BIBLIOGRAPHY TERCERO, KALYN A. October,...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TERCERO, KALYN A. October, 2008. Growth and Flowering of Colored
Callas as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008, to
determine the effects of the number of eyebuds in the corms as planting materials in
colored calla lily, and the economics of using the different techniques in calla lily corm
production.
Corms with different number of eyebuds were planted in the growing media of
1:1 alnus leaves compost + garden soil. The variety used were white calla (check
variety), yellow callas, purple callas and green callas. Results revealed that white callas
with three eyebuds in the corm were the latest to produce roots and had the longest roots
and shoots and produced more shoots per plant two months from planting. There were no
rotted corms in all the treatments observed. All the corms survived, two months from
planting.
The calla lilies produced only one flower for the duration of the study. White
calla with there eyebuds in the corm produced more corms per plant and with more
eyebuds per corm.
Yellow callas had the longest stems, while purple callas had the shortest stems at
flowering. Significantly, the green callas with three eyebuds produced the longest flower
budlength at harvest (50% anthesis).
Corms with three eyebuds is therefore, recommended for better cutflower quality
and its has longer vaselife.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Light Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Soil Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Climatic Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Variety Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Cutflower Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Vaselife and Longevity of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
iii
Length of Roots . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days to Shoot Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Shoot Emerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Shoot Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Percentage of Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
15
Number of Rotted Corms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Percentage of Rotted Corms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Number of Flower per Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Corms per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Eyebuds per Corm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Flower Budlength at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
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1
INTRODUCTION
Calla Lilies are unique and elegant flowering plant that make a spectacular
addition to the home garden. They are also very popular for bridal bouquets and
cutflower arrangement. White calla are quite common, it is referred to as the local
indigenous calla lily that are grown in Cordillera. These plants are also available in an
array of beautiful colors including shades of green, pink, purple, yellow and orange.
Calla Lily of the genus Zanthedeshia belong to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the same habit and cultural requirement as
found in the liliums. There are six known species of the genus such as Z. aethhipica, the
common white calla lily; Z. elliottiana, the yellow calla; Z. albumaculata, the cream
flowers; Z. pentlandii, deciduous or gold; Z. rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Z.
jucanda, deciduous flower and spotted, but not use horticulturally.
Growing colored calla can be develop as a profitable business in Baguio and
Benguet. Production of calla lilies as one of the flower industries can contribute to the
economy of the country. It is a good source of income for our flower growers. However,
only few flower growers in the Cordillera do the production because of expensiveness of
the rhizomes or corms as a planting material. Growers save the rhizomes and corms from
the previous plant for the next cropping.
Rhizome division is the most common propagation method used in calla lily, but
varies depending on the species.
In the view of point seen in calla lily production, this study aims to help the calla
lily growers to determine the effect of number of eyebuds in colored calla lily corm and
it’s effect in the cutflower yield and vaselife. Further, this study will help the students,
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
2
teachers and farmers to serve as guide for them, as the future reference on the growth and
flowering of calla lily as affected by number of eyebuds in the corms as planting
materials.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008 to determine
the effect of the number of eyebuds in the corm on the growth and flowering of colored
calla; and its effect on the cutflower yield and vaselife.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant Characteristics
Calla Lily of the genus Zanthedeshia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the habit and cultural requirements as
found in true liliums.
There are six known species of the genus such as Z. aethiopica, which is a robust
plant with thick stems carrying large, broad, fleshy dark green leaves. Grown
commercially in Benguet in large quantities; Z rehmannii bear flowers ranging in color
pink to wine red; Z. albumaculata, deciduous, cream flowers; Z elliottiana has yellow or
golden flower and tall stems from early summer. It has a heart shaped, dark green,
upright leaves which are covered with translucent white spots; Z. pentlandii deciduous or
gold and Z. jucanda,, deciduous yellow and spotted, but not use horticulturally.
Cutflower yield is dependent on cultivar, tuber size and growth regulator
applications. One to three flowers can be expected from 1 -5 centimeters diameter tuber.
The flowers are green at macobud stage and gain full color upon opening. After
pollination flowers often deepen on the color, begin to regreen and close (Rimando,
2001).
Propagation
On the propagation of colored calla lily, the most common used is by rhizomes
and division (Larson, 1980).
Propagation of the species can be done by seed, although this propagation is
limited to the true species, which have limited color range. Division of tubers after lifting
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
4
is a common means increasing initial stock numbers. This type of propagation should
not be sustained for longer than two to three years as it is a very conducive method over
the spread of viral and bacterial (Welsh and Baldwin, 1986).
Planting
Plant calla lily tubers, 2” deep with the developing shoots pointed upward
(Garden Calla Lily Information”).
Planting depth and density is widely dependent on size of tubers and expected
duration in the ground. Tubers should have twice their depth of soil on top once the
planting hole is covered (Rimando, 2001).
Irrigation
After planting, water is sparingly until leaves are unfurled. Provided soil and
good drainage, generous amount of water can be applied and during flowering period.
Once flowering complete, irrigation may be reduced to minimize bacterial soft viruses
incidence (Rimando, 2001).
Light Requirement
Calla Lilies planted outdoors grow best – they require full sun to partial shade,
depending on the climate.
Full sun encourages brighter and richer calla lily bloom color. In warmer climates
through they should be planted in partial shade to avoid temperatures (Garden Calla Lily
Information).
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
5
Soil Requirements
Calla Lily tubers require a loose, well draining soil (Garden Calla Lily
Information). It grows in moist provided they have adequate drainage. Sandy loams are
preferred as in additions to having good drainage makes lifting of the tuber easier.
Moreover, tubers are easier to clean than those in sticker soils. Soil PH should be
adjusted to 6.0 – 6.5 (Rimando, 2001).
Climatic Adaptability
Janick (1972) stated that climate, the summation of and areas weather which
involves temperature, moisture and light effect are the factors whose actions and
interactions must be considered in the physical environment of plants. This can be
determined when where the plant will grow.
Callas prefer warm weather with the daytime temperature of between 70-75oF and
cooler nights around 55°F.
Variety Evaluation
Edmund and Andrew (1964) said that varieties differ in productivity as expression
of hereditary genes influenced by the environment. According to Villareal and Wallace
(19 ), the variety best adapted by the environment reflects the high yield potential.
Growth and yield of foliage depends on the interaction between the environmental
factors and practices applied on them. Each plant has characteristics such as color, leaf
shape, size and growth rate that determine its potential for consumer satisfaction
(Manaker, 1981). Botangen (1983) reported that the heights of the different varieties
from each other presumably because of varietal characteristics.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
6
Morfe (1980), stated that there are varieties to give good results. They may not
vary latest but there are varieties which will not fail to make good plant and flower.
There is a good selection of colors and lots of them are plant suitable for the show bench.
Most of these will flower the whole year under growing conditions.
Cutflower Characteristics
According to Baldwin and Welsh (1986), calla lily flower stem height is between
60-90 cm for premium grade cutflowers. Shorter stemmed flowers (30-40 cm) can be
used as “posy arade” at a lower price. Flower quantity is dependent on cultivar/specie,
tuber corm size and growth regulator application, one to three flowers can be expected
from a 4-5 cm diameter (2 – inch tuber).
Vaselife and Longevity of Cutflowers
Temperature is the major factor affecting the storage and vaselife of flowers. This
is through its influence on the respiration rate of the flowers, their response to ethylene,
moisture loss and damage (Anonymous, undated).
Emilio (1996), stated that the rate of the respiration has a bearing on the longevity
of any cutflowers.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were the corms of 4 varieties of colored calla
lilies, greenhouse, plastic bags, 1:1 garden soil + alnus leaves compost and labeling
materials.
Methods
This study was arranged in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
the four varieties of colored calla lily as factor A and the number of eye buds in the corm
as factor B. There were three replications per treatment combination. All sample plants
were given the same maintenance and management routine operation practices such as
irrigation, crop protection and fertilizer applications.
The treatments were as follows:
Factor A: Calla Lily Variety
Treatment Code Variety
V1
White calla
Zanthedeshia aethiopica
V2
Yellow calla
Zanthesdia elliottiana
V3
Purple calla
Zanthedesdia rehmanii
V4
Goddess green calla
Zanthesdia aethipica
Factor B: Number of Eye Buds in the Corm
T1 – 1 eyebud
T2 – 2 eyebuds
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
8
T3 – 3 eyebuds
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Number of days to root formation. This was taken by counting the number of
days from planting the corms in the rooting media to root formation.
2. Length of roots (cm). This was taken by measuring the length of the roots
after 2 months from planting.
3. Number of days to shoot emergence. This was taken by counting the number
of days from planting to shoot emergence.
4. Number of shoots emerged. This was taken by counting the number of shoots
that emerged from the corm.
5. Shoot lengths (cm). This was taken by measuring the length of the shoots
produced after 2 months from planting.
6. Percentage (%) survival. This was obtained by using the following formula:
Percentage of survival = Number of corm survived_____ x 100
Total number of corms planted
7. Number of rotted corms. This was taken by counting the number of rotted
corms after 2 months from planting in the growing media.
8. Percentage (%) of rotted corms. This was obtained by following the formula
Percentage of survival = No. of rotted corm/single line_x100
Total number of corms planted
9..Yield
a. Number of corms. This was taken by counting the number of corms
produced per plant.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
9
b. Number of flower. This was taken by counting the number of flower
produced per plant for the duration of the cropping period.
10. Cutflower quality
a. Stem length at harvest (cm). This was taken at 50% anthesis.
b. Flower bud length at harvest (cm). This was taken at 50% anthesis.
c. Vaselife. This was taken by counting the number of days of aesthetic
value from placing the cutflowers in the vase up to the onset of senescence.
11. Documentation of the study through pictures.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Root Formation
Effect of variety. Table 1 presents the number of days to root formation (0.5 cm
long) as affected by the different varieties used. Among the four varieties, white calla
lily plants were the earliest to produce roots with a mean of 4.11 days. This was followed
by green calla lily with a mean of 8.44 days; while, yellow and purple calla lilies were the
latest to produce roots with comparable means of 13.44 days and 14.22 days,
respectively.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Significant differences were likewise
observed among the three propagation materials used which are the number of eyebuds in
the corm, as shown in table 1. Growing callas with three eyebuds in the corm
significantly produced the earliest roots with a mean of 9.00 days from planting which
had least number of days to produce roots, but was statistically comparable to those
grown from corms with two eyebuds with a mean of 10.42 days. Significantly delayed
root formation was noted in corms with only one eyebuds which had a mean of 10.75
days.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were observed between the
calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm on the number of days to root
formation.
Length of Roots
Effect of variety. Significant differences were obtained in the length of roots
measured two months from planting the corms of the different varieties. White calla lily
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
11
corms produced the longest roots with a mean of 16.22 cm but was statistically
comparable to green calla lily which had a mean 14.89 cm. Slightly shorter roots were
measured on yellow calla lily which had a mean of 13.89 cm. Purple calla lily had corm
with a mean of 13.11 cm roots which the shortest roots measured among the four
varieties growth.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 2 shows that there were no
significant differences noted on the length of roots measured as affected by different
propagation materials two months from planting. Nonetheless, three eyebuds present in
the corm of planting produced the longest roots with a mean of 15.00 cm. The other
varieties had comparable root lengths of 13.89 to 16.22 cm two months from planting.
Table 1. Number of days to root formation (0.5 cm root length)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
4.11c
Yellow calla
13.44a
Purple calla
14.22a
Green calla
8.44b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
10.75a
Two eyebuds
10.42ab
Three eyebuds
9.00b
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
12
Table 2. Length of roots two months from planting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
16.22a
Yellow calla
13.89bc
Purple calla
13.11c
Green calla
14.89ab
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
13.75a
Two eyebuds
14.83a
Three eyebuds
15.00a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different calla varieties and
number of eyebuds in the corm on length of roots two months from planting were not
significant.
Number of Days to Shoot Emergence
Effect of variety. Table 3 presents the significant differences on the number of
days to shoot emergence among the four varieties. White calla were the earliest to
produce shoots with a mean of 7.56 days. This was followed by green calla with a mean
of 12. 67 days then followed by yellow calla lily with a mean of 18.44 days.
Significantly delayed shoot emergence was noted on purple calla lily with a mean of
22.44 days.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
13
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. There were no significant differences
noted on the number of days to shoot emergence as affected by the different propagation
materials used which are the number of eyebuds in the corm. Nonetheless, three eyebuds
in the corm with a mean of 14.50 days had the earliest to produce shoots.
Interaction effect. The combine effects of calla varieties and number of eyebuds
in the corm on the number of days to shoot emergence were not significant.
Number of Shoot Emerged
Effect of variety. There were no significant differences noted on the number of
shoots counted from the four varieties two months from planting the corms. Nonetheless,
Table 3. Number of days to shoot emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
7.56d
Yellow calla
18.44b
Purple calla
22.44a
Green calla
12.67c
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
16.00a
Two eyebuds
15.33a
Three eyebuds
14.50a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
14
white calla lily had higher number of shoots with a mean of 2.22, but was statistically
comparable to the other varieties with a mean of 1.67 to 1.78 shoots per plant.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Statistical analysis showed that there
were highly significant differences on the number of shoots emerged as affected by the
different number of eyebuds in the corm. Three eyebuds in the corm produced more
corms with a mean of 2.42. This was followed by two eyebuds in the corm with a mean
of 1.92. The least number of shoot emerged was obtained in one eyebud in the corm with
a mean of 1.17.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between callus varieties
and number of eyebuds in he corm on the number of shoot emerged two months from
planting the corm.
Table 4. Number of shoot emerged two months from planting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Number)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.22a
Yellow calla
1.67a
Purple calla
1.78a
Green calla
1.67a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.17c
Two eyebuds
1.92b
Three eyebuds
2.42a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
15
Shoot Length
Effect of variety. Table 5 shows that significantly longer shoots were measured
on white calla lily with a mean of 21.22 cm. This was followed by green calla lily with a
mean of 17.33 cm. Slightly smaller shoots were measured in yellow calla lily with a
mean of 12.89 cm. Shortest shoots were obtained from purple calla lily with a mean of
11.44 cm two months from planting the corm.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Significant differences were observed
among the different propagation materials which are the number of eyebuds present in
the corm. Three eyebuds in the corm had the longest length measured with a mean of
16.50 cm. Growing callas with only one eyebud in the corms produced the shortest
shoots measured with a mean of 15.08 cm, but was statistically comparable to callas
grown from corms with two eyebuds with a mean of 15.58 cm.
Interaction effect. The combined effects of calla varieties and number of eyebuds
in the corm on shoot length two months from planting, did not differ significantly.
Percentage of Survival
Results revealed that there were no significant differences obtained on the
percentage of survival as affected by calla varieties grown and the number of eyebuds in
the corm two months from planting.
Growth and quality of plants depend on the interaction between environmental
factors and practices applied on them (Manaker, 1981).
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
16
Table 5. Shoot length
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
21.22a
Yellow calla
12.89c
Purple calla
11.44d
Green calla
17.33b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
15.08b
Two eyebuds
15.58ab
Three eyebuds
16.50a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Rotted Corms
Results shows that there were no rotted corms observed two months from planting
the corms in the growing media as affected by calla varieties and number of eyebuds in
the corm.
Percentage of Rotted Corms
Based on the results, there were no rotted corms calculated as affected by varieties
and different numbers of eyebuds in the corm two months from planting.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
17
Number of Flowers
Results revealed that only one flower was produced per plant for the duration of
the study. Therefore, there were no significant difference recorded on the number of
flowers per plant as affected by the calla varieties grown and number of eyebuds present
in the corm.
Morfe (1980), mentioned that there were varieties that can be relied to give good
results. They may not vary, but there are varieties which will not fail to make a good
plant and flower.
Furthermore, Rimando (2001) stated that cutflower yield is dependent on cultivar,
tuber, tuber size and growth regulator applications. One to three flowers can be expected
from 4 - 5 centimeters diameter tuber in callas.
Number of Corms
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows the effect of varieties on the number of corms
produced per plant. Significantly, white calla lily had the highest number of corms
produced with a mean of 2.22, but was comparable to yellow and green calla lilies with a
mean of 2.00 and 1.89. Purple calla lily produced the least number of corms with a mean
of 1.33.
As Edmund and Andrews (1964) reported, the varieties differ in productivity as
expression of hereditary genes influenced by the environment. The variety best adopted
to environment reflects the high yield potential.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. The effect of number of corms
produced shown in Table. Propagation materials with three eyebuds in the corm
significantly produced more corms with a mean of 1.83, lesser number of corms were
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
18
Table 6. Number of corms produced
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.22a
Yellow calla
2.00a
Purple calla
1.33b
Green calla
1.89a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.58b
Two eyebuds
1.83ab
Three eyebuds
2.17a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
produced by growing callas using corms with only one eyebud with a mean of 1.58 corm
per plant.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were rated between calla
varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm, with regards to the number of corm
produced per plant.
Number of Eyebuds per Corm
Effect of variety. Significantly, white calla lily had the higher number of eyebuds
produced in the corm with a mean of 2.11, compared to the other varieties. Statistical
analysis shows the comparable number of eyebuds on yellow, purple and green calla
lilies with means of 1.67, 1.56 and 1.22 respectively.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
19
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. There were no significant differences
recorded on the number of eyebuds produced in the corms lifted from the ground after
flowering. However, growing callas with two eyebuds and three eyebuds in the corms
produced more eyebuds per corm in the daughter corms with the same mean of 1.75
corms per plant. Shortest number of eyebuds was recorded on one eyebuds in the corm.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were observed between calla
varieties and number of eyebuds in the corms with regards to the number of eyebuds
produced in the daughter corms after planting.
Table 7. Number of eyebuds per corm
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.11a
Yellow calla
1.67b
Purple calla
1.57b
Green calla
1.22b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.42a
Two eyebuds
1.75a
Three eyebuds
1.75a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
20
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows that significantly longer stems were measured in
yellow calla at harvest (50% anthesis) with a mean of 46.49 cm. This was followed by
green calla lily with a mean of 41.22 cm. Slightly shorter stems were measured on white
calla lily with a mean of 39.11 cm. Shortest stems were measured in purple calla lily
with a mean of 20.22 cm.
Baldwin and Welsh (1986) stated that the flower stem length between 60-90 cm
for premium grade cutflowers. Shorter stemmed flowers (30-40 cm) can be used as a
“posy” grade at lower price.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Results revealed that the stem length at
harvest (50% anthesis) was not significant as affected by number of eyebuds in the corm.
Nonetheless, using corms with only one buds in the corm produced longer stems
compared to the other varieties.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects between variety and number
of eyebuds in the corm with regards to stem length at harvest (50% anthesis).
Flower Budlength at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 9 shows the effect of varieties on the flower budlength at
harvest (50% anthesis). Significantly green calla lily had the longer flower budlength
with a mean of 15.00 cm, followed by yellow calla lily with a mean of 11.67 cm.
Slightly shorter was measured in white calla lily with a mean of 9.44 cm. Shortest flower
budlength was measured in purple calla lily with mean length of 8.89 cm.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
21
Table 8. Stem length at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
39.11c
Yellow calla
46.89a
Purple calla
20.44d
Green calla
41.22b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
37.25a
Two eyebuds
37.08a
Three eyebuds
36.42a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 9 shows that there were no
significant differences on the effect of number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to the
flower budlength at harvest (50%) anthesis).
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis showed that no significant effect were
obtained between varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm.
Vaselife
Effect of variety. The duration of aesthetic value of calla lily cutflowers harvest at
50% anthesis and held in tap water shown in Table 9. Result shows that green and
yellow calla lilies had the longest vaselife with a same mean of 15.00 days. This was
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
22
followed by white calla lily with a mean of 13.56 days, although comparable with purple
calla lily with a mean of 12.77 days
Temperature is the major factor affecting the storage and vaselife of flowers. This
is influenced on the respiration rate of the flower, their response to ethylene, moisture and
physical damage.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 10 shows that there were no
significant effect of the number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to the vaselife of the
cutflowers. Means ranged from 13.58 days to 14.33 days.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant effect
obtained between calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to
vaselife.
Table 9. Flower budlength at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
9.49c
Yellow calla
11.67b
Purple calla
8.89c
Green calla
15.00a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
11.17a
Two eyebuds
11.25a
Three eyebuds
11.33a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
23
Table 10. Vaselife
MEAN
TREATMENT
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
13.56b
Yellow calla
15.00a
Purple calla
12.77b
Green calla
15.00a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
14.33a
Two eyebuds
13.58a
Three eyebuds
14.33a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
24
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Figure 2. White calla at flowering
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
25
Figure 3a. Yellow calla at vegetative stage
Figure 3b. Yellow calla flower at 50% anthesis (harvesting stage)
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
26
Figure 4a. Purple calla at vegetative stage
Figure 4b. Purple calla at flowering stage
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
27
Figure 5. Green calla at flowering stage (right bud stage)
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008 to determine
the effect of the number of eyebuds in colored calla lily corm and the economics of using
the different techniques in calla lily corm production.
Results revealed that there were no significant difference obtained on the number
of days to root formation as affected by calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the
corm. Significant difference was noted on the number of days to shoot emergence as
affected by calla varieties but no significant differences on the effect of number of
eyebuds in the corm.
Significantly, the longest roots and shoots was measured in white calla lily with
three eyebuds in the corm while the shortest roots and shoots was measured in purple
calla lily with one eyebud in the corm. Statistically, comparable number of shoots
emerged were observed in the different calla varieties with mean ranging from 1.67 to
2.22 but no significant differences as affected by the number of eyebuds in the corm.
There were no significant differences was recorded on the percentage of survival.
No rotted corms also counted or recorded in the growing media two months from
planting.
On yield, white calla lily with three eyebuds in the corm produced more corms
and eyebuds. For flower yield, the varieties with different number of eyebuds in the
corm produced one flower per plant.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
29
On cutflower quality, yellow had the longest stem length at harvest (50%
anthesis), while purple calla was the shortest. Significantly, green calla lily had the
longest flower budlength at harvest (50% anthesis) as affected by calla varieties and
number of eyebuds in the corm. However, the shortest flower budlength was measured
on purple calla lily with one number of eyebuds in the corm.
Vaselife is the duration of aesthetic value of cutflowers placed in the vase up to
onset of senescence. Results shows that yellow and green calla lilies with one and three
eyebuds in the corm had the longest vaselife.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, corms with three eyebuds can be used as a
propagation materials for better cutflower quality and for it has longest vaselife especially
yellow calla lily and green calla lily.
Recommendation
It is recommended that corms with three eyebuds should be used as a propagation
materials for better cutflower quality and has a longer vaselife especially on yellow and
green calla lilies.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
30
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Tuber Commercial Growing, Information, August 18, 2007
http://ks.essortment.com/growingcallali_rncg.htm.
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Colored Calla Lily Bulb in all Colors Grants. August 18, 2007.
http://www.flowerbulbs.com/ql_calla_commercial.php.
ANONYMOUS, ___. Agricarta. April 12, 2008. http://www.aginfone.com/agincarta.htm.
BALDWIN, S. and WELSH, T.E. 1986. Calla Lilies. A New Zealand Perspective
Department of Hort. Sci. Massey University, Parlmeuton North, New Zealand.
Pp. 40-46.
BOTANGEN, A. 1983. Varietal Performance of Eggplant under La Trinidad, Benguet
Condition. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 23-24.
EDMUND, J.R. and F.S. ANDREWS. 1964. Fundamentals of Horticulture. New Delphi.
Tata Mc Grow Hill Book Co. Inc. Pp. 403-404 and 407-409.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. W.H. Freeman and Co. P. 441.
LARSON, R.A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture. Department of Horticulture Science.
North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina. Pp. 290.
MANAKER, J.W. 1981. Interior Plantscapes Intallation Maintenance and Management.
New Jersey. Prentice Hall. P. 283.
MORFE, 1980. African Violets. Australia Summit Book. P. 72.
RIMANDO, T. Jr. 2001. Ornamental Horticulture: A little giant in the Tropics. SEAMO
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. UPLB. Pp. 190-
192.
VILLAREAL, and WALLACE. ______
WELSH, T.E. and S. BALDWIN. 1986. Calla Lilies. A New Zealand Perspective
Department of Hort. Sci. Massey University, Parlmerston North, New Zealand.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
31
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to root formation after two months
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
5
5
5
15
5
T2
5
3
5
13
4.33
T3
3
3
3
9
3
V2T1
11
13
16
39
13
T2
15
16
11
42
14
T3
13
13
13
39
13
V3T1
16
14
15
45
15
T2
17
14
13
46
15.33
T3
16
10
13
39
13
V4T1
8
10
11
29
9.67
T2
8
8
10
26
8.67
T3
5
8
8
21
7
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
601.000
200.333
67.40**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
20.722
10.361
3.49 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
4.833
0.806
0.27 ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
71.333
2.972
Total
35
697.889
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation – 17.14%
Appendix Table 2. Length of roots (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
14
16
15
45
15
T2
17
17
18
52
17.33
T3
18
15
16
49
16.33
V2T1
13
15
12
40
13.33
T2
14
16
11
41
13.67
T3
14
13
17
44
14.67
V3T1
10
14
12
36
12
T2
14
13
14
41
13.67
T3
15
13
13
41
13.67
V4T1
15
14
15
44
14.67
T2
16
13
15
44
14.67
T3
14
15
17
46
15.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
48.750
16.250
7.13**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
11.056
5.528
2.43 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
6.500
1.083
0.48 ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
54.667
2.278
Total
35
120.972
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Appendix Table 3. Number of days to shoot emergence
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
8
10
8
26
8.67
T2
9
6
7
22
7.33
T3
8
6
6
20
6.67
V2T1
18
23
16
57
19
T2
16
20
23
59
19.67
T3
16
17
17
50
16.67
V3T1
28
20
18
66
22
T2
23
25
21
69
23
T3
26
23
18
67
22.33
V4T1
14
13
16
43
14.33
T2
11
13
10
34
11.33
T3
10
14
13
37
12.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1150.556
383.519
52.29**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
13.556
6.778
0.92 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
23.111
3.852
0.53 ns
2.51 3.67
Error
24
176.000
7.333
Total
35
1363.222
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 17.73%
Appendix Table 4. Shoot lengths (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
21
21
20
62
20
T2
19
22
22
63
21
T3
22
21
23
66
22
V2T1
12
13
13
38
12.67
T2
13
15
12
40
13.33
T3
14
13
11
38
12.67
V3T1
10
12
10
32
10.67
T2
11
12
13
35
11.67
T3
10
11
14
35
11.67
V4T1
18
16
15
49
16.33
T2
17
15
16
48
16
T3
20
18
21
59
19.67
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
532.556
177.519
98.32**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
12.389
6.194
3.43*
3.40
5.61
AB
6
18.944
3.157
1.75 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
43.333
1.806
Total
35
607.222
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.55%
Appendix Table 5. Number of shoot emerged
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
1
1
4
1.33
T2
3
2
2
7
2.33
T3
3
4
2
9
3
V2T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
1
2
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
2
7
2.33
V3T1
1
1
2
4
1.33
T2
2
1
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
2
7
2.33
V4T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
2
2
2
6
2
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1.889
0.630
2.27 ns
3.01
4.72
Block
2
9.500
4.750
17.10**
3.40
5.61
AB
6
0.944
0.157
0.57 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
6.667
0.278
Total
35
19.000
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 28.75%
Appendix Table 6. Stem length at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
38
39
37
114
38
T2
42
40
39
121
40.33
T3
40
39
38
117
39
V2T1
48
47
48
143
47.67
T2
47
46
48
141
47
T3
46
47
45
138
46
V3T1
22
21
21
63
21
T2
18
21
20
59
19.67
T3
23
21
18
62
20.67
V4T1
42
43
42
127
42.33
T2
39
42
43
124
41.33
T3
40
41
39
120
40
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3547.194
1182.398
644.94**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
4.667
2.333
1.27 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
18.889
3.148
1.72 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
44.000
1.833
Total
35
3614.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.67%
Appendix Table 7. Flower budlength at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
9
9
10
28
9.33
T2
10
9
9
28
9.33
T3
9
10
10
29
9.67
V2T1
11
12
11
34
11.33
T2
12
13
11
36
12
T3
10
13
12
35
11.67
V3T1
10
9
8
27
9
T2
9
8
9
26
8.67
T3
8
9
10
27
9
V4T1
15
15
15
45
15
T2
15
16
14
45
15
T3
16
15
14
45
15
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
207.639
69.213
92.28**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
0.167
0.083
0.11ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
0.944
0.157
0.21ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
18.000
0.750
Total
35
226.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.70%
Appendix Table 8. Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
15
13
12
40
13.33
T2
14
12
12
38
12.67
T3
16
13
15
44
14.67
V2T1
16
15
15
46
15.33
T2
15
14
14
43
14.33
T3
15
15
16
46
15.33
V3T1
12
13
14
39
13
T2
13
14
12
39
13
T3
12
12
13
37
12.33
V4T1
16
16
15
47
15.67
T2
15
14
14
43
14.33
T3
14
15
16
45
15
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
32.972
10.991
11.98**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
4.500
2.250
2.45ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
7.278
1.213
1.32ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
22.000
0.917
Total
35
66.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.80%
Appendix Table 9. Number of corms
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
2
2
5
1.67
T2
2
3
2
7
2.33
T3
3
2
2
7
2.33
V2T1
1
1
2
4
1.33
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
3
2
3
8
2.67
V3T1
2
1
1
4
1.33
T2
1
1
1
3
1
T3
2
1
2
5
1.67
V4T1
2
2
1
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
2
2
2
6
2
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3.861
1.287
6.62**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
2.056
1.028
5.29*
3.40
5.61
AB
6
1.722
0.287
1.48ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
4.667
0.194
Total
35
12.306
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 23.69%
Appendix Table 10. Number of eyebuds per corm
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
2
1
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
3
3
2
8
2.67
V2T1
1
2
1
4
1.33
T2
1
2
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
1
6
2
V3T1
1
2
2
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
1
1
1
3
1
V4T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
1
2
1
4
1.33
T3
2
1
1
4
1.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3.639
1.213
4.37*
3.01
4.72
Block
2
0.889
0.444
1.60ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
3.111
0.519
1.87
2.51
3.67
Error
24
6.667
0.278
Total
35
14.306
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.16%
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
TERCERO, KALYN A. October, 2008. Growth and Flowering of Colored
Callas as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008, to
determine the effects of the number of eyebuds in the corms as planting materials in
colored calla lily, and the economics of using the different techniques in calla lily corm
production.
Corms with different number of eyebuds were planted in the growing media of
1:1 alnus leaves compost + garden soil. The variety used were white calla (check
variety), yellow callas, purple callas and green callas. Results revealed that white callas
with three eyebuds in the corm were the latest to produce roots and had the longest roots
and shoots and produced more shoots per plant two months from planting. There were no
rotted corms in all the treatments observed. All the corms survived, two months from
planting.
The calla lilies produced only one flower for the duration of the study. White
calla with there eyebuds in the corm produced more corms per plant and with more
eyebuds per corm.
Yellow callas had the longest stems, while purple callas had the shortest stems at
flowering. Significantly, the green callas with three eyebuds produced the longest flower
budlength at harvest (50% anthesis).
Corms with three eyebuds is therefore, recommended for better cutflower quality
and its has longer vaselife.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Light Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Soil Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Climatic Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Variety Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Cutflower Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Vaselife and Longevity of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
iii
Length of Roots . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days to Shoot Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Shoot Emerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Shoot Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Percentage of Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
15
Number of Rotted Corms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Percentage of Rotted Corms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Number of Flower per Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Corms per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Eyebuds per Corm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Flower Budlength at Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Calla Lilies are unique and elegant flowering plant that make a spectacular
addition to the home garden. They are also very popular for bridal bouquets and
cutflower arrangement. White calla are quite common, it is referred to as the local
indigenous calla lily that are grown in Cordillera. These plants are also available in an
array of beautiful colors including shades of green, pink, purple, yellow and orange.
Calla Lily of the genus Zanthedeshia belong to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the same habit and cultural requirement as
found in the liliums. There are six known species of the genus such as Z. aethhipica, the
common white calla lily; Z. elliottiana, the yellow calla; Z. albumaculata, the cream
flowers; Z. pentlandii, deciduous or gold; Z. rehmanii, the pink and purple calla; and Z.
jucanda, deciduous flower and spotted, but not use horticulturally.
Growing colored calla can be develop as a profitable business in Baguio and
Benguet. Production of calla lilies as one of the flower industries can contribute to the
economy of the country. It is a good source of income for our flower growers. However,
only few flower growers in the Cordillera do the production because of expensiveness of
the rhizomes or corms as a planting material. Growers save the rhizomes and corms from
the previous plant for the next cropping.
Rhizome division is the most common propagation method used in calla lily, but
varies depending on the species.
In the view of point seen in calla lily production, this study aims to help the calla
lily growers to determine the effect of number of eyebuds in colored calla lily corm and
it’s effect in the cutflower yield and vaselife. Further, this study will help the students,
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
2
teachers and farmers to serve as guide for them, as the future reference on the growth and
flowering of calla lily as affected by number of eyebuds in the corms as planting
materials.
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008 to determine
the effect of the number of eyebuds in the corm on the growth and flowering of colored
calla; and its effect on the cutflower yield and vaselife.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant Characteristics
Calla Lily of the genus Zanthedeshia belongs to the family Aracea. It is more
closely related to caladium and does not have the habit and cultural requirements as
found in true liliums.
There are six known species of the genus such as Z. aethiopica, which is a robust
plant with thick stems carrying large, broad, fleshy dark green leaves. Grown
commercially in Benguet in large quantities; Z rehmannii bear flowers ranging in color
pink to wine red; Z. albumaculata, deciduous, cream flowers; Z elliottiana has yellow or
golden flower and tall stems from early summer. It has a heart shaped, dark green,
upright leaves which are covered with translucent white spots; Z. pentlandii deciduous or
gold and Z. jucanda,, deciduous yellow and spotted, but not use horticulturally.
Cutflower yield is dependent on cultivar, tuber size and growth regulator
applications. One to three flowers can be expected from 1 -5 centimeters diameter tuber.
The flowers are green at macobud stage and gain full color upon opening. After
pollination flowers often deepen on the color, begin to regreen and close (Rimando,
2001).
Propagation
On the propagation of colored calla lily, the most common used is by rhizomes
and division (Larson, 1980).
Propagation of the species can be done by seed, although this propagation is
limited to the true species, which have limited color range. Division of tubers after lifting
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
4
is a common means increasing initial stock numbers. This type of propagation should
not be sustained for longer than two to three years as it is a very conducive method over
the spread of viral and bacterial (Welsh and Baldwin, 1986).
Planting
Plant calla lily tubers, 2” deep with the developing shoots pointed upward
(Garden Calla Lily Information”).
Planting depth and density is widely dependent on size of tubers and expected
duration in the ground. Tubers should have twice their depth of soil on top once the
planting hole is covered (Rimando, 2001).
Irrigation
After planting, water is sparingly until leaves are unfurled. Provided soil and
good drainage, generous amount of water can be applied and during flowering period.
Once flowering complete, irrigation may be reduced to minimize bacterial soft viruses
incidence (Rimando, 2001).
Light Requirement
Calla Lilies planted outdoors grow best – they require full sun to partial shade,
depending on the climate.
Full sun encourages brighter and richer calla lily bloom color. In warmer climates
through they should be planted in partial shade to avoid temperatures (Garden Calla Lily
Information).
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
5
Soil Requirements
Calla Lily tubers require a loose, well draining soil (Garden Calla Lily
Information). It grows in moist provided they have adequate drainage. Sandy loams are
preferred as in additions to having good drainage makes lifting of the tuber easier.
Moreover, tubers are easier to clean than those in sticker soils. Soil PH should be
adjusted to 6.0 – 6.5 (Rimando, 2001).
Climatic Adaptability
Janick (1972) stated that climate, the summation of and areas weather which
involves temperature, moisture and light effect are the factors whose actions and
interactions must be considered in the physical environment of plants. This can be
determined when where the plant will grow.
Callas prefer warm weather with the daytime temperature of between 70-75oF and
cooler nights around 55°F.
Variety Evaluation
Edmund and Andrew (1964) said that varieties differ in productivity as expression
of hereditary genes influenced by the environment. According to Villareal and Wallace
(19 ), the variety best adapted by the environment reflects the high yield potential.
Growth and yield of foliage depends on the interaction between the environmental
factors and practices applied on them. Each plant has characteristics such as color, leaf
shape, size and growth rate that determine its potential for consumer satisfaction
(Manaker, 1981). Botangen (1983) reported that the heights of the different varieties
from each other presumably because of varietal characteristics.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
6
Morfe (1980), stated that there are varieties to give good results. They may not
vary latest but there are varieties which will not fail to make good plant and flower.
There is a good selection of colors and lots of them are plant suitable for the show bench.
Most of these will flower the whole year under growing conditions.
Cutflower Characteristics
According to Baldwin and Welsh (1986), calla lily flower stem height is between
60-90 cm for premium grade cutflowers. Shorter stemmed flowers (30-40 cm) can be
used as “posy arade” at a lower price. Flower quantity is dependent on cultivar/specie,
tuber corm size and growth regulator application, one to three flowers can be expected
from a 4-5 cm diameter (2 – inch tuber).
Vaselife and Longevity of Cutflowers
Temperature is the major factor affecting the storage and vaselife of flowers. This
is through its influence on the respiration rate of the flowers, their response to ethylene,
moisture loss and damage (Anonymous, undated).
Emilio (1996), stated that the rate of the respiration has a bearing on the longevity
of any cutflowers.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were the corms of 4 varieties of colored calla
lilies, greenhouse, plastic bags, 1:1 garden soil + alnus leaves compost and labeling
materials.
Methods
This study was arranged in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
the four varieties of colored calla lily as factor A and the number of eye buds in the corm
as factor B. There were three replications per treatment combination. All sample plants
were given the same maintenance and management routine operation practices such as
irrigation, crop protection and fertilizer applications.
The treatments were as follows:
Factor A: Calla Lily Variety
Treatment Code Variety
V1
White calla
Zanthedeshia aethiopica
V2
Yellow calla
Zanthesdia elliottiana
V3
Purple calla
Zanthedesdia rehmanii
V4
Goddess green calla
Zanthesdia aethipica
Factor B: Number of Eye Buds in the Corm
T1 – 1 eyebud
T2 – 2 eyebuds
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
8
T3 – 3 eyebuds
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Number of days to root formation. This was taken by counting the number of
days from planting the corms in the rooting media to root formation.
2. Length of roots (cm). This was taken by measuring the length of the roots
after 2 months from planting.
3. Number of days to shoot emergence. This was taken by counting the number
of days from planting to shoot emergence.
4. Number of shoots emerged. This was taken by counting the number of shoots
that emerged from the corm.
5. Shoot lengths (cm). This was taken by measuring the length of the shoots
produced after 2 months from planting.
6. Percentage (%) survival. This was obtained by using the following formula:
Percentage of survival = Number of corm survived_____ x 100
Total number of corms planted
7. Number of rotted corms. This was taken by counting the number of rotted
corms after 2 months from planting in the growing media.
8. Percentage (%) of rotted corms. This was obtained by following the formula
Percentage of survival = No. of rotted corm/single line_x100
Total number of corms planted
9..Yield
a. Number of corms. This was taken by counting the number of corms
produced per plant.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
9
b. Number of flower. This was taken by counting the number of flower
produced per plant for the duration of the cropping period.
10. Cutflower quality
a. Stem length at harvest (cm). This was taken at 50% anthesis.
b. Flower bud length at harvest (cm). This was taken at 50% anthesis.
c. Vaselife. This was taken by counting the number of days of aesthetic
value from placing the cutflowers in the vase up to the onset of senescence.
11. Documentation of the study through pictures.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Root Formation
Effect of variety. Table 1 presents the number of days to root formation (0.5 cm
long) as affected by the different varieties used. Among the four varieties, white calla
lily plants were the earliest to produce roots with a mean of 4.11 days. This was followed
by green calla lily with a mean of 8.44 days; while, yellow and purple calla lilies were the
latest to produce roots with comparable means of 13.44 days and 14.22 days,
respectively.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Significant differences were likewise
observed among the three propagation materials used which are the number of eyebuds in
the corm, as shown in table 1. Growing callas with three eyebuds in the corm
significantly produced the earliest roots with a mean of 9.00 days from planting which
had least number of days to produce roots, but was statistically comparable to those
grown from corms with two eyebuds with a mean of 10.42 days. Significantly delayed
root formation was noted in corms with only one eyebuds which had a mean of 10.75
days.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were observed between the
calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm on the number of days to root
formation.
Length of Roots
Effect of variety. Significant differences were obtained in the length of roots
measured two months from planting the corms of the different varieties. White calla lily
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
11
corms produced the longest roots with a mean of 16.22 cm but was statistically
comparable to green calla lily which had a mean 14.89 cm. Slightly shorter roots were
measured on yellow calla lily which had a mean of 13.89 cm. Purple calla lily had corm
with a mean of 13.11 cm roots which the shortest roots measured among the four
varieties growth.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 2 shows that there were no
significant differences noted on the length of roots measured as affected by different
propagation materials two months from planting. Nonetheless, three eyebuds present in
the corm of planting produced the longest roots with a mean of 15.00 cm. The other
varieties had comparable root lengths of 13.89 to 16.22 cm two months from planting.
Table 1. Number of days to root formation (0.5 cm root length)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
4.11c
Yellow calla
13.44a
Purple calla
14.22a
Green calla
8.44b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
10.75a
Two eyebuds
10.42ab
Three eyebuds
9.00b
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
12
Table 2. Length of roots two months from planting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
16.22a
Yellow calla
13.89bc
Purple calla
13.11c
Green calla
14.89ab
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
13.75a
Two eyebuds
14.83a
Three eyebuds
15.00a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Interaction effect. The combined effects of the different calla varieties and
number of eyebuds in the corm on length of roots two months from planting were not
significant.
Number of Days to Shoot Emergence
Effect of variety. Table 3 presents the significant differences on the number of
days to shoot emergence among the four varieties. White calla were the earliest to
produce shoots with a mean of 7.56 days. This was followed by green calla with a mean
of 12. 67 days then followed by yellow calla lily with a mean of 18.44 days.
Significantly delayed shoot emergence was noted on purple calla lily with a mean of
22.44 days.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
13
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. There were no significant differences
noted on the number of days to shoot emergence as affected by the different propagation
materials used which are the number of eyebuds in the corm. Nonetheless, three eyebuds
in the corm with a mean of 14.50 days had the earliest to produce shoots.
Interaction effect. The combine effects of calla varieties and number of eyebuds
in the corm on the number of days to shoot emergence were not significant.
Number of Shoot Emerged
Effect of variety. There were no significant differences noted on the number of
shoots counted from the four varieties two months from planting the corms. Nonetheless,
Table 3. Number of days to shoot emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
7.56d
Yellow calla
18.44b
Purple calla
22.44a
Green calla
12.67c
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
16.00a
Two eyebuds
15.33a
Three eyebuds
14.50a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
14
white calla lily had higher number of shoots with a mean of 2.22, but was statistically
comparable to the other varieties with a mean of 1.67 to 1.78 shoots per plant.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Statistical analysis showed that there
were highly significant differences on the number of shoots emerged as affected by the
different number of eyebuds in the corm. Three eyebuds in the corm produced more
corms with a mean of 2.42. This was followed by two eyebuds in the corm with a mean
of 1.92. The least number of shoot emerged was obtained in one eyebud in the corm with
a mean of 1.17.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction between callus varieties
and number of eyebuds in he corm on the number of shoot emerged two months from
planting the corm.
Table 4. Number of shoot emerged two months from planting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Number)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.22a
Yellow calla
1.67a
Purple calla
1.78a
Green calla
1.67a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.17c
Two eyebuds
1.92b
Three eyebuds
2.42a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
15
Shoot Length
Effect of variety. Table 5 shows that significantly longer shoots were measured
on white calla lily with a mean of 21.22 cm. This was followed by green calla lily with a
mean of 17.33 cm. Slightly smaller shoots were measured in yellow calla lily with a
mean of 12.89 cm. Shortest shoots were obtained from purple calla lily with a mean of
11.44 cm two months from planting the corm.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Significant differences were observed
among the different propagation materials which are the number of eyebuds present in
the corm. Three eyebuds in the corm had the longest length measured with a mean of
16.50 cm. Growing callas with only one eyebud in the corms produced the shortest
shoots measured with a mean of 15.08 cm, but was statistically comparable to callas
grown from corms with two eyebuds with a mean of 15.58 cm.
Interaction effect. The combined effects of calla varieties and number of eyebuds
in the corm on shoot length two months from planting, did not differ significantly.
Percentage of Survival
Results revealed that there were no significant differences obtained on the
percentage of survival as affected by calla varieties grown and the number of eyebuds in
the corm two months from planting.
Growth and quality of plants depend on the interaction between environmental
factors and practices applied on them (Manaker, 1981).
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
16
Table 5. Shoot length
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
21.22a
Yellow calla
12.89c
Purple calla
11.44d
Green calla
17.33b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
15.08b
Two eyebuds
15.58ab
Three eyebuds
16.50a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Rotted Corms
Results shows that there were no rotted corms observed two months from planting
the corms in the growing media as affected by calla varieties and number of eyebuds in
the corm.
Percentage of Rotted Corms
Based on the results, there were no rotted corms calculated as affected by varieties
and different numbers of eyebuds in the corm two months from planting.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
17
Number of Flowers
Results revealed that only one flower was produced per plant for the duration of
the study. Therefore, there were no significant difference recorded on the number of
flowers per plant as affected by the calla varieties grown and number of eyebuds present
in the corm.
Morfe (1980), mentioned that there were varieties that can be relied to give good
results. They may not vary, but there are varieties which will not fail to make a good
plant and flower.
Furthermore, Rimando (2001) stated that cutflower yield is dependent on cultivar,
tuber, tuber size and growth regulator applications. One to three flowers can be expected
from 4 - 5 centimeters diameter tuber in callas.
Number of Corms
Effect of variety. Table 6 shows the effect of varieties on the number of corms
produced per plant. Significantly, white calla lily had the highest number of corms
produced with a mean of 2.22, but was comparable to yellow and green calla lilies with a
mean of 2.00 and 1.89. Purple calla lily produced the least number of corms with a mean
of 1.33.
As Edmund and Andrews (1964) reported, the varieties differ in productivity as
expression of hereditary genes influenced by the environment. The variety best adopted
to environment reflects the high yield potential.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. The effect of number of corms
produced shown in Table. Propagation materials with three eyebuds in the corm
significantly produced more corms with a mean of 1.83, lesser number of corms were
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
18
Table 6. Number of corms produced
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.22a
Yellow calla
2.00a
Purple calla
1.33b
Green calla
1.89a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.58b
Two eyebuds
1.83ab
Three eyebuds
2.17a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
produced by growing callas using corms with only one eyebud with a mean of 1.58 corm
per plant.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were rated between calla
varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm, with regards to the number of corm
produced per plant.
Number of Eyebuds per Corm
Effect of variety. Significantly, white calla lily had the higher number of eyebuds
produced in the corm with a mean of 2.11, compared to the other varieties. Statistical
analysis shows the comparable number of eyebuds on yellow, purple and green calla
lilies with means of 1.67, 1.56 and 1.22 respectively.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
19
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. There were no significant differences
recorded on the number of eyebuds produced in the corms lifted from the ground after
flowering. However, growing callas with two eyebuds and three eyebuds in the corms
produced more eyebuds per corm in the daughter corms with the same mean of 1.75
corms per plant. Shortest number of eyebuds was recorded on one eyebuds in the corm.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects were observed between calla
varieties and number of eyebuds in the corms with regards to the number of eyebuds
produced in the daughter corms after planting.
Table 7. Number of eyebuds per corm
TREATMENT
MEAN
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
2.11a
Yellow calla
1.67b
Purple calla
1.57b
Green calla
1.22b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
1.42a
Two eyebuds
1.75a
Three eyebuds
1.75a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
20
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 8 shows that significantly longer stems were measured in
yellow calla at harvest (50% anthesis) with a mean of 46.49 cm. This was followed by
green calla lily with a mean of 41.22 cm. Slightly shorter stems were measured on white
calla lily with a mean of 39.11 cm. Shortest stems were measured in purple calla lily
with a mean of 20.22 cm.
Baldwin and Welsh (1986) stated that the flower stem length between 60-90 cm
for premium grade cutflowers. Shorter stemmed flowers (30-40 cm) can be used as a
“posy” grade at lower price.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Results revealed that the stem length at
harvest (50% anthesis) was not significant as affected by number of eyebuds in the corm.
Nonetheless, using corms with only one buds in the corm produced longer stems
compared to the other varieties.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effects between variety and number
of eyebuds in the corm with regards to stem length at harvest (50% anthesis).
Flower Budlength at Harvest
Effect of variety. Table 9 shows the effect of varieties on the flower budlength at
harvest (50% anthesis). Significantly green calla lily had the longer flower budlength
with a mean of 15.00 cm, followed by yellow calla lily with a mean of 11.67 cm.
Slightly shorter was measured in white calla lily with a mean of 9.44 cm. Shortest flower
budlength was measured in purple calla lily with mean length of 8.89 cm.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
21
Table 8. Stem length at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
39.11c
Yellow calla
46.89a
Purple calla
20.44d
Green calla
41.22b
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
37.25a
Two eyebuds
37.08a
Three eyebuds
36.42a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 9 shows that there were no
significant differences on the effect of number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to the
flower budlength at harvest (50%) anthesis).
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis showed that no significant effect were
obtained between varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm.
Vaselife
Effect of variety. The duration of aesthetic value of calla lily cutflowers harvest at
50% anthesis and held in tap water shown in Table 9. Result shows that green and
yellow calla lilies had the longest vaselife with a same mean of 15.00 days. This was
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
22
followed by white calla lily with a mean of 13.56 days, although comparable with purple
calla lily with a mean of 12.77 days
Temperature is the major factor affecting the storage and vaselife of flowers. This
is influenced on the respiration rate of the flower, their response to ethylene, moisture and
physical damage.
Effect of number of eyebuds in the corm. Table 10 shows that there were no
significant effect of the number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to the vaselife of the
cutflowers. Means ranged from 13.58 days to 14.33 days.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant effect
obtained between calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the corm with regards to
vaselife.
Table 9. Flower budlength at harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
9.49c
Yellow calla
11.67b
Purple calla
8.89c
Green calla
15.00a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
11.17a
Two eyebuds
11.25a
Three eyebuds
11.33a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
23
Table 10. Vaselife
MEAN
TREATMENT
(Days)
Variety
White calla (Check variety)
13.56b
Yellow calla
15.00a
Purple calla
12.77b
Green calla
15.00a
Number of Eyebuds in the Corm
One eyebud
14.33a
Two eyebuds
13.58a
Three eyebuds
14.33a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
24
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Figure 2. White calla at flowering
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
25
Figure 3a. Yellow calla at vegetative stage
Figure 3b. Yellow calla flower at 50% anthesis (harvesting stage)
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
26
Figure 4a. Purple calla at vegetative stage
Figure 4b. Purple calla at flowering stage
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
27
Figure 5. Green calla at flowering stage (right bud stage)
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from September 2007 to March 2008 to determine
the effect of the number of eyebuds in colored calla lily corm and the economics of using
the different techniques in calla lily corm production.
Results revealed that there were no significant difference obtained on the number
of days to root formation as affected by calla varieties and number of eyebuds in the
corm. Significant difference was noted on the number of days to shoot emergence as
affected by calla varieties but no significant differences on the effect of number of
eyebuds in the corm.
Significantly, the longest roots and shoots was measured in white calla lily with
three eyebuds in the corm while the shortest roots and shoots was measured in purple
calla lily with one eyebud in the corm. Statistically, comparable number of shoots
emerged were observed in the different calla varieties with mean ranging from 1.67 to
2.22 but no significant differences as affected by the number of eyebuds in the corm.
There were no significant differences was recorded on the percentage of survival.
No rotted corms also counted or recorded in the growing media two months from
planting.
On yield, white calla lily with three eyebuds in the corm produced more corms
and eyebuds. For flower yield, the varieties with different number of eyebuds in the
corm produced one flower per plant.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
29
On cutflower quality, yellow had the longest stem length at harvest (50%
anthesis), while purple calla was the shortest. Significantly, green calla lily had the
longest flower budlength at harvest (50% anthesis) as affected by calla varieties and
number of eyebuds in the corm. However, the shortest flower budlength was measured
on purple calla lily with one number of eyebuds in the corm.
Vaselife is the duration of aesthetic value of cutflowers placed in the vase up to
onset of senescence. Results shows that yellow and green calla lilies with one and three
eyebuds in the corm had the longest vaselife.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, corms with three eyebuds can be used as a
propagation materials for better cutflower quality and for it has longest vaselife especially
yellow calla lily and green calla lily.
Recommendation
It is recommended that corms with three eyebuds should be used as a propagation
materials for better cutflower quality and has a longer vaselife especially on yellow and
green calla lilies.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
30
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Tuber Commercial Growing, Information, August 18, 2007
http://ks.essortment.com/growingcallali_rncg.htm.
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Colored Calla Lily Bulb in all Colors Grants. August 18, 2007.
http://www.flowerbulbs.com/ql_calla_commercial.php.
ANONYMOUS, ___. Agricarta. April 12, 2008. http://www.aginfone.com/agincarta.htm.
BALDWIN, S. and WELSH, T.E. 1986. Calla Lilies. A New Zealand Perspective
Department of Hort. Sci. Massey University, Parlmeuton North, New Zealand.
Pp. 40-46.
BOTANGEN, A. 1983. Varietal Performance of Eggplant under La Trinidad, Benguet
Condition. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 23-24.
EDMUND, J.R. and F.S. ANDREWS. 1964. Fundamentals of Horticulture. New Delphi.
Tata Mc Grow Hill Book Co. Inc. Pp. 403-404 and 407-409.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. San Francisco. W.H. Freeman and Co. P. 441.
LARSON, R.A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture. Department of Horticulture Science.
North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina. Pp. 290.
MANAKER, J.W. 1981. Interior Plantscapes Intallation Maintenance and Management.
New Jersey. Prentice Hall. P. 283.
MORFE, 1980. African Violets. Australia Summit Book. P. 72.
RIMANDO, T. Jr. 2001. Ornamental Horticulture: A little giant in the Tropics. SEAMO
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. UPLB. Pp. 190-
192.
VILLAREAL, and WALLACE. ______
WELSH, T.E. and S. BALDWIN. 1986. Calla Lilies. A New Zealand Perspective
Department of Hort. Sci. Massey University, Parlmerston North, New Zealand.
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
31
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to root formation after two months
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
5
5
5
15
5
T2
5
3
5
13
4.33
T3
3
3
3
9
3
V2T1
11
13
16
39
13
T2
15
16
11
42
14
T3
13
13
13
39
13
V3T1
16
14
15
45
15
T2
17
14
13
46
15.33
T3
16
10
13
39
13
V4T1
8
10
11
29
9.67
T2
8
8
10
26
8.67
T3
5
8
8
21
7
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
601.000
200.333
67.40**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
20.722
10.361
3.49 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
4.833
0.806
0.27 ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
71.333
2.972
Total
35
697.889
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation – 17.14%
Appendix Table 2. Length of roots (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
14
16
15
45
15
T2
17
17
18
52
17.33
T3
18
15
16
49
16.33
V2T1
13
15
12
40
13.33
T2
14
16
11
41
13.67
T3
14
13
17
44
14.67
V3T1
10
14
12
36
12
T2
14
13
14
41
13.67
T3
15
13
13
41
13.67
V4T1
15
14
15
44
14.67
T2
16
13
15
44
14.67
T3
14
15
17
46
15.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
48.750
16.250
7.13**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
11.056
5.528
2.43 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
6.500
1.083
0.48 ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
54.667
2.278
Total
35
120.972
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Appendix Table 3. Number of days to shoot emergence
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
8
10
8
26
8.67
T2
9
6
7
22
7.33
T3
8
6
6
20
6.67
V2T1
18
23
16
57
19
T2
16
20
23
59
19.67
T3
16
17
17
50
16.67
V3T1
28
20
18
66
22
T2
23
25
21
69
23
T3
26
23
18
67
22.33
V4T1
14
13
16
43
14.33
T2
11
13
10
34
11.33
T3
10
14
13
37
12.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1150.556
383.519
52.29**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
13.556
6.778
0.92 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
23.111
3.852
0.53 ns
2.51 3.67
Error
24
176.000
7.333
Total
35
1363.222
ns – not significant Coefficient of variation = 17.73%
Appendix Table 4. Shoot lengths (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
21
21
20
62
20
T2
19
22
22
63
21
T3
22
21
23
66
22
V2T1
12
13
13
38
12.67
T2
13
15
12
40
13.33
T3
14
13
11
38
12.67
V3T1
10
12
10
32
10.67
T2
11
12
13
35
11.67
T3
10
11
14
35
11.67
V4T1
18
16
15
49
16.33
T2
17
15
16
48
16
T3
20
18
21
59
19.67
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
35
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
532.556
177.519
98.32**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
12.389
6.194
3.43*
3.40
5.61
AB
6
18.944
3.157
1.75 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
43.333
1.806
Total
35
607.222
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.55%
Appendix Table 5. Number of shoot emerged
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
1
1
4
1.33
T2
3
2
2
7
2.33
T3
3
4
2
9
3
V2T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
1
2
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
2
7
2.33
V3T1
1
1
2
4
1.33
T2
2
1
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
2
7
2.33
V4T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
2
2
2
6
2
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
1.889
0.630
2.27 ns
3.01
4.72
Block
2
9.500
4.750
17.10**
3.40
5.61
AB
6
0.944
0.157
0.57 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
6.667
0.278
Total
35
19.000
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 28.75%
Appendix Table 6. Stem length at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
38
39
37
114
38
T2
42
40
39
121
40.33
T3
40
39
38
117
39
V2T1
48
47
48
143
47.67
T2
47
46
48
141
47
T3
46
47
45
138
46
V3T1
22
21
21
63
21
T2
18
21
20
59
19.67
T3
23
21
18
62
20.67
V4T1
42
43
42
127
42.33
T2
39
42
43
124
41.33
T3
40
41
39
120
40
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
37
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3547.194
1182.398
644.94**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
4.667
2.333
1.27 ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
18.889
3.148
1.72 ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
44.000
1.833
Total
35
3614.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.67%
Appendix Table 7. Flower budlength at harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
9
9
10
28
9.33
T2
10
9
9
28
9.33
T3
9
10
10
29
9.67
V2T1
11
12
11
34
11.33
T2
12
13
11
36
12
T3
10
13
12
35
11.67
V3T1
10
9
8
27
9
T2
9
8
9
26
8.67
T3
8
9
10
27
9
V4T1
15
15
15
45
15
T2
15
16
14
45
15
T3
16
15
14
45
15
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
38
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
207.639
69.213
92.28**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
0.167
0.083
0.11ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
0.944
0.157
0.21ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
18.000
0.750
Total
35
226.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.70%
Appendix Table 8. Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
15
13
12
40
13.33
T2
14
12
12
38
12.67
T3
16
13
15
44
14.67
V2T1
16
15
15
46
15.33
T2
15
14
14
43
14.33
T3
15
15
16
46
15.33
V3T1
12
13
14
39
13
T2
13
14
12
39
13
T3
12
12
13
37
12.33
V4T1
16
16
15
47
15.67
T2
15
14
14
43
14.33
T3
14
15
16
45
15
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
32.972
10.991
11.98**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
4.500
2.250
2.45ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
7.278
1.213
1.32ns
2.52
3.67
Error
24
22.000
0.917
Total
35
66.750
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.80%
Appendix Table 9. Number of corms
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
2
2
5
1.67
T2
2
3
2
7
2.33
T3
3
2
2
7
2.33
V2T1
1
1
2
4
1.33
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
3
2
3
8
2.67
V3T1
2
1
1
4
1.33
T2
1
1
1
3
1
T3
2
1
2
5
1.67
V4T1
2
2
1
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
2
2
2
6
2
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3.861
1.287
6.62**
3.01
4.72
Block
2
2.056
1.028
5.29*
3.40
5.61
AB
6
1.722
0.287
1.48ns
2.51
3.67
Error
24
4.667
0.194
Total
35
12.306
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 23.69%
Appendix Table 10. Number of eyebuds per corm
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
V1T1
2
2
1
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
3
3
2
8
2.67
V2T1
1
2
1
4
1.33
T2
1
2
2
5
1.67
T3
2
3
1
6
2
V3T1
1
2
2
5
1.67
T2
2
2
2
6
2
T3
1
1
1
3
1
V4T1
1
1
1
3
1
T2
1
2
1
4
1.33
T3
2
1
1
4
1.33
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Treatment
3
3.639
1.213
4.37*
3.01
4.72
Block
2
0.889
0.444
1.60ns
3.40
5.61
AB
6
3.111
0.519
1.87
2.51
3.67
Error
24
6.667
0.278
Total
35
14.306
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 32.16%
Growth and Flowering of Colored Cal as as Affected by the Number
of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials / Kalyn A. Tercero. 2008
Document Outline
- Growth and Flowering of ColoredCallas as Affected by the Number of Eyebuds in the Corm as Planting Materials
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- The Plant Characteristics
- Propagation
- Planting
- Irrigation
- Light Requirement
- Soil Requirements
- Climatic Adaptability
- Variety Evaluation
- Cutflower Characteristics
- Vaselife and Longevity of Cutflowers
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days to Root Formation
- Length of Roots
- Number of Days to Shoot Emergence
- Number of Shoot Emerged
- Shoot Length
- Percentage of Survival
- Number of Rotted Corms
- Percentage of Rotted Corms
- Number of Flowers
- Number of Corms
- Number of Eyebuds per Corm
- Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest
- Flower Budlength at Harvest
- Vaselife
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES