BIBLIOGRAPHY CASILLA, GERARD E. APRIL 2007....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CASILLA, GERARD E. APRIL 2007. Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by
the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Tuding Minac, Itogon, Benguet from August 2006 to
October 2006 to determine the effect of the number of eyebuds in the root and shoot
formation of yacon offsets grown in different growing media.
Based on the results of the study, yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds is the best
planting material to use for yacon production; while the use of 1:1 sandyloam soil and
alnus leaves compost is also recommended as growing media for faster growth of yacon
plants since it promoted the production of the earliest roots and shoots from planting,
promoted the production of the longest roots and the tallest shoots two months from
planting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days from Planting to initial Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Days from Planting to Shoot Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Number of Roots Per Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Length of Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Length of Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Number of Shoots Formed Per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
The Andean region has been the cradle of a surprisingly wide range of edible
tubers and roots. Most of them have been used by the Andean inhabitants as food energy,
while two - ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) have been
considered ‘fruits’. That perception is particularly strong in the case of yacon, which
despite its juiciness and sweet taste, has been recognized as a food of relatively low
energy value since the early times. In modern times however, the human view of yacon
could be radically different from the past. Certainly, calories are still limited and critical
in many regions of the earth. In contrast, on a global scale, sources of starch, glucose and
fructose are comparatively common commodities, with relatively low prices, and are
available to certain sectors of the human population in quantities well above their dietary
requirements and even beyond their physiological tolerance. Under these conditions,
yacon may provide the low calories and fiber necessary to survive the stress of sedentary
lifestyles combined with over consumption of carbohydrates and fats (Robinson, 1978).
Gonzales (2001) cited that yacon is herbaceous plant that belongs to the
Compositae family (sunflower family). Unlike its better-known cousin, the sunflower, it
is grown mainly for its tubers and not for its seeds. The yacon plant is native to the Andes
Mountains of South America, the longest mountain range in the world. It grows wild at
medium altitudes (2,000-7,000 ft. above sea level) from Columbia to Argentina, but can
be cultivated even at sea level.
Appell (2003), stated that the tubers are sweet, crunchy, and juicy, and they can
be eaten fresh out of hand or stewed. They are wonderful when combined with a salad of
raw carrots, raw sweet potatoes, or when sliced with bananas and oranges. The tubers
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
2
taste sweeter when they are allowed to cure in the sun after harvesting a process called
ckochascca in the Andes.
Several carbohydrates are stored in the roots of yacon: fructose, glucose, sucrose,
low polymerization degree (DP) oligosaccharides (DP 3 to 10 fructans), and traces of
starch and inulin. However, yacon inulin appears to be only a minor component (Asami
et al., 1989).
In Ecuador, yacon roots are especially consumed during the ‘Todos los Santos’ or
‘Day of the Dead’ festivals (National Research Council, 1989). These current practices
may indicate old religious values, modified after the advent of the Catholic religion. In
Bolivia diabetics and persons suffering from digestive problems commonly consume
yacon. Properties to treat kidney problems and skin-rejuvenating activity also have been
mentioned. Medicinal (antidiabetic) properties have been attributed to yacon leaves
(Kakihara et al. 1996) in Brazil, where the dried leaves are used to prepare a medicinal
tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan mixed with common tealeaves. Hypoglycemic
activity has been demonstrated in the water extract of dried yacon leaves, feed on rats
with induced diabetes (Volpato et al., 1997). All yacon carbohydrates including
oligofructans can be rapidly metabolized by ruminants, so tuberous roots can be used to
feed cattle or sheep. The foliage, with a protein content of 11-17% (dry weight basis) has
been suggested as forage (National Research Council, 1989).
The study was conducted to determine the effect of the number of eyebuds
present in yacon offsets before planting and growing media in the growth of shoots and
roots.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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The study was conducted at Minac, Itogon Benguet from August 2006 to October
2006.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Morphological Description of Yacon
The yacon is a perennial herb, 1.5-3 m tall. The root system is composed of 4-20
fleshy tuberous storage roots that can reach a length of 25 cm by 10 cm in diameter, and
an extensive system of thin fibrous roots. Storage roots are mainly-fusiform, but often
acquire irregular shapes due to the contact with soil stones or the pressure of neighboring
roots. Roots have an adventitious nature, growing from a developed and ramified stem
system formed by short, thick sympodial rhizomes or rootstock (‘corona’, crown),
(Robinson, 1978). Endemic to the Andes, yacon is cultivated on the mountain slopes at
approximately 2000 meters over the sea level. It is an herbaceous plant that grows to up
to 2m in height; spongy stem with purple projections; small, terminal, yellow to orange-
colored flowers; large, long tuberous roots with sweet flesh. Peru has the greatest number
of varieties, and is the world’s biggest producer with an estimated 1,480 acres under
cultivation (Silva et al., 2002).
Yacon is native to Colombia and Ecuador and is a hardy, attractive herbaceous
perennial that yields a large harvest of tubers. It is always a bit tricky describing the taste
of a new food as we are forced to compare it to familiar foods but generally it gets a very
positive response, especially from children. As a member of the sunflower family, yacon
can grow to 2 meters in height with small, daisy-like yellow flowers. When growing it is
similar in appearance to Jerusalem artichokes but is not invasive in the same way
(Frances and Jeff Michaels, 2001).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Reproductive Biology
Rather than starting from seed, which is evidently quite difficult, propagate yacon
plants from dividing the "crown", a ginger-like root structure from which the edible
tubers emanate. This is done much in the same way that potatoes can be divided, with
each new sprout emerging from an "eye" or by rooting cut stems. The crown divisions
are generally planted in a rich soil (Vlaun, 2004).
According to Christman (2006), after flowering, the yacon plant dies back to the
ground for a rest period during the dry season and the tubers are usually harvested then.
Harvest the tubers after the plant dies to the ground by groping around with your hands
under the plant; don't disturb the main roots because the plant will come back and
produce more tubers.
Uses of Yacon
Yacon has attracted interest of medical researchers, particularly in Japan. Dieters
and diabetics can accept yacon as a sweet and starchy without affecting the blood sugar
level. Japanese scientists and food industries are studying yacon as a source for purified
fructose and a variety of processed products such as pickled slices and dried slices. The
leaves and stems are dried and used as a medicinal tea for diabetics. The effects Yacon
tea to reduce the blood sugar level has been confirmed by Japanese researchers. Eating
oligofructose improves health of intestine because of the bifidus bacteria (beneficial) in
the colon are stimulated. Yacon is commonly consumed by diabetics and persons
suffering from digestive problems. It has properties that treat kidney problems and skin-
rejuvenating activities also have been mentioned. Medicinal (antidiabetic) properties have
been attributed to yacon leaves (Kakihara et al., 1996). The dried leaves are used to
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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prepare a medicinal tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan mixed with common
tealeaves. Hypoglycemic activity has been demonstrated in the water extract of dried
yacon leaves, feeding rats with induced diabetes (Volpato et al., 1997).
When the roots are exposed to the sun for 15 days, the concentration of sugar
greatly increases. In 100g of fresh roots, fructose increased from 2 to 22g; alpha glucose
from 2 to 7g; beta glucose from 2 to 6g and sucrose from 2 to 4g. These sugars are
similar to insulin. As can be done with sugar cane, the sugars of Yacon can be made into
blocks. In addition, these sugars can be changed into alcohol and used in the agro-
industrial sector.
Furthermore, Yacon has extensive agricultural potential because it is a perennial
species; consequently, it can be used to protect the soil from erosion, especially in dry
agro-ecological area. In spite of its sweetness Yacon will not contribute to gaining weight
as the human organism cannot metabolize the sugar contained in the root. This is a very
important argument for people suffering diabetes and gives an outlook on the tremendous
market chances for yacon as a substitute for regular sugar, made for instance from cane or
other sources.
They are eaten raw, usually after being dried in the sun, which increases their
sweetness, by partly hydrolyzing oligofructans, producing fructose, glucose and sucrose.
Drying wrinkles the skin, which is peeled before eating. The roots can also be stewed or
can be grated and squeezed through a cloth to produce a drink. Consumption of yacon in
some areas is linked to particular cultural or religious festivals.
The impact of Yacon on a healthy intestine environment is of vital importance to
health depends to a large extent on a sound digestive system. Yacon strengthens and
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
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activates the good bacilli like L. acidophilus and B.bifidum, as both uses Yacon as a
carbon source for their growth. These two bacilli provide vitamin B, enzymes and vital
acids. The healthy intestine environment with its fragile flora is the condition for your
overall health, your personal appearance and your immune system. Yacon also
contributes to your body's capacity to regulate lipidic levels and that the risk of cancer
can be reduced.
According to Dr. H Brams, as cited by Robinson (1978), said that yacon roots
themselves had not been proven to have the same palliative effect as the leaves. Even so,
yacon is now popularly associated in Peru with diabetes, though other benefits such as its
laxative quality and ability to help prevent colon cancer and osteoporosis are less well
known.
Cultivation Details
For best results, this plant requires a warm position in deep rich soil though it
survives even when growing in poor soils. Plants are unaffected by day length and so can
produce good yields of roots in temperate zones. The roots are brittle and it must be
harvested with care to avoid damage, yields of 38 tons per hectare have been recorded in
South America, while yield of over 2 kilos per plant have been achieved outdoors in corn
wall. The harvested roots can be stored for several months. Plants might be use full in
Agroforestry because they succeed under trees, though in the relatively sunless climates
of Britain the plants are not likely to do well in shaded trees (Nederpelt, 2003).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were yacon offsets, knife, plastic pots, sandy loam soil,
mountain soil, 1:1 sandy loam soil and composted alnus leaves labeling materials and
farm tools.
Methods
Yacon offset were propagated by dividing the "crown", a ginger-like root
structure from which the edible tubers emanate. This was done in the same manner in
which potato tubers are divided, with each new sprout emerging from an "eye." The
crown divisions were planted in different growing media in a 6 inch black plastic bags.
There were five samples per treatment combination with three replications. The
experiment was laid out following the simple CRD experimental design.
The yacon offsets were sliced according to the following treatments:
Factor A. Growing Media
M0 = Sandy loam soil
M1 = Mountain soil
M2 = 1: 1 Sandy loam + alnus leaves compost
Factor B. Number of Eyebuds in Yacon Offset
T1 = Offset with one bud
T2 = Offset with two buds
T3 = Offset with three buds
T4 = Offset with four buds
T5 = Offset with five buds
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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All the recommended cultural practices in yacon production were done in all of
the treatments.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Days from planting to initial root formation. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting to root formation (1cm root size).
2. Days from planting to shoot emergence. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting to shoot formation.
3. Number of roots per offset. The number of roots formed was counted and
recorded two months after planting the offset.
4. Length of roots (cm). This was measured from the basal portion of the tuber to
the tip of the longest root two months from planting.
5. Length of shoots (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the tip
of the longest shoot, two months after planting.
6. Number of shoots formed per plant. The number of shoots formed was counted
and recorded two months after planting.
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting
to Initial Root Formation
Effect of growing media. Results show that yacon offset planted in 1:1 sandy
loam + alnus leaves compost had the earliest root initials observed from planting date
with a mean of 12.86 days which was significantly different from the offsets planted in
sandy loam soil and mountain soil. Yacon offsets planted in both sandy loam soil and
mountain soil had significantly delayed root formation with means 15.00 and 14.53 days
respectively; from planting as shown in Table 1.
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 1 shows that offsets with 5 eyebuds
had the shortest days from planting to initial root formation with a mean of 12.33 days
which was significantly different from offsets with 4 and 2 eye buds which had a means
of 13.22 and 13.77 days respectively from planting to root initiation However, they were
both statistically comparable with offsets which had only 2 eye buds which had root
initials after 13.77 days from planting the offsets. Offsets with 3 eye buds had the longest
duration to form root initials with 15.88 days but were statistically similar to offsets with
only 1 eyebud which had root initials after a mean of 15.44 days.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the number of eye buds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of days from planting to initial root formation.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Table 1. Days from planting to initial root formation
TREATMENT MEAN
(Days)
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 14.53a
Mountain soil 15.00a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 12.86b
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 15.14ab
Offset with 2 eyebuds 13.77bc
Offset with 3 eyebuds 15.88a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 13.22c
Offset with 5 eyebuds 12.33c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Days From Planting to Shoot Emergence
Effect of growing media. The effect of the different kinds of growing media on
the number of days from planting to shoot emergence is shown in Table 2. Results show
that yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves compost were the earliest to
have shoots emerged from the soil with a mean of 9.80 days from planting which was
significantly different from offsets planted in a sandy loam soil only with a mean of 10.46
days. Offsets grown in mountain soil only had the longest duration to form shoots with a
mean of 11.80 days from planting date.
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Offsets with 5 eyebuds were the earliest to
have shoot emergence with a mean of 9.11 days but was comparable from offsets with 4
eyebuds and 2 eyebuds with means of 9.66 and 10.33 days; respectively. However, they
were statistically comparable with offsets with only 1 eyebud which had shoot emergence
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Table 2. Days from planting to shoot formation
TREATMENT MEAN
(Days)
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 10.47ab
Mountain soil 11.80a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 9.00b
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 12.11a
Offset with 2 eyebuds 10.33b
Offset with 3 eyebuds 12.22a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 9.67b
Offset with 5 eyebuds 9.11b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
after 12.11 days and was statistically comparable with those with 1 eyebud and the offset
with a mean of 12.22 days (Table 2).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of days from planting to initial shoot formation.
Number of Roots Per Offset
Effect of growing media. Yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves
compost had more number of roots formed with a mean of 10.80 days however, it was
not significantly different from offsets planted in a sandy loam soil and mountain soil
only. Yacon offsets planted in both sandy loam soil and mountain soil had almost similar
number of short roots with means of 10.00 and 10.80 days; respectively.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Table 3. Number of roots per offset
TREATMENT MEAN
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 10.00a
Mountain soil 9.00a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 10.80a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 7.77c
Offset with 2 eyebuds 10.00b
Offset with 3 eyebuds 9.66bc
Offset with 4 eyebuds 12.11a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 11.44ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Offsets with 4 eyebuds had more roots with
a mean of 12.11 which was significantly different from offsets with 5 eyebuds which had
a mean of 11.44 roots but was significantly different from offsets with 1, 2 and 3 eyebuds
which had means ranging from 9.66 to 10.00 roots per offset (Table 3).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the numbers of eye buds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of roots formed per plant.
Length of Roots
Effect of growing media. Yacon offset planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves
compost had the longest roots formed from planting date with a mean of 20.06 days from
planting which was significantly different from offsets planted in sandy loam and in
mountain soil only which had significantly shorter roots with means of 10.20 and 9.33
cm; respectively in (Table 4).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Table 4. Length of roots
TREATMENT MEAN (cm)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 10.20b
Mountain soil 9.33b
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 20.06a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 11.77a
Offset with 2 eyebuds 12.77a
Offset with 3 eyebuds 12.88a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 12.66a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 15.88a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 4 shows that there were no
significant differences noted on the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting in the
root length in yacon 60 days after planting. Root length varies from 11.77 to 15.88 cm
days from planting.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects noted between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offsets before planting on
the length of roots two months from planting.
Length of Shoots
Effect of growing media. Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences
on the length of shoots measured 60 days from planting the yacon offsets. Means ranged
from 1.26 to 1.80 cm.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Table 5. Length of shoots
TREAMENT MEAN
(cm)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 1.60a
Mountain soil 1.26a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 1.80a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 1.00c
Offset with 2 eyebuds 1.33bc
Offset with 3 eyebuds 1.66ab
Offset with 4 eyebuds 1.77ab
Offset with 5 eyebuds 2.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Significant differences on the length shoots
of yacon offsets after 2 months of observations was noted as affected by the number of
eyebuds. It was observed that offsets with 5 eyebuds had the longest shoots with a mean
of 2.00 cm followed by offsets with 4 and 3 eyebuds with means of 1.77 and 1.66 cm
respectively; which were not significantly different from offsets with 2 and 1 eyebuds.
Means were 1.33 and 1.00 cm; respectively.
Interaction effect. Again, there were no significant interaction effects noted
between the different growing media used and the numbers of eyebuds in the offset
before planting on the length of shoots 60 days from planting.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Number of Shoots Formed Per Plant
Effect of growing media. Results show that yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy
loam soil + alnus leaves compost had significantly more shoots formed 60 days from
planting date with a mean of 46.69 shoots per plant. Those grown in sandy loam had
more shoots than those grown in mountain soil; means were 15.71 and 6.43 shoots per
plant; respectively
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 6 shows that offsets with 3, 4 and 5
eyebuds produced the highest number of shoots with means of 30.43, 25.82 and 23.28
shoots per plant respectively. Offsets with 2 eyebuds were comparable in the number of
shoots formed 60 days from planting with those with only 1 eyebud per offset; means
were 21.86 and 13.31 shoots; respectively.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting on
the number of shoots 60 days from planting of the offsets.
Table 6. Number of shoots formed
TREATMENT MEAN
(Number)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 15.71b
Mountain soil 6.43c
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 46.69a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 13.31b
Offset with 2 eyebuds 21.86ab
Offset with 3 eyebuds 23.28a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 25.82a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 30.43a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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a)
b)
Figure 1. a.) Overview of the study two months from planting
b.) Two months old yacon seedlings grown in sandy loam
soil only (control)
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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a)
Mountain Soil
M1
b)
Figure 2 a.) Two months old yacon seedlings grown in mountain soil
b) 1:1 Two months old yacon seedlings grown in sandy loam
and alnus leaves compost
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at Tuding, Minac, Itogon Benguet from August to
October, 2006 to evaluate the effects of the number of eyebuds in the offset before
planting; and determine the growing media that will promote vigorous root and shoot
growth on yacon offsets.
Yacon offsets were cut according to their respective number of eyebuds. All the
different eyebuds were rooted directly in sandyloam, mountain soil and 1:1 sandyloam
soil and composted alnus leaves medium.
Results show that yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds that were directly planted in a 1:1
sandyloam soil and composted alnus leaves media were the earliest to form initial roots
after of 12.86 days, were the earliest to have shoot emergence after 9.11 days, had more
roots formed per offset with a mean of 11.44, had the longest roots formed from planting
with a mean of 20.06 cm and had more shoots formed with a mean of 46.69 days after
planting.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds is the best planting
materials to use with 1:1 sandyloam soil and alnus leaves compost as growing media for
faster growth in yacon plants since it promoted the production of the earliest roots and
shoots from planting, promoted the production of the longest roots, and tallest shoots two
months from planting.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
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Recommendation
In using yacon offset for commercial yacon production, offsets with 5 or more
eyebuds is recommended to be planted in a 1:1 sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost
for earlier root and shoot formation, longer roots and taller plants with more shoots.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
21
LITERATURE CITED
APPELL, S. D. 2003. Tasty Tubers and Fabulous Fungi-Unusual Central and South
American Vegetables for your Garden.1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn NY.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/kitchen/
2003su_tubers.html.
ASAMI, T. et. al. 1991. Fluctuations of oligofructan contents in tubers of yacon
(Polymniasonchifolia) during growth and storage. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant
Nutr. 62:621-627.
CHRISTMAN, S. 2006. Florida. Tallahassee, Florida USA. Retrieved January 22, 2007
from http://www.floridata. com/ref/P/poly_son.cfm.
FRANCES and J. MICHAELS. 2001. Green Harvest. Retrieved January 22, 2007
from http://www=.greenharvest.com.au/Plants/yacon_info.html.
GONZALES, E. 2001. Medicinal Notes. The Manila Bulletin Online.DLSU College of
Medicine Dasmarinas, Cavite. Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http:// www.
mb. com. ph/ issues/ 2005/ 11/24/HLTH2005112449664.html
KAKIHARA, T. S. 1996. Cultivo e industrilização de yacon: uma experiência brasileira.
Resumos I Congresso Latino Americano de Raízes Tropicais. CERAT-UNESP,
São Pedro, Brasil. P. 627.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little - known
plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academy
Press, Washington, DC. P. 538.
NEDERPELT, R. P. 2003.Plants For a Future.Edible, medicinal and useful plants for a
Healthier World.Washington State USA. Retrieved January 22, 2007 from
http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Polymnia+edulis.
ROBINSON, H. 1978. Studies in the Heliantheae (Astereceae). XII. Re-establishment of
the genus Smallanthus phytologia. Pp. 47-53; 209.
SILVA, F. R., et. al. 2002. Articles on Health.Yacon and Diabetes.Miami Florida, USA.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http://www.andeshealth.com/site/868226/
page/863573.
VLAUN, S. 2004. Seed of Change. Certified Organic. The Cutting Edge.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http:// www.seedsofc =hange.com/ enewsletter/
issue_40/yacon.asp.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
22
VOLPATO, G. T. et. al. 1997. Study of the hypoglycemic effects. of Polymmia
sonckifolia leaf extracts in rats. II. World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants for Human Welfare. Mendoza, Argentina. P. 621.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
23
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Days from planting to shoot emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
9
14
12
35
11
S0P2
9
13
14
36
12
S0P3
8
13
10
31
10
S0P4
10
18
9
24
9
S0P5
8
7
10
25
8
S1P6
13
14
11
35
12
S1P7
12
8
10
30
10
S1P8
16
12
11
39
13
S1P9
8
12
14
34
11
S1P10
10
9
8
27
9
S2P11
10
12
14
36
12
S2P12
10
11
9
30
10
S2P12
8
13
11
32
10
S2P14
9
10
8
27
9
S2P15
9
8
6
23
7
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
11
12
10
9
8
50
10
S1
12
10
13
11
9
55
11
S2
12
10
10
9
7
48
9.6
TOTAL
35
32
33
29
24
153
MEAN
11.66 10.66
11
9.66
8
10.2
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
24
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
37.733
18.867
5.4774**
3.32 5.39
B
4
80.978
20.244
5.8774**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
25.156
3.144
0.9129ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
103.333
3.444
TOTAL
44
247.200
** = highly significant
CV = 13.13%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
25
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Days from planting to initial root formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
12
17
13
42
14
S0P2
16
15
17
48
16
S0P3
15
13
12
40
13
S0P4
14
11
12
37
12
S0P5
13
14
17
44
14
S1P6
16
14
14
44
15
S1P7
15
11
17
43
14
S1P8
19
15
14
48
16
S1P9
14
15
11
40
13
S1P10
13
12
11
36
12
S2P11
13
17
13
45
15
S2P12
12
14
13
39
13
S2P12
12
14
13
40
13
S2P14
13
13
11
38
12
S2P15
11
11
12
34
11
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
14
16
13
12
14
69
13.8
S1
15
14
16
13
12
70
14
S2
15
13
13
12
11
64
12.8
TOTAL
44
43
42
37
37
203
MEAN
14.66 14.33
14
12.33 12.33
13.53
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
31.111
15.556
4.6667*
3.32 5.39
B
4
72.311
18.078
5.4233**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
16.222
2.028
0.6083ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
100.000
3.333
TOTAL
44
219.644
* = significant
CV = 17.08%
** = highly significant
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
27
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of roots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
7
10
7
24
8
S0P2
12
11
7
30
10
S0P3
7
6
12
26
9
S0P4
12
8
13
33
11
S0P5
12
14
12
37
12
S1P6
6
8
8
22
7
S1P7
8
10
13
31
10
S1P8
14
10
8
32
11
S1P9
12
11
14
37
12
S1P10
10
8
7
25
8
S2P11
7
9
8
24
8
S2P12
12
8
9
29
9
S2P12
8
10
12
30
10
S2P14
13
12
14
39
13
S2P15
14
13
13
40
13
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
8
10
9
11
12
50
10
S1
7
10
11
12
8
48
9.6
S2
8
9
10
13
13
53
10.6
TOTAL
23
29
30
36
33
151
MEAN
7.66
9.66
10
12
11
16.66
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
8.400
4.200
1.0328ns
3.32 5.39
B
4
102.533
25.633
6.3033**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
52.267
6.533
1.6066ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
122.000
4.067
TOTAL
44
285.200
** = highly significant
CV = 19.77%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
29
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Length of roots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
7
8
7
20
7
S0P2
12
11
7
30
10
S0P3
7
6
12
26
9
S0P4
13
8
14
33
11
S0P5
11
14
11
36
12
S1P6
6
8
8
22
7
S1P7
8
14
10
32
11
S1P8
8
12
8
28
9
S1P9
7
11
9
26
8
S1P10
12
9
10
31
10
S2P11
16
14
32
53
18
S2P12
16
20
56
92
19
S2P12
22
24
17
63
21
S2P14
13
19
20
52
17
S2P15
21
26
24
71
23
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
7
10
9
11
12
49
9.8
S1
7
11
9
8
10
45
9
S2
18
19
21
17
23
98
19.6
TOTAL
32
40
39
36
45
128
MEAN
10.66 13.33
13
12
15
12.8
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
1066.533
533.267
A
2
88.311
22.078
41.6615**
3.32 5.39
B
4
92.356
11.544
1.7248ns
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
384.000
12.800
0.9129ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
TOTAL
44
1631.200
** = highly significant
CV = 27.10%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
31
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Length of shoot per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
9.13
10.57
9.87
29.07
9.85
S0P2
11.9
30.50
12.32
54.72
18.24
S0P3
14.7
12.58
14.63
41.91
13.97
S0P4
16.9
18.43
19.42
54.75
18.25
S0P5
18.83
18.85
15.13
52.81
17.60
S1P6
14.30
2.68
3.74
20.72
6.90
S1P7
5.50
3.46
7.18
26.14
8.71
S1P8
5.48
6.00
6.42
17.90
5.96
S1P9
6.10
5.60
5.32
17.02
5.67
S1P10
8.32
8.42
7.94
24.68
8.22
S2P11
20.40
28.18
21.00
69.58
23.19
S2P12
42.10
46.46
46.42
134.98
44.99
S2P12
66.48
10.94
58.44
137.86
49.95
S2P14
48.14
50.44
56.38
198.52
66.17
S2P15
70.24
58.44
74.38
203.06
67.68
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
9.85
18.24 13.97 18.25 17.60
77.91
15.58
S1
6.90
8.71
5.96
5.67
8.22
35.46
7.09
S2
23.19 44.99 49.95 66.17 67.68
251.98
50.39
TOTAL
39.94 31.94 69.88 90.09 160.80
410.89
MEAN
13.31 10.64 23.29 30.03 53.60
24.35
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
2.178
1.089
2.7222ns
3.32 5.39
B
4
5.556
1.389
3.4722*
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
3.378
0.422
1.0556ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
12.000
0.400
TOTAL
44
23.111
* = significant
CV = 40.66%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
33
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Number of shoots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
1
1
1
3
1
S0P2
1
1
2
4
1
S0P3
1
2
2
5
2
S0P4
1
3
2
6
2
S0P5
1
3
3
7
7
S1P6
1
1
1
3
1
S1P7
1
2
1
4
1
S1P8
1
1
1
5
1
S1P9
3
1
1
3
1
S1P10
1
1
1
3
1
S2P11
1
1
1
3
1
S2P12
1
1
2
4
1
S2P13
1
3
2
5
1
S2P14
3
2
2
7
2
S2P15
3
2
1
6
2
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
1
1
2
2
7
13
2.6
S1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1.6
S2
1
1
1
2
2
7
1.4
TOTAL
3
3
4
5
10
25
MEAN
1
1
1.3
1.6
3.3
1.64
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
13336.085
6668.042
81.6532**
3.32 5.39
B
4
1425.728
356.432
4.3647**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
1808.886
226.111
2.7688*
2.27 3.17
Error
30
2449.890
81.663
TOTAL
44
19020.589
** = highly significant
CV = 39.38%
* = significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
CASILLA, GERARD E. APRIL 2007. Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by
the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Tuding Minac, Itogon, Benguet from August 2006 to
October 2006 to determine the effect of the number of eyebuds in the root and shoot
formation of yacon offsets grown in different growing media.
Based on the results of the study, yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds is the best
planting material to use for yacon production; while the use of 1:1 sandyloam soil and
alnus leaves compost is also recommended as growing media for faster growth of yacon
plants since it promoted the production of the earliest roots and shoots from planting,
promoted the production of the longest roots and the tallest shoots two months from
planting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days from Planting to initial Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Days from Planting to Shoot Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Number of Roots Per Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Length of Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Length of Shoots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Number of Shoots Formed Per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
ii
1
INTRODUCTION
The Andean region has been the cradle of a surprisingly wide range of edible
tubers and roots. Most of them have been used by the Andean inhabitants as food energy,
while two - ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) have been
considered ‘fruits’. That perception is particularly strong in the case of yacon, which
despite its juiciness and sweet taste, has been recognized as a food of relatively low
energy value since the early times. In modern times however, the human view of yacon
could be radically different from the past. Certainly, calories are still limited and critical
in many regions of the earth. In contrast, on a global scale, sources of starch, glucose and
fructose are comparatively common commodities, with relatively low prices, and are
available to certain sectors of the human population in quantities well above their dietary
requirements and even beyond their physiological tolerance. Under these conditions,
yacon may provide the low calories and fiber necessary to survive the stress of sedentary
lifestyles combined with over consumption of carbohydrates and fats (Robinson, 1978).
Gonzales (2001) cited that yacon is herbaceous plant that belongs to the
Compositae family (sunflower family). Unlike its better-known cousin, the sunflower, it
is grown mainly for its tubers and not for its seeds. The yacon plant is native to the Andes
Mountains of South America, the longest mountain range in the world. It grows wild at
medium altitudes (2,000-7,000 ft. above sea level) from Columbia to Argentina, but can
be cultivated even at sea level.
Appell (2003), stated that the tubers are sweet, crunchy, and juicy, and they can
be eaten fresh out of hand or stewed. They are wonderful when combined with a salad of
raw carrots, raw sweet potatoes, or when sliced with bananas and oranges. The tubers
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
2
taste sweeter when they are allowed to cure in the sun after harvesting a process called
ckochascca in the Andes.
Several carbohydrates are stored in the roots of yacon: fructose, glucose, sucrose,
low polymerization degree (DP) oligosaccharides (DP 3 to 10 fructans), and traces of
starch and inulin. However, yacon inulin appears to be only a minor component (Asami
et al., 1989).
In Ecuador, yacon roots are especially consumed during the ‘Todos los Santos’ or
‘Day of the Dead’ festivals (National Research Council, 1989). These current practices
may indicate old religious values, modified after the advent of the Catholic religion. In
Bolivia diabetics and persons suffering from digestive problems commonly consume
yacon. Properties to treat kidney problems and skin-rejuvenating activity also have been
mentioned. Medicinal (antidiabetic) properties have been attributed to yacon leaves
(Kakihara et al. 1996) in Brazil, where the dried leaves are used to prepare a medicinal
tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan mixed with common tealeaves. Hypoglycemic
activity has been demonstrated in the water extract of dried yacon leaves, feed on rats
with induced diabetes (Volpato et al., 1997). All yacon carbohydrates including
oligofructans can be rapidly metabolized by ruminants, so tuberous roots can be used to
feed cattle or sheep. The foliage, with a protein content of 11-17% (dry weight basis) has
been suggested as forage (National Research Council, 1989).
The study was conducted to determine the effect of the number of eyebuds
present in yacon offsets before planting and growing media in the growth of shoots and
roots.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
3
The study was conducted at Minac, Itogon Benguet from August 2006 to October
2006.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Morphological Description of Yacon
The yacon is a perennial herb, 1.5-3 m tall. The root system is composed of 4-20
fleshy tuberous storage roots that can reach a length of 25 cm by 10 cm in diameter, and
an extensive system of thin fibrous roots. Storage roots are mainly-fusiform, but often
acquire irregular shapes due to the contact with soil stones or the pressure of neighboring
roots. Roots have an adventitious nature, growing from a developed and ramified stem
system formed by short, thick sympodial rhizomes or rootstock (‘corona’, crown),
(Robinson, 1978). Endemic to the Andes, yacon is cultivated on the mountain slopes at
approximately 2000 meters over the sea level. It is an herbaceous plant that grows to up
to 2m in height; spongy stem with purple projections; small, terminal, yellow to orange-
colored flowers; large, long tuberous roots with sweet flesh. Peru has the greatest number
of varieties, and is the world’s biggest producer with an estimated 1,480 acres under
cultivation (Silva et al., 2002).
Yacon is native to Colombia and Ecuador and is a hardy, attractive herbaceous
perennial that yields a large harvest of tubers. It is always a bit tricky describing the taste
of a new food as we are forced to compare it to familiar foods but generally it gets a very
positive response, especially from children. As a member of the sunflower family, yacon
can grow to 2 meters in height with small, daisy-like yellow flowers. When growing it is
similar in appearance to Jerusalem artichokes but is not invasive in the same way
(Frances and Jeff Michaels, 2001).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
5
Reproductive Biology
Rather than starting from seed, which is evidently quite difficult, propagate yacon
plants from dividing the "crown", a ginger-like root structure from which the edible
tubers emanate. This is done much in the same way that potatoes can be divided, with
each new sprout emerging from an "eye" or by rooting cut stems. The crown divisions
are generally planted in a rich soil (Vlaun, 2004).
According to Christman (2006), after flowering, the yacon plant dies back to the
ground for a rest period during the dry season and the tubers are usually harvested then.
Harvest the tubers after the plant dies to the ground by groping around with your hands
under the plant; don't disturb the main roots because the plant will come back and
produce more tubers.
Uses of Yacon
Yacon has attracted interest of medical researchers, particularly in Japan. Dieters
and diabetics can accept yacon as a sweet and starchy without affecting the blood sugar
level. Japanese scientists and food industries are studying yacon as a source for purified
fructose and a variety of processed products such as pickled slices and dried slices. The
leaves and stems are dried and used as a medicinal tea for diabetics. The effects Yacon
tea to reduce the blood sugar level has been confirmed by Japanese researchers. Eating
oligofructose improves health of intestine because of the bifidus bacteria (beneficial) in
the colon are stimulated. Yacon is commonly consumed by diabetics and persons
suffering from digestive problems. It has properties that treat kidney problems and skin-
rejuvenating activities also have been mentioned. Medicinal (antidiabetic) properties have
been attributed to yacon leaves (Kakihara et al., 1996). The dried leaves are used to
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
6
prepare a medicinal tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan mixed with common
tealeaves. Hypoglycemic activity has been demonstrated in the water extract of dried
yacon leaves, feeding rats with induced diabetes (Volpato et al., 1997).
When the roots are exposed to the sun for 15 days, the concentration of sugar
greatly increases. In 100g of fresh roots, fructose increased from 2 to 22g; alpha glucose
from 2 to 7g; beta glucose from 2 to 6g and sucrose from 2 to 4g. These sugars are
similar to insulin. As can be done with sugar cane, the sugars of Yacon can be made into
blocks. In addition, these sugars can be changed into alcohol and used in the agro-
industrial sector.
Furthermore, Yacon has extensive agricultural potential because it is a perennial
species; consequently, it can be used to protect the soil from erosion, especially in dry
agro-ecological area. In spite of its sweetness Yacon will not contribute to gaining weight
as the human organism cannot metabolize the sugar contained in the root. This is a very
important argument for people suffering diabetes and gives an outlook on the tremendous
market chances for yacon as a substitute for regular sugar, made for instance from cane or
other sources.
They are eaten raw, usually after being dried in the sun, which increases their
sweetness, by partly hydrolyzing oligofructans, producing fructose, glucose and sucrose.
Drying wrinkles the skin, which is peeled before eating. The roots can also be stewed or
can be grated and squeezed through a cloth to produce a drink. Consumption of yacon in
some areas is linked to particular cultural or religious festivals.
The impact of Yacon on a healthy intestine environment is of vital importance to
health depends to a large extent on a sound digestive system. Yacon strengthens and
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
7
activates the good bacilli like L. acidophilus and B.bifidum, as both uses Yacon as a
carbon source for their growth. These two bacilli provide vitamin B, enzymes and vital
acids. The healthy intestine environment with its fragile flora is the condition for your
overall health, your personal appearance and your immune system. Yacon also
contributes to your body's capacity to regulate lipidic levels and that the risk of cancer
can be reduced.
According to Dr. H Brams, as cited by Robinson (1978), said that yacon roots
themselves had not been proven to have the same palliative effect as the leaves. Even so,
yacon is now popularly associated in Peru with diabetes, though other benefits such as its
laxative quality and ability to help prevent colon cancer and osteoporosis are less well
known.
Cultivation Details
For best results, this plant requires a warm position in deep rich soil though it
survives even when growing in poor soils. Plants are unaffected by day length and so can
produce good yields of roots in temperate zones. The roots are brittle and it must be
harvested with care to avoid damage, yields of 38 tons per hectare have been recorded in
South America, while yield of over 2 kilos per plant have been achieved outdoors in corn
wall. The harvested roots can be stored for several months. Plants might be use full in
Agroforestry because they succeed under trees, though in the relatively sunless climates
of Britain the plants are not likely to do well in shaded trees (Nederpelt, 2003).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were yacon offsets, knife, plastic pots, sandy loam soil,
mountain soil, 1:1 sandy loam soil and composted alnus leaves labeling materials and
farm tools.
Methods
Yacon offset were propagated by dividing the "crown", a ginger-like root
structure from which the edible tubers emanate. This was done in the same manner in
which potato tubers are divided, with each new sprout emerging from an "eye." The
crown divisions were planted in different growing media in a 6 inch black plastic bags.
There were five samples per treatment combination with three replications. The
experiment was laid out following the simple CRD experimental design.
The yacon offsets were sliced according to the following treatments:
Factor A. Growing Media
M0 = Sandy loam soil
M1 = Mountain soil
M2 = 1: 1 Sandy loam + alnus leaves compost
Factor B. Number of Eyebuds in Yacon Offset
T1 = Offset with one bud
T2 = Offset with two buds
T3 = Offset with three buds
T4 = Offset with four buds
T5 = Offset with five buds
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
9
All the recommended cultural practices in yacon production were done in all of
the treatments.
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Days from planting to initial root formation. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting to root formation (1cm root size).
2. Days from planting to shoot emergence. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from planting to shoot formation.
3. Number of roots per offset. The number of roots formed was counted and
recorded two months after planting the offset.
4. Length of roots (cm). This was measured from the basal portion of the tuber to
the tip of the longest root two months from planting.
5. Length of shoots (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the tip
of the longest shoot, two months after planting.
6. Number of shoots formed per plant. The number of shoots formed was counted
and recorded two months after planting.
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting
to Initial Root Formation
Effect of growing media. Results show that yacon offset planted in 1:1 sandy
loam + alnus leaves compost had the earliest root initials observed from planting date
with a mean of 12.86 days which was significantly different from the offsets planted in
sandy loam soil and mountain soil. Yacon offsets planted in both sandy loam soil and
mountain soil had significantly delayed root formation with means 15.00 and 14.53 days
respectively; from planting as shown in Table 1.
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 1 shows that offsets with 5 eyebuds
had the shortest days from planting to initial root formation with a mean of 12.33 days
which was significantly different from offsets with 4 and 2 eye buds which had a means
of 13.22 and 13.77 days respectively from planting to root initiation However, they were
both statistically comparable with offsets which had only 2 eye buds which had root
initials after 13.77 days from planting the offsets. Offsets with 3 eye buds had the longest
duration to form root initials with 15.88 days but were statistically similar to offsets with
only 1 eyebud which had root initials after a mean of 15.44 days.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the number of eye buds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of days from planting to initial root formation.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
11
Table 1. Days from planting to initial root formation
TREATMENT MEAN
(Days)
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 14.53a
Mountain soil 15.00a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 12.86b
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 15.14ab
Offset with 2 eyebuds 13.77bc
Offset with 3 eyebuds 15.88a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 13.22c
Offset with 5 eyebuds 12.33c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Days From Planting to Shoot Emergence
Effect of growing media. The effect of the different kinds of growing media on
the number of days from planting to shoot emergence is shown in Table 2. Results show
that yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves compost were the earliest to
have shoots emerged from the soil with a mean of 9.80 days from planting which was
significantly different from offsets planted in a sandy loam soil only with a mean of 10.46
days. Offsets grown in mountain soil only had the longest duration to form shoots with a
mean of 11.80 days from planting date.
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Offsets with 5 eyebuds were the earliest to
have shoot emergence with a mean of 9.11 days but was comparable from offsets with 4
eyebuds and 2 eyebuds with means of 9.66 and 10.33 days; respectively. However, they
were statistically comparable with offsets with only 1 eyebud which had shoot emergence
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
12
Table 2. Days from planting to shoot formation
TREATMENT MEAN
(Days)
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 10.47ab
Mountain soil 11.80a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 9.00b
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 12.11a
Offset with 2 eyebuds 10.33b
Offset with 3 eyebuds 12.22a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 9.67b
Offset with 5 eyebuds 9.11b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
after 12.11 days and was statistically comparable with those with 1 eyebud and the offset
with a mean of 12.22 days (Table 2).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of days from planting to initial shoot formation.
Number of Roots Per Offset
Effect of growing media. Yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves
compost had more number of roots formed with a mean of 10.80 days however, it was
not significantly different from offsets planted in a sandy loam soil and mountain soil
only. Yacon offsets planted in both sandy loam soil and mountain soil had almost similar
number of short roots with means of 10.00 and 10.80 days; respectively.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
13
Table 3. Number of roots per offset
TREATMENT MEAN
Growing Media
Sandy loam soil 10.00a
Mountain soil 9.00a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 10.80a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 7.77c
Offset with 2 eyebuds 10.00b
Offset with 3 eyebuds 9.66bc
Offset with 4 eyebuds 12.11a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 11.44ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Offsets with 4 eyebuds had more roots with
a mean of 12.11 which was significantly different from offsets with 5 eyebuds which had
a mean of 11.44 roots but was significantly different from offsets with 1, 2 and 3 eyebuds
which had means ranging from 9.66 to 10.00 roots per offset (Table 3).
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the numbers of eye buds in the offset before planting
with regards to the number of roots formed per plant.
Length of Roots
Effect of growing media. Yacon offset planted in 1:1 sandy loam + alnus leaves
compost had the longest roots formed from planting date with a mean of 20.06 days from
planting which was significantly different from offsets planted in sandy loam and in
mountain soil only which had significantly shorter roots with means of 10.20 and 9.33
cm; respectively in (Table 4).
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
14
Table 4. Length of roots
TREATMENT MEAN (cm)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 10.20b
Mountain soil 9.33b
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 20.06a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 11.77a
Offset with 2 eyebuds 12.77a
Offset with 3 eyebuds 12.88a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 12.66a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 15.88a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 4 shows that there were no
significant differences noted on the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting in the
root length in yacon 60 days after planting. Root length varies from 11.77 to 15.88 cm
days from planting.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects noted between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offsets before planting on
the length of roots two months from planting.
Length of Shoots
Effect of growing media. Table 5 shows that there were no significant differences
on the length of shoots measured 60 days from planting the yacon offsets. Means ranged
from 1.26 to 1.80 cm.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
15
Table 5. Length of shoots
TREAMENT MEAN
(cm)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 1.60a
Mountain soil 1.26a
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 1.80a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 1.00c
Offset with 2 eyebuds 1.33bc
Offset with 3 eyebuds 1.66ab
Offset with 4 eyebuds 1.77ab
Offset with 5 eyebuds 2.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Significant differences on the length shoots
of yacon offsets after 2 months of observations was noted as affected by the number of
eyebuds. It was observed that offsets with 5 eyebuds had the longest shoots with a mean
of 2.00 cm followed by offsets with 4 and 3 eyebuds with means of 1.77 and 1.66 cm
respectively; which were not significantly different from offsets with 2 and 1 eyebuds.
Means were 1.33 and 1.00 cm; respectively.
Interaction effect. Again, there were no significant interaction effects noted
between the different growing media used and the numbers of eyebuds in the offset
before planting on the length of shoots 60 days from planting.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
16
Number of Shoots Formed Per Plant
Effect of growing media. Results show that yacon offsets planted in 1:1 sandy
loam soil + alnus leaves compost had significantly more shoots formed 60 days from
planting date with a mean of 46.69 shoots per plant. Those grown in sandy loam had
more shoots than those grown in mountain soil; means were 15.71 and 6.43 shoots per
plant; respectively
Effect of number of eyebuds in offset. Table 6 shows that offsets with 3, 4 and 5
eyebuds produced the highest number of shoots with means of 30.43, 25.82 and 23.28
shoots per plant respectively. Offsets with 2 eyebuds were comparable in the number of
shoots formed 60 days from planting with those with only 1 eyebud per offset; means
were 21.86 and 13.31 shoots; respectively.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects between the
different growing media used and the number of eyebuds in the offset before planting on
the number of shoots 60 days from planting of the offsets.
Table 6. Number of shoots formed
TREATMENT MEAN
(Number)
Growing media
Sandy loam soil 15.71b
Mountain soil 6.43c
1:1 Sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost 46.69a
Number of Eyebuds in the Offset
Offset with 1 eyebud 13.31b
Offset with 2 eyebuds 21.86ab
Offset with 3 eyebuds 23.28a
Offset with 4 eyebuds 25.82a
Offset with 5 eyebuds 30.43a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
17
a)
b)
Figure 1. a.) Overview of the study two months from planting
b.) Two months old yacon seedlings grown in sandy loam
soil only (control)
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
18
a)
Mountain Soil
M1
b)
Figure 2 a.) Two months old yacon seedlings grown in mountain soil
b) 1:1 Two months old yacon seedlings grown in sandy loam
and alnus leaves compost
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at Tuding, Minac, Itogon Benguet from August to
October, 2006 to evaluate the effects of the number of eyebuds in the offset before
planting; and determine the growing media that will promote vigorous root and shoot
growth on yacon offsets.
Yacon offsets were cut according to their respective number of eyebuds. All the
different eyebuds were rooted directly in sandyloam, mountain soil and 1:1 sandyloam
soil and composted alnus leaves medium.
Results show that yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds that were directly planted in a 1:1
sandyloam soil and composted alnus leaves media were the earliest to form initial roots
after of 12.86 days, were the earliest to have shoot emergence after 9.11 days, had more
roots formed per offset with a mean of 11.44, had the longest roots formed from planting
with a mean of 20.06 cm and had more shoots formed with a mean of 46.69 days after
planting.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, yacon offsets with 5 eyebuds is the best planting
materials to use with 1:1 sandyloam soil and alnus leaves compost as growing media for
faster growth in yacon plants since it promoted the production of the earliest roots and
shoots from planting, promoted the production of the longest roots, and tallest shoots two
months from planting.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
20
Recommendation
In using yacon offset for commercial yacon production, offsets with 5 or more
eyebuds is recommended to be planted in a 1:1 sandy loam soil and alnus leaves compost
for earlier root and shoot formation, longer roots and taller plants with more shoots.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
21
LITERATURE CITED
APPELL, S. D. 2003. Tasty Tubers and Fabulous Fungi-Unusual Central and South
American Vegetables for your Garden.1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn NY.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http://www.bbg.org/gar2/topics/kitchen/
2003su_tubers.html.
ASAMI, T. et. al. 1991. Fluctuations of oligofructan contents in tubers of yacon
(Polymniasonchifolia) during growth and storage. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant
Nutr. 62:621-627.
CHRISTMAN, S. 2006. Florida. Tallahassee, Florida USA. Retrieved January 22, 2007
from http://www.floridata. com/ref/P/poly_son.cfm.
FRANCES and J. MICHAELS. 2001. Green Harvest. Retrieved January 22, 2007
from http://www=.greenharvest.com.au/Plants/yacon_info.html.
GONZALES, E. 2001. Medicinal Notes. The Manila Bulletin Online.DLSU College of
Medicine Dasmarinas, Cavite. Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http:// www.
mb. com. ph/ issues/ 2005/ 11/24/HLTH2005112449664.html
KAKIHARA, T. S. 1996. Cultivo e industrilização de yacon: uma experiência brasileira.
Resumos I Congresso Latino Americano de Raízes Tropicais. CERAT-UNESP,
São Pedro, Brasil. P. 627.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little - known
plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. National Academy
Press, Washington, DC. P. 538.
NEDERPELT, R. P. 2003.Plants For a Future.Edible, medicinal and useful plants for a
Healthier World.Washington State USA. Retrieved January 22, 2007 from
http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Polymnia+edulis.
ROBINSON, H. 1978. Studies in the Heliantheae (Astereceae). XII. Re-establishment of
the genus Smallanthus phytologia. Pp. 47-53; 209.
SILVA, F. R., et. al. 2002. Articles on Health.Yacon and Diabetes.Miami Florida, USA.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http://www.andeshealth.com/site/868226/
page/863573.
VLAUN, S. 2004. Seed of Change. Certified Organic. The Cutting Edge.
Retrieved January 22, 2007 from http:// www.seedsofc =hange.com/ enewsletter/
issue_40/yacon.asp.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
22
VOLPATO, G. T. et. al. 1997. Study of the hypoglycemic effects. of Polymmia
sonckifolia leaf extracts in rats. II. World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants for Human Welfare. Mendoza, Argentina. P. 621.
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
23
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Days from planting to shoot emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
9
14
12
35
11
S0P2
9
13
14
36
12
S0P3
8
13
10
31
10
S0P4
10
18
9
24
9
S0P5
8
7
10
25
8
S1P6
13
14
11
35
12
S1P7
12
8
10
30
10
S1P8
16
12
11
39
13
S1P9
8
12
14
34
11
S1P10
10
9
8
27
9
S2P11
10
12
14
36
12
S2P12
10
11
9
30
10
S2P12
8
13
11
32
10
S2P14
9
10
8
27
9
S2P15
9
8
6
23
7
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
11
12
10
9
8
50
10
S1
12
10
13
11
9
55
11
S2
12
10
10
9
7
48
9.6
TOTAL
35
32
33
29
24
153
MEAN
11.66 10.66
11
9.66
8
10.2
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
24
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
37.733
18.867
5.4774**
3.32 5.39
B
4
80.978
20.244
5.8774**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
25.156
3.144
0.9129ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
103.333
3.444
TOTAL
44
247.200
** = highly significant
CV = 13.13%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
25
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Days from planting to initial root formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
12
17
13
42
14
S0P2
16
15
17
48
16
S0P3
15
13
12
40
13
S0P4
14
11
12
37
12
S0P5
13
14
17
44
14
S1P6
16
14
14
44
15
S1P7
15
11
17
43
14
S1P8
19
15
14
48
16
S1P9
14
15
11
40
13
S1P10
13
12
11
36
12
S2P11
13
17
13
45
15
S2P12
12
14
13
39
13
S2P12
12
14
13
40
13
S2P14
13
13
11
38
12
S2P15
11
11
12
34
11
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
14
16
13
12
14
69
13.8
S1
15
14
16
13
12
70
14
S2
15
13
13
12
11
64
12.8
TOTAL
44
43
42
37
37
203
MEAN
14.66 14.33
14
12.33 12.33
13.53
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
31.111
15.556
4.6667*
3.32 5.39
B
4
72.311
18.078
5.4233**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
16.222
2.028
0.6083ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
100.000
3.333
TOTAL
44
219.644
* = significant
CV = 17.08%
** = highly significant
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
27
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of roots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
7
10
7
24
8
S0P2
12
11
7
30
10
S0P3
7
6
12
26
9
S0P4
12
8
13
33
11
S0P5
12
14
12
37
12
S1P6
6
8
8
22
7
S1P7
8
10
13
31
10
S1P8
14
10
8
32
11
S1P9
12
11
14
37
12
S1P10
10
8
7
25
8
S2P11
7
9
8
24
8
S2P12
12
8
9
29
9
S2P12
8
10
12
30
10
S2P14
13
12
14
39
13
S2P15
14
13
13
40
13
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
8
10
9
11
12
50
10
S1
7
10
11
12
8
48
9.6
S2
8
9
10
13
13
53
10.6
TOTAL
23
29
30
36
33
151
MEAN
7.66
9.66
10
12
11
16.66
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
8.400
4.200
1.0328ns
3.32 5.39
B
4
102.533
25.633
6.3033**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
52.267
6.533
1.6066ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
122.000
4.067
TOTAL
44
285.200
** = highly significant
CV = 19.77%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
29
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Length of roots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
7
8
7
20
7
S0P2
12
11
7
30
10
S0P3
7
6
12
26
9
S0P4
13
8
14
33
11
S0P5
11
14
11
36
12
S1P6
6
8
8
22
7
S1P7
8
14
10
32
11
S1P8
8
12
8
28
9
S1P9
7
11
9
26
8
S1P10
12
9
10
31
10
S2P11
16
14
32
53
18
S2P12
16
20
56
92
19
S2P12
22
24
17
63
21
S2P14
13
19
20
52
17
S2P15
21
26
24
71
23
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
7
10
9
11
12
49
9.8
S1
7
11
9
8
10
45
9
S2
18
19
21
17
23
98
19.6
TOTAL
32
40
39
36
45
128
MEAN
10.66 13.33
13
12
15
12.8
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
1066.533
533.267
A
2
88.311
22.078
41.6615**
3.32 5.39
B
4
92.356
11.544
1.7248ns
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
384.000
12.800
0.9129ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
TOTAL
44
1631.200
** = highly significant
CV = 27.10%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
31
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Length of shoot per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
9.13
10.57
9.87
29.07
9.85
S0P2
11.9
30.50
12.32
54.72
18.24
S0P3
14.7
12.58
14.63
41.91
13.97
S0P4
16.9
18.43
19.42
54.75
18.25
S0P5
18.83
18.85
15.13
52.81
17.60
S1P6
14.30
2.68
3.74
20.72
6.90
S1P7
5.50
3.46
7.18
26.14
8.71
S1P8
5.48
6.00
6.42
17.90
5.96
S1P9
6.10
5.60
5.32
17.02
5.67
S1P10
8.32
8.42
7.94
24.68
8.22
S2P11
20.40
28.18
21.00
69.58
23.19
S2P12
42.10
46.46
46.42
134.98
44.99
S2P12
66.48
10.94
58.44
137.86
49.95
S2P14
48.14
50.44
56.38
198.52
66.17
S2P15
70.24
58.44
74.38
203.06
67.68
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
9.85
18.24 13.97 18.25 17.60
77.91
15.58
S1
6.90
8.71
5.96
5.67
8.22
35.46
7.09
S2
23.19 44.99 49.95 66.17 67.68
251.98
50.39
TOTAL
39.94 31.94 69.88 90.09 160.80
410.89
MEAN
13.31 10.64 23.29 30.03 53.60
24.35
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
2.178
1.089
2.7222ns
3.32 5.39
B
4
5.556
1.389
3.4722*
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
3.378
0.422
1.0556ns
2.27 3.17
Error
30
12.000
0.400
TOTAL
44
23.111
* = significant
CV = 40.66%
ns = not significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
33
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Number of shoots per offset
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
S0P1
1
1
1
3
1
S0P2
1
1
2
4
1
S0P3
1
2
2
5
2
S0P4
1
3
2
6
2
S0P5
1
3
3
7
7
S1P6
1
1
1
3
1
S1P7
1
2
1
4
1
S1P8
1
1
1
5
1
S1P9
3
1
1
3
1
S1P10
1
1
1
3
1
S2P11
1
1
1
3
1
S2P12
1
1
2
4
1
S2P13
1
3
2
5
1
S2P14
3
2
2
7
2
S2P15
3
2
1
6
2
TWO-WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
TOTAL
MEAN
S0
1
1
2
2
7
13
2.6
S1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1.6
S2
1
1
1
2
2
7
1.4
TOTAL
3
3
4
5
10
25
MEAN
1
1
1.3
1.6
3.3
1.64
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Tabular F
Freedom
Squares
Squares
Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
A
2
13336.085
6668.042
81.6532**
3.32 5.39
B
4
1425.728
356.432
4.3647**
2.69 4.02
A x B
8
1808.886
226.111
2.7688*
2.27 3.17
Error
30
2449.890
81.663
TOTAL
44
19020.589
** = highly significant
CV = 39.38%
* = significant
Shoot and Root Growth as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media /Gerard E. Casilla. 2007
Document Outline
- Shoot and Root Growth as Affected bythe Number of Eyebuds on Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Offset and Growing Media.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Plantingto Initial Root Formation
- Days From Planting to Shoot Emergence
- Number of Roots Per Offset
- Length of Roots
- Length of Shoots
- Number of Shoots Formed Per Plant
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES