BIBLIOGRAPHY BANAGEN, MARK L. OCTOBER 2008....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANAGEN, MARK L. OCTOBER 2008. Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the
Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee Seeds (Coffee arabica l.). Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the laboratory area of the Department of Horticulture
Benguet state University from February 10, 2008 to July 20, 2008 to assess the effect of
cool storage in breaking dormancy of coffee Arabica seeds
Coffee arabica seeds were subjected to low temperature at 50C with various
duration from 2-6 months, except the control (unstratified seeds).
Subjecting coffee arabica seeds to cool storage can enhance earlier germination of
seeds; seedling from seeds subjected to 50C for one week had earliest days to complete
emergence; more seeds resulted to higher percentage of seedling emergence; and more
normal seedling developed. The appearance of leaves that were stratified for one week
attained the shorter days for the true leaf to emerge. Similarly tallest seedlings developed
and more vigorous seedlings were noted five months from sowing. It was further
observed that the appropriate period of storing coffee arabica seeds in low temperature
was one week cold storage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of Cool Storage Temperature on Seed Germination …………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials……………………………………………………………
9
Methods………………………………………………………………
9
Data Gathered………………………………………………………
10
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to 50% Emergence ………………………………
11
Number of Days to Complete Emergence ……………………………
12
Percentage of seedling emergence …………………......................... 13
Percentage of Normal Seedling …………………………………….
14
Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves ……………………....
15
Seeding Height ………………………………………………………
16
Seedling Vigor ……………………………………………………...
17
Documentation of Study……………………………………………... 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………
20
Conclusion …………………………………………………………
21
Recommendation ……………………………………………………
21
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………. 22
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………
23
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Coffee is a source of happiness and with according to King Louis XIV who after
experience it’s excellent and distinctive Aroma began to recognize it’s value. Coffee
beverage is widely consumed around the world which is prepared from the roasted
berries and is commonly called the beans of the plant. Coffee was first con sumed as
early as the 9th century. When it appeared in the highlands of Ethiopia, it was soon
introduced to Egypt and Yemen, and by the fifteenth century had reached Persia, turkey,
and northern Africa, from the Muslim world. Coffee was introduced to Italy then to the
west of Europe and to America. Coffee is one of the most popular beverages would wide
and among the very important crop in the economy of many nation. In the Philippines,
the coffee industry in 1740 during the Spanish regime. It is considered one of the high-
value crops in the local and foreign market.
Coffee is one of the ten species of the flowing plants in the family Rubiace and is
considered under Plantation crops the plant is an evergreen and considered shrub or small
tree which may reach 5 meters (16 – 40 ft) in height when unpinned. The leaves are green
and glossy, usually 10 – 15 centimeters or 3.9 – 5.9 inches in long and 6.0 centimeters in
wide. It produces clusters of fragrant, while flowers that bloom simultaneously. The fruit
is oval, about 1.5 centimeters long, and green when immature, but ripens to yellow, then
crimson, becoming block on drying. Each berry usually contains two sends but from 5 to
10 percent of berries have only one these are called pea berries. Berries ripen in seven to
nine months.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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The study was conducted to assess and evaluate the germination and growth of
seeds as affected by cold storage treatment if it will have significant effects on the
germination and emergence characteristics of the seedlings.
The result of the study is important for it will serve as guide to people such as
farmers, producers, and prospective growers who would like to plant coffee in their
backyard or in their farms.
The study is also important to future researchers for it will surely provide
appropriate information in the conduct of researches regarding coffee. If the result of the
study will be conducive, it will ultimately be introduced to the coffee producers as well as
in the community to encourage more production of the commodity.
The study was conducted to determine the effects of cold storage duration on the
germination and seedlings characteristics’ of coffee: to identify the appropriate cold
storage duration that will promote germination and seedlings growth of coffee seeds.
The study was conducted at the horticulture service laboratory section,
Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet from December 2007 to March 2008.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ringor and Versola (1981) reported that the coffee industry in the Philippines is
relatively small but a big portion of the produce is being absorbed not only by the local
market but also in the foreign market.
The same authors also reported that Arabica coffee grows best in well drained
loamy soil with ph ranging from 4.2 to 5.1 but Macanes (2002) reported that 4.5 to 6.5
pH is also tolerable. Another important requirement is that the soil must be much deeper
than the coats system. On the other hand, PCAARD (1989) stated that the selective of
coffee for the climate requirement depends on the species. In general, the coffee plant
grows best in an environment which has a air movement of light breezes. Humidity of the
site should be medium high 70 – 85% with temperature from 15 - 26° and rainfall of 190
– 200 cm distributed evenly through the year. Too much water tends to develop the wood
of the tree at the expense of the flowers and fruit and Versola (1981)
Anenias (2001) reported that coffee rank second only to oil among the worlds’
legally traded commodities, around the world. It is estimated that there are 25 million
coffee growers, who are considered mostly small – scale growers. It is estimated that
around 500,000 Filipinas depends on the coffee industry. According to Dimas (1996),
there are four commercial coffee species cultivated in the Philippines namely: the
Arabica (Coffee Arabia L.) also called “Benguet Coffee” or Fedilisan coffee, Robusta /
Canephornia (Coffee Robusta L.) also called “Batangas Coffee; excels (Coffee Exelsa
L)And Liberia (Coffee Liberia L. ). Denenias (2001) reported that statistics from the
international coffee Organization revealed that robusta accounts for 75% of the country’s
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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total production and Arabica, 5 – 10%. The other, excelsa and liberica accounts for 15 –
20% of the country produced Dimas (1996).
Anenias (2001) further reported that the average that the average coffee
production is at 485 Kilograms per hectares of green bears. This according to expertly is
much lower than the ideal production of 1,500 kilograms per hectares. While most of the
coffee farms are vitiated in Mindanao, the most area is found in Cavite, in terms of
volume and quality. However from 1986 to 1997, the total hectares panted of coffee
decrease from 149, 657 to 138, 830 hectares an average of 1% reduction per year.
According to Mojica (2001), world consumed of coffee continues to increase at
1.7 per year while domestic consumption also increased by 2.25 % per year. Exports
predict that the level of consumption will follow population growth. This could be
attributed to the proliferation of coffee shops, catering to a wider and younger chentele.
Anenias (2001) stated that there is likewise clamor to produce move of the Arabica
variety, most grown in Benguet province. (Mojica 2001).
It was stated by Joubest (1985) that the most important thing to bear on mind is
that low temperature retard growth and below 12 + 0 + c the growth of the plant is
inherited. Although coffee grown in many areas in north Africa where it is the place of
origin and where such low temperature are experienced, where it is the place of origin
and where such low temperature are experienced it is vitally important that the cold
period must be short. (Joubert 1985).
Salorido (1967) reported that shade is necessary and equally beneficial during the
early years. This is true particularly in plantations where the heart of the run has an effect
on trees. Relatively speaking, the Fertilizer requirement of trees in the shade in lesser
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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than that of trees on the open. Shade help minimize soil erosion and help control weeds.
A large volume of leaves to the ground serves as much and compost and where trees is
sufficient water supply and soil nutrient is not deficient through out the years (Saborido
1967).
Williams (1975) found that the degree of shade and experience to sunlight
strongly affect the response of coffee to fertilizers. In shaded mature coffee, favorable
response been obtained from a combination of nitrogen and potash. Phosphorous is
important in the early stage of growth but in the later stages of growth there are fewer
report of marked responses to phosphorous fertilizer. The important of phosphorous
seems to be related to obtaining favorable balance of nitrogen and potash, the former
being present in the soil at relatively high levels in the shade. Organic matter in the soil is
maintained under shaded condition. Balanced nutrition is achieved; however, the
response of shaded coffee to chemical fertilizer is relatively low. (Williams 1975)
Williams (1975) represent that cool moist climate, coffee are generally vigorous
in growth. There were on old words but not on young woods. On warm dry climate,
coffee has generally moderate in growth, flowers on both old and young woods on not
and dry climate coffee has poor growth defoliation of leaves on older wood and flower on
young wood only. On not and with water available, coffee growth is very vigorous and
coffee have abundant flowers I both older wood and young woods. The success of
Arabica at high elevation in the tropics is also attributed to the generally favorable
rainfall and atmospheric humidity of such regions. (Williams 1975).
The vigor of coffee was affected by the depth of soil, sunshine, humidity,
temperature and rainfall. (Williams 1975).
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Effect of Cold storage Temperature on
Seed Germination
Pre-treating seeds (cold stratification) is simple measure you can take which will
break a seed’s dormancy causing the seeds to be more ready to germinate. By subjecting
the seeds to this pre treatment you are really only providing them with the effect that
Mother Nature would have had on the seeds that they have been left to their natural
course. However, by applying the pre-treatment yourself in a control and diminish factors
detrimental to a seeds survival had it been left to make it on its own in the wild. By cold
stratifying the seeds you are able to affect the time frame under which the seeds will
germinate.
The pre-treatment or “stratification” of seeds is not fixed science and one
shouldn’t be overly concerned about the exact length of pre-treatment time. It is
recommended that a particular species of seed will benefit from 2-3 months of cold
stratification. This only mean that the past experience finds that this seeds “dormancy” is
usually overcome by approximately this length of cold stratification and such the seeds
are more susceptible to germination and will generally sprout at a more “even” rate.
Many tree seeds have what is called an “Embryonic dormancy” and generally
speaking will not sprout until this embryo dormancy is broken or overcome.
In the wild “seed dormancy” an overcome by the seed spending time in the
ground through a winter period and having its hard seed coat soften up a bit by being
subjected to moisture and bacteria. By spending time in the ground the seed is
undergoing a natural form of “cold stratification” or pre-treatment.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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This cold moist period triggers the seeds embryo. Moisture is absorbed causing
the seed and its embryo to swell and its growth and subsequent expansion eventually
break through the soften seed coat in its search for warmth, sun and nutrients
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that cold storage with moisture and
temperature ranging 1° C to 5° C was found to be effective in breaking the dormancy
period of seeds. He added that seed coat under cold storage has a tendency to softened
thus allowing moisture entrance into the resulting in rapid germination. Dormancy is
broken in nature by exposing to low temperature during winter (Daniel 1980). Similarly,
Halfface and Barden (1979) mentioned that in seed stratification seeds must be placed in
a moist medium at temperature from 4 to 7° C for 1 to 3 months. This requirement is true
for deciduous ant and fruit tree beds. Furthermore, Delvin (1977) and Leopold et al.
(1975) stressed that temperature near freezing enough to break dormancy.
As stated by Klingman and Ashton (1975), refrigeration or stratification is
commonly used to shorten the period of Dormancy. Many seeds specially grass seeds,
requires an alternation of the temperature from 20 - 20° C and exposing the seeds to a
low temperature for five days prior to germination test make possible an accurate
determination of variability. Moreover, Delvin (1977) as cited by Agnaya (2004) stated
that the seed of plant that do not germinate immediately requires a period of after –
ripening treatment either dry storage while others in moist and low temperature
condition. Furthermore, Janick (1972), Hartman and Kester (1975), mentioned that
subjecting the seeds to low temperature reduces the amount of germinating inhibitors that
is present within the seed there by hasting germination.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Bleasdale (1978) explained tat the seeds retains its essential properties for many years as
long as it is kept in dry temperature of -5 to 5 oC . Moreover, Dubermine (1974) discussed
that the physiological explanation of these conditioning effect is unknown. However, in
some seeds, low temperature may function to render the seeds coat more permeable to
gasses in other substances.
Paing (1988), in her experiment on garden pea observed that cold stored for six
weeks had the highlight total yield number of lateral shoots, longer pods, higher
percentage of germination, shorten period of germination and the highest percentage of
pod set.
Bucao (1983) reported that subjecting snap Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
observed that seed refrigerated for 42 days at 5° C had the highest percentage of
germination, tallest plant, earliest to flower and with high percentage of pod set.
Bugtong (1984) reported that subject snap Beans to cold storage enhances earlier
initiation of flower with higher percentage of pod set, heavier and longer pods and higher
seeds developed resulting to higher yield.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study was refrigerator, Polyethylene plastic bags,
tissue paper, hand towel, grub hoe, watering can, nursery house and other materials as the
need apprises.
Methods
The coffee seed was subjected to different duration of cold storage and was
germinated in polyethylene plastic bags under green house with randy loam roil and was
covered thinly with sand. To facilitate the germination, it will be irrigated every other day
and these will be done to all treatments uniformly. The fallowing treatments were as
follows:
Code
Cold storage period (Weeks)
T1
control no storage
T2
1 week storage
T3
2 weeks storage
T4
3 weeks storage
T5
4 weeks storage
T6
5 weeks storage
The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replication using 100 seeds per replication.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Data Gathered
1. Number of days fro sowing to 50% emergency. This was taken by counting the
numbers of days from sowing to 50% germination.
2. Number of days to complete emergence. This was determined by counting the
number of days from sowing up to complete germination.
3. Percentage germination. This was determined by using the
Formula:
Germination Percentage (%) = number of seeds & germination x 100
Total number of seeds sown
4. Percentage of normal seedlings. This was taken by using this
Formula:
Percentage of normal seedlings = no. of normal seedlings x 100
No. of seeds sown
5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves. This was taken by counting the
number of days to first appearance of leaves.
6. Seedlings height (cm). This was done by measuring the base up to the shoot tip
of the plant 3 months after sowing the seeds from 10 samples from each treatment.
7. Seedlings vigor. This was taken using the scale below
Rating
Description
4
most vigorous
3
vigorous
2
less vigorous
1
Poor
8. Documentation of the study through picture
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Number of Days to Emergence
The different cold stratification duration had significant effects on the number of
days from sowing to 50% emergence (Table 1). Result shows that one week cold
stratification enhanced earlier emergence of coffee arabica seeds with a mean of 98.667
days from sowing. It was followed by seeds stratified for 4 weeks, 2 weeks, and control
(no cold storage) with a mean of 102.33 days, 107 days and 113.33 days respectively.
Seeds that were stratified 3 weeks and 5 weeks had the longest period to attain 50%
seedling emergence.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to 50% emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN ____________
Control (no cold storage)
113. 333bc
1 week cold storage
98.667e
2 weeks cold storage
107cd
3 weeks cold storage
118.667a
4 weeks cold storage
102.33de
5 weeks cold storage
115.33ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Based on the result, shorter duration of germination was observed on the seeds
that were subjected to cold temperature.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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The shorter germination can be explained by Weaver (1974) who mentioned that
pre – treated seed stored in a medium of carefully controlled temperature are conditioned
for rapid germination. However, Hartman (1972) mentioned that exact temperature
probably varies with the different species and the time required for moist chilling among
different seeds of the same kind that are grown in different areas. Adriance and Brison
(1955) suggested that this pre – planting treatments preserves the viability and hastens
germination. Delvin (1977) cited that the seeds of plants do not germinate immediately
and requires a period of after – ripening treatment either by storage in moist or low
temperature. Moreover, Daubenmire (1974) explained that the physiological explanation
of this conditioning effect is still unknown. In some seeds, low temperature treatments
may be done to render the seed coat more permeable to gasses and other substances.
Number of Days to Complete Emergence
Table 2 shows significant differences among the different cold stratification
periods observed in the number of days from sowing to complete emergence. Result
shows that seed stratified fore one week had the earliest duration to complete emergence
with a mean of 139.67 days followed by the seeds stratified for four weeks, two weeks,
and three weeks, with a mean of 150.33, 156.33, 166.33 respectively. Unstratified seeds
had the longest period to complete emergence with 168 days. As previously mentioned,
shorter germination duration was noted on the seeds that were subjected to cold
treatments. Previous explanations further stated that subjecting seeds to low temperature
of chilling condition has rendered the seed coats permeable to gaseous and water
exchange enhancing earlier germination of the seeds.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Table 2. Number of days to complete emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
168a
1 week cold storage
139.67d
2 weeks cold storage
156.53b
3 weeks cold storage
166.33a
4 weeks cold storage
150.33c
5 weeks cold storage
167.67a
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage of Seedling Emergence
As presented in table 3, the percentage of germination was significantly different
among the treatments as affected by the various cold treatment durations from sowing to
emergence. It was observed that coffee seeds stratified for one week attained the highest
mean of 88% followed by seeds stratified for four weeks, with a mean of 77.33% which
were significantly higher as compared to the seeds that were unstratified having a mean
of 68.33%.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Table 3. Percentage seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
68.33c
1 week cold storage
88a
2 weeks cold storage
75b
3 weeks cold storage
65cd
4 weeks cold storage
77.33b
5 weeks cold storage
63.67d
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
It was observed however, that some seeds did not emerge for reason that cannot
be explained although it may be due to death of a number of seeds during the long cold
storage period. Hartman (1990) related this to high concentration of soil solutes in the
upper layer of the germination media. However, Tipayno (2005) suggested that the
failure of many seeds to germinate in some treatment can be attributed to injuries during
the storage caused by inappropriate containers. He further mentioned that seeds stored in
glass containers have high percentage germination while those in plastic containers had a
very poor germination percentage.
Percentage of Normal Seedling
Table 4 shows the percentage of normal seedling under the different treatment.
Based on the results, one week storage attained the highest percentage of normal seedling
with a mean of 83.67%. This was followed by four weeks storage and two weeks, storage
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
15
which indicated higher percentage of normal seedlings. Three weeks storage significantly
had lower percentage of normal seedlings as compared to the other treatment with
67.67% except for the control (no cold storage) and (5) five weeks storage which attained
the lowest percentage of normal seedlings of 60.67% and 60%. This was affected by
wilting of the plant, curly leaves and insect damage.
Table 4. Percentage of normal seedling
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
60.67 c
1 week cold storage
83.67 a
2 weeks cold storage
69.67 b
3 weeks cold storage
67.67 c
4 weeks cold storage
74.33 b
5 weeks cold storage
60 c
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves
Table 5 shows that there are significant differences observed among the different
cold stratification treatment on the number of days to first appearance of coffee leaves.
Numerically, one-week cold storage attained the shortest days for the true leaf to emerge.
It was followed by four weeks cold storage, two weeks cold storage and control (no cold
storage). Five weeks cold storage significantly had shorter days to first appearance of
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
16
leaves as compared to three weeks cold storage which attained the longest days for the
true leaf to emerge with a mean of 124.67 days.
Paing (1980) found out in his experiment that garden pea that refrigerated for a
shorter period of cold storage appeared to be the best attaining the highest percentage of
germination; complete emergence, percentage of normal seedling, tallest seedling and
had the shortest days for the true leaf to emerge.
Table 5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control (no cold storage)
117bc
1 week cold storage
105.67e
2 weeks cold storage
133cd
3 weeks cold storage
124.67a
4 weeks cold storage
109.67a
5 weeks cold storage
120. 30ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Height (cm)
Table 6 shows significant differences on the height of the seedling 5 months after
emergence. This was obtained by measuring the seedling from the base up to the tip of
secondary leaves. The results shows the tallest seedling were measured from seeds
stratified for one week with a mean of 13.67 cm which are not statically different with the
other treatment of seedling grown from stratified seeds at two weeks having a mean
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
17
height 12.23 cm and seedling from five weeks durations of stratification with a mean of
10.97 cm. further results shows that the height of the seedling may increase if seeds are
subjected to cool stratification prior to sowing.
Table 6. Seedling height (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
10.67ab
1 week cold storage
13.67a
2 weeks cold storage
12.23a
3 weeks cold storage
9b
4 weeks cold storage
10.57ab
5 weeks cold storage
10.97ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
The shortest seedling were obtained from plants that were stratified for three
weeks cold storage having a mean of 9 cm followed by the unstratified seeds (control)
having a mean of 10.67 cm. Results shows that cold stratification of coffee arabica seeds
at 50C before planting stimulates faster growth and the greatest effect can be obtained by
cold stratification for one week..
Seedling Vigor
The result in table 8 shows the seedling vigour as affected by the different cold
treatment durations. This was obtained 5 months from sowing. It was noted that seeds
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
18
stratified for one week were the most vigorous among the treatment. This was followed
by the seedling stratified for two weeks, four weeks, and five weeks, cold stratification.
The least vigorous seedlings were observed on three weeks cold stage duration and the
control (no cold storage).
The result may imply that storing coffee seeds under cold temperature influences
seedling vigor. As previously mentioned, cold stratification enhanced faster growth
which may explained the performance of coffee seeds subjecting to cool treatments as
having seedling that are more vigorous as compared to the unstratified seeds.
Table 7. Seedling vigor index
TREATMENT
MEAN___________
Control (no cold storage)
2 c
1 week cold storage
4 a
2 weeks cold storage
3 b
3 weeks cold storage
2 c
4 weeks cold storage
3 b
5 weeks cold storage
3 b
Rating: Most vigorous: 4: vigorous = 3: less vigorous = 2: poor = 1
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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Table 8. Documentation of the study
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The influence of cold storage in the seeds of coffee arabica was studied at the
laboratory area of the Department of Horticulture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet to determine its effects on the seeds of coffee if they were refrigerated at a
temperature of 50C conducted from February 2008 to March 2008.
After the termination and analysis of data gathered the results was summarized as
follows:
One week cold storage of coffee seeds showed the best performance among all
treatments observed would enhance earlier germination. Seeds that were stratified for one
week had the earliest duration to complete emergence as compared to the other
treatments likewise it was observed that coffee seeds stratified for one week attained the
highest percentage of seedling emergence. However, some seeds that subjected to longer
cold storage duration were late to emerge for reason that cannot be precisely explained.
The higher percentage of normal seedling under the different treatment was observed on
the seeds having one week cold storage having the higher mean rate. One week cold
storage was observed to enhance shorter days to first appearance of leaves. This was
obtained by measuring the seedling from the base up to the tip of secondary leaves. The
taller seedling was measured from the seeds stratified for one week having the higher
mean rate. Shorter duration of cold stratification will enhance tallest seedling. The
highest rate of seedling vigor as affected by the different cold treatment duration was
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
21
noted on the seeds stratified for one week having the most vigorous seedling among all
treatments.
Generally, seeds kept in cold storage at various lengths of time performed better
than control seeds (unstratified). Most of the differences were found to be either
significant or highly significant.
Conclusion
Based on the results of study, it was found out that subjecting coffee arabica seeds
to cold storage would enhance faster germination and the best period of seeds storage is
one week cold storage prior to planting. It was also observed that seeds kept in cold
storage for longer than 4 weeks did not perform well.
Recommendation
From the preceding results, it is recommended that cold storage of coffee Arabica
seeds for a period of one week at 50C prior to sowing should be done in order to enhance
faster germination and to promote faster and vigorous seedling growth. However, further
study along this line is also recommended to verify these findings.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
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LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G.IV. and F.R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants.
McGraw Hill Rook co., INC. New York.
AGNAYA J.S. 2004. Effect of Cold Stratification Period on the Germination of Benguet
Wild Tea. BS Thesis (Unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
ANENIAS, L.C. 2001. The Philippines Coffee Industry. A Profile BAR Today. Vol. 3
Pp 1-3.
ANONYMOUS. Undated. August 13, 2008. available at Http; //en. Wikipedia.
Org/wiki/coffee Microsoft Internet
BLEASDALE, J. K. A. 1978. Plant Physiology in the Relation to Horticulture.
Hongkong. The Macmillan Press ltd. P. 19.
BUCAO, N.J. 1983. Influence of Storing Seeds in Cold Storage on the Growth and Yield
of Snap Bean. BS Thesis (Unpub). La Trinidad, Benguet.
BUGTONG, T.C. 1984. Effect of Cold Storage Duration on the Growth and Yield of
Snap Bean. BS Thesis (Unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
DANIEL, T.IV. et al. 1980. Principle of Silviculture, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Book C. New
York. P. 379.
DELVIN, R. 1977. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. D. Van Nestrand Co., New York. Pp. 557 –
561.
DIMAS, B.B. 1986, The BSU’s Coffee Based Agroforest Scheme. BSU Extension
Office, LaTrinidad Benguet. Pp. 36.
DAUBENMIRE, R. R. 1974. Plant and Environment. A Text Book of Plant Autocology.
3rd Ed. New York. Jhon welly and sons. P. 182.
HALFACRE, R.G. 1979. Horticulture. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. P. 340.
HARTMANN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1990. Plant Propagation Principle and Practices.
5th Ed. Prentice Hall, England Cliffs, New Jersey.
JOUBERT, A.J. 1985 Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute, Nelsfruit.
Vegetative Propagation P.3.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
23
KLINGMAN, G.C. and F.N. ASHION. 1975. Weed Science Principle and Practices.
Awalley Inter Science Pub. P.52
MACANES, V.L. 2002 Lecture in Arabia Coffee Production in CAR Pp. 1-10.
MOJICA, A.C. Jr. 2002 Bring Back The Glory of Philippines Coffee. PLARRD Report
Los Baños, Laguna. P.4.
PAING, R.D. 1980, Effect of Seeds Stratification on the Growth and Yield of Edible
Pobbed ped.BS. Thesis (unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PCARRD. 1986. The Philippines Recommends for Agroforestry. PARRFI, Technical
Bulletin Series no. 59.
RINGOR. S.C. and E.A. Verzola. 1981. Arabia Coffee production. Technical Information
Bulletin no.2 Bureau of Plot Industry. Department of Agriculture, Baguio City.
Pp. 1-10.
SABORRIDO, L.C. Sr. 1967 Produce Coffee at Lower Cost. Coffee and Cacao
Journal vol. x no.1 Manila. Pp 6-7
WILLIAMS, C.N. 1925. The Agronomy of the Tropical Crop. London, Oxford
UniversityPress. Pp. 85-96.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
24
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Number of days for sowing to emergence
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
110
107
113
340
113.33
T2
99
95
102
396
98.67
T3
107
110
104
321
107
T4
119
122
115
356
118.67
T5
102
165
100
306
102.33
T6
115
111
120
346
115.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.333
0.666
0.05
Treatment
5
867.333
73.466
12.63
0.00 05
Error
7
137.333
13.733
Corrected total
17
1006.000
*Highly significant
Coefficient of variation: 3.410%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
25
Appendix 2. Number of days for complete emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
169
166
169
504
168
T2
137
140
142
419
139.67
T3
155
158
156
469
156.33
T4
170
166
163
499
166.33
T5
148
150
153
451
150.33
T6
170
168
165
503
167.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.055
0.01
Treatment
5
1981.611
396.322
54.13
0.00 05
Error
10
73.222
7.32
Corrected total
17
2054.00
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1,712%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
26
Appendix 3. Percentage of germination
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
67
68
68
203
68.33
T2
87
88
89
264
33
T3
73
75
77
255
75
T4
63
65
69
195
65
T5
78
76
78
232
77.33
T6
64
65
62
191
63.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
10.111
5.555
1.90
Treatment
5
1251.111
250.222
94.23
0.00 05
Error
10
26.555
7.32
Corrected total
17
1287.777
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 2,235 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
27
Appendix 4. Percentage of normal seedling
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
60
59
63
182
60.67
T2
84
84
83
251
83.67
T3
69
70
70
209
69.67
T4
55
59
65
203
67.67
T5
75
73
75
223
74.33
T6
60
63
57
180
60
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
8.3333
4.1666
0.57
Treatment
5
1426.666
285.333
39.09
0.0001
Error
10
73.000
7.30
Corrected total
17
1508.000
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.973 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
28
Appendix 5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
118
113
120
351
117
T2
105
102
110
317
105.67
T3
113
116
110
339
113
T4
125
127
122
374
124.67
T5
109
113
107
329
109.67
T6
122
119
120
361
120.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.777
0.388
0.03
Treatment
5
736.277
147.255
13.16
0.00 04
Error
10
111.888
11.1888
Corrected total
17
848.944
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 2,907%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
29
Appendix 6. Seedling height
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
12.3
9.4
10.9
32.9
10.87
T2
13.8
12.8
14.4
41
13.67
T3
13.8
10.8
12.1
36
12.23
T4
11
6.7
9.3
27
9
T5
11
12.5
8.2
31.7
10.57
T6
10
11.9
11
32.9
10.97
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
5.560
2.780
1.10
Treatment
5
37.676
7.534
2.99
0.0661
Error
10
25.193
2.519
Corrected total
17
68.425
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.150 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
30
Appendix 7. Seedling vigor
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
2
2
2
6
2c
T2
4
4
4
12
4a
T3
3
3
3
9
3b
T4
2
2
2
6
2c
T5
3
3
3
9
3b
T6
2
2
2
6
3c
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
5
10.000
2.000
99999.0
0.00 01
Error
10
0.000
0.000
Corrected total
17
10.000
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
BANAGEN, MARK L. OCTOBER 2008. Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the
Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee Seeds (Coffee arabica l.). Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the laboratory area of the Department of Horticulture
Benguet state University from February 10, 2008 to July 20, 2008 to assess the effect of
cool storage in breaking dormancy of coffee Arabica seeds
Coffee arabica seeds were subjected to low temperature at 50C with various
duration from 2-6 months, except the control (unstratified seeds).
Subjecting coffee arabica seeds to cool storage can enhance earlier germination of
seeds; seedling from seeds subjected to 50C for one week had earliest days to complete
emergence; more seeds resulted to higher percentage of seedling emergence; and more
normal seedling developed. The appearance of leaves that were stratified for one week
attained the shorter days for the true leaf to emerge. Similarly tallest seedlings developed
and more vigorous seedlings were noted five months from sowing. It was further
observed that the appropriate period of storing coffee arabica seeds in low temperature
was one week cold storage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of Cool Storage Temperature on Seed Germination …………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials……………………………………………………………
9
Methods………………………………………………………………
9
Data Gathered………………………………………………………
10
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to 50% Emergence ………………………………
11
Number of Days to Complete Emergence ……………………………
12
Percentage of seedling emergence …………………......................... 13
Percentage of Normal Seedling …………………………………….
14
Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves ……………………....
15
Seeding Height ………………………………………………………
16
Seedling Vigor ……………………………………………………...
17
Documentation of Study……………………………………………... 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………
20
Conclusion …………………………………………………………
21
Recommendation ……………………………………………………
21
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………. 22
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………
23
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
Coffee is a source of happiness and with according to King Louis XIV who after
experience it’s excellent and distinctive Aroma began to recognize it’s value. Coffee
beverage is widely consumed around the world which is prepared from the roasted
berries and is commonly called the beans of the plant. Coffee was first con sumed as
early as the 9th century. When it appeared in the highlands of Ethiopia, it was soon
introduced to Egypt and Yemen, and by the fifteenth century had reached Persia, turkey,
and northern Africa, from the Muslim world. Coffee was introduced to Italy then to the
west of Europe and to America. Coffee is one of the most popular beverages would wide
and among the very important crop in the economy of many nation. In the Philippines,
the coffee industry in 1740 during the Spanish regime. It is considered one of the high-
value crops in the local and foreign market.
Coffee is one of the ten species of the flowing plants in the family Rubiace and is
considered under Plantation crops the plant is an evergreen and considered shrub or small
tree which may reach 5 meters (16 – 40 ft) in height when unpinned. The leaves are green
and glossy, usually 10 – 15 centimeters or 3.9 – 5.9 inches in long and 6.0 centimeters in
wide. It produces clusters of fragrant, while flowers that bloom simultaneously. The fruit
is oval, about 1.5 centimeters long, and green when immature, but ripens to yellow, then
crimson, becoming block on drying. Each berry usually contains two sends but from 5 to
10 percent of berries have only one these are called pea berries. Berries ripen in seven to
nine months.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
2
The study was conducted to assess and evaluate the germination and growth of
seeds as affected by cold storage treatment if it will have significant effects on the
germination and emergence characteristics of the seedlings.
The result of the study is important for it will serve as guide to people such as
farmers, producers, and prospective growers who would like to plant coffee in their
backyard or in their farms.
The study is also important to future researchers for it will surely provide
appropriate information in the conduct of researches regarding coffee. If the result of the
study will be conducive, it will ultimately be introduced to the coffee producers as well as
in the community to encourage more production of the commodity.
The study was conducted to determine the effects of cold storage duration on the
germination and seedlings characteristics’ of coffee: to identify the appropriate cold
storage duration that will promote germination and seedlings growth of coffee seeds.
The study was conducted at the horticulture service laboratory section,
Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet from December 2007 to March 2008.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ringor and Versola (1981) reported that the coffee industry in the Philippines is
relatively small but a big portion of the produce is being absorbed not only by the local
market but also in the foreign market.
The same authors also reported that Arabica coffee grows best in well drained
loamy soil with ph ranging from 4.2 to 5.1 but Macanes (2002) reported that 4.5 to 6.5
pH is also tolerable. Another important requirement is that the soil must be much deeper
than the coats system. On the other hand, PCAARD (1989) stated that the selective of
coffee for the climate requirement depends on the species. In general, the coffee plant
grows best in an environment which has a air movement of light breezes. Humidity of the
site should be medium high 70 – 85% with temperature from 15 - 26° and rainfall of 190
– 200 cm distributed evenly through the year. Too much water tends to develop the wood
of the tree at the expense of the flowers and fruit and Versola (1981)
Anenias (2001) reported that coffee rank second only to oil among the worlds’
legally traded commodities, around the world. It is estimated that there are 25 million
coffee growers, who are considered mostly small – scale growers. It is estimated that
around 500,000 Filipinas depends on the coffee industry. According to Dimas (1996),
there are four commercial coffee species cultivated in the Philippines namely: the
Arabica (Coffee Arabia L.) also called “Benguet Coffee” or Fedilisan coffee, Robusta /
Canephornia (Coffee Robusta L.) also called “Batangas Coffee; excels (Coffee Exelsa
L)And Liberia (Coffee Liberia L. ). Denenias (2001) reported that statistics from the
international coffee Organization revealed that robusta accounts for 75% of the country’s
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
4
total production and Arabica, 5 – 10%. The other, excelsa and liberica accounts for 15 –
20% of the country produced Dimas (1996).
Anenias (2001) further reported that the average that the average coffee
production is at 485 Kilograms per hectares of green bears. This according to expertly is
much lower than the ideal production of 1,500 kilograms per hectares. While most of the
coffee farms are vitiated in Mindanao, the most area is found in Cavite, in terms of
volume and quality. However from 1986 to 1997, the total hectares panted of coffee
decrease from 149, 657 to 138, 830 hectares an average of 1% reduction per year.
According to Mojica (2001), world consumed of coffee continues to increase at
1.7 per year while domestic consumption also increased by 2.25 % per year. Exports
predict that the level of consumption will follow population growth. This could be
attributed to the proliferation of coffee shops, catering to a wider and younger chentele.
Anenias (2001) stated that there is likewise clamor to produce move of the Arabica
variety, most grown in Benguet province. (Mojica 2001).
It was stated by Joubest (1985) that the most important thing to bear on mind is
that low temperature retard growth and below 12 + 0 + c the growth of the plant is
inherited. Although coffee grown in many areas in north Africa where it is the place of
origin and where such low temperature are experienced, where it is the place of origin
and where such low temperature are experienced it is vitally important that the cold
period must be short. (Joubert 1985).
Salorido (1967) reported that shade is necessary and equally beneficial during the
early years. This is true particularly in plantations where the heart of the run has an effect
on trees. Relatively speaking, the Fertilizer requirement of trees in the shade in lesser
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
5
than that of trees on the open. Shade help minimize soil erosion and help control weeds.
A large volume of leaves to the ground serves as much and compost and where trees is
sufficient water supply and soil nutrient is not deficient through out the years (Saborido
1967).
Williams (1975) found that the degree of shade and experience to sunlight
strongly affect the response of coffee to fertilizers. In shaded mature coffee, favorable
response been obtained from a combination of nitrogen and potash. Phosphorous is
important in the early stage of growth but in the later stages of growth there are fewer
report of marked responses to phosphorous fertilizer. The important of phosphorous
seems to be related to obtaining favorable balance of nitrogen and potash, the former
being present in the soil at relatively high levels in the shade. Organic matter in the soil is
maintained under shaded condition. Balanced nutrition is achieved; however, the
response of shaded coffee to chemical fertilizer is relatively low. (Williams 1975)
Williams (1975) represent that cool moist climate, coffee are generally vigorous
in growth. There were on old words but not on young woods. On warm dry climate,
coffee has generally moderate in growth, flowers on both old and young woods on not
and dry climate coffee has poor growth defoliation of leaves on older wood and flower on
young wood only. On not and with water available, coffee growth is very vigorous and
coffee have abundant flowers I both older wood and young woods. The success of
Arabica at high elevation in the tropics is also attributed to the generally favorable
rainfall and atmospheric humidity of such regions. (Williams 1975).
The vigor of coffee was affected by the depth of soil, sunshine, humidity,
temperature and rainfall. (Williams 1975).
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
6
Effect of Cold storage Temperature on
Seed Germination
Pre-treating seeds (cold stratification) is simple measure you can take which will
break a seed’s dormancy causing the seeds to be more ready to germinate. By subjecting
the seeds to this pre treatment you are really only providing them with the effect that
Mother Nature would have had on the seeds that they have been left to their natural
course. However, by applying the pre-treatment yourself in a control and diminish factors
detrimental to a seeds survival had it been left to make it on its own in the wild. By cold
stratifying the seeds you are able to affect the time frame under which the seeds will
germinate.
The pre-treatment or “stratification” of seeds is not fixed science and one
shouldn’t be overly concerned about the exact length of pre-treatment time. It is
recommended that a particular species of seed will benefit from 2-3 months of cold
stratification. This only mean that the past experience finds that this seeds “dormancy” is
usually overcome by approximately this length of cold stratification and such the seeds
are more susceptible to germination and will generally sprout at a more “even” rate.
Many tree seeds have what is called an “Embryonic dormancy” and generally
speaking will not sprout until this embryo dormancy is broken or overcome.
In the wild “seed dormancy” an overcome by the seed spending time in the
ground through a winter period and having its hard seed coat soften up a bit by being
subjected to moisture and bacteria. By spending time in the ground the seed is
undergoing a natural form of “cold stratification” or pre-treatment.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
7
This cold moist period triggers the seeds embryo. Moisture is absorbed causing
the seed and its embryo to swell and its growth and subsequent expansion eventually
break through the soften seed coat in its search for warmth, sun and nutrients
Adriance and Brison (1955) stated that cold storage with moisture and
temperature ranging 1° C to 5° C was found to be effective in breaking the dormancy
period of seeds. He added that seed coat under cold storage has a tendency to softened
thus allowing moisture entrance into the resulting in rapid germination. Dormancy is
broken in nature by exposing to low temperature during winter (Daniel 1980). Similarly,
Halfface and Barden (1979) mentioned that in seed stratification seeds must be placed in
a moist medium at temperature from 4 to 7° C for 1 to 3 months. This requirement is true
for deciduous ant and fruit tree beds. Furthermore, Delvin (1977) and Leopold et al.
(1975) stressed that temperature near freezing enough to break dormancy.
As stated by Klingman and Ashton (1975), refrigeration or stratification is
commonly used to shorten the period of Dormancy. Many seeds specially grass seeds,
requires an alternation of the temperature from 20 - 20° C and exposing the seeds to a
low temperature for five days prior to germination test make possible an accurate
determination of variability. Moreover, Delvin (1977) as cited by Agnaya (2004) stated
that the seed of plant that do not germinate immediately requires a period of after –
ripening treatment either dry storage while others in moist and low temperature
condition. Furthermore, Janick (1972), Hartman and Kester (1975), mentioned that
subjecting the seeds to low temperature reduces the amount of germinating inhibitors that
is present within the seed there by hasting germination.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
8
Bleasdale (1978) explained tat the seeds retains its essential properties for many years as
long as it is kept in dry temperature of -5 to 5 oC . Moreover, Dubermine (1974) discussed
that the physiological explanation of these conditioning effect is unknown. However, in
some seeds, low temperature may function to render the seeds coat more permeable to
gasses in other substances.
Paing (1988), in her experiment on garden pea observed that cold stored for six
weeks had the highlight total yield number of lateral shoots, longer pods, higher
percentage of germination, shorten period of germination and the highest percentage of
pod set.
Bucao (1983) reported that subjecting snap Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
observed that seed refrigerated for 42 days at 5° C had the highest percentage of
germination, tallest plant, earliest to flower and with high percentage of pod set.
Bugtong (1984) reported that subject snap Beans to cold storage enhances earlier
initiation of flower with higher percentage of pod set, heavier and longer pods and higher
seeds developed resulting to higher yield.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study was refrigerator, Polyethylene plastic bags,
tissue paper, hand towel, grub hoe, watering can, nursery house and other materials as the
need apprises.
Methods
The coffee seed was subjected to different duration of cold storage and was
germinated in polyethylene plastic bags under green house with randy loam roil and was
covered thinly with sand. To facilitate the germination, it will be irrigated every other day
and these will be done to all treatments uniformly. The fallowing treatments were as
follows:
Code
Cold storage period (Weeks)
T1
control no storage
T2
1 week storage
T3
2 weeks storage
T4
3 weeks storage
T5
4 weeks storage
T6
5 weeks storage
The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replication using 100 seeds per replication.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
10
Data Gathered
1. Number of days fro sowing to 50% emergency. This was taken by counting the
numbers of days from sowing to 50% germination.
2. Number of days to complete emergence. This was determined by counting the
number of days from sowing up to complete germination.
3. Percentage germination. This was determined by using the
Formula:
Germination Percentage (%) = number of seeds & germination x 100
Total number of seeds sown
4. Percentage of normal seedlings. This was taken by using this
Formula:
Percentage of normal seedlings = no. of normal seedlings x 100
No. of seeds sown
5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves. This was taken by counting the
number of days to first appearance of leaves.
6. Seedlings height (cm). This was done by measuring the base up to the shoot tip
of the plant 3 months after sowing the seeds from 10 samples from each treatment.
7. Seedlings vigor. This was taken using the scale below
Rating
Description
4
most vigorous
3
vigorous
2
less vigorous
1
Poor
8. Documentation of the study through picture
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Number of Days to Emergence
The different cold stratification duration had significant effects on the number of
days from sowing to 50% emergence (Table 1). Result shows that one week cold
stratification enhanced earlier emergence of coffee arabica seeds with a mean of 98.667
days from sowing. It was followed by seeds stratified for 4 weeks, 2 weeks, and control
(no cold storage) with a mean of 102.33 days, 107 days and 113.33 days respectively.
Seeds that were stratified 3 weeks and 5 weeks had the longest period to attain 50%
seedling emergence.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to 50% emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN ____________
Control (no cold storage)
113. 333bc
1 week cold storage
98.667e
2 weeks cold storage
107cd
3 weeks cold storage
118.667a
4 weeks cold storage
102.33de
5 weeks cold storage
115.33ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Based on the result, shorter duration of germination was observed on the seeds
that were subjected to cold temperature.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
12
The shorter germination can be explained by Weaver (1974) who mentioned that
pre – treated seed stored in a medium of carefully controlled temperature are conditioned
for rapid germination. However, Hartman (1972) mentioned that exact temperature
probably varies with the different species and the time required for moist chilling among
different seeds of the same kind that are grown in different areas. Adriance and Brison
(1955) suggested that this pre – planting treatments preserves the viability and hastens
germination. Delvin (1977) cited that the seeds of plants do not germinate immediately
and requires a period of after – ripening treatment either by storage in moist or low
temperature. Moreover, Daubenmire (1974) explained that the physiological explanation
of this conditioning effect is still unknown. In some seeds, low temperature treatments
may be done to render the seed coat more permeable to gasses and other substances.
Number of Days to Complete Emergence
Table 2 shows significant differences among the different cold stratification
periods observed in the number of days from sowing to complete emergence. Result
shows that seed stratified fore one week had the earliest duration to complete emergence
with a mean of 139.67 days followed by the seeds stratified for four weeks, two weeks,
and three weeks, with a mean of 150.33, 156.33, 166.33 respectively. Unstratified seeds
had the longest period to complete emergence with 168 days. As previously mentioned,
shorter germination duration was noted on the seeds that were subjected to cold
treatments. Previous explanations further stated that subjecting seeds to low temperature
of chilling condition has rendered the seed coats permeable to gaseous and water
exchange enhancing earlier germination of the seeds.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
13
Table 2. Number of days to complete emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
168a
1 week cold storage
139.67d
2 weeks cold storage
156.53b
3 weeks cold storage
166.33a
4 weeks cold storage
150.33c
5 weeks cold storage
167.67a
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage of Seedling Emergence
As presented in table 3, the percentage of germination was significantly different
among the treatments as affected by the various cold treatment durations from sowing to
emergence. It was observed that coffee seeds stratified for one week attained the highest
mean of 88% followed by seeds stratified for four weeks, with a mean of 77.33% which
were significantly higher as compared to the seeds that were unstratified having a mean
of 68.33%.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
14
Table 3. Percentage seedling emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
68.33c
1 week cold storage
88a
2 weeks cold storage
75b
3 weeks cold storage
65cd
4 weeks cold storage
77.33b
5 weeks cold storage
63.67d
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
It was observed however, that some seeds did not emerge for reason that cannot
be explained although it may be due to death of a number of seeds during the long cold
storage period. Hartman (1990) related this to high concentration of soil solutes in the
upper layer of the germination media. However, Tipayno (2005) suggested that the
failure of many seeds to germinate in some treatment can be attributed to injuries during
the storage caused by inappropriate containers. He further mentioned that seeds stored in
glass containers have high percentage germination while those in plastic containers had a
very poor germination percentage.
Percentage of Normal Seedling
Table 4 shows the percentage of normal seedling under the different treatment.
Based on the results, one week storage attained the highest percentage of normal seedling
with a mean of 83.67%. This was followed by four weeks storage and two weeks, storage
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
15
which indicated higher percentage of normal seedlings. Three weeks storage significantly
had lower percentage of normal seedlings as compared to the other treatment with
67.67% except for the control (no cold storage) and (5) five weeks storage which attained
the lowest percentage of normal seedlings of 60.67% and 60%. This was affected by
wilting of the plant, curly leaves and insect damage.
Table 4. Percentage of normal seedling
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
60.67 c
1 week cold storage
83.67 a
2 weeks cold storage
69.67 b
3 weeks cold storage
67.67 c
4 weeks cold storage
74.33 b
5 weeks cold storage
60 c
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves
Table 5 shows that there are significant differences observed among the different
cold stratification treatment on the number of days to first appearance of coffee leaves.
Numerically, one-week cold storage attained the shortest days for the true leaf to emerge.
It was followed by four weeks cold storage, two weeks cold storage and control (no cold
storage). Five weeks cold storage significantly had shorter days to first appearance of
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
16
leaves as compared to three weeks cold storage which attained the longest days for the
true leaf to emerge with a mean of 124.67 days.
Paing (1980) found out in his experiment that garden pea that refrigerated for a
shorter period of cold storage appeared to be the best attaining the highest percentage of
germination; complete emergence, percentage of normal seedling, tallest seedling and
had the shortest days for the true leaf to emerge.
Table 5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control (no cold storage)
117bc
1 week cold storage
105.67e
2 weeks cold storage
133cd
3 weeks cold storage
124.67a
4 weeks cold storage
109.67a
5 weeks cold storage
120. 30ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Seedling Height (cm)
Table 6 shows significant differences on the height of the seedling 5 months after
emergence. This was obtained by measuring the seedling from the base up to the tip of
secondary leaves. The results shows the tallest seedling were measured from seeds
stratified for one week with a mean of 13.67 cm which are not statically different with the
other treatment of seedling grown from stratified seeds at two weeks having a mean
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
17
height 12.23 cm and seedling from five weeks durations of stratification with a mean of
10.97 cm. further results shows that the height of the seedling may increase if seeds are
subjected to cool stratification prior to sowing.
Table 6. Seedling height (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN____________
Control ( no cold storage)
10.67ab
1 week cold storage
13.67a
2 weeks cold storage
12.23a
3 weeks cold storage
9b
4 weeks cold storage
10.57ab
5 weeks cold storage
10.97ab
Means the common letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
The shortest seedling were obtained from plants that were stratified for three
weeks cold storage having a mean of 9 cm followed by the unstratified seeds (control)
having a mean of 10.67 cm. Results shows that cold stratification of coffee arabica seeds
at 50C before planting stimulates faster growth and the greatest effect can be obtained by
cold stratification for one week..
Seedling Vigor
The result in table 8 shows the seedling vigour as affected by the different cold
treatment durations. This was obtained 5 months from sowing. It was noted that seeds
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
18
stratified for one week were the most vigorous among the treatment. This was followed
by the seedling stratified for two weeks, four weeks, and five weeks, cold stratification.
The least vigorous seedlings were observed on three weeks cold stage duration and the
control (no cold storage).
The result may imply that storing coffee seeds under cold temperature influences
seedling vigor. As previously mentioned, cold stratification enhanced faster growth
which may explained the performance of coffee seeds subjecting to cool treatments as
having seedling that are more vigorous as compared to the unstratified seeds.
Table 7. Seedling vigor index
TREATMENT
MEAN___________
Control (no cold storage)
2 c
1 week cold storage
4 a
2 weeks cold storage
3 b
3 weeks cold storage
2 c
4 weeks cold storage
3 b
5 weeks cold storage
3 b
Rating: Most vigorous: 4: vigorous = 3: less vigorous = 2: poor = 1
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
19
Table 8. Documentation of the study
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The influence of cold storage in the seeds of coffee arabica was studied at the
laboratory area of the Department of Horticulture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet to determine its effects on the seeds of coffee if they were refrigerated at a
temperature of 50C conducted from February 2008 to March 2008.
After the termination and analysis of data gathered the results was summarized as
follows:
One week cold storage of coffee seeds showed the best performance among all
treatments observed would enhance earlier germination. Seeds that were stratified for one
week had the earliest duration to complete emergence as compared to the other
treatments likewise it was observed that coffee seeds stratified for one week attained the
highest percentage of seedling emergence. However, some seeds that subjected to longer
cold storage duration were late to emerge for reason that cannot be precisely explained.
The higher percentage of normal seedling under the different treatment was observed on
the seeds having one week cold storage having the higher mean rate. One week cold
storage was observed to enhance shorter days to first appearance of leaves. This was
obtained by measuring the seedling from the base up to the tip of secondary leaves. The
taller seedling was measured from the seeds stratified for one week having the higher
mean rate. Shorter duration of cold stratification will enhance tallest seedling. The
highest rate of seedling vigor as affected by the different cold treatment duration was
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
21
noted on the seeds stratified for one week having the most vigorous seedling among all
treatments.
Generally, seeds kept in cold storage at various lengths of time performed better
than control seeds (unstratified). Most of the differences were found to be either
significant or highly significant.
Conclusion
Based on the results of study, it was found out that subjecting coffee arabica seeds
to cold storage would enhance faster germination and the best period of seeds storage is
one week cold storage prior to planting. It was also observed that seeds kept in cold
storage for longer than 4 weeks did not perform well.
Recommendation
From the preceding results, it is recommended that cold storage of coffee Arabica
seeds for a period of one week at 50C prior to sowing should be done in order to enhance
faster germination and to promote faster and vigorous seedling growth. However, further
study along this line is also recommended to verify these findings.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
22
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G.IV. and F.R. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants.
McGraw Hill Rook co., INC. New York.
AGNAYA J.S. 2004. Effect of Cold Stratification Period on the Germination of Benguet
Wild Tea. BS Thesis (Unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
ANENIAS, L.C. 2001. The Philippines Coffee Industry. A Profile BAR Today. Vol. 3
Pp 1-3.
ANONYMOUS. Undated. August 13, 2008. available at Http; //en. Wikipedia.
Org/wiki/coffee Microsoft Internet
BLEASDALE, J. K. A. 1978. Plant Physiology in the Relation to Horticulture.
Hongkong. The Macmillan Press ltd. P. 19.
BUCAO, N.J. 1983. Influence of Storing Seeds in Cold Storage on the Growth and Yield
of Snap Bean. BS Thesis (Unpub). La Trinidad, Benguet.
BUGTONG, T.C. 1984. Effect of Cold Storage Duration on the Growth and Yield of
Snap Bean. BS Thesis (Unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
DANIEL, T.IV. et al. 1980. Principle of Silviculture, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Book C. New
York. P. 379.
DELVIN, R. 1977. Plant Physiology. 3rd ed. D. Van Nestrand Co., New York. Pp. 557 –
561.
DIMAS, B.B. 1986, The BSU’s Coffee Based Agroforest Scheme. BSU Extension
Office, LaTrinidad Benguet. Pp. 36.
DAUBENMIRE, R. R. 1974. Plant and Environment. A Text Book of Plant Autocology.
3rd Ed. New York. Jhon welly and sons. P. 182.
HALFACRE, R.G. 1979. Horticulture. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. P. 340.
HARTMANN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1990. Plant Propagation Principle and Practices.
5th Ed. Prentice Hall, England Cliffs, New Jersey.
JOUBERT, A.J. 1985 Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute, Nelsfruit.
Vegetative Propagation P.3.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
23
KLINGMAN, G.C. and F.N. ASHION. 1975. Weed Science Principle and Practices.
Awalley Inter Science Pub. P.52
MACANES, V.L. 2002 Lecture in Arabia Coffee Production in CAR Pp. 1-10.
MOJICA, A.C. Jr. 2002 Bring Back The Glory of Philippines Coffee. PLARRD Report
Los Baños, Laguna. P.4.
PAING, R.D. 1980, Effect of Seeds Stratification on the Growth and Yield of Edible
Pobbed ped.BS. Thesis (unpub). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PCARRD. 1986. The Philippines Recommends for Agroforestry. PARRFI, Technical
Bulletin Series no. 59.
RINGOR. S.C. and E.A. Verzola. 1981. Arabia Coffee production. Technical Information
Bulletin no.2 Bureau of Plot Industry. Department of Agriculture, Baguio City.
Pp. 1-10.
SABORRIDO, L.C. Sr. 1967 Produce Coffee at Lower Cost. Coffee and Cacao
Journal vol. x no.1 Manila. Pp 6-7
WILLIAMS, C.N. 1925. The Agronomy of the Tropical Crop. London, Oxford
UniversityPress. Pp. 85-96.
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
24
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Number of days for sowing to emergence
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
110
107
113
340
113.33
T2
99
95
102
396
98.67
T3
107
110
104
321
107
T4
119
122
115
356
118.67
T5
102
165
100
306
102.33
T6
115
111
120
346
115.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.333
0.666
0.05
Treatment
5
867.333
73.466
12.63
0.00 05
Error
7
137.333
13.733
Corrected total
17
1006.000
*Highly significant
Coefficient of variation: 3.410%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
25
Appendix 2. Number of days for complete emergence
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
169
166
169
504
168
T2
137
140
142
419
139.67
T3
155
158
156
469
156.33
T4
170
166
163
499
166.33
T5
148
150
153
451
150.33
T6
170
168
165
503
167.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.055
0.01
Treatment
5
1981.611
396.322
54.13
0.00 05
Error
10
73.222
7.32
Corrected total
17
2054.00
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1,712%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
26
Appendix 3. Percentage of germination
TREATMENTS
REPLICATION
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
67
68
68
203
68.33
T2
87
88
89
264
33
T3
73
75
77
255
75
T4
63
65
69
195
65
T5
78
76
78
232
77.33
T6
64
65
62
191
63.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed
Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
10.111
5.555
1.90
Treatment
5
1251.111
250.222
94.23
0.00 05
Error
10
26.555
7.32
Corrected total
17
1287.777
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 2,235 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
27
Appendix 4. Percentage of normal seedling
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
60
59
63
182
60.67
T2
84
84
83
251
83.67
T3
69
70
70
209
69.67
T4
55
59
65
203
67.67
T5
75
73
75
223
74.33
T6
60
63
57
180
60
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
8.3333
4.1666
0.57
Treatment
5
1426.666
285.333
39.09
0.0001
Error
10
73.000
7.30
Corrected total
17
1508.000
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.973 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
28
Appendix 5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
118
113
120
351
117
T2
105
102
110
317
105.67
T3
113
116
110
339
113
T4
125
127
122
374
124.67
T5
109
113
107
329
109.67
T6
122
119
120
361
120.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.777
0.388
0.03
Treatment
5
736.277
147.255
13.16
0.00 04
Error
10
111.888
11.1888
Corrected total
17
848.944
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 2,907%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
29
Appendix 6. Seedling height
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
12.3
9.4
10.9
32.9
10.87
T2
13.8
12.8
14.4
41
13.67
T3
13.8
10.8
12.1
36
12.23
T4
11
6.7
9.3
27
9
T5
11
12.5
8.2
31.7
10.57
T6
10
11.9
11
32.9
10.97
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
5.560
2.780
1.10
Treatment
5
37.676
7.534
2.99
0.0661
Error
10
25.193
2.519
Corrected total
17
68.425
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.150 %
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
30
Appendix 7. Seedling vigor
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
2
2
2
6
2c
T2
4
4
4
12
4a
T3
3
3
3
9
3b
T4
2
2
2
6
2c
T5
3
3
3
9
3b
T6
2
2
2
6
3c
Analysis of Variance
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
Computed Tabular F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
5
10.000
2.000
99999.0
0.00 01
Error
10
0.000
0.000
Corrected total
17
10.000
**Highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0%
Effect of Cool Storage Duration on the Germination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee
Seeds (Coffee arabica l.) /Mark L. Banagen. 2008
Document Outline
- Effect of Cool Storage Duration on theGermination and Seedling Characteristics of Coffee Seeds (Coffee arabica l.)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- Number of Days to Emergence
- Number of Days to Complete Emergence
- Percentage of Seedling Emergence
- Percentage of Normal Seedling
- Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves
- Seedling Height (cm)
- Seedling Vigor
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES