BIBLIOGRAPHY CALASIAO, DINA B. OCTOBER 2008....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CALASIAO, DINA B. OCTOBER 2008. Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum
sativum) as Affected by Plant Compost Application. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Victoria C. Milo, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the capability of plant compost to supply
the nutrients needed to complete the life cycle of garden pea under La Trinidad
conditions.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
significantly enhanced the highest average number of seeds per pod, average number of
pods per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot. These observations differed
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but did not differ
significantly from those plants applied with vermipcompost.
Results of the study revealed that an application of a handful of chicken dung per
hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha is needed for greater seed yield from seed production of
garden pea.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage of Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Average Number of Pods per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Average Length of Pods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Number of Seeds Per Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Weight of 1,000 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Yield Per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) locally known as “citzaro” is grown primarily for its
edible fresh pods and matured seeds. Matured seeds contain a high percentage of
digestive protein, an appreciable amount of carbohydrates and some minerals while the
green pod is rich in vitamin A. Garden pea thrives best in cool places like Benguet and be
grown profitably throughout the year. The crop grows fast and yields in about three
months. Fresh pod production of the said crop is a good source of income of Benguet
farmers because it commands a high market price.
Seed production of garden pea can be a good source of income of Benguet
farmers and should be strengthened in the locality to supply the high demands of many
farmers. The practice of farmers for seed production is they leave some of their crops to
mature in the field especially if the prices of the pods are cheap. Seed production of
vegetable crops is favorable in the said locality because of prevailing cool temperature
towards the end of the year that induces a crop to produce flowers.
A campaign on organic vegetable production is spreading in the provinces of
Cordillera Region. Organic production is to produce vegetables free from chemicals. This
study is geared towards the production of organic seed to sustain the organic production
of garden pea. The decomposed plant residues will be the source of nutrients for growth
and seed development of garden pea.
This study had utilized different plant composts that are available in the locality
for garden pea seed production. The objectives of the study were:
1. To determine the capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
2
complete the life cycle of garden pea.
2. To assess the seed yield performance of garden pea as affected by plant
compost.
3. To determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of garden pea.
This study was conducted at the Organic Demo Farm Area, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2008 to March 2008.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) belongs to the family of Leguminosae. Meril (1976)
described garden pea as an annual crop standing at 3-5 m high, herbaceous in nature with
pinnately compound leaves of 1-3 leaflets. Its flowers measure 1.5-2 cm and if pods are
seed filled, 4-8 cm long. Further, Benton (1970) described the stem of the pea plant as
hallow, and trailing or climbing. The flowers are butterfly like, purple or white, about one
inch across; each has united stamens and one free stamen.
Benefits of Consuming Organically Produced Products
Organic farming is a production system that excludes the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and others. It relies on crop
rotation, crop residues, animal manures and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil
productivity and tilt, to supply plant nutrients, and to control weeds, insects and other
pests (Anonymous, 2005).
Thus, organic farming not only preserves the soil but also increases the chances
for future generations to continue growing healthy food.
Vegetable grown organically are safe and health-promotive. Hwan (1984) stated
that “You are what you eat”. Children nourished with organically-grown foods possess
distinctive positive characters than those fed wit h chemical-supplemented food for
instance the junk foods that make the children prone to illnesses. Such behaviors could
hardly be observed in children or even adults nourished with organically-grown. For
character formation, he further recommends the parents to provide their children with
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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natural or organically grown food especially in their critical years, which is before they
reach the age of twelve. And that they remain healthy. Being healthy does not only mean
freedom from diseases or any symptoms of illness, but having a healthy body, mind,
spirit, and manners.
Sources of Organic Matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chickens
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost, Chicken manure is extensively used in the
Benguet Province than any other kind of manure (Bautista et al., 1983).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and that used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
The Philippines Farmers Journal as cited by Laurean (1981) reported that there
are seven major sources of organic fertilizers. These include animal manure, crop
products, green manures or legumes, azolla and other blue green algae, industrial waste
and garbage commercial organic fertilizers, and peat soil, silt or river mud. Animal
manure is the most common organic fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Examples are
guano, chicken dung, cow, hog, carabao, and horse manure, crop by-products such as rice
straw, corn stubbles and sugar cane tops and leaves are can be used as materials in the
production of organic fertilizers. Other adequate aquatic plants like water lily and sea
weed and legumes like mongo, soybean, garden pea, and ipil-ipil can be used as green
manure.
Bucu (1991) mentioned that mushroom compost is a good source of organic
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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fertilizer. It consists of sawdust with some materials like limestone and rice barn.
Mushroom compost has low in potassium, rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and
other secondary nutrient elements. It is recommended however, to mix this compost with
proper amount of manure like swine or poultry. It was also found out that it has carbon as
main source of energy for the activities of soil microorganism like Rhizobia for nitrogen
fixation and mycorrhizae for increasing the availability of soil phosphorous. Soil
treatment with sawdust, tree leaves, green manure, oil cake, or rice barn promotes the
multiplication of earthworm and inhibits nematodes population. The use of rice straw
reduces the incidence of wilt and black leg in white potato and root in common bean, pea
and cotton.
Alnus compost is abundant in the highland that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino, 1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
diseases. In addition, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of organic
fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant diseases. In
addition, alnus compost is more economical to the farmers than inorganic inputs because
they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping in reforestation
and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998) reported that
population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber with increasing level of Alnus
compost applied.
Andrew (1947) claimed that compost from plant residues are excellent source of
organic matter because they have sufficient amount of nitrogen. The most important soil
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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organic matter is from plant residues. Plant residues can provide soil organic matter
ranging from 11tons/ha per year for tropical rain forests, 6 tons for temperate forests, 3
tons for temperate grasslands, and down to 0.05 tons for deserts (Bolin et al. 1979).
Allison (1973) reported that plant residues are chemically complex organic
materials that enter the soil and play an important role in maintaining soil productivity by
providing nutrients and inputs to organic matter. They improve the soil physical
properties, availability of soil nutrients, and soil fauna populations. Decomposition
signifies the mechanical disintegration of dead plant structure from the stage where it is
still attached to the living plant, to the humus stage where the gross cell structure is no
longer recognizable.
Different compost has varying compositions. Bureau of Soil Water Management
(BSWM, 1994) has found that mushroom compost provides necessary nutrients for
growing a crop. It contains 17.5% of organic matter, 5% of nitrogen, 310% ppm
phosphorous and 365% ppm potassium and has pH of 7.2 (Cuyahon, 1996). Balaoing
2006 reported that the BSU compost contains 5% of nitrogen, 3% phosphorus and 2%
potassium, while Mercado (1996) stated that alnus compost contains 50% organic matter,
2.5% nitrogen, 7.0% phosphorus, 3.36% potassium and pH of 4.6.
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are derived from decomposed excretes from animals and/or
plant residues which can supply one or more essential nutrient elements to plants.
Capuno (1984) as cited by Villamor (2002) stated that using organic material like
chicken manure alone or in concentration with inorganic fertilizer promoted a more
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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vigorous growth and enhanced production of more leaves and taller solanaceous crop
than those treated with inorganic fertilizer alone.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizers in the soil prior
to planting or sowing results to high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus which improves the physical condition of the soil. He further mentioned that,
well decomposed manure should be applied at rate of 10 to 12 tons/hectare after the first
plowing. This amount will slowly provide nutrients during vegetative growth of the crop.
Rodriquez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. It makes the soil fertile
that also makes production continuous. Tisdale and Nelson (1975) has stated that organic
fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly specially nitrogen for efficient utilization
of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and yield
increases.
Abadilla (1982) reported that crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pests and diseases. Humic acids and growth substances are absorbed by
plant tissues through the roots and that they favor the formation of proteins by
influencing the synthesis of enzymes thereby increasing the vigor and insect resistant of
the plant. Soils high in organic matter allow little or no borne diseases because of oxygen
ethylene cycle in the soil. He further mentioned that the sap of plants fertilized with
organic matter is more bactericide than plants not fertilized with organic matter. Humus
had also improved the quality of crops.
In 1997, Cadiz and Deanon as cited by Ebbes (1998) mentioned that compost is
the best organic fertilizer, since it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silica as well
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil. They also noted that composting helps control pollution. Much of the
industrial and agricultural are either burned polluting the air and/or left scattered in the
field clogging waterways. In addition, Tan (1975) cited that compost is used to improve
the soil condition. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It
improves the soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrient.
Application of compost improves the physiological, chemical and biological
condition of the soil besides providing plant nutrients. The humus serves as the colloidal
material with negative electric charge and coagulated with cation and form particles to
form granules. Soil with more granules is less sticky, high buffering capacity, and has
better permeability and greater water holding capacity. It is capable of regulating plant
growth and disease occurrence (Sangatnan and Sangatnan, 2000). In addition, Pataras
(1984) stated that the application of compost fertilizers is best way to prepare of soil for
vegetable production. It can improve the soil structure making it deal for crop
production.
In 1994, Mechalak cited that compost is a good source of organic matter and
nutrients for plants. It improves soil structure and water retention. Compost contains
beneficial microorganism that suppress plant pathogen in soil.
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping. Application of compost also activates the soil microorganisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrients that plant feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Follet (1981) added that organic residues on the soil protect the land against
raindrop, splash erosion and reduce the extreme of surface temperature. When organic
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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residues are decomposed, they supply some essential nutrient needed by plants, and
makes macronutrients ready available to plant over wide range.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the study were garden pea seeds, plant compost derived
from spent mushroom, alnus leaves compost, vermicompost, chicken dung, 14-14-14
(Triple 14), trellis/”rono”, identifying tags, garden tools and record book.
Methods
An area of 75 square meters was thoroughly prepared and divided into three
blocks. Each block contained five plots with a dimension of 1 x 5 meters. Double row
holes with spacing of 25 cm between rows and 25 cm between hills were made in each
plot. Each plot contained 20 holes to have 40 holes per plot. The plant compost with
their recommended rate were studied are as follows:
Treatment
C1 – Control (no fertilizer application)
C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg
NPK/ha
C3 – Spent mushroom compost = 20t/ha
C4 – Alnus leaves compost = 10 t/ha
C5 – Vermicompost = 20t/ha
The experimental was laid out in a Randomized Complete block Design (RCBD).
All the data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The recommended rates
of each plant compost as described in the treatments were distributed equally to the
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
11
number of holes per plot and mixed thoroughly with the soil before planting, except in
the control wherein no plant compost was applied in the soil. Likewise, in farmers
practice, a handful of chicken dung was applied in a hole and mixed thoroughly with the
soil before planting. Three seeds of garden were sown per hill and thinned to two plants
per hill after emergence.
Hilling up was done one month after planting. No inorganic fertilizers were
applied during hilling up in all the treatments, except in the Farmers practice wherein a
rate of 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha was applied as side dressed. Trellising was done when
plants had attained a height of 20-30 cm.
Harvesting was done when the pod color was yellow and soft. Harvested pods
were sun dried until pods were fully dried and brittle in texture. Then, processing was
done by separating the seeds from the pods.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was noted when 50% of the
sown seeds had emerged from the soil.
2. Days from emergence to flowering. This was obtained when 50% of the plant
per plot had produced flowers.
3. Percentage of pod setting. Ten newly opened flowers/treatment were tagged.
Three days after tagging, the remained tagged flowers were counted thus, percentage of
pod set was computed by the formula:
Number of Pod Setting
% Pod Setting =
x 100
Number of Tagged Flowers
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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4. Days from pod set to seed maturity. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from pod set to seed maturity. Seed was physiologically matured if the
pod color is yellow and soft.
5. Average number of pods/plant. This was the total number of harvested pods
divided total of plant per plot.
6. Average number of seeds/pod. The number of seeds per pod from the same
sample harvested pod was counted.
7. Average length of pod (cm). Ten pods selected at random was measured from
pedicel end to distal end. This was taken one week before harvesting.
8. Weight of 1000 seeds (g). The weight of 1000 seeds per treatment was taken
when the moisture content is at 14%.
9. Seed yield per treatment (g). This was determined if the seed moisture content
is at 14%. Moisture content was determined by using the formula:
M2-M3 x 100
M2 – M1
Where:
M1 = the weight in grams of the container and its cover.
M2 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content before drying.
M3 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content after drying.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Table 1 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence as affected by the
application of plant compost. The application of plant compost did not affect the number
of days to emergence. All plants had emerged seven days after sowing.
Days from Emergence to Flowering
The days from emergence to flowering is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis
showed no significant differences among all the treatments.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
7.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole
+100-100-100 NPK/ha
7.00a
Spent mushroom compost (20t/ha)
7.00a
Alnus leaves compost (10t/ha)
7.00a
Vermicompost (20t/ha)
7.00a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
14
Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
35.67a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
35.00a
Spent Mushroom compost 20t/ha
35.33a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
35.67a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
35.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Percentage of Pod Setting
The percentage of pod setting as affected by application of plant compost is
shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the
treatments. Percentage of pod set ranged from 80-90%.
Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Control (no fertilizer application)
80.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
90.00a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
83.33a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
83.33a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
83.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
15
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity
Table 4 shows the number of days from pod set to seed maturity as affected by the
application of plant compost. No significant difference as observed in the number of
days from pod set to seed maturity.
Average Number of Pods per Plant
Significant differences were observed on the average number of pods per plant as
affected by the application of plant compost (Table 5). Highest average number of 9.49
pods per plant was obtained in plants applied with 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha but their
number of pods did not differ significantly in the average number of 8.63 pods per plant
obtained in plants applied with vermicompost. However, these average numbers of pods
per plant differed significantly from the number of 5.96 pods in plants without fertilizer
and plants applied with alnus leaves compost and spent mushroom compost with
respective means of 7.53 and 7.19 pods per plant.
Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
44.667a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
43.333a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
43.000 a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
43.333a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
43.667a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
16
Table 5. Average number of pods per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer application)
5.957d
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
9.490a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
7.190cd
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
7.533bc
Vermicompost 20t/ha
8.627ab
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Results of the study showed that the application of plant compost significantly
increased the average number of pods per plant.
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Statistical analysis show significant differences on the average number of seeds
per pod as affected by the application of plant compost (Table 6). Plants applied with a
handful of chicken dung + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the highest average number
of 8.53 seeds per pod but this number did not differ significantly from the number of
(8.20) seeds per pod obtained by plants applied with vermicompost. However, these
numbers of (8.53 and 8.20) seeds per pod obtained from the aforementioned treatments
differed significantly in the average number of 6.57 seeds per pod obtained in plants
without fertilizer and that of plants applied either with composted alnus leaves or spent
mushroom with respective means of 7.53 and 7.27 seeds per pod. Likewise, the later
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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Table 6. Average number of seeds per pod
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer)
6.57c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
8.53a
Spent Mushroom compost 20t/ha
7.27b
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
7.53b
Vermicompost 20t/ha
8.20a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
average numbers of seeds per pod differed significantly from the number of seeds per pod
obtained in plants applied with spent mushroom compost and that of plants without
fertilizer.
Average Length of Pods
Table 7 shows the effect of plant compost on the average length of pods of garden
pea. Results revealed that plants applied with different plant composts showed
significant differences on the pod length over the plants without fertilizer. Plants applied
with a handful of vermicompost obtained the longest pod length of 6.75 cm and differed
significantly from the pod length of plants applied with Alnus leaves compost and plants
without fertilizer with means of 6.15 and 5.96 cm, respectively. However, the
aforementioned treatment did not differ significantly from the pod length of plants
applied with spent mushroom compost and plants applied with a handful of chicken
dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha with means of 6.47 and 6.26 cm, respectively.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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Table 7. Average length of pods
MEAN
TREATMENT
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer application)
5.960a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
6.260abc
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
6.473ab
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
6.147bc
Vermicompost 20t/ha
6.747a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Results of the study revealed that before planting garden pea, a sole application of
different plant compost could increase the pod length.
Weight of 1,000 Seeds
Weight of 1000 seeds was taken at the seed moisture content of 11%.
Table 8 shows the weight of 1,000 seeds as affected by the plant compost. The
statistical analysis did not show significant difference among the treatments on the weight
of 1,000.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
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Table 8. Weight of 1,000 seeds
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer application)
115.367a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
130.333a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
124.867a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
123.300a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
126.300a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Yield per Plot
Seed yield was obtained at the seed moisture content of 11%. Results of the study
revealed that fertilization significantly increased the seed yield of garden pea (Table 9).
Plants applied with vermicompost obtained a seed yield of 490.33 g but their seed yield
did not differ significantly from that of plants applied with a handful of chicken dung +
100-100-100 kg NPK/ha and that of plants applied with alnus leaves compost with
respective means of 509.87 and 477.93 g, respectively. All the aforementioned seed
yields differed significantly from the seed yield of plants without fertilizer. Likewise,
results of the study revealed that the plants applied with different plant composts showed
significant difference in seed yield over the plants without fertilizer.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
20
Table 9. Seed yield per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
375.97c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
509.87a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
435.60b
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
477.93a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
490.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Seed production of Garden pea (Pisum sativum) as affected by plant compost
application of plant composts was studied at Balili Organic Demo Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet on January 2008 to April 2008. Garden pea were grown
and were applied with different plant composts such as alnus leaves compost, spent
Mushroom, vermicompost. A handful of chicken dung per hole + 100- 100- 100- kg
NPK/ ha was included as one of the control treatments.
Results of the study revealed that the application of plant composts effected
significant differences in the average number of seeds per pod, average number of pods
per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot.
Pants applied with a handful of chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ ha
significantly enhanced the highest average number of seeds per pod, average number of
pods per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot. These observations differed
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but did not differ
significantly from plants applied with vermicompost.
Conclusion
Findings indicated that an application of vermicompost at 20t/ha or a handful of
chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha effected a comparable seed yield of
garden pea.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
22
Recommendation
Application of 20 tons/ha of vermicompost is recommended for organic
production of garden pea.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
23
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D. C. 1982. Organic Farming. Quezon City: AFA Publications, Inc. Pp.
81-181.
ANDREW, W. B. 1987. The Response of Crop and Soil Fertilizer and Manure. New
York: MacMillan Book Co.P. 195.
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Retrieved data from
http://www.ofrf.org/about organic.
ALLISON, F. E. As cited by PCARRD – DOST. 2006. The Philippines Recommends
for Organic Fertilizer Production and Utilization. Los Banos, Laguna. P. 15.
BALOING, J. 2006. Personal Conversion. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
BAUTISTA, O.K. et. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P. 100.
BENTON, W. 1970. Encyclopedia Britannica. USA: Scotland Encyclopedia Britannica
Inc.
BOLIN, et. al. 1979, as cited by PCCARRD – DOST. 2006. The Organic fertilizer
production and utilization committee 2006. The Philippines recommends for
organic fertilizer production and utilization. Los Banos, Laguna: (Philippines
Recommends Series No. 92). P. 146.
BUCU, G.S. 1991. Kinds and sources of organic materials. Golden Root Newsletter.
Vol. III No. 2:1, 2, 9.
CAPUNO, R.B. 1984. Organic manure utilization for tomato production and its effects
on some oil properties. MS. Thesis. UPLB.
CUYAHON, R.T. 1996. Organic Fertilization on Strawberry (Fragaria resca). BS
Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
Bureau of Soil and Water Management. 1994. Trichoderma for faster composting.
Monograph.
DIDA, N.C.1998. Management of black surf of on potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
EBBES, M. 1998. Influence of Alnus compost on the growth and yield of potato.
Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2,
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
24
4-6.
FOLLET, H.J. 1981. Fertilizer and Amendment. McGraw Hill Publishing Inc. United
States of America. P.4.
HWAN, H.J. 1984. As cited by Padilla, 1999. Ecological Farming. Principles,
techniques that work and farmer innovators in the Philippines. Pp. 59-60.
INOKO, A. 1985. Compost as a source of plant nutrients. National Institute of
Agriculture Science. Soil Fertility Divisions, Japan. P.320.
KNOTT, J.E. 1976. Handbook for Vegetable Growers London: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. Pp. 28
LAUREAN, C.P. 1981. Formulation and utilizations of organic fertilizers. MS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5.
MARCELINO, C.B. 1995. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the yield of
NCT-8 Japonica variety. BS Thesis: Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 4-6.
MARQUEZ, M.M. 1988. Utilization of azolla as organic fertilizers for cabbage and
white potato. MS Thesis: Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 56.
MECHALAK, P.S. 1994. Successful organic gardening vegetables. MOE Becket. Kevin
Weldom Production. Pp. 249-261.
MERIL, E.D. 1976. Flora of Manila, Philippines: The Bookmark Incorporation. Manila
Bureau of Printing. Pp. 249-261.
PANDOSEN, M.D. 1986. Potential of wild sunflower as organic fertilizers. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PATARAS, K.L. 1984. Response of snap beans to organic fertilizer. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 35.
RODRIGUEZ, A. G. 1981. Effect of different lands and rates of organic fertilizers on
the growth and yield of sugar beet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P.46.
SANGATNAN, P. D. and R.L. SANGATNAN. 2000. Organic Farming. P.D. Sangatnan
Marketing, Lapaz, Iloilo City. P. 145.
TAN, A.S. 1975. Compost Making. The Industrial Life. UPCA, Los Banos, Laguna.
TISDALE, S. L. and W. L. NELSON. 1975. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 3rd Ed. New
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
25
York Collier MacMillan Pub. Co. Pp. 555-560.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7
7
7
21
7
Farmer’s practice
7
7
7
21
7
Spent mushroom compost
7
7
7
21
7
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7
7
7
21
7
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
7
7
7
21
7
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0
0
Treatment
4
0
0
0
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0
TOTAL
14
0
Coefficient of Variation = 1.21%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
27
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
36
35
36
107
35.67
Farmer’s practice
35
35
35
105
35.00
Spent mushroom compost
35
35
36
106
35.33
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
35
35
36
106
35.67
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
35
35
36
106
35.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.200
0.600
Treatment
4
0.933
0.233
1.27ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
1.467
0.183
TOTAL
14
3.600
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 1.21%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
28
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
90
70
80
240
80.00
Farmer’s practice
100
80
90
270
90.00
Spent mushroom compost
80
80
90
250
83.33
Alnus leaves compost 20 t/ha
90
90
70
250
83.33
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
100
80
70
250
83.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
480.00
240.00
Treatment
4
160.00
40.00
0.44ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
720.00
90.00
TOTAL
14
1,360.00
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 11.29%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
29
Appendix Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
45
45
44
134
44.67
Farmer’s practice
43
44
43
130
43.33
Spent mushroom compost
42
43
44
129
43.00
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
43
43
44
130
43.33
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
42
44
45
131
43.67
TOTAL
219
219
220
654
218
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
2.800
1.400
Treatment
4
4.933
1.233
1.68ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
5.867
0.733
TOTAL
14
13.600
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 1.96%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
30
Appendix Table 5. Average number of pods per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
5.38
6.41
6.08
17.87
5.96
Farmer’s practice
9.07
9.82
9.58
28.47
9.49
Spent mushroom compost
7.29
7.33
6.95
21.57
7.190
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7.76
7.62
7.22
22.60
7.53
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
6.94
9.43
9.21
25.88
8.627
TOTAL
36.44
40.61
39.04
116.09
38.75
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
2.016
1.008
Treatment
4
22.117
5.529
12.72**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3.478
0.435
TOTAL
14
27.611
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 8.28%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
31
Appendix Table 6. Average number of seeds per pod
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
6.02
6.09
6.06
19.70
5.67
Farmer’s practice
8.01
9.00
8.05
12.60
8.53
Spent mushroom compost
6.06
7.03
7.09
21.80
7.27
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7.01
7.05
8.00
22.60
7.53
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
7.09
9.01
8.06
24.60
8.20
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.516
0.758
Treatment
4
7.237
1.809
22.25**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.651
0.081
TOTAL
14
9.404
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.74%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
32
Table 7. Average length of pods (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
5.80
6.07
6.01
17.88
5.960
Farmer’s practice
6.23
6.00
6.55
18.78
6.260
Spent mushroom compost
6.15
6.41
5.86
19.42
6.473
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
6.14
6.12
6.13
18.44
6.147
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
6.30
6.58
7.36
20.24
6.747
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.551
0.276
Treatment
4
1.106
0.277
4.37*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.506
0.063
TOTAL
14
2.163
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.98%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
33
Appendix Table 8. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
114.8
115.9
115.4
346.10
115.367
Farmer’s practice
140.6
121.8
128.6
391.00
130.333
Spent mushroom compost
119.1
127.2
128.3
369.90
124.867
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
123.4
121.7
124.8
369.90
123.300
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
135.1
118.6
125.2
378.90
126.300
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
78.649
39.325
Treatment
4
363.513
90.878
2.45ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
296.431
37.054
TOTAL
14
78.594
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 4.91%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
34
Appendix Table 9. Seed Yield per plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
372.9
329.9
425.1
1127.00
375.967
Farmer’s practice
535.1
478.8
515.7
1529.16
509.867
Spent mushroom compost
409.5
420.9
476.4
1306.80
435.600
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
468.8
466.7
498.8
1433.80
477.933
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
494.7
471.2
505.1
1471.00
490.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
6428.668
3214.334
Treatment
4
34092.430
8523.107 19.25**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3542.398
442.800
TOTAL
14
4463.496
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 4.60%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
CALASIAO, DINA B. OCTOBER 2008. Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum
sativum) as Affected by Plant Compost Application. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Victoria C. Milo, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the capability of plant compost to supply
the nutrients needed to complete the life cycle of garden pea under La Trinidad
conditions.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
significantly enhanced the highest average number of seeds per pod, average number of
pods per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot. These observations differed
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but did not differ
significantly from those plants applied with vermipcompost.
Results of the study revealed that an application of a handful of chicken dung per
hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha is needed for greater seed yield from seed production of
garden pea.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage of Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Average Number of Pods per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Average Length of Pods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Number of Seeds Per Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Weight of 1,000 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Seed Yield Per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) locally known as “citzaro” is grown primarily for its
edible fresh pods and matured seeds. Matured seeds contain a high percentage of
digestive protein, an appreciable amount of carbohydrates and some minerals while the
green pod is rich in vitamin A. Garden pea thrives best in cool places like Benguet and be
grown profitably throughout the year. The crop grows fast and yields in about three
months. Fresh pod production of the said crop is a good source of income of Benguet
farmers because it commands a high market price.
Seed production of garden pea can be a good source of income of Benguet
farmers and should be strengthened in the locality to supply the high demands of many
farmers. The practice of farmers for seed production is they leave some of their crops to
mature in the field especially if the prices of the pods are cheap. Seed production of
vegetable crops is favorable in the said locality because of prevailing cool temperature
towards the end of the year that induces a crop to produce flowers.
A campaign on organic vegetable production is spreading in the provinces of
Cordillera Region. Organic production is to produce vegetables free from chemicals. This
study is geared towards the production of organic seed to sustain the organic production
of garden pea. The decomposed plant residues will be the source of nutrients for growth
and seed development of garden pea.
This study had utilized different plant composts that are available in the locality
for garden pea seed production. The objectives of the study were:
1. To determine the capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
2
complete the life cycle of garden pea.
2. To assess the seed yield performance of garden pea as affected by plant
compost.
3. To determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of garden pea.
This study was conducted at the Organic Demo Farm Area, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2008 to March 2008.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) belongs to the family of Leguminosae. Meril (1976)
described garden pea as an annual crop standing at 3-5 m high, herbaceous in nature with
pinnately compound leaves of 1-3 leaflets. Its flowers measure 1.5-2 cm and if pods are
seed filled, 4-8 cm long. Further, Benton (1970) described the stem of the pea plant as
hallow, and trailing or climbing. The flowers are butterfly like, purple or white, about one
inch across; each has united stamens and one free stamen.
Benefits of Consuming Organically Produced Products
Organic farming is a production system that excludes the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and others. It relies on crop
rotation, crop residues, animal manures and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil
productivity and tilt, to supply plant nutrients, and to control weeds, insects and other
pests (Anonymous, 2005).
Thus, organic farming not only preserves the soil but also increases the chances
for future generations to continue growing healthy food.
Vegetable grown organically are safe and health-promotive. Hwan (1984) stated
that “You are what you eat”. Children nourished with organically-grown foods possess
distinctive positive characters than those fed wit h chemical-supplemented food for
instance the junk foods that make the children prone to illnesses. Such behaviors could
hardly be observed in children or even adults nourished with organically-grown. For
character formation, he further recommends the parents to provide their children with
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
4
natural or organically grown food especially in their critical years, which is before they
reach the age of twelve. And that they remain healthy. Being healthy does not only mean
freedom from diseases or any symptoms of illness, but having a healthy body, mind,
spirit, and manners.
Sources of Organic Matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chickens
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost, Chicken manure is extensively used in the
Benguet Province than any other kind of manure (Bautista et al., 1983).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and that used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
The Philippines Farmers Journal as cited by Laurean (1981) reported that there
are seven major sources of organic fertilizers. These include animal manure, crop
products, green manures or legumes, azolla and other blue green algae, industrial waste
and garbage commercial organic fertilizers, and peat soil, silt or river mud. Animal
manure is the most common organic fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Examples are
guano, chicken dung, cow, hog, carabao, and horse manure, crop by-products such as rice
straw, corn stubbles and sugar cane tops and leaves are can be used as materials in the
production of organic fertilizers. Other adequate aquatic plants like water lily and sea
weed and legumes like mongo, soybean, garden pea, and ipil-ipil can be used as green
manure.
Bucu (1991) mentioned that mushroom compost is a good source of organic
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
5
fertilizer. It consists of sawdust with some materials like limestone and rice barn.
Mushroom compost has low in potassium, rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and
other secondary nutrient elements. It is recommended however, to mix this compost with
proper amount of manure like swine or poultry. It was also found out that it has carbon as
main source of energy for the activities of soil microorganism like Rhizobia for nitrogen
fixation and mycorrhizae for increasing the availability of soil phosphorous. Soil
treatment with sawdust, tree leaves, green manure, oil cake, or rice barn promotes the
multiplication of earthworm and inhibits nematodes population. The use of rice straw
reduces the incidence of wilt and black leg in white potato and root in common bean, pea
and cotton.
Alnus compost is abundant in the highland that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino, 1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
diseases. In addition, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of organic
fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant diseases. In
addition, alnus compost is more economical to the farmers than inorganic inputs because
they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping in reforestation
and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998) reported that
population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber with increasing level of Alnus
compost applied.
Andrew (1947) claimed that compost from plant residues are excellent source of
organic matter because they have sufficient amount of nitrogen. The most important soil
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
6
organic matter is from plant residues. Plant residues can provide soil organic matter
ranging from 11tons/ha per year for tropical rain forests, 6 tons for temperate forests, 3
tons for temperate grasslands, and down to 0.05 tons for deserts (Bolin et al. 1979).
Allison (1973) reported that plant residues are chemically complex organic
materials that enter the soil and play an important role in maintaining soil productivity by
providing nutrients and inputs to organic matter. They improve the soil physical
properties, availability of soil nutrients, and soil fauna populations. Decomposition
signifies the mechanical disintegration of dead plant structure from the stage where it is
still attached to the living plant, to the humus stage where the gross cell structure is no
longer recognizable.
Different compost has varying compositions. Bureau of Soil Water Management
(BSWM, 1994) has found that mushroom compost provides necessary nutrients for
growing a crop. It contains 17.5% of organic matter, 5% of nitrogen, 310% ppm
phosphorous and 365% ppm potassium and has pH of 7.2 (Cuyahon, 1996). Balaoing
2006 reported that the BSU compost contains 5% of nitrogen, 3% phosphorus and 2%
potassium, while Mercado (1996) stated that alnus compost contains 50% organic matter,
2.5% nitrogen, 7.0% phosphorus, 3.36% potassium and pH of 4.6.
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are derived from decomposed excretes from animals and/or
plant residues which can supply one or more essential nutrient elements to plants.
Capuno (1984) as cited by Villamor (2002) stated that using organic material like
chicken manure alone or in concentration with inorganic fertilizer promoted a more
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
7
vigorous growth and enhanced production of more leaves and taller solanaceous crop
than those treated with inorganic fertilizer alone.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizers in the soil prior
to planting or sowing results to high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus which improves the physical condition of the soil. He further mentioned that,
well decomposed manure should be applied at rate of 10 to 12 tons/hectare after the first
plowing. This amount will slowly provide nutrients during vegetative growth of the crop.
Rodriquez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. It makes the soil fertile
that also makes production continuous. Tisdale and Nelson (1975) has stated that organic
fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly specially nitrogen for efficient utilization
of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and yield
increases.
Abadilla (1982) reported that crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pests and diseases. Humic acids and growth substances are absorbed by
plant tissues through the roots and that they favor the formation of proteins by
influencing the synthesis of enzymes thereby increasing the vigor and insect resistant of
the plant. Soils high in organic matter allow little or no borne diseases because of oxygen
ethylene cycle in the soil. He further mentioned that the sap of plants fertilized with
organic matter is more bactericide than plants not fertilized with organic matter. Humus
had also improved the quality of crops.
In 1997, Cadiz and Deanon as cited by Ebbes (1998) mentioned that compost is
the best organic fertilizer, since it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silica as well
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
8
as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil. They also noted that composting helps control pollution. Much of the
industrial and agricultural are either burned polluting the air and/or left scattered in the
field clogging waterways. In addition, Tan (1975) cited that compost is used to improve
the soil condition. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It
improves the soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrient.
Application of compost improves the physiological, chemical and biological
condition of the soil besides providing plant nutrients. The humus serves as the colloidal
material with negative electric charge and coagulated with cation and form particles to
form granules. Soil with more granules is less sticky, high buffering capacity, and has
better permeability and greater water holding capacity. It is capable of regulating plant
growth and disease occurrence (Sangatnan and Sangatnan, 2000). In addition, Pataras
(1984) stated that the application of compost fertilizers is best way to prepare of soil for
vegetable production. It can improve the soil structure making it deal for crop
production.
In 1994, Mechalak cited that compost is a good source of organic matter and
nutrients for plants. It improves soil structure and water retention. Compost contains
beneficial microorganism that suppress plant pathogen in soil.
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping. Application of compost also activates the soil microorganisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrients that plant feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Follet (1981) added that organic residues on the soil protect the land against
raindrop, splash erosion and reduce the extreme of surface temperature. When organic
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
9
residues are decomposed, they supply some essential nutrient needed by plants, and
makes macronutrients ready available to plant over wide range.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
10
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in the study were garden pea seeds, plant compost derived
from spent mushroom, alnus leaves compost, vermicompost, chicken dung, 14-14-14
(Triple 14), trellis/”rono”, identifying tags, garden tools and record book.
Methods
An area of 75 square meters was thoroughly prepared and divided into three
blocks. Each block contained five plots with a dimension of 1 x 5 meters. Double row
holes with spacing of 25 cm between rows and 25 cm between hills were made in each
plot. Each plot contained 20 holes to have 40 holes per plot. The plant compost with
their recommended rate were studied are as follows:
Treatment
C1 – Control (no fertilizer application)
C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg
NPK/ha
C3 – Spent mushroom compost = 20t/ha
C4 – Alnus leaves compost = 10 t/ha
C5 – Vermicompost = 20t/ha
The experimental was laid out in a Randomized Complete block Design (RCBD).
All the data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The recommended rates
of each plant compost as described in the treatments were distributed equally to the
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
11
number of holes per plot and mixed thoroughly with the soil before planting, except in
the control wherein no plant compost was applied in the soil. Likewise, in farmers
practice, a handful of chicken dung was applied in a hole and mixed thoroughly with the
soil before planting. Three seeds of garden were sown per hill and thinned to two plants
per hill after emergence.
Hilling up was done one month after planting. No inorganic fertilizers were
applied during hilling up in all the treatments, except in the Farmers practice wherein a
rate of 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha was applied as side dressed. Trellising was done when
plants had attained a height of 20-30 cm.
Harvesting was done when the pod color was yellow and soft. Harvested pods
were sun dried until pods were fully dried and brittle in texture. Then, processing was
done by separating the seeds from the pods.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was noted when 50% of the
sown seeds had emerged from the soil.
2. Days from emergence to flowering. This was obtained when 50% of the plant
per plot had produced flowers.
3. Percentage of pod setting. Ten newly opened flowers/treatment were tagged.
Three days after tagging, the remained tagged flowers were counted thus, percentage of
pod set was computed by the formula:
Number of Pod Setting
% Pod Setting =
x 100
Number of Tagged Flowers
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
12
4. Days from pod set to seed maturity. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from pod set to seed maturity. Seed was physiologically matured if the
pod color is yellow and soft.
5. Average number of pods/plant. This was the total number of harvested pods
divided total of plant per plot.
6. Average number of seeds/pod. The number of seeds per pod from the same
sample harvested pod was counted.
7. Average length of pod (cm). Ten pods selected at random was measured from
pedicel end to distal end. This was taken one week before harvesting.
8. Weight of 1000 seeds (g). The weight of 1000 seeds per treatment was taken
when the moisture content is at 14%.
9. Seed yield per treatment (g). This was determined if the seed moisture content
is at 14%. Moisture content was determined by using the formula:
M2-M3 x 100
M2 – M1
Where:
M1 = the weight in grams of the container and its cover.
M2 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content before drying.
M3 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content after drying.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Table 1 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence as affected by the
application of plant compost. The application of plant compost did not affect the number
of days to emergence. All plants had emerged seven days after sowing.
Days from Emergence to Flowering
The days from emergence to flowering is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis
showed no significant differences among all the treatments.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
7.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole
+100-100-100 NPK/ha
7.00a
Spent mushroom compost (20t/ha)
7.00a
Alnus leaves compost (10t/ha)
7.00a
Vermicompost (20t/ha)
7.00a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
14
Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
35.67a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
35.00a
Spent Mushroom compost 20t/ha
35.33a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
35.67a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
35.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Percentage of Pod Setting
The percentage of pod setting as affected by application of plant compost is
shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the
treatments. Percentage of pod set ranged from 80-90%.
Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Control (no fertilizer application)
80.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
90.00a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
83.33a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
83.33a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
83.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
15
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity
Table 4 shows the number of days from pod set to seed maturity as affected by the
application of plant compost. No significant difference as observed in the number of
days from pod set to seed maturity.
Average Number of Pods per Plant
Significant differences were observed on the average number of pods per plant as
affected by the application of plant compost (Table 5). Highest average number of 9.49
pods per plant was obtained in plants applied with 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha but their
number of pods did not differ significantly in the average number of 8.63 pods per plant
obtained in plants applied with vermicompost. However, these average numbers of pods
per plant differed significantly from the number of 5.96 pods in plants without fertilizer
and plants applied with alnus leaves compost and spent mushroom compost with
respective means of 7.53 and 7.19 pods per plant.
Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer application)
44.667a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
43.333a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
43.000 a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
43.333a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
43.667a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
16
Table 5. Average number of pods per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer application)
5.957d
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
9.490a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
7.190cd
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
7.533bc
Vermicompost 20t/ha
8.627ab
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Results of the study showed that the application of plant compost significantly
increased the average number of pods per plant.
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Statistical analysis show significant differences on the average number of seeds
per pod as affected by the application of plant compost (Table 6). Plants applied with a
handful of chicken dung + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the highest average number
of 8.53 seeds per pod but this number did not differ significantly from the number of
(8.20) seeds per pod obtained by plants applied with vermicompost. However, these
numbers of (8.53 and 8.20) seeds per pod obtained from the aforementioned treatments
differed significantly in the average number of 6.57 seeds per pod obtained in plants
without fertilizer and that of plants applied either with composted alnus leaves or spent
mushroom with respective means of 7.53 and 7.27 seeds per pod. Likewise, the later
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
17
Table 6. Average number of seeds per pod
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer)
6.57c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
8.53a
Spent Mushroom compost 20t/ha
7.27b
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
7.53b
Vermicompost 20t/ha
8.20a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
average numbers of seeds per pod differed significantly from the number of seeds per pod
obtained in plants applied with spent mushroom compost and that of plants without
fertilizer.
Average Length of Pods
Table 7 shows the effect of plant compost on the average length of pods of garden
pea. Results revealed that plants applied with different plant composts showed
significant differences on the pod length over the plants without fertilizer. Plants applied
with a handful of vermicompost obtained the longest pod length of 6.75 cm and differed
significantly from the pod length of plants applied with Alnus leaves compost and plants
without fertilizer with means of 6.15 and 5.96 cm, respectively. However, the
aforementioned treatment did not differ significantly from the pod length of plants
applied with spent mushroom compost and plants applied with a handful of chicken
dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha with means of 6.47 and 6.26 cm, respectively.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
18
Table 7. Average length of pods
MEAN
TREATMENT
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer application)
5.960a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
6.260abc
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
6.473ab
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
6.147bc
Vermicompost 20t/ha
6.747a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Results of the study revealed that before planting garden pea, a sole application of
different plant compost could increase the pod length.
Weight of 1,000 Seeds
Weight of 1000 seeds was taken at the seed moisture content of 11%.
Table 8 shows the weight of 1,000 seeds as affected by the plant compost. The
statistical analysis did not show significant difference among the treatments on the weight
of 1,000.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
19
Table 8. Weight of 1,000 seeds
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer application)
115.367a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
130.333a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
124.867a
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
123.300a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
126.300a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Yield per Plot
Seed yield was obtained at the seed moisture content of 11%. Results of the study
revealed that fertilization significantly increased the seed yield of garden pea (Table 9).
Plants applied with vermicompost obtained a seed yield of 490.33 g but their seed yield
did not differ significantly from that of plants applied with a handful of chicken dung +
100-100-100 kg NPK/ha and that of plants applied with alnus leaves compost with
respective means of 509.87 and 477.93 g, respectively. All the aforementioned seed
yields differed significantly from the seed yield of plants without fertilizer. Likewise,
results of the study revealed that the plants applied with different plant composts showed
significant difference in seed yield over the plants without fertilizer.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
20
Table 9. Seed yield per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
375.97c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole)
+ 100-100-100 NPK/ha
509.87a
Spent mushroom compost 20t/ha
435.60b
Alnus leaves compost 10t/ha
477.93a
Vermicompost 20t/ha
490.33a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Seed production of Garden pea (Pisum sativum) as affected by plant compost
application of plant composts was studied at Balili Organic Demo Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet on January 2008 to April 2008. Garden pea were grown
and were applied with different plant composts such as alnus leaves compost, spent
Mushroom, vermicompost. A handful of chicken dung per hole + 100- 100- 100- kg
NPK/ ha was included as one of the control treatments.
Results of the study revealed that the application of plant composts effected
significant differences in the average number of seeds per pod, average number of pods
per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot.
Pants applied with a handful of chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ ha
significantly enhanced the highest average number of seeds per pod, average number of
pods per plant, average length of pod and seed yield per plot. These observations differed
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but did not differ
significantly from plants applied with vermicompost.
Conclusion
Findings indicated that an application of vermicompost at 20t/ha or a handful of
chicken dung per hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha effected a comparable seed yield of
garden pea.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
22
Recommendation
Application of 20 tons/ha of vermicompost is recommended for organic
production of garden pea.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
23
LITERATURE CITED
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4-6.
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25
York Collier MacMillan Pub. Co. Pp. 555-560.
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7
7
7
21
7
Farmer’s practice
7
7
7
21
7
Spent mushroom compost
7
7
7
21
7
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7
7
7
21
7
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
7
7
7
21
7
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0
0
Treatment
4
0
0
0
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0
TOTAL
14
0
Coefficient of Variation = 1.21%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
27
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
36
35
36
107
35.67
Farmer’s practice
35
35
35
105
35.00
Spent mushroom compost
35
35
36
106
35.33
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
35
35
36
106
35.67
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
35
35
36
106
35.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.200
0.600
Treatment
4
0.933
0.233
1.27ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
1.467
0.183
TOTAL
14
3.600
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 1.21%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
28
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
90
70
80
240
80.00
Farmer’s practice
100
80
90
270
90.00
Spent mushroom compost
80
80
90
250
83.33
Alnus leaves compost 20 t/ha
90
90
70
250
83.33
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
100
80
70
250
83.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
480.00
240.00
Treatment
4
160.00
40.00
0.44ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
720.00
90.00
TOTAL
14
1,360.00
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 11.29%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
29
Appendix Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
45
45
44
134
44.67
Farmer’s practice
43
44
43
130
43.33
Spent mushroom compost
42
43
44
129
43.00
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
43
43
44
130
43.33
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
42
44
45
131
43.67
TOTAL
219
219
220
654
218
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
2.800
1.400
Treatment
4
4.933
1.233
1.68ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
5.867
0.733
TOTAL
14
13.600
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 1.96%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
30
Appendix Table 5. Average number of pods per plant
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
5.38
6.41
6.08
17.87
5.96
Farmer’s practice
9.07
9.82
9.58
28.47
9.49
Spent mushroom compost
7.29
7.33
6.95
21.57
7.190
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7.76
7.62
7.22
22.60
7.53
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
6.94
9.43
9.21
25.88
8.627
TOTAL
36.44
40.61
39.04
116.09
38.75
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
2.016
1.008
Treatment
4
22.117
5.529
12.72**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3.478
0.435
TOTAL
14
27.611
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 8.28%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
31
Appendix Table 6. Average number of seeds per pod
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
6.02
6.09
6.06
19.70
5.67
Farmer’s practice
8.01
9.00
8.05
12.60
8.53
Spent mushroom compost
6.06
7.03
7.09
21.80
7.27
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
7.01
7.05
8.00
22.60
7.53
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
7.09
9.01
8.06
24.60
8.20
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.516
0.758
Treatment
4
7.237
1.809
22.25**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.651
0.081
TOTAL
14
9.404
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.74%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
32
Table 7. Average length of pods (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
5.80
6.07
6.01
17.88
5.960
Farmer’s practice
6.23
6.00
6.55
18.78
6.260
Spent mushroom compost
6.15
6.41
5.86
19.42
6.473
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
6.14
6.12
6.13
18.44
6.147
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
6.30
6.58
7.36
20.24
6.747
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.551
0.276
Treatment
4
1.106
0.277
4.37*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.506
0.063
TOTAL
14
2.163
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.98%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
33
Appendix Table 8. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
114.8
115.9
115.4
346.10
115.367
Farmer’s practice
140.6
121.8
128.6
391.00
130.333
Spent mushroom compost
119.1
127.2
128.3
369.90
124.867
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
123.4
121.7
124.8
369.90
123.300
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
135.1
118.6
125.2
378.90
126.300
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
78.649
39.325
Treatment
4
363.513
90.878
2.45ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
296.431
37.054
TOTAL
14
78.594
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variation = 4.91%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
34
Appendix Table 9. Seed Yield per plot
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
372.9
329.9
425.1
1127.00
375.967
Farmer’s practice
535.1
478.8
515.7
1529.16
509.867
Spent mushroom compost
409.5
420.9
476.4
1306.80
435.600
Alnus leaves compost 10 t/ha
468.8
466.7
498.8
1433.80
477.933
Vermicompost 20 t/ha
494.7
471.2
505.1
1471.00
490.33
ANOVA TABLE
DEGREES
SOURCE OF
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
6428.668
3214.334
Treatment
4
34092.430
8523.107 19.25**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3542.398
442.800
TOTAL
14
4463.496
** = Very significant
Coefficient of Variation = 4.60%
Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) as Affected
by Plant Compost Application /Dina B. Calasiao. 2008
Document Outline
- Seed Production of Garden Pea (Pisumsativum) as Affected by Plant Compost Application.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
- Days from Emergence to Flowering
- Percentage of Pod Setting
- Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity
- Average Number of Pods per Plant
- Average Number of Seeds per Pod
- Average Length of Pods
- Weight of 1,000 Seeds
- Seed Yield per Plot
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES