BIBLIOGRAPHY ESTONG, JONALYN N. APRIL 2009. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ESTONG, JONALYN N. APRIL 2009. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the performance of six chickpea varieties in Bila, Bokod,
Benguet November 2007 to March 2008. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the
growth and yield of chickpea under Bila, Bokod, Benguet condition.
After five months of growth, plants of the Kabuli type variety were the tallest
with an average height at flowering of 41.70 cm, average number or seeds per pod of
17.08 g average seed yield per plant of 27.11 g; weight of 1000 seeds was 415.75g; and
germination test using the petri dish method was 64.00% while in rag doll method it was
85.25%; and with an average seed diameter of 0.88 cm.
As to the percentage emergence, ICCV 93954 had the highest percentage
emergence followed by ICCV 94954, while ICCV 95334 had the lowest percentage
emergence. In terms of yield, ICCV 940154 attained the highest total yield per hectare of
883.75 kg of seeds and total seed yield per plot 1.768 kg. ICCV 95332 was the earliest to
produce flowers with a mean of 37.25 days from sowing the seeds to flowering. Results
showed that the earliest varieties to produce flowers were also the earliest to reach
harvesting stage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………
3
Description of Chickpea…..……….…………………………..
3
Importance of Chickpea………………………………………..
3
Climatic Requirements ……….………………………………..
4
Water Requirement .……………………………………………
5
Soil Fertility and Lime Requirement …………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………
6
Materials ……………………………………………………….
6
Methods ………………………………………………………..
6
Data Gathered…….…………………………………………….
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence (%) …………………………………
11
Days from Planting to Flowering …………………………………
11
Average Height at flowering (cm) ……………………………….
12
Average Number of Lateral Branches ……………………………
12
Days from Planting to First Harvest ……………………………..
14
Total Number of Harvest ………………………………………...
14
ii
Average Weight of Pods Produced per Plant …………………….
15
Average Number of Seeds per Pod……………………………….
15
Percentage Pod Setting ….………………………………………..
17
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g) ………………………………..
17
Total Yield per Plot (g)..………………………………………….
18
Computed Yield per Hectare (t/ha)..……………………………..
18
Weight of 1,000 Seeds (g) ………………………………………
20
Average Seed Diameter (cm)..…………………………………..
20
Germination Test (%) …..……………………………………….
21
Meteorological Data .…………………………………………….
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………
26
Conclusion ……………………………………………………….
27
Recommendation ………………………………………………...
27
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………….
28
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………..
29
iii
INTRODUCTION
The municipality of Bokod belongs to the type 1 classification of climate
characterized by distinctwet and dry seasons. The dry season begins on November and
ends in April. The rest of the year is wet or rainy season. The coldest months are in
December, January and February with temperature as a low as 12oC. The hottest months
are in April and May especially in the low areas like Poblacion proper and Ambuclao. It
has an elevation ranging from 2000 to 3,150 meter above sea level. Bokod is bounded by
Kabayan (municipal boundary), Nueva Vizcaya, Itogon and Atok and about 57 km
northeast of Baguio.
The land used for Agriculture is 1,567 hectares and 3.21% of their means of
livelihood are rice farming and cattle raising. Other main source of income are
lumbering and fruit and vegetable growing.
Chickpea is an annual cool season legume or pulse crop or as a green vegetable
with the former use being the most common. It has one of the highest nutritional
compositions of many dry edible legumes or is valued for its nutritive seeds with high
protein content. Chickpea seeds are eaten fresh as green vegetables, parched, fruit
roasted and boiled; as snack food, sweet and condiments; seed are ground in the flour can
be used as soup, dhal, and to make bread, prepared with pepper, salt and lemon it is
served as a side dish. A small chickpeas are said to have a very low glycemic index
making them suitable for many people with blood sugar problems.
However, chickpea which had been introduced and cultivated in the cordilleras
especially in Benguet even the agro climatic condition is suitable have very low
production due to lack of information and no available planting materials. With the
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
2
introduction of new highbred ICRISAT cultivars of Chickpea coupled with the
generation of location specific technologies for the highlands of CAR, chickpea could
become a major cash earner. Moreover, the supply of chickpea in the Philippines
depends mainly on importation from chickpea producing countries like Canada,
Australia, Mexico, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and India.
Sustaining the domestic demand, introducing chickpea in the highlands of
Cordillera like in Benguet and increasing yield per area through the selection of
adoptable varieties is the cheapest and easiest technology intervention.
Objectives of the Study
This study was conducted to: 1) Introduce adaptable and high yielding varieties
of chickpea that could be productively grown in Bila Bokod, Benguet; 2) Promote and
fast track the adoption of suitable chickpea varieties in the province of 0Benguet; and 3)
Reduce importation of chickpea.
Time and Place of the Study
This study was conducted from October 2007 to January 2008 at Bila, Bokod,
Benguet.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea
Chickpea is a cool season food legumes crop in tropical, sub-tropical and
temperate regions. It is annual plant with ranging between 30-70 cm, but all types with
>1.0 m in height are cultivated in the east while USSR. The foliage is covered with
glandular hairs with secrete highly acidic exudates, and is considered important in
conferring tolerance to inspect pests, such as the pod borer, leaves are compound,
arranged in an alternative phyllotary and generally in paripinnate with 11 to 15 leaflets.
Flowers are axillary, solitary or inflorescence of two to three. There are white, pink,
purplish or blue in color. The plant has a deep root system and is considered a hardy
crop. One seedpod contains two or three peas. Chickpeas need a subtropical or tropical
climate and more that 400 mm annual rain (Anonymous, 2007).
Importance of the Chickpea
Chickpea have one of the highest nutritional compositions of any dry edible
legume. On an average, chickpea seed contains 23% protein, 47% starch, 56% fat, 6%
crude fiber, 6% soluble and 3% ash. It is often used as an alternative protein product
with vegetarians and vegans and is on the plants within the highest amount of protein.
It produces modules in common with other legumes, and is efficient in fixing
Atmosphere Nitrogen (N) in a plant usable from through biological nitrogen fixation
(BNF) potassium and certain micronutrients which are recommended for anti nutritional
factors preset were low and did not influence pig performance (Singh, 1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
4
If proper inoculated with right strain Rhizobium, nitrogen fertilizer was not
necessary (Giller 2001). Some growers apply 15 to 30 lbs of nitrogen using broadcast
method to enhance early seedling development, however, excessive amounts of nitrogen
application can reduce nitrogen fixation and delays maturity (Giller 2001).
Climatic Requirements
Chickpea is grown mostly as a rainfed, post rainy season, winter crop in sub-
tropical South East Asia, parts of Africa and Australia. It is typically adapted to cooler
seasons after the monsoon at highest latitudes and subtropical (Anonymous, 2007).
Chicpea can grow in a medium and high altitude of more than 800 m the drought
resistant species with stands the largest temperature aptitudes Bright Sunshine is essential
for growth and fertilization of semi-acid, a cloudy weather is harmful especially during
pod setting of chickpeas (Maessan an Somaat Madja, 1990).
A small proportion of chickpea is also sued in Turkey and Latin America, and to
fermented food. Animal food is another use of chickpea in may developing countries.
An adhesive may also be prepared, although not water-resistant, it is suitable for
plywood. Gram husks, and green dried stems and leaves are used for stock feeds.
Leaves are said to yield an indigo like dye. Acid exudates from the leaves can be applied
medically or used as vinegar. In chill, a cooked chickpea-milk (4) mixture was good for
feeding infants and effectively controlling diarrhea. Chickpeas yield 21% starch suitable
for textile sizing, giving a light finishes to silk, and cotton clothe (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
5
Water Requirement
Chickpea require a fertile sandy loam soils with good interval drainage, good
drainage is also necessary for short periods of water-logged fields reduce growth and
increase susceptibility to root and stems
Soil Fertility and lime Requirement
Soil characteristics are important in controlling root growth and the soil moisture
regime, soil bulk density, aeration, soil strength and soil temperature. The effect of soil
water deficit on plant growth is well recognized such that other legumes can fix large
amount of nitrogen (Wallis and Byth, 1986).
Chickpea requires well drained and not too heavy. One dry and light soils, such
that soil chosen from its cultivation should be free from excessive soluble salts and near
neutral reaction. It is suited to soils having a ph higher than 8.5 soil texture suited from
chickpea is not well known, but the crop will likely require the amount of phosphorus.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were six varieties of chickpea seeds from
ICRISAT, 480 sq. m. land area, growing media, insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers and
other farm tools and equipment.
Methods
This study was conducted in Bila, Bokod, Benguet having a temperature of 18-20
oC and elevation of 1265 meter above sea level.
The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with six treatments and four replications.
Each treatment was assigned in two (1 x 1 m) plot or a total of 480 sq. m. The
seeds were planted at a distance of 30 cm between rows and 30 cm between hills. Two
furrows were made in the plot at 30 cm apart where the inorganic 914-14-14) fertilizer of
½ kg and 1 kerosene can of chicken dung were applied and mixed with the soil before
sowing the seeds. The different Chickpea varieties which served as treatments were as
follows:
Desi Type
Kabuli Type
T1 - ICCV 93952
T4 – ICCV 2
T2 – ICCV 93954
T5 – ICCV 95332
T3 – ICCV 944954
T6 – ICCV 95334
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
7
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Emergence percentage (%). This was recorded 15 days from sowing seeds.
Germination = Number of germinant x 100
Number of seeds sown
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was taken by counting the number of
days from planting to flowering.
3. Average height at flowering (cm). This was taken at first flowering stage from
20 sample plants per treatment.
4. Days from planting to first harvest. This was noted by counting the days from
planting to first harvest of seeds.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was taken at first
flowering stage from sample plants selected from each treatment.
6. Total number of harvest. This was the total number of harvesting done for one
cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Average weight of pods produced per plant. This was the total number of pods
produced by sample plants divided by the number of same plants.
Average weight of pods produced per plant (g) = Total yield of sample per plants
Number of samples
2. Average yield per plant. This was taken by using the formula.
Average yield per plant = Total yield of sample plants
Number of samples
3. Total yield per plat (kg). This was the total yield of the experimental plot.
4. Total yield per hectare (t/ha) (20m x 500m).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
8
5. Average number of seeds/pod = Number of seed produced/plant
Number of pods/plant
6. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
7. Average seed diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the seed diameter
using venire caliper
8. Germination test. This was conducted one month from seed storage using the
Petri dish and the rag doll method.
D. Varietal Characterization
1. Leaf. The shape, color and other plant characteristics was recorded.
2. Flower. The color of the flower was recorded at flowering and at first
harvesting stage.
3. Seed. The color, shape and size was recorded at harvesting together with
weight seeds.
E. Incidence of insect Pest and Disease
1. Insect pests. Insect that infest the plant during cropping season was noted and
identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth.
2. Diseases. Plant diseases observed during the cropping season was recorded
and the causal organism was identified including the degree of infestation.
F. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (oC)
2. Relative Humidity (RH%)
3. Day length (hours)
4. Fog (small time or occurrence, density)
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
9
G. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the experiment
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment at Bila, Bokod, Benguet
Figure 2. Chickpea plants at flowering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
10
Figure 3. Harvesting of chick pea pods
Figure 4. Disease caused by wet root rot
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence (%)
Table 1 showed no significant differences noted among the six chickpea varieties
in terms of emergence percentage. Variety ICCV93954 numerically, was the highest
emergence percentage followed by the variety ICCV 94954, ICCV 2, ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 had the lowest percentage emergence.
Days from Planting to Flowering Stage
As presented in Table 2 ICCV2 was the earliest to produce flowers which had
almost similar days from planting to flowering. While ICCV 93984 were the latest to
lower. Differences on the days to flowering could be the varietal characteristics of the
plant were the Desi type are the late maturing cultivars while Kabuli type are early
maturing varieties.
Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
81.863a
ICCV 93954
86.735a
ICCV 94954
85.500a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
85.205a
ICCV 95332
85.022a
ICCV 95334
73.418a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
12
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering stage
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
53.00b
ICCV 93954
56.75a
ICCV 94954
54.00ab
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
38.00c
ICCV 95332
37.25c
ICCV 95334
38.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Height at Flowering (cm)
Table 3 shows significantly difference were obtained on the average height at
flowering stage. As shown in Table 3, ICCV 95334 was the tallest among the varieties
while ICCV 94954 was the shortest with a mean of 32.1625 cm. Generally, Kabuli type
varieties are taller than Desi type at following stage.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties further indicated their
differential adaptability to local conditions.
Average Number of Lateral Branches at Flowering
Results shows significant differences on the average number of lateral branches at
flowering as presented in Table 4. It was obtained that ICCV 94954 variety produced
higher number of lateral branches followed by ICCV 93954, ICCV 9395S, ICCV 95334
while ICCV 95332 and ICCV2 varieties had the lesser number or lateral branches
produced.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
13
Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
31.725c
ICCV 93954
31.350c
ICCV 94954
32.162c
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
36.600b
ICCV 95332
37.000b
ICCV 95334
41.700a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.913abc
ICCV 93954
3.050 ab
ICCV 94954
3.150 a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
2.625 c
ICCV 95332
2.700 c
ICCV 95334
2.700bc
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
14
Days from Planting to First Harvest
There were no significant differences observed on the days from planting to first
harvest among the six varieties tested were ICCV 95332 were the earliest to mature and
reach harvesting stage. The differences in the days of planting to first harvest seems to
be directly related to the days from planting to flowering, where it follows the same trend
that the first to produce flowers were also the first to have a pod harvest. Bautista et. Al.
1983 mentioned that each variety contains a set of genetic make-up which determines
earliness of bearing and maturity.
Total Number of Pod Picking
Table 6 shows highly significant on the total number of picking as affected by the
different varieties evaluated. Results shows that ICCV 93954 and ICCV 94954 had more
number of harvest produced followed by ICCV2 and ICCV 95332 which had almost
similar total number of picking while the lowest number of harvest was recorded from
ICCV 95334.
Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
105.00a
ICCV 93954
103.00a
ICCV 94954
105.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
105.50a
ICCV 95332
100.00a
ICCV 95334
103.50a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
15
Table 6. Total number of pod picking
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.00ab
ICCV 93954
3.50a
ICCV 94954
3.50a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
2.50bc
ICCV 95332
2.50bc
ICCV 95334
2.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Weight of Pods Produced per Plant (g)
In Table 7 there were no significant differences on the average weight of pods
produced per plant were ICCV 94954 and ICCV 2 had the highest percentage average
weight of pods produced followed by ICCV 95332, ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95334 while
ICCV 93952 attain the lowest weight of pods produced. The result may be due to the
differential responses of those cultivars to the existing environment of the locality.
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
There were no significant differences observed on the average number of seeds
per pod. In terms of seed count per pod were ICCV2 and ICCV 95334 attain the highest
number of seeds per pod. This was followed by ICCV 93952 ICCV 95332 and ICCV
93954. ICCV 94954 was the lowest number of seed per pod.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
16
Table 7. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
39.665a
ICCV 93954
45.840a
ICCV 94954
48.568a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
47.685a
ICCV 95332
46.223a
ICCV 95334
42.390a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.067a
ICCV 93954
1.032a
ICCV 94954
1.037a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
1.075a
ICCV 95332
1.055a
ICCV 95334
1.078a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
17
Table 9. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
15.138a
ICCV 93954
17.075a
ICCV 94954
15.823a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
14.962a
ICCV 95332
16.813a
ICCV 95334
17.088a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage Pod Setting
This result may be attributed to their varietal characteristics which Kabuli type are
usually one seeded while Desi type consists of two to three seeds per pod.
As to the percentage pod setting it was observed that ICCV 95334 had the highest
percentage pod setting produced as compared to other varieties, however ICCV 2 had the
lowest percentage pod setting.
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g)
Table 10 shows the average seed yield per plant as recorded from ICCV2 which
did not markedly differ from ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 followed by ICCV 95334
and ICCV 93954. ICCV 93952 had the lowest yield per plant. Decrease in yield per
plant was due to occurrence of pod borer and rodents wherein they usually infest young
and matured pods.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
18
Table 10. Average seed yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN (g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
17.475b
ICCV 93954
21.650ab
ICCV 94954
24.275a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
27.113a
ICCV 95332
23.137a
ICCV 95334
22.275ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot (kg)
The total yield per plot follows the trend of total yield per hectare where ICCV
94954 had the highest computed yield followed by ICCV 93954, ICCV2, ICCV 95332
had the lowest yield. The lowest yield of these varieties due to occurrence of pod borer
and rodents specially ICCV 95334 and ICCV 93952.
Computed Yield per Hectare (kg/ha)
The result clearly supports the statement of Edmund and Andrews (1957) that
varieties differ in productivity as expression of the hereditary genes influenced by the
environment the variety best adopted to the environment reflects the high yield potential
according to Villareal (1969). Furthermore, Wolfe and Kipps (1953) stated that before
maximum yield can be obtained a variety must be adopted to the section in which it was
grown.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
19
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VATRIETY
MEAN (kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.420b
ICCV 93954
1.735a
ICCV 94954
1.768a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
1.627ab
ICCV 95332
1.557ab
ICCV 95334
1.485b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
MEAN (kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
705.50c
ICCV 93954
867.50a
ICCV 94954
883.75a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
873.75ab
ICCV 95332
778.75abc
ICCV 95334
742.50bc
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
20
Weight of 1000 Seeds (g)
Table 13 shows the weight or 1000 seeds. It was observed that ICCV 95334 had
the heaviest weight of 1000 seeds with a mean of 415.75 g while ICCV 93952 had the
highest weight having a mean of 231.00g.
The differences in weight of 1000 seeds are determined by their different varietal
characteristic such as sizes. Thus, Kabuli type had bigger seed size which attributed to its
weight while Desi type has smaller seed size.
Average Seed Diameter (cm)
The widest seed diameter was significantly measured from ICCV 95334 and
ICCV 95332 which did not differ from ICCV2 and ICCV 94954. The smallest seed was
measured from ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954. Results show that seed diameter was
directly related to the size and weight of a seed. The differences in seed diameter reflect
the varietal characteristic and genetic make-up (Bautista et. al., 1983).
Table 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
MEAN (g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
231.00f
ICCV 93954
242.25e
ICCV 94954
260.75d
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
270.75c
ICCV 95332
317.25b
ICCV 95334
415.75a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
21
Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN (cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.730 d
ICCV 93954
0.705 d
ICCV 94954
0.755cd
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
0.805bc
ICCV 95332
0.858ab
ICCV 95334
0.880 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination Test
The table shows that there was a highly significant difference in germination test
done inn rag doll method. ICCV 2 had the highest percentage emergence followed by
ICV 93952, ICCV 95332, ICCV 95334 and ICCV 93954 while ICCV 93954 attain the
lowest percentage emergence. As shown by the results that all the varieties of chickpea
evaluated could survive under Bila, Bokod, Benguet.
Petri dish results shows that ICCV 2 had the highest germination test followed by
ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 while the ICCV 95332 had the
least percentage emergence.
The low percentage germination in Petri dish maybe only one side of the seeds
absorbs water while in rag doll germination the whole seeds were completely wrapped
with cheese cloth provided the moisture to absorb by the seeds during germination.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
22
Table 15. Germination test (rag doll method and Petri dish method)
MEAN (%)
VARIETY
RAGDOLL METHOD
PETRI DISH METHOD
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
64.50b
31.25 c
ICCV 93954
53.00c
47.25 b
ICCV 94954
24.50c
39.25bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
85.25a
64.00a
ICCV 95332
62.00b
15.25d
ICCV 95334
64.00b
30.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 16. Varietal characteristics
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Small rounded
Green
ICCV 93954
Small rounded
Green
ICCV 94954
small rounded
green
Kabuli type
ICCV2
oblong leaflets
Light green
ICCV 95332
oblong leaflets
Light green
ICCV 95334
oblong leaflets
light green
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
23
Table 16a. Flower characteristics of the different varieties of chickpea
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Purple/violet
Yellow
ICCV 93954
Purple/violet
Yellow
ICCV 94954
Purple/violet
Yellow
Kabuli type
ICCV2
White
Yellow
ICCV 95332
White
Yellow
ICCV 95334
White
Yellow
Table 16b. Seed, color, shape and size
VARIETY
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
SED SIZE
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Dark brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 93954
Dark brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 94954
Dark brown
Angular
Small
Kabuli type
ICCV2
White/cream
Owls head
Medium
ICCV 95332
White/cream
Owls head
Medium
ICCV 95334
White/cream
Owls head
Big
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
24
Table 17a. Diseases of the chickpea varieties grown in Bila, Bokod, Benguet
DISEASE/COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
Root and stem rot
Dry root rot
Rhizootonia
Slight
Desi type
bbataticola
Wet root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Slight
Kabuli type
Table 17b. Insect and pests of the chickpea varieties grown in Bila, Bokod, Benguet
COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY ATTACKED
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
Rodents
Mus boodoga
Severe
Kabuli & Desi type
Rod Borer
Helicoverpa
Severe
Kabuli 7 Desi type
armigera
Cutworm
Agotis ipsilon
Severe
Desi & Kabuli type
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
25
Meteorological Data
Shows the T0 during the conduct of the study at Bila, Bokod, Benguet. The
temperature ranged from 13 to 27oC during the months of December 2007 to March
2008
30
27 25
C)
23
o
25
20
19
19
20
17
17
u
r
e
(
15
16
13
15
15
p
e
r
at
10
e
m
T
5
0
6:00 AM
1:00PM
5:00PM
December January February March
Figure 5. Temperature during the conduct of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The experiment was conducted at Bila, Bokod, Benguet from November 2007 to
March 2008 to identify chickpea varieties that could be profitable under Bila, Bokod,
Benguet.
The result showed that different chickpea varieties on emergence percentage
numerically ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV2 and ICCV 95332 produced highest
percentage emergence while ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 obtained the lowest
emergence percentage. In days from planting to flowering ICCV 95332 were earliest to
produce flower while the Desi type varieties were the latest.
As to the number of days to days to first harvest ICCV 95332 matures earlier over
the other varieties. Thus the earliest to initiate flowers was the first to have harvestable
stage. The average height at flowering ICCV 95334 were the tallest in terms of height
while ICCV 94954 were the shortest height. In the average number of lateral branches
ICCV 94954 produced more lateral branches while ICCV 2 had the least number of
lateral branches.
In terms of number of seeds per pod; ICCV 95334 had more number of seeds per
pod while ICCV 93954 had least number of seeds per pod with a mean of 1.032. As to
weight of pod produced per plant; ICCV 95334 had the highest weight of pod followed
by ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 while ICCV 2 had the lowest weight of
pods produced per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
27
As to the yield per plot and yield per hectare, ICCV 94954 significantly produced
high yield in all the varieties evaluated.
The results of germination test done in Petri dish method and rag doll method
ICCV 2 attained the highest percentage emergence of germination.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed ICCV 94954 a Desi type variety had
higher yield potential among the six cultivars evaluated.
Recommendation
With the above results, it is recommended that the Desi type ICCV 94954
chickpea variety can be selected to be planted under Bila, Bokod, Benguet condition due
to its high yield. It is also recommended that the results should further verify in the warm
growing areas in the Cordillera for validation of results and for comparison.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Chickpea. Retrieved August 2007 from http://hort.poduc.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Chickpea. Retrieved September 2007 from
edu/newcrop/afcm/chickpea.html.
BAUTISTA, O.K., H.V. VALMAYOR, D.C. TABORA, JR. and P.R.C. ESPINO.
1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture College of Agriculture, UPLB.
College, Laguna. Pp. 66-68.
EDMUND, J.R. and ANDREW S. 1957. New York: Fundamental of Horticulture.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 68.
GRILLER, K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping System. New York:
CABI Publishing. P. 144.
MAESSAN, I.S. and SOMAATMADJA. 1990. Plant Resources of South East Asia.
ESGAP CGPRT Centre, Bogol, Indonesia. P. 26, 42-43.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, New Delhi Oxford and
IBH. Pub. Co. Pp. 170-173.
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICA INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1829. Vol. 6.
WALLIS, S. and BYTH D.E. Food Legume Improvement for Asian Farming System.
WOLFE and KIPPS. 1953. Principles of Field Crop Production. 4th edition. McMillan
Publishing Co. Inc. New York. Pp. 30-32
VILLAREAL, R.L. 1969. Seed Vegetable, Training Manual. College of Laguna;
University of Philippine, College of Agriculture. Pp. 45-47.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70.37
93.38
77.66
81.04
327.45
81.8625
ICCV 93954
94.25
95.14
78.74
78.81
338.94
84.7350
ICCV 94954
90.94
86.71
77.95
86.60
342.20
85.5500
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
84.83
84.46
82.30
89.13
340.82
85.2050
ICCV 95332
89.00
80.88
82.01
88.20
340.09
85.0225
ICCV 95334
75.17
89.58
84.18
54.74
303.67
75.9175
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
231.314
77.105
Factor A
5
489.040
97.808
1.32NS
2.90
4.56
Error
15
115.264
74.351
TOTAL
23
1835.264
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
30
Appendix Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
53
53
53
53
212
53.00
ICCV 93954
53
56
59
59
227
56.15
ICCV 94954
55
56
53
52
216
54.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
38
38
35
41
152
38.00
ICCV 95332
38
37
36
38
149
37.25
ICCV 95334
38
38
38
38
152
38.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5.000
1.667
Factor A
5
173 1.833
346.367 102.88**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
5 0.500
3.367
TOTAL
23
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.97%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
31
Appendix Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
31.15
30.95
32.65
32.15
126.90
31.725
ICCV 93954
32.25
30.05
30.80
32.3-
125.40
31.350
ICCV 94954
31.25
32.30
32.30
32.80
128.65
32.1625
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
35.95
32.90
40.25
37.30
146.40
36.60
ICCV 95332
34.35
35.75
39.10
38.80
148.00
37
ICCV 95334
42.25
42.70
42.50
39.35
166.80
41.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
16.726
5.575
Factor A
5
334.006
66.801 23.94**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
41.848
2.790
TOTAL
23
392.580
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
32
Appendix Table 4. Average number of lateral branches of flowering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.15
3.00
2.60
2.90
11.65
2.91
ICCV 93954
2.95
2.80
3.30
3.15
12.20
3.05
ICCV 94954
3.30
3.40
3.00
2.90
12.40
3.10
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.60
2.70
2.55
2.55
10.50
2.62
ICCV 95332
2.60
2.95
2.90
2.90
10.80
2.70
ICCV 95334
2.55
2.65
2.85
2.85
10.80
2.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.064
0.071
Factor A
5
0.917
0.183
3.87*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.711
0.047
TOTAL
23
1.692
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.62%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
33
Appendix Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
104
104
106
106
420
105.00
ICCV 93954
104
104
100
104
412
103.00
ICCV 94954
104
104
106
106
420
105.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
111
104
107
100
422
105.50
ICCV 95332
100
100
100
100
400
100.00
ICCV 95334
100
107
100
107
414
103.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
2.000
0.667
Factor A
5
83.333
16.667
1.89ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
132.000
8.800
TOTAL
23
217.333
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.86%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
34
Appendix Table 6. Total number of pod picking
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3
3
3
3
12
3.0
ICCV 93954
3
4
4
3
14
3.5
ICCV 94954
3
4
3
4
14
3.5
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2
3
3
2
10
2.5
ICCV 95332
2
2
3
3
10
2.5
ICCV 95334
2
2
3
2
8
2.0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
1.000
0.333
Factor A
5
7.333
1.467
7.33*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
3.000
0.200
TOTAL
23
11.333
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.78%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
35
Appendix Table 7. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
38.11
35.29
38.52
46.71
158.66
39.665
ICCV 93954
41.05
46.34
47.34
48/63
183.36
45.840
ICCV 94954
43.29
46.26
50.31
51.41
191.27
47.8175
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
52.65
54.31
58.79
54.93
220.68
55.17
ICCV 95332
57.01
49.49
41.43
41.36
189.29
47.3225
ICCV 95334
34.74
44.02
48.07
42.73
169.56
42.39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
333.650
111.217
Factor A
5
229.552
45.910
0.78ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
881.233
58.749
TOTAL
23
1444.434
Ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
36
Appendix Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.08
1.12
1.03
1.04
4.27
1.0675
ICCV 93954
1.05
1.05
1.03
1.00
4.13
1.0325
ICCV 94954
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.03
4.15
1.0375
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.05
1.09
1.13
1.03
4.30
1.075
ICCV 95332
1.03
1.04
1.10
1.05
4.28
1.07
ICCV 95334
1.07
1.07
1.09
1.08
4.31
1.0775
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.007
0.001
Factor A
5
0.012
0.001
1.87ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.012
0.001
TOTAL
23
0.023
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.65%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
37
Appendix Table 9. Percentage pod setting (%)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
16.90
17.35
11.40
12.75
58.40
14.60
ICCV 93954
26.90
16.30
19.60
22.00
74.80
18.70
ICCV 94954
16.10
11.20
26.00
22.65
75.95
18.9875
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
10.60
18.15
16.50
11.25
56.50
14.125
ICCV 95332
14.90
18.20
17.70
11.75
62.55
15.6375
ICCV 95334
15.60
13.65
16.80
14.15
60.10
15.025
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
18.551
6.184
Factor A
5
18.891
3.778
0.21ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
269.566
17.971
TOTAL
23
307.007
Ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.25%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
38
Appendix Table 10. Average yield per plant (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
15.65
15.85
18.45
19.95
69.90
17.475
ICCV 93954
23.55
27.40
18.65
16.75
81.35
20.3375
ICCV 94954
22.75
22.50
25.90
26.75
97.40
24.35
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
26.00
25.50
23.90
31.35
106.75
26.6875
ICCV 95332
29.65
22.25
25.60
28.65
106.75
26.5375
ICCV 95334
27.65
25.05
22.00
18.80
93.50
23.375
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
8.688
2.896
Factor A
5
202.853
40.571
3.47*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
175.173
11.678
TOTAL
23
386.715
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.08%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
39
Appendix Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.31
1.33
1.45
1.55
5.64
1.410
ICCV 93954
1.77
1.70
1.57
1.90
6.94
1.735
ICCV 94954
1.71
1.71
1.85
1.80
7.07
1.7675
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.64
1.51
1.78
1.58
6.51
1.6275
ICCV 95332
1.53
1.78
1.39
1.53
6.23
1.5575
ICCV 95334
1.60
1.57
1.29
1.48
5.94
1.485
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.022
0.007
Factor A
5
0.378
0.076
4.39*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.259
0.017
TOTAL
23
0.659
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 0.659%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
40
Appendix Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
655
665
725
775
2820
705.00
ICCV 93954
885
850
785
950
3470
867.50
ICCV 94954
855
855
925
900
3535
883.75
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
820
755
890
790
3255
813.75
ICCV 95332
765
890
695
765
3115
778.75
ICCV 95334
800
785
645
740
2970
742.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5453.125 1817.708
Factor A
5
98117.708 19623.542
4.46*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
66053.125 4403.542
TOTAL
23
169623.958
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.31%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
41
Appendix Table 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
230
233
230
231
924
231.00
ICCV 93954
243
243
240
243
969
242.25
ICCV 94954
260
262
261
260
1043
260.75
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
272
270
270
271
1083
270.75
ICCV 95332
317
318
317
317
1269
317.25
ICCV 95334
416
415
416
416
1663
415.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
4.125
1.375
Factor A
5
94167.875 18833.575 18080.23**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
15.625
1.042
TOTAL
23
94187.625
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0.35%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
42
Appendix Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
6.9
7.2
7.3
7.8
29.2
7.30
ICCV 93954
7.7
6.7
6.5
7.3
28.2
7.05
ICCV 94954
7.7
7.6
8.2
6.7
30.2
7,55
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
8.5
8.7
7.7
7.3
32.2
8.05
ICCV 95332
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.2
34.3
8.575
ICCV 95334
9.2
8.6
8.8
8.6
35.2
8.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.007
0.002
Factor A
5
0.100
0.020
8.44**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.350
0.002
TOTAL
23
0.142
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.16%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
43
Appendix Table 15. Germination test (ragdoll method)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70
68
56
64
258
64.50
ICCV 93954
58
52
50
53
213
53.25
ICCV 94954
28
26
20
24
98
24.50
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
82
86
88
85
341
85.25
ICCV 95332
64
68
54
62
248
62.00
ICCV 95334
68
70
54
64
256
65.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
251.125
83.708
Factor A
5
7917.875 1583.575 112.24**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
211.625
14.108
TOTAL
23
8380.625
** - significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.38%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
44
Appendix Table 16. Germination test (Petri dish method)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
28
30
36
31
125
31.25
ICCV 93954
38
66
38
47
189
47.25
ICCV 94954
36
42
40
39
157
39.25
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
56
64
72
64
256
64.00
ICCV 95332
20
16
10
15
61
15.25
ICCV 95334
20
40
30
30
120
30.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
300.667
100.222
Factor A
5
5560.333 1112.067 25.49**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
654.333
43.622
TOTAL
23
6515.333
** - significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.46
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
45
Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
ESTONG, JONALYN N. APRIL 2009. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the performance of six chickpea varieties in Bila, Bokod,
Benguet November 2007 to March 2008. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the
growth and yield of chickpea under Bila, Bokod, Benguet condition.
After five months of growth, plants of the Kabuli type variety were the tallest
with an average height at flowering of 41.70 cm, average number or seeds per pod of
17.08 g average seed yield per plant of 27.11 g; weight of 1000 seeds was 415.75g; and
germination test using the petri dish method was 64.00% while in rag doll method it was
85.25%; and with an average seed diameter of 0.88 cm.
As to the percentage emergence, ICCV 93954 had the highest percentage
emergence followed by ICCV 94954, while ICCV 95334 had the lowest percentage
emergence. In terms of yield, ICCV 940154 attained the highest total yield per hectare of
883.75 kg of seeds and total seed yield per plot 1.768 kg. ICCV 95332 was the earliest to
produce flowers with a mean of 37.25 days from sowing the seeds to flowering. Results
showed that the earliest varieties to produce flowers were also the earliest to reach
harvesting stage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………
3
Description of Chickpea…..……….…………………………..
3
Importance of Chickpea………………………………………..
3
Climatic Requirements ……….………………………………..
4
Water Requirement .……………………………………………
5
Soil Fertility and Lime Requirement …………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………
6
Materials ……………………………………………………….
6
Methods ………………………………………………………..
6
Data Gathered…….…………………………………………….
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence (%) …………………………………
11
Days from Planting to Flowering …………………………………
11
Average Height at flowering (cm) ……………………………….
12
Average Number of Lateral Branches ……………………………
12
Days from Planting to First Harvest ……………………………..
14
Total Number of Harvest ………………………………………...
14
ii
Average Weight of Pods Produced per Plant …………………….
15
Average Number of Seeds per Pod……………………………….
15
Percentage Pod Setting ….………………………………………..
17
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g) ………………………………..
17
Total Yield per Plot (g)..………………………………………….
18
Computed Yield per Hectare (t/ha)..……………………………..
18
Weight of 1,000 Seeds (g) ………………………………………
20
Average Seed Diameter (cm)..…………………………………..
20
Germination Test (%) …..……………………………………….
21
Meteorological Data .…………………………………………….
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………
26
Conclusion ……………………………………………………….
27
Recommendation ………………………………………………...
27
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………….
28
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………..
29
iii
INTRODUCTION
The municipality of Bokod belongs to the type 1 classification of climate
characterized by distinctwet and dry seasons. The dry season begins on November and
ends in April. The rest of the year is wet or rainy season. The coldest months are in
December, January and February with temperature as a low as 12oC. The hottest months
are in April and May especially in the low areas like Poblacion proper and Ambuclao. It
has an elevation ranging from 2000 to 3,150 meter above sea level. Bokod is bounded by
Kabayan (municipal boundary), Nueva Vizcaya, Itogon and Atok and about 57 km
northeast of Baguio.
The land used for Agriculture is 1,567 hectares and 3.21% of their means of
livelihood are rice farming and cattle raising. Other main source of income are
lumbering and fruit and vegetable growing.
Chickpea is an annual cool season legume or pulse crop or as a green vegetable
with the former use being the most common. It has one of the highest nutritional
compositions of many dry edible legumes or is valued for its nutritive seeds with high
protein content. Chickpea seeds are eaten fresh as green vegetables, parched, fruit
roasted and boiled; as snack food, sweet and condiments; seed are ground in the flour can
be used as soup, dhal, and to make bread, prepared with pepper, salt and lemon it is
served as a side dish. A small chickpeas are said to have a very low glycemic index
making them suitable for many people with blood sugar problems.
However, chickpea which had been introduced and cultivated in the cordilleras
especially in Benguet even the agro climatic condition is suitable have very low
production due to lack of information and no available planting materials. With the
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
2
introduction of new highbred ICRISAT cultivars of Chickpea coupled with the
generation of location specific technologies for the highlands of CAR, chickpea could
become a major cash earner. Moreover, the supply of chickpea in the Philippines
depends mainly on importation from chickpea producing countries like Canada,
Australia, Mexico, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and India.
Sustaining the domestic demand, introducing chickpea in the highlands of
Cordillera like in Benguet and increasing yield per area through the selection of
adoptable varieties is the cheapest and easiest technology intervention.
Objectives of the Study
This study was conducted to: 1) Introduce adaptable and high yielding varieties
of chickpea that could be productively grown in Bila Bokod, Benguet; 2) Promote and
fast track the adoption of suitable chickpea varieties in the province of 0Benguet; and 3)
Reduce importation of chickpea.
Time and Place of the Study
This study was conducted from October 2007 to January 2008 at Bila, Bokod,
Benguet.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea
Chickpea is a cool season food legumes crop in tropical, sub-tropical and
temperate regions. It is annual plant with ranging between 30-70 cm, but all types with
>1.0 m in height are cultivated in the east while USSR. The foliage is covered with
glandular hairs with secrete highly acidic exudates, and is considered important in
conferring tolerance to inspect pests, such as the pod borer, leaves are compound,
arranged in an alternative phyllotary and generally in paripinnate with 11 to 15 leaflets.
Flowers are axillary, solitary or inflorescence of two to three. There are white, pink,
purplish or blue in color. The plant has a deep root system and is considered a hardy
crop. One seedpod contains two or three peas. Chickpeas need a subtropical or tropical
climate and more that 400 mm annual rain (Anonymous, 2007).
Importance of the Chickpea
Chickpea have one of the highest nutritional compositions of any dry edible
legume. On an average, chickpea seed contains 23% protein, 47% starch, 56% fat, 6%
crude fiber, 6% soluble and 3% ash. It is often used as an alternative protein product
with vegetarians and vegans and is on the plants within the highest amount of protein.
It produces modules in common with other legumes, and is efficient in fixing
Atmosphere Nitrogen (N) in a plant usable from through biological nitrogen fixation
(BNF) potassium and certain micronutrients which are recommended for anti nutritional
factors preset were low and did not influence pig performance (Singh, 1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
4
If proper inoculated with right strain Rhizobium, nitrogen fertilizer was not
necessary (Giller 2001). Some growers apply 15 to 30 lbs of nitrogen using broadcast
method to enhance early seedling development, however, excessive amounts of nitrogen
application can reduce nitrogen fixation and delays maturity (Giller 2001).
Climatic Requirements
Chickpea is grown mostly as a rainfed, post rainy season, winter crop in sub-
tropical South East Asia, parts of Africa and Australia. It is typically adapted to cooler
seasons after the monsoon at highest latitudes and subtropical (Anonymous, 2007).
Chicpea can grow in a medium and high altitude of more than 800 m the drought
resistant species with stands the largest temperature aptitudes Bright Sunshine is essential
for growth and fertilization of semi-acid, a cloudy weather is harmful especially during
pod setting of chickpeas (Maessan an Somaat Madja, 1990).
A small proportion of chickpea is also sued in Turkey and Latin America, and to
fermented food. Animal food is another use of chickpea in may developing countries.
An adhesive may also be prepared, although not water-resistant, it is suitable for
plywood. Gram husks, and green dried stems and leaves are used for stock feeds.
Leaves are said to yield an indigo like dye. Acid exudates from the leaves can be applied
medically or used as vinegar. In chill, a cooked chickpea-milk (4) mixture was good for
feeding infants and effectively controlling diarrhea. Chickpeas yield 21% starch suitable
for textile sizing, giving a light finishes to silk, and cotton clothe (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
5
Water Requirement
Chickpea require a fertile sandy loam soils with good interval drainage, good
drainage is also necessary for short periods of water-logged fields reduce growth and
increase susceptibility to root and stems
Soil Fertility and lime Requirement
Soil characteristics are important in controlling root growth and the soil moisture
regime, soil bulk density, aeration, soil strength and soil temperature. The effect of soil
water deficit on plant growth is well recognized such that other legumes can fix large
amount of nitrogen (Wallis and Byth, 1986).
Chickpea requires well drained and not too heavy. One dry and light soils, such
that soil chosen from its cultivation should be free from excessive soluble salts and near
neutral reaction. It is suited to soils having a ph higher than 8.5 soil texture suited from
chickpea is not well known, but the crop will likely require the amount of phosphorus.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were six varieties of chickpea seeds from
ICRISAT, 480 sq. m. land area, growing media, insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers and
other farm tools and equipment.
Methods
This study was conducted in Bila, Bokod, Benguet having a temperature of 18-20
oC and elevation of 1265 meter above sea level.
The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with six treatments and four replications.
Each treatment was assigned in two (1 x 1 m) plot or a total of 480 sq. m. The
seeds were planted at a distance of 30 cm between rows and 30 cm between hills. Two
furrows were made in the plot at 30 cm apart where the inorganic 914-14-14) fertilizer of
½ kg and 1 kerosene can of chicken dung were applied and mixed with the soil before
sowing the seeds. The different Chickpea varieties which served as treatments were as
follows:
Desi Type
Kabuli Type
T1 - ICCV 93952
T4 – ICCV 2
T2 – ICCV 93954
T5 – ICCV 95332
T3 – ICCV 944954
T6 – ICCV 95334
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following:
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
7
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Emergence percentage (%). This was recorded 15 days from sowing seeds.
Germination = Number of germinant x 100
Number of seeds sown
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was taken by counting the number of
days from planting to flowering.
3. Average height at flowering (cm). This was taken at first flowering stage from
20 sample plants per treatment.
4. Days from planting to first harvest. This was noted by counting the days from
planting to first harvest of seeds.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was taken at first
flowering stage from sample plants selected from each treatment.
6. Total number of harvest. This was the total number of harvesting done for one
cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Average weight of pods produced per plant. This was the total number of pods
produced by sample plants divided by the number of same plants.
Average weight of pods produced per plant (g) = Total yield of sample per plants
Number of samples
2. Average yield per plant. This was taken by using the formula.
Average yield per plant = Total yield of sample plants
Number of samples
3. Total yield per plat (kg). This was the total yield of the experimental plot.
4. Total yield per hectare (t/ha) (20m x 500m).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
8
5. Average number of seeds/pod = Number of seed produced/plant
Number of pods/plant
6. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
7. Average seed diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the seed diameter
using venire caliper
8. Germination test. This was conducted one month from seed storage using the
Petri dish and the rag doll method.
D. Varietal Characterization
1. Leaf. The shape, color and other plant characteristics was recorded.
2. Flower. The color of the flower was recorded at flowering and at first
harvesting stage.
3. Seed. The color, shape and size was recorded at harvesting together with
weight seeds.
E. Incidence of insect Pest and Disease
1. Insect pests. Insect that infest the plant during cropping season was noted and
identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth.
2. Diseases. Plant diseases observed during the cropping season was recorded
and the causal organism was identified including the degree of infestation.
F. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (oC)
2. Relative Humidity (RH%)
3. Day length (hours)
4. Fog (small time or occurrence, density)
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
9
G. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the experiment
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment at Bila, Bokod, Benguet
Figure 2. Chickpea plants at flowering stage
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
10
Figure 3. Harvesting of chick pea pods
Figure 4. Disease caused by wet root rot
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence (%)
Table 1 showed no significant differences noted among the six chickpea varieties
in terms of emergence percentage. Variety ICCV93954 numerically, was the highest
emergence percentage followed by the variety ICCV 94954, ICCV 2, ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 had the lowest percentage emergence.
Days from Planting to Flowering Stage
As presented in Table 2 ICCV2 was the earliest to produce flowers which had
almost similar days from planting to flowering. While ICCV 93984 were the latest to
lower. Differences on the days to flowering could be the varietal characteristics of the
plant were the Desi type are the late maturing cultivars while Kabuli type are early
maturing varieties.
Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
81.863a
ICCV 93954
86.735a
ICCV 94954
85.500a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
85.205a
ICCV 95332
85.022a
ICCV 95334
73.418a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
12
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering stage
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
53.00b
ICCV 93954
56.75a
ICCV 94954
54.00ab
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
38.00c
ICCV 95332
37.25c
ICCV 95334
38.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Height at Flowering (cm)
Table 3 shows significantly difference were obtained on the average height at
flowering stage. As shown in Table 3, ICCV 95334 was the tallest among the varieties
while ICCV 94954 was the shortest with a mean of 32.1625 cm. Generally, Kabuli type
varieties are taller than Desi type at following stage.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties further indicated their
differential adaptability to local conditions.
Average Number of Lateral Branches at Flowering
Results shows significant differences on the average number of lateral branches at
flowering as presented in Table 4. It was obtained that ICCV 94954 variety produced
higher number of lateral branches followed by ICCV 93954, ICCV 9395S, ICCV 95334
while ICCV 95332 and ICCV2 varieties had the lesser number or lateral branches
produced.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
13
Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
31.725c
ICCV 93954
31.350c
ICCV 94954
32.162c
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
36.600b
ICCV 95332
37.000b
ICCV 95334
41.700a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.913abc
ICCV 93954
3.050 ab
ICCV 94954
3.150 a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
2.625 c
ICCV 95332
2.700 c
ICCV 95334
2.700bc
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
14
Days from Planting to First Harvest
There were no significant differences observed on the days from planting to first
harvest among the six varieties tested were ICCV 95332 were the earliest to mature and
reach harvesting stage. The differences in the days of planting to first harvest seems to
be directly related to the days from planting to flowering, where it follows the same trend
that the first to produce flowers were also the first to have a pod harvest. Bautista et. Al.
1983 mentioned that each variety contains a set of genetic make-up which determines
earliness of bearing and maturity.
Total Number of Pod Picking
Table 6 shows highly significant on the total number of picking as affected by the
different varieties evaluated. Results shows that ICCV 93954 and ICCV 94954 had more
number of harvest produced followed by ICCV2 and ICCV 95332 which had almost
similar total number of picking while the lowest number of harvest was recorded from
ICCV 95334.
Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
105.00a
ICCV 93954
103.00a
ICCV 94954
105.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
105.50a
ICCV 95332
100.00a
ICCV 95334
103.50a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
15
Table 6. Total number of pod picking
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.00ab
ICCV 93954
3.50a
ICCV 94954
3.50a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
2.50bc
ICCV 95332
2.50bc
ICCV 95334
2.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Weight of Pods Produced per Plant (g)
In Table 7 there were no significant differences on the average weight of pods
produced per plant were ICCV 94954 and ICCV 2 had the highest percentage average
weight of pods produced followed by ICCV 95332, ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95334 while
ICCV 93952 attain the lowest weight of pods produced. The result may be due to the
differential responses of those cultivars to the existing environment of the locality.
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
There were no significant differences observed on the average number of seeds
per pod. In terms of seed count per pod were ICCV2 and ICCV 95334 attain the highest
number of seeds per pod. This was followed by ICCV 93952 ICCV 95332 and ICCV
93954. ICCV 94954 was the lowest number of seed per pod.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
16
Table 7. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
39.665a
ICCV 93954
45.840a
ICCV 94954
48.568a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
47.685a
ICCV 95332
46.223a
ICCV 95334
42.390a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.067a
ICCV 93954
1.032a
ICCV 94954
1.037a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
1.075a
ICCV 95332
1.055a
ICCV 95334
1.078a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
17
Table 9. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
15.138a
ICCV 93954
17.075a
ICCV 94954
15.823a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
14.962a
ICCV 95332
16.813a
ICCV 95334
17.088a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage Pod Setting
This result may be attributed to their varietal characteristics which Kabuli type are
usually one seeded while Desi type consists of two to three seeds per pod.
As to the percentage pod setting it was observed that ICCV 95334 had the highest
percentage pod setting produced as compared to other varieties, however ICCV 2 had the
lowest percentage pod setting.
Average Seed Yield per Plant (g)
Table 10 shows the average seed yield per plant as recorded from ICCV2 which
did not markedly differ from ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 followed by ICCV 95334
and ICCV 93954. ICCV 93952 had the lowest yield per plant. Decrease in yield per
plant was due to occurrence of pod borer and rodents wherein they usually infest young
and matured pods.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
18
Table 10. Average seed yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN (g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
17.475b
ICCV 93954
21.650ab
ICCV 94954
24.275a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
27.113a
ICCV 95332
23.137a
ICCV 95334
22.275ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot (kg)
The total yield per plot follows the trend of total yield per hectare where ICCV
94954 had the highest computed yield followed by ICCV 93954, ICCV2, ICCV 95332
had the lowest yield. The lowest yield of these varieties due to occurrence of pod borer
and rodents specially ICCV 95334 and ICCV 93952.
Computed Yield per Hectare (kg/ha)
The result clearly supports the statement of Edmund and Andrews (1957) that
varieties differ in productivity as expression of the hereditary genes influenced by the
environment the variety best adopted to the environment reflects the high yield potential
according to Villareal (1969). Furthermore, Wolfe and Kipps (1953) stated that before
maximum yield can be obtained a variety must be adopted to the section in which it was
grown.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
19
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VATRIETY
MEAN (kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.420b
ICCV 93954
1.735a
ICCV 94954
1.768a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
1.627ab
ICCV 95332
1.557ab
ICCV 95334
1.485b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
MEAN (kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
705.50c
ICCV 93954
867.50a
ICCV 94954
883.75a
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
873.75ab
ICCV 95332
778.75abc
ICCV 95334
742.50bc
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
20
Weight of 1000 Seeds (g)
Table 13 shows the weight or 1000 seeds. It was observed that ICCV 95334 had
the heaviest weight of 1000 seeds with a mean of 415.75 g while ICCV 93952 had the
highest weight having a mean of 231.00g.
The differences in weight of 1000 seeds are determined by their different varietal
characteristic such as sizes. Thus, Kabuli type had bigger seed size which attributed to its
weight while Desi type has smaller seed size.
Average Seed Diameter (cm)
The widest seed diameter was significantly measured from ICCV 95334 and
ICCV 95332 which did not differ from ICCV2 and ICCV 94954. The smallest seed was
measured from ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954. Results show that seed diameter was
directly related to the size and weight of a seed. The differences in seed diameter reflect
the varietal characteristic and genetic make-up (Bautista et. al., 1983).
Table 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
MEAN (g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
231.00f
ICCV 93954
242.25e
ICCV 94954
260.75d
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
270.75c
ICCV 95332
317.25b
ICCV 95334
415.75a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
21
Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN (cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.730 d
ICCV 93954
0.705 d
ICCV 94954
0.755cd
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
0.805bc
ICCV 95332
0.858ab
ICCV 95334
0.880 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination Test
The table shows that there was a highly significant difference in germination test
done inn rag doll method. ICCV 2 had the highest percentage emergence followed by
ICV 93952, ICCV 95332, ICCV 95334 and ICCV 93954 while ICCV 93954 attain the
lowest percentage emergence. As shown by the results that all the varieties of chickpea
evaluated could survive under Bila, Bokod, Benguet.
Petri dish results shows that ICCV 2 had the highest germination test followed by
ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 while the ICCV 95332 had the
least percentage emergence.
The low percentage germination in Petri dish maybe only one side of the seeds
absorbs water while in rag doll germination the whole seeds were completely wrapped
with cheese cloth provided the moisture to absorb by the seeds during germination.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
22
Table 15. Germination test (rag doll method and Petri dish method)
MEAN (%)
VARIETY
RAGDOLL METHOD
PETRI DISH METHOD
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
64.50b
31.25 c
ICCV 93954
53.00c
47.25 b
ICCV 94954
24.50c
39.25bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV2
85.25a
64.00a
ICCV 95332
62.00b
15.25d
ICCV 95334
64.00b
30.00c
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 16. Varietal characteristics
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Small rounded
Green
ICCV 93954
Small rounded
Green
ICCV 94954
small rounded
green
Kabuli type
ICCV2
oblong leaflets
Light green
ICCV 95332
oblong leaflets
Light green
ICCV 95334
oblong leaflets
light green
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
23
Table 16a. Flower characteristics of the different varieties of chickpea
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Purple/violet
Yellow
ICCV 93954
Purple/violet
Yellow
ICCV 94954
Purple/violet
Yellow
Kabuli type
ICCV2
White
Yellow
ICCV 95332
White
Yellow
ICCV 95334
White
Yellow
Table 16b. Seed, color, shape and size
VARIETY
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
SED SIZE
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
Dark brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 93954
Dark brown
Angular
Small
ICCV 94954
Dark brown
Angular
Small
Kabuli type
ICCV2
White/cream
Owls head
Medium
ICCV 95332
White/cream
Owls head
Medium
ICCV 95334
White/cream
Owls head
Big
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
24
Table 17a. Diseases of the chickpea varieties grown in Bila, Bokod, Benguet
DISEASE/COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
Root and stem rot
Dry root rot
Rhizootonia
Slight
Desi type
bbataticola
Wet root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Slight
Kabuli type
Table 17b. Insect and pests of the chickpea varieties grown in Bila, Bokod, Benguet
COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY ATTACKED
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
Rodents
Mus boodoga
Severe
Kabuli & Desi type
Rod Borer
Helicoverpa
Severe
Kabuli 7 Desi type
armigera
Cutworm
Agotis ipsilon
Severe
Desi & Kabuli type
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
25
Meteorological Data
Shows the T0 during the conduct of the study at Bila, Bokod, Benguet. The
temperature ranged from 13 to 27oC during the months of December 2007 to March
2008
30
27 25
C)
23
o
25
20
19
19
20
17
17
u
r
e
(
15
16
13
15
15
p
e
r
at
10
e
m
T
5
0
6:00 AM
1:00PM
5:00PM
December January February March
Figure 5. Temperature during the conduct of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The experiment was conducted at Bila, Bokod, Benguet from November 2007 to
March 2008 to identify chickpea varieties that could be profitable under Bila, Bokod,
Benguet.
The result showed that different chickpea varieties on emergence percentage
numerically ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV2 and ICCV 95332 produced highest
percentage emergence while ICCV 93952 and ICCV 95334 obtained the lowest
emergence percentage. In days from planting to flowering ICCV 95332 were earliest to
produce flower while the Desi type varieties were the latest.
As to the number of days to days to first harvest ICCV 95332 matures earlier over
the other varieties. Thus the earliest to initiate flowers was the first to have harvestable
stage. The average height at flowering ICCV 95334 were the tallest in terms of height
while ICCV 94954 were the shortest height. In the average number of lateral branches
ICCV 94954 produced more lateral branches while ICCV 2 had the least number of
lateral branches.
In terms of number of seeds per pod; ICCV 95334 had more number of seeds per
pod while ICCV 93954 had least number of seeds per pod with a mean of 1.032. As to
weight of pod produced per plant; ICCV 95334 had the highest weight of pod followed
by ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332 while ICCV 2 had the lowest weight of
pods produced per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
27
As to the yield per plot and yield per hectare, ICCV 94954 significantly produced
high yield in all the varieties evaluated.
The results of germination test done in Petri dish method and rag doll method
ICCV 2 attained the highest percentage emergence of germination.
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed ICCV 94954 a Desi type variety had
higher yield potential among the six cultivars evaluated.
Recommendation
With the above results, it is recommended that the Desi type ICCV 94954
chickpea variety can be selected to be planted under Bila, Bokod, Benguet condition due
to its high yield. It is also recommended that the results should further verify in the warm
growing areas in the Cordillera for validation of results and for comparison.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Chickpea. Retrieved August 2007 from http://hort.poduc.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Chickpea. Retrieved September 2007 from
edu/newcrop/afcm/chickpea.html.
BAUTISTA, O.K., H.V. VALMAYOR, D.C. TABORA, JR. and P.R.C. ESPINO.
1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture College of Agriculture, UPLB.
College, Laguna. Pp. 66-68.
EDMUND, J.R. and ANDREW S. 1957. New York: Fundamental of Horticulture.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 68.
GRILLER, K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping System. New York:
CABI Publishing. P. 144.
MAESSAN, I.S. and SOMAATMADJA. 1990. Plant Resources of South East Asia.
ESGAP CGPRT Centre, Bogol, Indonesia. P. 26, 42-43.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops, New Delhi Oxford and
IBH. Pub. Co. Pp. 170-173.
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICA INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1829. Vol. 6.
WALLIS, S. and BYTH D.E. Food Legume Improvement for Asian Farming System.
WOLFE and KIPPS. 1953. Principles of Field Crop Production. 4th edition. McMillan
Publishing Co. Inc. New York. Pp. 30-32
VILLAREAL, R.L. 1969. Seed Vegetable, Training Manual. College of Laguna;
University of Philippine, College of Agriculture. Pp. 45-47.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70.37
93.38
77.66
81.04
327.45
81.8625
ICCV 93954
94.25
95.14
78.74
78.81
338.94
84.7350
ICCV 94954
90.94
86.71
77.95
86.60
342.20
85.5500
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
84.83
84.46
82.30
89.13
340.82
85.2050
ICCV 95332
89.00
80.88
82.01
88.20
340.09
85.0225
ICCV 95334
75.17
89.58
84.18
54.74
303.67
75.9175
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
231.314
77.105
Factor A
5
489.040
97.808
1.32NS
2.90
4.56
Error
15
115.264
74.351
TOTAL
23
1835.264
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
30
Appendix Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
53
53
53
53
212
53.00
ICCV 93954
53
56
59
59
227
56.15
ICCV 94954
55
56
53
52
216
54.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
38
38
35
41
152
38.00
ICCV 95332
38
37
36
38
149
37.25
ICCV 95334
38
38
38
38
152
38.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5.000
1.667
Factor A
5
173 1.833
346.367 102.88**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
5 0.500
3.367
TOTAL
23
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.97%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
31
Appendix Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
31.15
30.95
32.65
32.15
126.90
31.725
ICCV 93954
32.25
30.05
30.80
32.3-
125.40
31.350
ICCV 94954
31.25
32.30
32.30
32.80
128.65
32.1625
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
35.95
32.90
40.25
37.30
146.40
36.60
ICCV 95332
34.35
35.75
39.10
38.80
148.00
37
ICCV 95334
42.25
42.70
42.50
39.35
166.80
41.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
16.726
5.575
Factor A
5
334.006
66.801 23.94**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
41.848
2.790
TOTAL
23
392.580
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.39%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
32
Appendix Table 4. Average number of lateral branches of flowering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.15
3.00
2.60
2.90
11.65
2.91
ICCV 93954
2.95
2.80
3.30
3.15
12.20
3.05
ICCV 94954
3.30
3.40
3.00
2.90
12.40
3.10
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.60
2.70
2.55
2.55
10.50
2.62
ICCV 95332
2.60
2.95
2.90
2.90
10.80
2.70
ICCV 95334
2.55
2.65
2.85
2.85
10.80
2.70
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.064
0.071
Factor A
5
0.917
0.183
3.87*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.711
0.047
TOTAL
23
1.692
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.62%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
33
Appendix Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
104
104
106
106
420
105.00
ICCV 93954
104
104
100
104
412
103.00
ICCV 94954
104
104
106
106
420
105.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
111
104
107
100
422
105.50
ICCV 95332
100
100
100
100
400
100.00
ICCV 95334
100
107
100
107
414
103.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
2.000
0.667
Factor A
5
83.333
16.667
1.89ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
132.000
8.800
TOTAL
23
217.333
ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.86%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
34
Appendix Table 6. Total number of pod picking
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3
3
3
3
12
3.0
ICCV 93954
3
4
4
3
14
3.5
ICCV 94954
3
4
3
4
14
3.5
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2
3
3
2
10
2.5
ICCV 95332
2
2
3
3
10
2.5
ICCV 95334
2
2
3
2
8
2.0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
1.000
0.333
Factor A
5
7.333
1.467
7.33*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
3.000
0.200
TOTAL
23
11.333
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.78%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
35
Appendix Table 7. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
38.11
35.29
38.52
46.71
158.66
39.665
ICCV 93954
41.05
46.34
47.34
48/63
183.36
45.840
ICCV 94954
43.29
46.26
50.31
51.41
191.27
47.8175
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
52.65
54.31
58.79
54.93
220.68
55.17
ICCV 95332
57.01
49.49
41.43
41.36
189.29
47.3225
ICCV 95334
34.74
44.02
48.07
42.73
169.56
42.39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
333.650
111.217
Factor A
5
229.552
45.910
0.78ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
881.233
58.749
TOTAL
23
1444.434
Ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
36
Appendix Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.08
1.12
1.03
1.04
4.27
1.0675
ICCV 93954
1.05
1.05
1.03
1.00
4.13
1.0325
ICCV 94954
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.03
4.15
1.0375
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.05
1.09
1.13
1.03
4.30
1.075
ICCV 95332
1.03
1.04
1.10
1.05
4.28
1.07
ICCV 95334
1.07
1.07
1.09
1.08
4.31
1.0775
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.007
0.001
Factor A
5
0.012
0.001
1.87ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.012
0.001
TOTAL
23
0.023
ns - not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.65%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
37
Appendix Table 9. Percentage pod setting (%)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
16.90
17.35
11.40
12.75
58.40
14.60
ICCV 93954
26.90
16.30
19.60
22.00
74.80
18.70
ICCV 94954
16.10
11.20
26.00
22.65
75.95
18.9875
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
10.60
18.15
16.50
11.25
56.50
14.125
ICCV 95332
14.90
18.20
17.70
11.75
62.55
15.6375
ICCV 95334
15.60
13.65
16.80
14.15
60.10
15.025
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
18.551
6.184
Factor A
5
18.891
3.778
0.21ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
269.566
17.971
TOTAL
23
307.007
Ns – not significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.25%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
38
Appendix Table 10. Average yield per plant (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
15.65
15.85
18.45
19.95
69.90
17.475
ICCV 93954
23.55
27.40
18.65
16.75
81.35
20.3375
ICCV 94954
22.75
22.50
25.90
26.75
97.40
24.35
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
26.00
25.50
23.90
31.35
106.75
26.6875
ICCV 95332
29.65
22.25
25.60
28.65
106.75
26.5375
ICCV 95334
27.65
25.05
22.00
18.80
93.50
23.375
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
8.688
2.896
Factor A
5
202.853
40.571
3.47*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
175.173
11.678
TOTAL
23
386.715
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 15.08%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
39
Appendix Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.31
1.33
1.45
1.55
5.64
1.410
ICCV 93954
1.77
1.70
1.57
1.90
6.94
1.735
ICCV 94954
1.71
1.71
1.85
1.80
7.07
1.7675
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.64
1.51
1.78
1.58
6.51
1.6275
ICCV 95332
1.53
1.78
1.39
1.53
6.23
1.5575
ICCV 95334
1.60
1.57
1.29
1.48
5.94
1.485
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.022
0.007
Factor A
5
0.378
0.076
4.39*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.259
0.017
TOTAL
23
0.659
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 0.659%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
40
Appendix Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
655
665
725
775
2820
705.00
ICCV 93954
885
850
785
950
3470
867.50
ICCV 94954
855
855
925
900
3535
883.75
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
820
755
890
790
3255
813.75
ICCV 95332
765
890
695
765
3115
778.75
ICCV 95334
800
785
645
740
2970
742.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5453.125 1817.708
Factor A
5
98117.708 19623.542
4.46*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
66053.125 4403.542
TOTAL
23
169623.958
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.31%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
41
Appendix Table 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
230
233
230
231
924
231.00
ICCV 93954
243
243
240
243
969
242.25
ICCV 94954
260
262
261
260
1043
260.75
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
272
270
270
271
1083
270.75
ICCV 95332
317
318
317
317
1269
317.25
ICCV 95334
416
415
416
416
1663
415.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
4.125
1.375
Factor A
5
94167.875 18833.575 18080.23**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
15.625
1.042
TOTAL
23
94187.625
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0.35%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
42
Appendix Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
6.9
7.2
7.3
7.8
29.2
7.30
ICCV 93954
7.7
6.7
6.5
7.3
28.2
7.05
ICCV 94954
7.7
7.6
8.2
6.7
30.2
7,55
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
8.5
8.7
7.7
7.3
32.2
8.05
ICCV 95332
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.2
34.3
8.575
ICCV 95334
9.2
8.6
8.8
8.6
35.2
8.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.007
0.002
Factor A
5
0.100
0.020
8.44**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.350
0.002
TOTAL
23
0.142
** - highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.16%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
43
Appendix Table 15. Germination test (ragdoll method)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70
68
56
64
258
64.50
ICCV 93954
58
52
50
53
213
53.25
ICCV 94954
28
26
20
24
98
24.50
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
82
86
88
85
341
85.25
ICCV 95332
64
68
54
62
248
62.00
ICCV 95334
68
70
54
64
256
65.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
251.125
83.708
Factor A
5
7917.875 1583.575 112.24**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
211.625
14.108
TOTAL
23
8380.625
** - significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.38%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
44
Appendix Table 16. Germination test (Petri dish method)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
28
30
36
31
125
31.25
ICCV 93954
38
66
38
47
189
47.25
ICCV 94954
36
42
40
39
157
39.25
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
56
64
72
64
256
64.00
ICCV 95332
20
16
10
15
61
15.25
ICCV 95334
20
40
30
30
120
30.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05 0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
300.667
100.222
Factor A
5
5560.333 1112.067 25.49**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
654.333
43.622
TOTAL
23
6515.333
** - significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.46
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
45
Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties
Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition / Jonalyn N. Estong. 2009
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance of SixChickpea (Cicer arietirium L.) Varieties Under Bila, Bokod, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Chickpea
- Importance of the Chickpea
- Climatic Requirements
- Water Requirement
- Soil Fertility and lime Requirement
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Percentage Field Emergence (%)
- Days from Planting to Flowering Stage
- Average Height at Flowering (cm)
- Average Number of Lateral Branches at Flowering
- Days from Planting to First Harvest
- Total Number of Pod Picking
- Average Weight of Pods Produced per Plant (g)
- Average Number of Seeds per Pod
- Percentage Pod Setting
- Average Seed Yield per Plant (g)
- Computed Yield per Hectare (kg/ha)
- Weight of 1000 Seeds (g)
- Average Seed Diameter (cm)
- Germination Test
- Meteorological Data
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES