T2 4
3
3
2
12
3.00
T3 3
4
3
3
13
3.25
T4 4
3
3
3
13
3.25
T5 3
3
3
4
13
3.25
V2T1 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T2 3
2
4
4
13
3.25
T3 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T4 3
3
4
4
14
3.50
T5 3
4
3
4 14
3.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
2.02
2.02
5.40*
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
0.65
0.16
0.43ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.85
0.21
0.57ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
11.25
0.37
TOTAL
39
14.775
ns = not significant; *= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 18.82 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
35
Appendix Table 10. Flower opening index (day 16)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 4
4
3
4
15
3.75
T2 4
4
4
3
15
3.75
T3 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T4 4
3
4
4
15
3.75
T5 3
3
4
4
14
3. 50
V2T1 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T2 4
3
4
4
15
3.75
T3 4
4
4
4
16
4.00
T4 3
4
4
4
15
3.75
T5 4
4
3
4 15
3.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
0.10
0.10
0.55
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
0.65
0.16
0.89ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
0.15
0.03
0.20ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
5.50
0.18
TOTAL
39
6.400
ns = not significant Coefficient of variation = 11.27 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
36
Appendix Table 11. Volume of solution taken up
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL MEAN (ml)
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 64
40
64
52
220
55.00
T2 55
67
54
58
234
58.50
T3 57
56
60
54
227
56.75
T4 54
56
60
58
228
57.00
T5 58
52
56
42
208
52.00
V2T1 86
67
66
62
281
70.25
T2 66
40
54
68
228
57.00
T3 64
78
72
54
268
67.00
T4 68
64
60
60
252
63.00
T5 53
77
56
58 244
61.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
608.40
608.40
8.08**
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
219.25
54.81
0.73ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
305.35
76.33
1.01ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
2258.50
75.28
TOTAL
39
3391.50
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 14.52 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
37
Appendix Table 12. Maximum flower diameter attained
REPLICATION
TREATMENT ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TOTAL MEAN (cm)
I
II
III
IV
________________________________________________________________________
VIT1 8.2
9.5
8
7.5 33.20
8.30
T2 10
9.2
8.5 9
36.70
9.17
T3 9
8
6.6
8.5 32.10 8.02
T4 13.6
12
11
7.8 44.40 11.10
T5 10
12.5
8
9
39.50 9.87
V2T1 13.6
14
10.5
11
49.10 12.27
T2 14
7.5
13.5
10
45.00 11.25
T3 7
6
12.6
12 37.60 9.4
T4 8.4
14
12
10.6 45.00 11.25
T5 13.5
7.4
10.4
11 42.30 10.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Factor A
1
27.39
27.39
5.73*
4.17
7.56
Factor B
4
25.13
6.28
1.32ns
2.69
4.02
AB
4
17.62
4.40
0.92ns
2.69
4.02
Error
30
143.29
4.47
TOTAL
39
213.45
ns = not significant; **= highly significant Coefficient of variation = 21.59 %
Growth and Yield of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Propagated through Stem Cuttings / Roger B. Macli-ing. 2010
Document Outline
- Postharvest Characteristics of Calla Lily asAffected by Different Holding Solutions
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- The Plant
- Floral preservatives
- Longevity of the Flower
- Senescence
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Vaselife (Days)
- Initial pH of the Holding Solutions
- Final pH of the Holding Solution
- Stem Quality
- Temperature
- Number of Days from Immersion ofthe Stems Ends to Full Flower Opening
- Number of Days from Full FlowerOpening to the Onset of Senescence
- Flower Opening Index
- Volume of Solution Taken Up
- Maximum Flower Diameter Attained
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES