BIBLIOGRAPHY ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013. Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo
L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic Fertilizers, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Darwin A. Basquial
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013 at Balili Experiment
Area, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the performance of
zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ using different organic fertilizers.
Zucchini plants applied with Yama + Embim had more (1.41) fruits per plant and
heavier (4.63 kg) marketable fruits per 5m2 plot than the plants applied with the other
fertilizer combinations. Zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ under La Trinidad condition took 7
days to emerge, 99% emergence, 39.75 cm final plant height, 57.28 days from sowing to
first harvest, 19.62 cm fruit length, 17.70 cm fruit circumference, 0.28 kg average fruit
weight per plant, 3.73 kg yield per plot, and 356.90% return on investment.
Among the different organic fertilizers used in this study, the combination of Yama
+ Embim would be recommended for the production of organic zucchini, under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Seedling Emergence
It was observed that the seeds sown in Yama+ Embim and Embim + coco dust
compost were the fastest to emerge with a mean of 6.67 days (Table 1). The results,
however, were not significantly different from the other treatments.
Percentage Seedling Emergence
As shown in Table 2, there were no significant differences on the percentage
seedling emergence among the different treatments. It was shown that plants without
fertilizer application and Yama + Alnus leaves had the lowest at a mean of 97%.
Plant Height
As shown in Table 3, plants applied with Yama + Embim and Embim + coco dust
Table 1. Number of days from sowing zucchini to seedling emergence as affected different
organic fertilizer
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF DAYS
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
7.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
7.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
7.00a
Yama + Embim
6.67a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
7.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
6.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 5.07%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Percentage seedling emergenceof zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
PERCENTAGE
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
97.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
100.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
100.00a
Yama + Embim
100.00a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
97.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
100.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
CV= 3.18%
compost recorded the tallest plants at 44.93 cm and 43.67 cm, respectively. Plants grown
without fertilizer application produced the shortest plants at 30.73cm. Based from the
fertilizers combination, the different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Table 3. Final plant height (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
HEIGHT (cm)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
30.73c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
41.53ab
Yama + coco dust compost
38.53b
Yama + Embim
44.93a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
39.10b
Embim + coco dust compost
43.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV=5.22%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
from different treatments result to highly significant differences among the treatments,
wherein the control had the lowest height. According to Watson (2013), a phosphorus
deficiency will lead to stunted, sickly looking plants that produce a lower quality of fruit
or flower.
Days from Sowing to First Harvest
Statistical results showed that plants without fertilizer application recorded the longest
duration from sowing to first harvest (Table 4) with a mean of fifty-nine (59) days, while
the rest of the treatments were recorded to have significantly shorter duration ranging from
51 to 53.67 days.
Yokomori (2007) mentioned that organic fertilizer makes soil good and rich in nutrient
elements. Growth continuous until time of harvest because the soils continuous
Table 4. Days from sowing of zucchini to first harvest as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF DAYS
No Fertilizer application (Control)
59.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
51.00b
Yama + coco dust compost
51.00b
Yama + Embim
51.00b
Yama + Alnus Leaves
53.67b
Embim + coco dust compost
51.00b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 3.57%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
Figure 3. Plant at flowering stage (a) and plant at fruit set (b) of zucchini as affected by
different organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
to provide nutrients, plants have fewer pests and diseases and vegetables can be harvest in
shorter days. In Table 4, the plants without fertilizer application had the longest duration
from sowing to first harvest due to nutrient deficiencies.
Number of Fruits per Plant
Table 5 shows that there were significant differences observed among the different
treatments in terms number of fruit per plant. Based on the results, plants applied with
Yama + Embim had the most number of fruits pre plant with an average of 1.41,
significantly followed by coco dust compost + Embim which is comparable with a mean
of 1.36, while coco dust compost + Yama and Alnus Leaves + Embim is significantly
comparable with the first two treatments with a mean of 1.14 and 1.11 respectively, while
plants without fertilizer application had lowest mean of 0.72.
Table 5. Number of zucchini fruits per plant as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF FRUITS
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.72c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
1.11ab
Yama + coco dust compost
1.14ab
Yama + Embim
1.41a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.92bc
Embim + coco dust compost
1.36a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 17.41%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
The high potassium content from the combination of Yama + Embim and Embim + coco
dust compost with 8.22% and 7.86% respectively, result to the formation of fruits per plant.
Potassium helps for fruit set of the plants.
Fruit Length
Based on the result plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest mean of
21.14 cm, while Embim + Alnus Leaves had the lowest mean of 18.03. However, there
were no significant differences observed among the plants in the fruit length (Table 6).
Fruit Circumference
Plants applied with Yama + Embim attained the highest fruit circumference with a mean
of 19.11 cm, while Embim + Alnus Leaves had the lowest mean of 16.28 cm.However,
Table 7 shows that there were no significantly differences on fruit circumference.
Table 6. Fruit length (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
LENGTH (CM)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
19.26a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
18.03a
Yama + coco dust compost
19.67a
Yama + Embim
21.14a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
19.39a
Embim + coco dust compost
20.23a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 9.34%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Fruit circumference (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
CIRCUMFERENCE (CM)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
17.85a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
16.28a
Yama + coco dust compost
17.53a
Yama + Embim
19.11a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
16.99a
Embim + coco dust compost
18.41a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 9.69%
Average Weight of Fruits
Plants applied with Yama + Embim and Yama+ Alnus Leaves both had the highest
weight of 0.30 kg per plot. However, average weight of fruits in kilograms per plot (Table
8) shows that there were no significant differences observed among the treatments.
Weight of Marketable Fruits (kg)
Plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest weight of marketable fruits
with a mean of 4.63 kg, significantly comparable followed by Embim + coco dust compost
with a mean of 3.75 kg. Plants without fertilizer application obtained the lowest weight of
marketable fruits with a mean of 1.86 kg. The results, however reveals the result (Table 9)
that there were significant differences on marketable fruits among the treatments.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Average weight of zucchini fruits (kg/plot) as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
AVERAGE WEIGHT (Kg/plot)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.25a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
0.26a
Yama + coco dust compost
0.27a
Yama + Embim
0.30a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.30a
Embim + coco dust compost
0.27a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 21.69%
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in the soil prior to planting
or sowing time result to high yield. With the application of the organic fertilizers, a buildup
of toxicity in the soil is unlikely, as long as the amount of organic material incorporated
into the soil is fully decomposed.
Weight of Non-Marketable Fruits
The plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest non-marketable fruit with
a mean of 0.72 kg. Plants without fertilizer application had the lowest mean of 0.39 kg.
However, the results showed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments on the weight of non-marketable fruits (Table 10).
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Weight of marketable fruits (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
WEIGHT (Kg)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
1.86c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
3.07bc
Yama + coco dust compost
3.16bc
Yama + Embim
4.63a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
2.66bc
Embim + coco dust compost
3.75ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 21.63%
Table 10. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
WEIGHT (Kg)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.39a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
0.42a
Yama + coco dust compost
0.58a
Yama + Embim
0.72a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.52a
Embim + coco dust compost
0.65a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 45.79%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
c
Figure 4. Samples of marketable fruits from first harvest (a), and samples of last harvest (b
and c) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
Figure 5. Samples of non-marketable fruits (a and b) of zucchini as affected by different
organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plot
Plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest yield of 5.35 kg, comparable
to those applied with Embim + coco dust compost, Yama + coco dust compost, Embim +
Alnus leaves and Yama + Alnus Leaves with mean yield 4.40 kg, of 3.73 kg, 3.49 kg and
3.18 kg, respectively. Plants without fertilizer application had the lowest yield of 2.24 kg.
According to Yokomori (2007), the use of organic fertilizer and fertilizer-based fungicides
result to good growth, yield, safe and tasty vegetables. Organic fertilizer makes soil good
and rich in nutrient elements.
Incidence of Fruit Fly
Plants applied with Yama + Embim and Embim + coco dust compost had the
highest insect pest occurrence with a mean of 2.33, while the other treatments had the less
insect pest occurrence with a mean of 2. The results, however revealed that there were no
significant differences among the treatments on Table 12.
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
TOTAL YIELD
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
2.24b
Embim + Alnus Leaves
3.49ab
Yama + coco dust compost
3.73ab
Yama + Embim
5.35a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
3.18ab
Embim + coco dust compost
4.40a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 19.88%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 12. Incidence of fruit fly affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
INCIDENCE
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
2.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
2.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
2.00a
Yama + Embim
2.33a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
2.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
2.33a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 16.56%
Soil Analysis
There were some differences and improvement of the soil before planting and after
planting or termination. Based from Table 13, before planting the area the soil contain a 94
ppm phosphorous, 428 ppm potassium and 2% organic matter content with a soil pH of
5.75. After planting the area the soil contain 84 ppm phosphorous, 788 ppm potassium, and
organic matter of 2.5% with a soil pH of 6.36.
In 1982, Cooke reported that organic fertilizers increase organic matter content of the soil.
As a result, soil alkalinity is increased. In additional simple supply of organic matter helps
keep the soil loose and prevents compaction, facilitates digging, cultivation and enables
roots of crop to penetrate the soil, readily increase water holding capacity and provides
essential nutrients needed for plant growth.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Soil analysis of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers (Balili
Experiment Area, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet) from November 2012
to February 2013
FIELD
pH
SA WILDE’S
OLSEN’S P,
COLD
NO.
% OM
ppm
H2SO4EXTR’N
K, ppm
Before
5.75
2.0
94
428
Return of Cash Expenses
Table 14 present the yield, sales and expenses of the six (6) treatments. The
combination of Yama + Embim had the highest return of investment of 561.87% or 5.62
pesos for every peso spent in the production. The control had the lowest return of
investment of 259.15% or 2.59 pesos for every peso spent.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 14. Cost and return analysis (100 m2) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
TREATMENT
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Yield
5.57
9.2
9.47
13.88
7.98
11.25
Gross Income
444.6
736
757.6
1110.4
638.4
900
Fertilizer Expenses
0
34.2
64.8
43.8
33.6
66
Seed
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
Labor
75
75
75
75
75
75
Total Expenses
123.96
158.16
188.76
167.76
157.56
189.96
Net Income
321.24
537.84
568.84
942.64
480.84
710.04
ROI
259.15
340.06
301.87
561.87
305.78
373.79
Rank
6
2
5
1
4
2
Note: The selling price per kilo was 80 pesos
Legend:
T0 – No Fertilizer Application (Control)
T1 – Embim + Alnus Leaves
T2 – Yama + coco dust compost
T3 – Yama + Embim
T4 – Yama + Alnus Leaves
T5 – Embim + coco dust compost
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013 at Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State Universty, La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the
performance of zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ using different organic fertilizers.
Zucchini plants applied with Yama + Embim had more (1.41) fruits per plant and
heavier (4.63 kg) marketable fruits per 1m x 5m plot. In general, the performance of
zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ under La Trinidad condition are the following: number of days
from sowing to seedling emergence (6.89 days); percentage seedling emergence (99%);
final plant height (39.75cm); days from sowing to first harvest (52.78 days); fruit length
(19.62 cm); fruit circumference (17.70 cm); average of weight fruits per plant (0.28 kg);
weight of non-marketable fruits (0.55 kg); total yield per plot (3.73 kg); incidence of fruit
fly (2.11) and ROI (356.90%).
Conclusion
Based on the result presented and discussed, it is concluded that the combination of
Yama + Embim are good organic fertilizers based on the performance of zucchini cultivar
‘Senator’. Yama + Embim with a rate of 1:1 kg per 1mx5m plot will give you 5.62 pesos
or 561.87 % for every peso invested in terms of return of investment (ROI).
Recommendation
Among the different organic fertilizers used in this study, the combination of Yama
+ Embim would be recommended for the production of organic zucchini, under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming. Afa Publications Inc., Quezon City. Pp. 81-
100.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. Growing Zucchini for Summer Vegetable Sautés. Retrieved July 13,
2012 from http://www.grow-it-organically.com/growing-zucchini.html.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. How to Grow Zucchini. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from
http://www.gardeningblog.net/how-to-grow/zucchini/.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. The Importance of Organic Plants. Retrieved August 13,2012 from
http://www.gardenguides.com/112554-importance-organic plants.html.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. Zucchini. Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrical. Retrieved July 13, 2012
from http://myfolia.com/plants/897-zucchini-cucurbita-pepo-var-cylindrica.
BASILICATO, L. What are the Benefits of Organic Vegetables? Retrieved September 1,
2012 from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5869667_benefits-organic-vegetables_.html.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1986. Vegetable Production. Los Banos, Laguna, UPLB, College of
Agriculture. P. 62.
BONAR, A. 1994. Vegetable Encyclopedia. Tiger Books International. London 1:2-108.
BRADY, N. C. 1974. The Natural and Properties of Soils. Eight Edition. New York
MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc. Pp. 185.
CAYNE, B. S. 1990. The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedia. Dictionary of the English
Language. Lexicon Publications, Inc. New York. P. 114.
CHAPMAN, S. R. and L. P. CARTER.1986, Principles of Crop Production. Freeman and
Company. Inc. San Francisco.P.316.
COOKE, G. W. 1982. Fertilizer for Maximum Yield.3rd Edition. London. Pp. 465.
DELL, R. W. 1997. The World Book Encyclopedia.World Book, Inc. Chicago. 4:398;
18:246.
HALFACIE, Rr. G. AND J. A. BARDEN. 1994. Horticulture. Mc. Growhill Company,
Inc. New York. Pp. 177-180, 240-277.
HOPE, M. 2008. Zucchini Facts and Nutrition Information. Retrieved July 15, 2012 from
http://www.hippiedippiebebe.com/health/nutrition/zucchini-facts-nutrition-info/.
IANNOTTI, M. Garden Soil- the Importance of Organic Matter Feed the Soil. Retrieved
August 13, 2012 from http://gardening.about.com/ocl/soil/a/GardenSoil/3.htm.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS. 2009.
Definitions of Organic Agriculture. Retrieved on October 4, 2012 from
www.ifoam.org/growing_organic/definitions/doa/index.html.
JANICK, J. 1992. Horticultural Science. 2nd Ed. William Freeman and Company. San
Francisco. P. 572.
JUAN, L. 2002. Growth and Yield Performance of Six Zucchini Cultivars under La
Trinidad, Benguet Condition. B.S. Undergraduate Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet P.6.
KUDAN, J. D. 2010. Performance Evaluation of Sugarbeet (Betevulgaria L.)Varieties as
Affected by organic Fertilizers under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. B.S. Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 6-7.
KUDAN, S. l. 1989. Principles of vegetable production. Compilation of Teaching materials
in Horticulture 100. Pp. 1, 92.
KOSHIRO, O. 1990. The Use of Organic and Chemical in Japan. Food and Fertilizer
Technology Center Extension Built. P. 14.
LORENZO, D. A. and R. N. MAYNARD. 1988. Knotts Handbook for Vegetable Growers,
3rd Rd. New York: John Willy and Sons. Inc. Pp. 25-30.
MACMILLAN, H. F. 1991. Tropical Planting and Gardening. 6th Edition. Malayan Nature
Society, Kuala Lumpur. Pp. 20.
MANILA BULLETIN PUBLISHIN CORPORATION. Boosting for Organic Farming.
Retrieved
on
October
4,
2012
from
www.mb.com.ph/articles/342361/boosting_organic_farming.
PARNES, R. 1996. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer. Woods and Agricultural Institute. Pp.
10, 16, 24.
PCARR. 1976. Annual report. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research,
Los Banos, Laguna. P. 63.
PHILIP, R. and M. RIX. 1993. Vegetables. Pan Macillan Publication, Inc., London. Pp.
174-291.
PUMA, J. The Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Growth. Retrieved August 19, 2012 from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5403919_effects_fetilizers_plant_growth.html#ixzz25JLR7
BEe.
RAYMUNDO, D. I. 1995. Evaluation of four cultivars of summer squash (cucurbita pepo
L.) cv. Zucchini under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. B.S. Undergraduate thesis
(Unpub.). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.1.
READER, L. 2003. Zucchini: A Treat in the Heat. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from
http://ag.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0403/zucchini.html.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
SANGATAN, R. L. 2000. Practical Guide to Organic Gardening in the Philippines. Busy
Book Distributors. Quezon City.
WARE, G. W. 1975. Producing Vegetative Crops. 2nd Edition. Interstate Printers and
Publishers, Inc. P. 534.
WESTERMANN, T. 1945. Biologisther Gemuseball in den Philippinen-ein Beitrag Zur,
Armutsberkamfung. Entwicklung und Landlicher Raum 4:15-18.
WHITAKER, T. W. and R. W. ROBINSON. 1986. Breeding Vegetable Crops. VI
Publishing Company, Inc. Westpart Connecticut. Pp. 209-210.
YOKOMORI, M. 2007. Pilot Project for Better Income by Organic-based Vegetable
Production Inc: JAEC Organic- based Vegetables Project in Benguet, Province,
Philippines. Pp. 1-13.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013. Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo
L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic Fertilizers, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Darwin A. Basquial
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013 at Balili Experiment
Area, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the performance of
zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ using different organic fertilizers.
Zucchini plants applied with Yama + Embim had more (1.41) fruits per plant and
heavier (4.63 kg) marketable fruits per 5m2 plot than the plants applied with the other
fertilizer combinations. Zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ under La Trinidad condition took 7
days to emerge, 99% emergence, 39.75 cm final plant height, 57.28 days from sowing to
first harvest, 19.62 cm fruit length, 17.70 cm fruit circumference, 0.28 kg average fruit
weight per plant, 3.73 kg yield per plot, and 356.90% return on investment.
Among the different organic fertilizers used in this study, the combination of Yama
+ Embim would be recommended for the production of organic zucchini, under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Seedling Emergence
It was observed that the seeds sown in Yama+ Embim and Embim + coco dust
compost were the fastest to emerge with a mean of 6.67 days (Table 1). The results,
however, were not significantly different from the other treatments.
Percentage Seedling Emergence
As shown in Table 2, there were no significant differences on the percentage
seedling emergence among the different treatments. It was shown that plants without
fertilizer application and Yama + Alnus leaves had the lowest at a mean of 97%.
Plant Height
As shown in Table 3, plants applied with Yama + Embim and Embim + coco dust
Table 1. Number of days from sowing zucchini to seedling emergence as affected different
organic fertilizer
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF DAYS
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
7.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
7.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
7.00a
Yama + Embim
6.67a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
7.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
6.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 5.07%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Percentage seedling emergenceof zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
PERCENTAGE
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
97.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
100.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
100.00a
Yama + Embim
100.00a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
97.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
100.00a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
CV= 3.18%
compost recorded the tallest plants at 44.93 cm and 43.67 cm, respectively. Plants grown
without fertilizer application produced the shortest plants at 30.73cm. Based from the
fertilizers combination, the different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Table 3. Final plant height (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
HEIGHT (cm)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
30.73c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
41.53ab
Yama + coco dust compost
38.53b
Yama + Embim
44.93a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
39.10b
Embim + coco dust compost
43.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV=5.22%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
from different treatments result to highly significant differences among the treatments,
wherein the control had the lowest height. According to Watson (2013), a phosphorus
deficiency will lead to stunted, sickly looking plants that produce a lower quality of fruit
or flower.
Days from Sowing to First Harvest
Statistical results showed that plants without fertilizer application recorded the longest
duration from sowing to first harvest (Table 4) with a mean of fifty-nine (59) days, while
the rest of the treatments were recorded to have significantly shorter duration ranging from
51 to 53.67 days.
Yokomori (2007) mentioned that organic fertilizer makes soil good and rich in nutrient
elements. Growth continuous until time of harvest because the soils continuous
Table 4. Days from sowing of zucchini to first harvest as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF DAYS
No Fertilizer application (Control)
59.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
51.00b
Yama + coco dust compost
51.00b
Yama + Embim
51.00b
Yama + Alnus Leaves
53.67b
Embim + coco dust compost
51.00b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 3.57%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
Figure 3. Plant at flowering stage (a) and plant at fruit set (b) of zucchini as affected by
different organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
to provide nutrients, plants have fewer pests and diseases and vegetables can be harvest in
shorter days. In Table 4, the plants without fertilizer application had the longest duration
from sowing to first harvest due to nutrient deficiencies.
Number of Fruits per Plant
Table 5 shows that there were significant differences observed among the different
treatments in terms number of fruit per plant. Based on the results, plants applied with
Yama + Embim had the most number of fruits pre plant with an average of 1.41,
significantly followed by coco dust compost + Embim which is comparable with a mean
of 1.36, while coco dust compost + Yama and Alnus Leaves + Embim is significantly
comparable with the first two treatments with a mean of 1.14 and 1.11 respectively, while
plants without fertilizer application had lowest mean of 0.72.
Table 5. Number of zucchini fruits per plant as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
NUMBER OF FRUITS
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.72c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
1.11ab
Yama + coco dust compost
1.14ab
Yama + Embim
1.41a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.92bc
Embim + coco dust compost
1.36a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 17.41%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
The high potassium content from the combination of Yama + Embim and Embim + coco
dust compost with 8.22% and 7.86% respectively, result to the formation of fruits per plant.
Potassium helps for fruit set of the plants.
Fruit Length
Based on the result plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest mean of
21.14 cm, while Embim + Alnus Leaves had the lowest mean of 18.03. However, there
were no significant differences observed among the plants in the fruit length (Table 6).
Fruit Circumference
Plants applied with Yama + Embim attained the highest fruit circumference with a mean
of 19.11 cm, while Embim + Alnus Leaves had the lowest mean of 16.28 cm.However,
Table 7 shows that there were no significantly differences on fruit circumference.
Table 6. Fruit length (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
LENGTH (CM)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
19.26a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
18.03a
Yama + coco dust compost
19.67a
Yama + Embim
21.14a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
19.39a
Embim + coco dust compost
20.23a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 9.34%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Fruit circumference (cm) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
CIRCUMFERENCE (CM)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
17.85a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
16.28a
Yama + coco dust compost
17.53a
Yama + Embim
19.11a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
16.99a
Embim + coco dust compost
18.41a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 9.69%
Average Weight of Fruits
Plants applied with Yama + Embim and Yama+ Alnus Leaves both had the highest
weight of 0.30 kg per plot. However, average weight of fruits in kilograms per plot (Table
8) shows that there were no significant differences observed among the treatments.
Weight of Marketable Fruits (kg)
Plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest weight of marketable fruits
with a mean of 4.63 kg, significantly comparable followed by Embim + coco dust compost
with a mean of 3.75 kg. Plants without fertilizer application obtained the lowest weight of
marketable fruits with a mean of 1.86 kg. The results, however reveals the result (Table 9)
that there were significant differences on marketable fruits among the treatments.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Average weight of zucchini fruits (kg/plot) as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
AVERAGE WEIGHT (Kg/plot)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.25a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
0.26a
Yama + coco dust compost
0.27a
Yama + Embim
0.30a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.30a
Embim + coco dust compost
0.27a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 21.69%
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizer in the soil prior to planting
or sowing time result to high yield. With the application of the organic fertilizers, a buildup
of toxicity in the soil is unlikely, as long as the amount of organic material incorporated
into the soil is fully decomposed.
Weight of Non-Marketable Fruits
The plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest non-marketable fruit with
a mean of 0.72 kg. Plants without fertilizer application had the lowest mean of 0.39 kg.
However, the results showed that there were no significant differences among the
treatments on the weight of non-marketable fruits (Table 10).
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Weight of marketable fruits (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
WEIGHT (Kg)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
1.86c
Embim + Alnus Leaves
3.07bc
Yama + coco dust compost
3.16bc
Yama + Embim
4.63a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
2.66bc
Embim + coco dust compost
3.75ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 21.63%
Table 10. Weight of non-marketable fruits (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
WEIGHT (Kg)
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
0.39a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
0.42a
Yama + coco dust compost
0.58a
Yama + Embim
0.72a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
0.52a
Embim + coco dust compost
0.65a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 45.79%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
c
Figure 4. Samples of marketable fruits from first harvest (a), and samples of last harvest (b
and c) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
a
b
Figure 5. Samples of non-marketable fruits (a and b) of zucchini as affected by different
organic fertilizers
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Total Yield per Plot
Plants applied with Yama + Embim had the highest yield of 5.35 kg, comparable
to those applied with Embim + coco dust compost, Yama + coco dust compost, Embim +
Alnus leaves and Yama + Alnus Leaves with mean yield 4.40 kg, of 3.73 kg, 3.49 kg and
3.18 kg, respectively. Plants without fertilizer application had the lowest yield of 2.24 kg.
According to Yokomori (2007), the use of organic fertilizer and fertilizer-based fungicides
result to good growth, yield, safe and tasty vegetables. Organic fertilizer makes soil good
and rich in nutrient elements.
Incidence of Fruit Fly
Plants applied with Yama + Embim and Embim + coco dust compost had the
highest insect pest occurrence with a mean of 2.33, while the other treatments had the less
insect pest occurrence with a mean of 2. The results, however revealed that there were no
significant differences among the treatments on Table 12.
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg) of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
TOTAL YIELD
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
2.24b
Embim + Alnus Leaves
3.49ab
Yama + coco dust compost
3.73ab
Yama + Embim
5.35a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
3.18ab
Embim + coco dust compost
4.40a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 19.88%
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 12. Incidence of fruit fly affected by different organic fertilizers
FERTILIZER COMBINATION
INCIDENCE
No Fertilizer Application (Control)
2.00a
Embim + Alnus Leaves
2.00a
Yama + coco dust compost
2.00a
Yama + Embim
2.33a
Yama + Alnus Leaves
2.00a
Embim + coco dust compost
2.33a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
CV= 16.56%
Soil Analysis
There were some differences and improvement of the soil before planting and after
planting or termination. Based from Table 13, before planting the area the soil contain a 94
ppm phosphorous, 428 ppm potassium and 2% organic matter content with a soil pH of
5.75. After planting the area the soil contain 84 ppm phosphorous, 788 ppm potassium, and
organic matter of 2.5% with a soil pH of 6.36.
In 1982, Cooke reported that organic fertilizers increase organic matter content of the soil.
As a result, soil alkalinity is increased. In additional simple supply of organic matter helps
keep the soil loose and prevents compaction, facilitates digging, cultivation and enables
roots of crop to penetrate the soil, readily increase water holding capacity and provides
essential nutrients needed for plant growth.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Soil analysis of zucchini as affected by different organic fertilizers (Balili
Experiment Area, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet) from November 2012
to February 2013
FIELD
pH
SA WILDE’S
OLSEN’S P,
COLD
NO.
% OM
ppm
H2SO4EXTR’N
K, ppm
Before
5.75
2.0
94
428
Return of Cash Expenses
Table 14 present the yield, sales and expenses of the six (6) treatments. The
combination of Yama + Embim had the highest return of investment of 561.87% or 5.62
pesos for every peso spent in the production. The control had the lowest return of
investment of 259.15% or 2.59 pesos for every peso spent.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
Table 14. Cost and return analysis (100 m2) of zucchini as affected by different organic
fertilizers
TREATMENT
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Yield
5.57
9.2
9.47
13.88
7.98
11.25
Gross Income
444.6
736
757.6
1110.4
638.4
900
Fertilizer Expenses
0
34.2
64.8
43.8
33.6
66
Seed
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
48.96
Labor
75
75
75
75
75
75
Total Expenses
123.96
158.16
188.76
167.76
157.56
189.96
Net Income
321.24
537.84
568.84
942.64
480.84
710.04
ROI
259.15
340.06
301.87
561.87
305.78
373.79
Rank
6
2
5
1
4
2
Note: The selling price per kilo was 80 pesos
Legend:
T0 – No Fertilizer Application (Control)
T1 – Embim + Alnus Leaves
T2 – Yama + coco dust compost
T3 – Yama + Embim
T4 – Yama + Alnus Leaves
T5 – Embim + coco dust compost
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013 at Balili
Experimental Area, Benguet State Universty, La Trinidad, Benguet to evaluate the
performance of zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ using different organic fertilizers.
Zucchini plants applied with Yama + Embim had more (1.41) fruits per plant and
heavier (4.63 kg) marketable fruits per 1m x 5m plot. In general, the performance of
zucchini cultivar ‘Senator’ under La Trinidad condition are the following: number of days
from sowing to seedling emergence (6.89 days); percentage seedling emergence (99%);
final plant height (39.75cm); days from sowing to first harvest (52.78 days); fruit length
(19.62 cm); fruit circumference (17.70 cm); average of weight fruits per plant (0.28 kg);
weight of non-marketable fruits (0.55 kg); total yield per plot (3.73 kg); incidence of fruit
fly (2.11) and ROI (356.90%).
Conclusion
Based on the result presented and discussed, it is concluded that the combination of
Yama + Embim are good organic fertilizers based on the performance of zucchini cultivar
‘Senator’. Yama + Embim with a rate of 1:1 kg per 1mx5m plot will give you 5.62 pesos
or 561.87 % for every peso invested in terms of return of investment (ROI).
Recommendation
Among the different organic fertilizers used in this study, the combination of Yama
+ Embim would be recommended for the production of organic zucchini, under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming. Afa Publications Inc., Quezon City. Pp. 81-
100.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. Growing Zucchini for Summer Vegetable Sautés. Retrieved July 13,
2012 from http://www.grow-it-organically.com/growing-zucchini.html.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. How to Grow Zucchini. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from
http://www.gardeningblog.net/how-to-grow/zucchini/.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. The Importance of Organic Plants. Retrieved August 13,2012 from
http://www.gardenguides.com/112554-importance-organic plants.html.
ANONYMOUS. Nd. Zucchini. Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrical. Retrieved July 13, 2012
from http://myfolia.com/plants/897-zucchini-cucurbita-pepo-var-cylindrica.
BASILICATO, L. What are the Benefits of Organic Vegetables? Retrieved September 1,
2012 from http://www.ehow.com/facts_5869667_benefits-organic-vegetables_.html.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1986. Vegetable Production. Los Banos, Laguna, UPLB, College of
Agriculture. P. 62.
BONAR, A. 1994. Vegetable Encyclopedia. Tiger Books International. London 1:2-108.
BRADY, N. C. 1974. The Natural and Properties of Soils. Eight Edition. New York
MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc. Pp. 185.
CAYNE, B. S. 1990. The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedia. Dictionary of the English
Language. Lexicon Publications, Inc. New York. P. 114.
CHAPMAN, S. R. and L. P. CARTER.1986, Principles of Crop Production. Freeman and
Company. Inc. San Francisco.P.316.
COOKE, G. W. 1982. Fertilizer for Maximum Yield.3rd Edition. London. Pp. 465.
DELL, R. W. 1997. The World Book Encyclopedia.World Book, Inc. Chicago. 4:398;
18:246.
HALFACIE, Rr. G. AND J. A. BARDEN. 1994. Horticulture. Mc. Growhill Company,
Inc. New York. Pp. 177-180, 240-277.
HOPE, M. 2008. Zucchini Facts and Nutrition Information. Retrieved July 15, 2012 from
http://www.hippiedippiebebe.com/health/nutrition/zucchini-facts-nutrition-info/.
IANNOTTI, M. Garden Soil- the Importance of Organic Matter Feed the Soil. Retrieved
August 13, 2012 from http://gardening.about.com/ocl/soil/a/GardenSoil/3.htm.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURE MOVEMENTS. 2009.
Definitions of Organic Agriculture. Retrieved on October 4, 2012 from
www.ifoam.org/growing_organic/definitions/doa/index.html.
JANICK, J. 1992. Horticultural Science. 2nd Ed. William Freeman and Company. San
Francisco. P. 572.
JUAN, L. 2002. Growth and Yield Performance of Six Zucchini Cultivars under La
Trinidad, Benguet Condition. B.S. Undergraduate Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet P.6.
KUDAN, J. D. 2010. Performance Evaluation of Sugarbeet (Betevulgaria L.)Varieties as
Affected by organic Fertilizers under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. B.S. Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 6-7.
KUDAN, S. l. 1989. Principles of vegetable production. Compilation of Teaching materials
in Horticulture 100. Pp. 1, 92.
KOSHIRO, O. 1990. The Use of Organic and Chemical in Japan. Food and Fertilizer
Technology Center Extension Built. P. 14.
LORENZO, D. A. and R. N. MAYNARD. 1988. Knotts Handbook for Vegetable Growers,
3rd Rd. New York: John Willy and Sons. Inc. Pp. 25-30.
MACMILLAN, H. F. 1991. Tropical Planting and Gardening. 6th Edition. Malayan Nature
Society, Kuala Lumpur. Pp. 20.
MANILA BULLETIN PUBLISHIN CORPORATION. Boosting for Organic Farming.
Retrieved
on
October
4,
2012
from
www.mb.com.ph/articles/342361/boosting_organic_farming.
PARNES, R. 1996. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer. Woods and Agricultural Institute. Pp.
10, 16, 24.
PCARR. 1976. Annual report. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research,
Los Banos, Laguna. P. 63.
PHILIP, R. and M. RIX. 1993. Vegetables. Pan Macillan Publication, Inc., London. Pp.
174-291.
PUMA, J. The Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Growth. Retrieved August 19, 2012 from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5403919_effects_fetilizers_plant_growth.html#ixzz25JLR7
BEe.
RAYMUNDO, D. I. 1995. Evaluation of four cultivars of summer squash (cucurbita pepo
L.) cv. Zucchini under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. B.S. Undergraduate thesis
(Unpub.). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.1.
READER, L. 2003. Zucchini: A Treat in the Heat. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from
http://ag.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0403/zucchini.html.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013
SANGATAN, R. L. 2000. Practical Guide to Organic Gardening in the Philippines. Busy
Book Distributors. Quezon City.
WARE, G. W. 1975. Producing Vegetative Crops. 2nd Edition. Interstate Printers and
Publishers, Inc. P. 534.
WESTERMANN, T. 1945. Biologisther Gemuseball in den Philippinen-ein Beitrag Zur,
Armutsberkamfung. Entwicklung und Landlicher Raum 4:15-18.
WHITAKER, T. W. and R. W. ROBINSON. 1986. Breeding Vegetable Crops. VI
Publishing Company, Inc. Westpart Connecticut. Pp. 209-210.
YOKOMORI, M. 2007. Pilot Project for Better Income by Organic-based Vegetable
Production Inc: JAEC Organic- based Vegetables Project in Benguet, Province,
Philippines. Pp. 1-13.
Performance of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) cv. ‘Senator’ Using Different Organic
Fertilizers | ASI-AS, PHILIP TOM B. APRIL 2013