BIBLIOGRAPHY ABAD, FILBERT L. APRIL 2009. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABAD, FILBERT L. APRIL 2009. Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by Plant Compost Application.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to utilize the available composts in the locality for snap
bean seed production of Cv. Black Valentine. Specifically, it aimed to determine the
capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to complete the life cycle of
snap beans; to assess the seed yield performance of snap beans as affected by plant
compost and to determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of snap
bean under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Results of the study revealed that the farmer’s practice and application of 20
tons/ha spent mushroom composts significantly enhanced a higher percentage of pod
setting, increase the number of pods per plot, average length of pods and seed yield per
plot. However, there were significant effects observed on the number of days from
sowing of seeds to seedling emergence, days from emergence to flowering, days from
pod set to seed maturity, average pod weight per plant, average number of seed per pod
and weight of 300 seeds.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
(Farmer’s practice), significantly produced highest percentage of pod setting of 90%,
total number of pods per plot of 225.33 pods and average length of pods of 18.77cm;
resulting to higher seed yield per 1x5m plot with a mean of 303.08g.
However, the farmers practice were comparable with those applied with 20
tons/ha spent mushroom compost. Followed by those plants applied either with 10
tons/ha alnus leaves compost and plants applied with 20 tons/ha vermicompost. While the
lowest means was observed on plants without fertilizer applied.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract…………………….………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………..
3
Description of the crop ………………………………….………………..
3
Benefits of Consuming Organically Produced Products ….………………
3
Sources of Organic Matter ……………..………………………………….
4
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer ….. ………………………………….
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………….
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………..
13
Days from Sowing to Emergence ………………………………………….
13
Days from Emergence to Flowering ………………………………………
14
Percentage of Pod Setting …………………………………………………
15
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity ………………………………………
15
Total Number of Pod per Plot ……………………………………………..
16
Average Pod Weight per Plant . . . ………………………………………..
17
Average Number of Seeds per Plot ………………………………………..
17
Average Length of Pods …………………………………………………..
18
Seed Yield per Plot ………………………………………………………..
19
Weigh of 300 Seeds ………………………………………………………
20
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………………..
21
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………
22
Recommendation…………………………………………………………..
22
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………
23
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………….
26
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Black valentine locally known as “Baguio bean” or “Alno” is a vegetable crop
that can be profitably grown anytime of the year in the locality. Growing this crop for
fresh pod production is also feasible in the provinces with almost similar environmental
conditions like in Mountain Province and Nueva Viscaya. Restaurants in Manila prefer
the good quality pod of Black Valentine or Alno a variety of Snap bean produced in the
locality because the pods are smooth, slender, straight and stringed.
Seed production of vegetable crops is feasible under Benguet conditions because
of the cold temperature that prevails towards the end of the year. Sufficient exposure of
vegetable crops to cold temperature at their juvenile stage induces a crop to produce
flowers. The Benguet State University (BSU) produces seeds of snap bean for the farmers
in the region. Likewise, BSU are among the agencies involved in promoting organic
vegetable production in the country. It is because the organically produced vegetables are
nutritious and safe for consumption. Besides, people are now aware of the good benefits
of organic vegetable production to their health and in the environment. The demands of
organically produced vegetables are increasing. However, the drawback of sustaining
organic vegetable production is the unavailability of organic seeds for planting.
Organic fresh pod production of pole Snap bean can be done in Benguet because
its seeds for planting can also be organically produced in the said locality. Besides, there
are always available plant materials that can be composted for organic production. This
study will help sustain the organic production of pole snap bean by producing organic
seeds for planting.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
2
Generally, this study aimed to utilize the available plant compost in the locality
for Pole Snap bean seed production of the cultivar Black Valentine.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. determine the capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to
complete the life cycle of Snap beans.
2. assess the seed yield performance of Snap beans as affected by plant
compost.
3. determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of Snap beans.
The study was conducted at the Organic Demo farm Area, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from April 2008 to July 2008.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Snap bean Black Valentine is locally known as “Baguio bean” or “Alno” and a
trailing type of Snap bean. This is the most commonly grown variety of Pole Snap bean
in Benguet. The seeds are black and the average weight of 100 seeds is 17.24 grams.
“Alno” is harvested 59 days after emergence in high elevated areas and 49 days in low
elevated areas. Pods are smooth medium green to light green, slender, straight, and
stringed. Average pod length is 14.3 cm and pod width is 0.90 cm. Shape of the cross-
section of the pod is oval to flat. “Alno” is highly susceptible to bean rust and to
anthracnose. The average total flesh pod yield is 20.18 tons/ha.
The variety mentioned is commonly grown not only by the farmers in the
Cordillera but also by the farmers in the lowland. The Black Valentine a popular variety
and still preferred by most consumers (Kudan, 1989).
Benefits of Consuming Organically
Produced Products
Organic farming is a production system that excludes the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and others. It relies on crop
rotations, crop residues, animal manures and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil
productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients, and to control weeds, insects and other
pests. Thus, organic farming not only preserves and enhances the soil but also increases
the chances for future generations to continue growing healthy food (Anonymous, 2005).
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
4
Vegetable grown organically are safe and health-promotive. Hwan (1984) stated
that “You are what you eat”. Children nourished with organically-grown foods possess
distinctive positive characters than those fed with chemical-supplemented food, for
instance the junk foods that make the children prone to illnesses. Such behaviors could
hardly be observed in children or even adults nourished with organically-grown. For
character formation, Hwan (1984) further recommended that parents should provide their
children with natural or organically grown food especially in their critical years, which is
before the age of twelve. And that they children remain healthy. Being healthy, does not
only mean freedom from diseases, or any symptoms of illness, but having a healthy body,
mind, spirit, and manners.
Sources of Organic Matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost. Chicken manure is extensively used in the
Benguet Province than any other kind of manure (Bautista et al., 1983).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and that was used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
The Philippines Farmers Journal as cited by Laurean (1981) reported that there
are seven major sources of organic fertilizers. These include animal manure, crop
products, green manures or legumes, azolla and other blue green algae, industrial waste
and garbage commercial organic fertilizers, and peat soil, silt or river mud. Animal
manure is the most common organic fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Examples are
guano, chicken dung, cow, hog, carabao, and horse manure, crop by-products such as rice
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
5
straw, corn stubbles and sugar cane tops and leaves are can be used as materials in the
production of organic fertilizers. Other adequate aquatic plants like water lily and sea
weed and legumes like mongo, soybean, garden pea, and ipil-ipil can be used as green
manure.
Bucu (1991) mentioned that mushroom compost is a good organic fertilizer. It
consists of sawdust with some materials like limestone and rice bran. Mushroom compost
is low in potassium but rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and other secondary
nutrient elements. It is recommended however, to mix this compost with proper amount
of manure like swine or poultry. It was also found out that mushroom compost has carbon
as main source of energy for the activities of soil microorganism like Rhizobia for
nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae for increasing the availability of soil phosphorous. Soil
treatment with sawdust, tree leaves, green manure, oil cake, or rice bran promotes the
multiplication of earthworm and inhibits nematodes population. The use of rice straw
reduces the incidence of wilt and black leg in white potato and root rot in common bean,
pea and cotton.
Alnus compost is abundant in the highland that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino, 1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
diseases. In addition, alnus compost is more economical to the farmers than inorganic
inputs because they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping
in reforestation and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998)
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
6
reported that population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber decrease with
increasing level of alnus compost applied.
Andrew (1947) claimed that compost from plant residues are excellent source of
organic matter because they have sufficient amount of nitrogen. The most important soil
organic matter is from plant residues. Plant residues can provide soil organic matter
ranging from 11tons/ha per year for tropical rain forests, 6 tons for temperate forests, 3
tons for temperate grasslands, and down to 0.05 tons for deserts (Bolin et al. 1979).
Allison (1973) reported that plant residues are chemically complex organic
materials that enter the soil and play an important role in maintaining soil productivity by
providing nutrients and inputs to organic matter. They improve the soil physical
properties, availability of soil nutrients, and soil fauna populations. Decomposition
signifies the mechanical disintegration of dead plant structure from the stage where it is
still attached to the living plant, to the humus stage where the gross cell structure is no
longer recognizable.
Different compost has varying compositions as Bureau of Soil Water
Management (BSWM, 1994) found out that mushroom compost provides necessary
nutrients for growing a crop. It contains 17.5% of organic matter, 5% of nitrogen, 310%
ppm phosphorous and 365% ppm potassium and has pH of 7.2 (Cuyahon, 1996).
Moreover, Balaoing (2006) reported that the BSU compost contains 5% of nitrogen, 3%
phosphorus and 2% potassium, while Mercado (1996) stated that alnus compost contains
50% organic matter, 2.5% nitrogen, 7.0% phosphorus, 3.36% potassium and pH of 4.6.
.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
7
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are derived from decomposed excretes from animals and/or
plant residues which can supply one or more essential nutrient elements to plants.
Capuno (1984) as cited by Villamor (2002) stated that using organic material like
chicken manure alone or in concentration with inorganic fertilizer promoted a more
vigorous growth and enhanced production of more leaves and taller solanaceous crop
than those treated with inorganic fertilizer alone.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizers in the soil prior
to planting or sowing results to high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus which improves the physical condition of the soil. He further mentioned that,
well decomposed manure should be applied at rate of 10 to 12 tons/hectare after the first
plowing. This amount will slowly provide nutrients during vegetative growth of the crop.
Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. It makes the soil fertile
that also makes production continuous. However, Tisdale and Nelson (1975) stated that
organic fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly specially nitrogen for efficient
utilization of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and
yield increases.
Abadilla (1982) reported that crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pests and diseases. Humic acids and growth substances are absorbed by
plant tissues through the roots and that they favor the formation of proteins by
influencing the synthesis of enzymes thereby increasing the vigor and insect resistant of
the plant. Soils high in organic matter allow little or no borne diseases because of oxygen
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
8
ethylene cycle in the soil. He further mentioned that the sap of plants fertilized with
organic matter is more bactericide than plants not fertilized with organic matter. Humus
had also improved the quality of crops.
In 1997, Cadiz and Deanon as cited by Ebbes (1998) mentioned that compost is
the best organic fertilizer, since it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silica as well
as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil. They also noted that composting helps control pollution. Much of the
industrial and agricultural are either burned polluting the air and/or left scattered in the
field clogging waterways. In addition, Tan (1975) cited that compost is used to improve
the soil condition. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It
improves the soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrient.
Application of compost improves the physiological, chemical and biological
condition of the soil besides providing plant nutrients. The humus serves as the colloidal
material with negative electric charge and coagulated with cation and form particles to
form granules. Soil with more granules is less sticky, high buffering capacity, and has
better permeability and greater water holding capacity. It is capable of regulating plant
growth and disease occurrence (Sangatnan and Sangatnan, 2000). In addition, Pataras
(1984) stated that the application of compost fertilizers is best way to prepare of soil for
vegetable production. It can improve the soil structure making it deal for crop
production.
In 1994, Mechalak cited that compost is a good source of organic matter and
nutrients for plants. It improves soil structure and water retention. Compost contains
beneficial microorganism that suppress plant pathogen in soil.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
9
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping. Application of compost also activates the soil microorganisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrients that plant feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Finally, Follet (1981) stated that organic residues on the soil protect the land
against raindrop, splash erosion and reduce the extreme of surface temperature. When
organic residues are decomposed, they supply some essential nutrient needed by plants,
and makes macronutrients ready available to plant over wide range.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were seeds of Pole Snap bean variety Black
valentine, chicken dung, triple 14, trellis/rono, ruler, plant compost derived from alnus
leaves, spent mushroom, vermicompost. In addition, weighing scale, net bags and record
book were also used.
An area of 75 m2 was thoroughly prepared for the experiment and divided into
three blocks. Each block contained five plots with a dimension of 1 x 5 meters. Double
row holes with spacing of 25 cm between rows and 25 cm between hills were made in
each plot. Each plot contained 20 holes to have 40 holes per plot. The experiment was
laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The
treatments were as follows:
C1 – Control (no fertilizer)
C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg
NPK/ha
C3- 20 t/ha spent mushroom compost
C4- 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost
C5- 20 t/ha Vermicompost
The recommended rate of plant compost as described in the treatments were
distributed equally to the number of holes per plot and mixed thoroughly with the soil
before planting, except the control wherein no plant compost was applied in the soil.
Likewise, in farmers practice, a handful of chicken dung was applied in a hole and mixed
with the soil before planting. Three seeds of Snap bean variety Black valentine were
sown per hill and thinned to two plants per hill after emergence.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
11
Hilling up was done one month after planting. No inorganic fertilizers were
applied during hilling up in all the treatments, except in the Farmers practice, wherein a
rate of 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha was applied as side dressed fertilizer. Trellising the plant
was done when 20-30 cm tall to support the plant.
Harvesting was done when the pod color was yellow and soft. Harvested pods
were sun dried until pods were fully dried and brittle in texture. Then, processing was
done by separating the seeds from the pods.
The following data were gathered:
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was noted when 50% of the
sown seeds had emerged from the soil.
2. Days from emergence to flowering. This was obtained when 50% of the plants
per plot had produced flowers.
3. Percentage of pod setting. Ten newly opened flowers per treatment were
tagged. After three days, the remained tagged flowers were counted. Percentage of pod
set was computed by the formula:
% Pod Setting = Number of Pod Setting x 100
Number of Tagged Flowers
4. Days from pod set to seed maturity. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from pod set to seed maturity. Seed was physiologically matured if the
pod color is yellow and soft.
5. Total number of harvested pods per plot. This was the total number of pods
per plot/Number of plants per plot was counted after harvesting.
6. Average pod weight per plant (g). This was the total weight of harvested pods
from the total number of plants per plot.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
12
7. Average number of seed per pods. The number of seeds per pod from the
same sample harvested pod was counted.
8. Average length of pod (cm). Ten pods selected at random were measured
from pedicel end to blossom end. This was taken one week before harvesting.
9. Seed yield per plot (g). This was determined if the seed moisture content is at
14%. Moisture content was determined by using the formula:
M2 – M3 x 100
M2 – M1
Where: M1 = the weight in grams of the container and its cover.
M2 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content before drying.
M3 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content after drying.
10. Weight of 300 seeds (g). The weight of 300 seeds per treatment was taken if
the moisture content is at 14%.
All the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). Differences between treatment means were
determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Table 1 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence as affected by the
application of plant compost. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences
among treatment means. This implies that the application of plant compost did not affect
the number of days to emergence.
Days from Emergence to Flowering
The days from emergence to flowering is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis
showed no significant differences among treatments. This implies that the application of
plant compost did not affect the days from emergence to flowering.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
7.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
7.00a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
7.00a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
7.00a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
14
Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
39.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
38.33a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
38.33a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
38.33a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
38.67a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Percentage of Pod Setting
The percentage of pod setting as affected by application of plant compost is
shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments.
Results revealed that plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/holes + 100-100-100
kg NPK/ha significantly had the highest percentage of 90% pod set, but did not differ
significantly from the percentage of plant applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom
compost with a mean of (89.67%). However, these aforementioned treatments differ
significantly in the percentage of pod setting obtained in plants without fertilizer with a
mean of (70%) and that of plants applied either with 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost or 20
t/ha vermicompost with a common means of 80%.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
15
Days of Seed Maturity
Table 4 shows the number of days from pod set to seed maturity as affected by the
application of plant compost. No significant difference was observed in the number of
days from pod set to seed maturity.
Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Control (no fertilizer)
70.00c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
90.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
89.67a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
80.00b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
80.00b
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
36.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 35.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
35.33a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
35.33a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
35.67a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
16
Total Number of Pods per Plot
Total number of pods as affected by plant compost is shown in Table 5. Statistical
analysis revealed significant differences among treatments. Plants applied with a handful
of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the highest number of 225.33
pods per plot but did not differ significantly from the number of pods per plot obtained
from plant applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with a mean of 220.67.
Table 5. Total number of pods per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
99.00c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 225.33a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
220.67a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
154.33b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
102.33bc
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
However, these numbers of pods per plot differed significantly from the total
number of pods in plants applied either with 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost or 20 tons/ha
vermicompost with respective means of 154.33 and 102.33 pods per plot. Plants without
fertilizer had the lowest mean number of 99 pods per plot.
This confirmed that an application of different composts could increase the
number of pods per plot.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
17
Average Pod Weight per Plant
Average pod weight per plant as affected by the application of plant compost is
shown in (Table 6). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among
treatment means. This implies that the application of the different plant compost did not
affect the average pod weight per plant.
Table 6. Average pod weight per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
446a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
524a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
522a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
520a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
489a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Average number of seeds per pod as affected by the application of plant compost
is shown in Table 7. Statistical analysis revealed that application of the different plant
compost did not significantly affect the average number of seeds per pod. All plants had
almost the same average number of seeds per pod.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
18
Table 7. Average number of seeds per pod
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7.80a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 7.97a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
7.93a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
7.90a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
7.87a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Average Length of Pods
Table 8 shows the average length of pods as affected by the application of plant
compost. Results revealed that the plants applied with different plant compost showed
significant differences on the pod length over the plants without fertilizer. Plants applied
with a handful of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the longest pod
length of 18.77cm but did not differ significantly from the pod length of plants applied
with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with 18.49cm and plants applied with 10
tons/ha alnus leaves compost with 18.18cm. However, all the aforementioned treatments
differed significantly from the pod length of plants without fertilizer with a pod length of
17.55cm.
Results of the study revealed that before planting Snap bean, a sole application of
the different plant compost could increase the pod length.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
19
Table 8. Average length of pods
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer)
17.55c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 NPK/ha
18.77a
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
18.49ab
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
18.18abc
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
17.98bc
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Yield per Plot
Table 9 shows the seed yield per plot. Results of the study revealed that fertilization
of plant compost significantly increased the seed yield of snap bean variety Black
valentine. Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole +100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
had produced the highest seed yield of 303.07 g but did not differ from the seed yield of
plants applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with 288.43 g. Likewise, seed
yield of 212.67 g and 200.13 g from plants applied with 10 tons/ha alnus leaves compost
and 20 tons/ha of vermicompost did not differ significantly from the seed yield of 20 t/ha
spent mushroom compost. While, the seed yield per plot of and plants without fertilizer
applied had the lowest mean of 118.87g, respectively.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
20
Table 9. Seed yield per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
118.87c
Farmer’s practice(a handful of chicken dung/hole)+100-100-100 303.07a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
288.43ab
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
212.67b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
200.13b
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Weight of 300 Seeds
Table 10 shows the weight of 300 seeds as affected by the plant compost.
Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the treatments. All plants had
almost the same on the weight of 300 seed.
Table 10. Weight of 300 seeds
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
86.77a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 86.67a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
86.93a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
86.67a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
87.10a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Seed production of Snap bean as affected by plant compost application was
studied at Organic Demo farm, Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on
April 2008 to July 2008.
Following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), the study was
distributed into five treatments with three replications. The different treatments were as
follows; C1 – Control (No fertilizer), C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken
dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha, C3-20 t/ha spent mushroom compost, C4- 10 t/ha
alnus leaves compost and C5- 20 t/ha vermicompost.
Results of the study revealed that the application of plant composts significantly
affected the percentage of pod setting (%), total number of pods per plot, average length
of pods (cm) and seed yield per plot. However, no significant effect was observed on the
number of days from sowing to emergence, days from emergence to flowering, days from
pod set to seed maturity, average pod weight per plot, average number of seed per pod
and weight of 300 seeds.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole +100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
(Farmer’s Practice), significantly enhanced the highest percentage of pod setting, total
number of harvested pod per plot and seed yield per plots. These observations differ
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but were comparable from
plants applied with a 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
22
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, application of a handful of chicken dung/hole
+100-100-100 kg NPK/ha or 20 ton/ha spent mushroom compost is needed for higher
seed yield of snap beans.
Recommendation
It is recommended that the application of plant compost at the rate of 20 tons/ha
spent mushroom should be introduced for the farmers to use in the organic seed
production of snap bean. Moreover, further study on the different type/kind of
mushroom compost for organic legume seed production is also recommended.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
23
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming. Quezon City: AFA Publications, Inc. Pp. 81-
181.
ANDREW, W.B. 1947. The Response of Crop and Soil Fertilizer and Manure. New
York: MacMillan Book Co. P. 195.
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Retrieved from
http://www.ofrf.org/about organic.
ALLISON, F.E. 1973 as cited by PCARRD – DOST. 2006. The Philippines
Recommends for Organic Fertilizer Production and Utilization. Los Banos,
Laguna. P. 15.
BALOING, J. 2006. Personal Conversion. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
BAUTISTA, O.K. et al. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P.100.
BUCU, G.S. 1991. Kinds and sources of organic materials. Golden Root Newsletter.
Vol. III No. 2:1, 2, 9.
CUYAHON, R.T. 1996. Organic Fertilization on Strawberry (Fragaria resca). BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BUREAU OF SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT (BSWM). 1994. Trichoderma for
faster composting. Monograph.
DIDA, N.C.1998. Management of black surf of on potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
EBBES, M. 1998. Influence of Alnus compost on the growth and yield of potato. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2, 4-6.
FOLLET, H.J. 1981. Fertilizer and Amendment. McGraw Hill Publishing Inc. United
States of America. P. 4.
HWAN, H.J. 1984. As cited by Padilla, 1999. Ecological Farming. Principles, techniques
that work and farmer innovators in the Philippines. Pp. 59-60.
INOKO, A. 1985. Compost as a source of plant nutrients. National Institute of
Agriculture Science. Soil Fertility Divisions, Japan. P.320.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
24
KNOTT, J.E. 1976. Handbook for Vegetable Growers London: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. P. 28.
KUDAN, S.L. 1989. Principles of vegetable production. Compilation of Teaching
Materials in Horticulture 108. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
92.
LAUREAN, C.P. 1981. Formulation and utilizations of organic fertilizers. MS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5.
MARCELINO, C.B. 1995. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the yield of
NCT-8 Japonica variety. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 4-6.
MARQUEZ, M.M. 1988. Utilization of azolla as organic fertilizers for cabbage and white
potato. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.56.
MERCADO, E.G. 1996. Influence of alnus on the growth and yield of potato. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
MECHALAK, P.S. 1994. Successful organic gardening vegetables. MOE Becket. Kevin
Weldom Production. Pp. 249-261.
PATARAS, K.L. 1984. Response of snap beans to organic fertilizer. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 35.
RODRIGUEZ, A.G. 1981. Effect of different lands and rates of organic fertilizers on the
growth and yield of sugar beet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 46.
SANGATNAN, P.D. and R.L. SANGATNAN. 2000. Organic Farming. P.D. Sangatnan
Marketing, Lapaz, Iloilo City. P. 145.
TAN, A.S. 1975. Compost Making. The Industrial Life. UPCA, Los Banos, Laguna.
TISDALE, S.L. and W.L. NELSON. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers. 3rd Ed. New York
City, Collier MacMillan Pub. Co. Pp. 555-560.
VILLAMOR, A.J.I. 2002.The Philippines recommends for organic fertilizer production
and utilization. Los Banos, Laguna. (Philippines Recommends Series No. 92).
118.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
25
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7 7
7 21
7.00
C2 7 7
7 21
7.00
C3 7 7
7 21
7.00
C4 7 7
7 21
7.00
C5 7 7
7 21
7.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
______________________________________________________
Replication
2
0
0 0 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0
0
Error
8
0 0
TOTAL 14
0
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
26
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III
TOTAL MEAN
C1 39
38 40 117
39.00
C2 38
39 38
115
38.33
C3 38
39 38
115
38.33
C4 38
38 39
115
38.33
C5 39
39 38 116
38.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.133 0.067 0.47ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A 4
1.067 0.267
Error 8
4.533 0.567
TOTAL 14 5.733
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.95%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
27
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of pod setting (%)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 70 70 70
210 70.00
C2 90 90
90 270 90.00
C3 90 90
80
240 89.67
C4 80 80
80
240 80.00
C5 80 80
80 240 80.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.133 0.067 3091.00** 3.84 7.01
Factor A 4
824.267 206.067
Error 8 0.533 0.067
TOTAL 14
824.933
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 0.32%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
28
Appendix Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
C1 36 35
37 108 36.00
C2 35 35
35 105 35.00
C3 35 36
35 106 35.33
C4 35 35
36 106
35.33
C5 35 36
36 107 35.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.933
0.467 1.13ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
1.733
0.433
Error
8
3.067
0.383
TOTAL 14
5.733
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.75%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
29
Appendix Table 5. Total number of pods per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 96 126
75 297
99.00
C2 204 249
223
676
225.33
C3 219 225
218
662
220.67
C4 156 108
199
463
154.33
C5 98 109
100
307
102.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
246.933 123.467 14.24** 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
45080.667 11270.167
Error
8 6329.733 791.217
TOTAL 14 51657.333
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 17.54%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
30
Appendix Table 6. Average pod weight per plant (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 484 433 420
1337
446
C2 490 562
516 1568
523
C3 489 564
514 1567
522
C4 535 505
520 1560
520
C5 485 472
510
1467
489
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.040 0.020 3.11ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
1.346 0.336
Error
8
0.866 0.180
TOTAL 14
2.252
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 6.58%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
31
Appendix Table 7. Average number of seeds per pods
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7.9 8.1
7.4
23.4
7.80
C2 7.8 7.7
8.4
23.9
7.97
C3 7.5 7.8
8.5
23.8
7.93
C4 8.2 7.8
7.7
23.7
7.90
C5 7.9 7.9
7.8
23.6
7.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.033
0.017 0.08ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0.049
0.012
Error
8
1.187
0.148
TOTAL 14
1.269
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.88%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
32
Appendix Table 8. Average length of pods (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 16.95 18.05 17.65
52.65 17.55
C2 18.3 19.5 18.5
56.3 18.77
C3 18.73 18.6 18.1
55.48 18.49
C4 18.08 18.1 18.3
54.53 18.17
C5 17.75 18.05 18.15
53.95 17.98
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.693 0.346 4.78* 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
2.631 0.658
Error
8
1.101 0.138
TOTAL 14
4.425
*= Significant Coefficient of variation = 2.04%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
33
Appendix Table 9. Seed yield per plot (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 123.4 151.7
81.5
356.6 118.87
C2 283.4 334.00 291.8
909.2 303.07
C3 262.00 314.6
288.7
865.3 288.43
C4 212.2 149.9
275.9
638.00 212.67
C5 200.7 198.9
200.8
600.4 200.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
526.661 263.331 10.41** 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4 66456.799 16614.199
Error
8 12762.872 1595.359
TOTAL 14 79746.3333
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 19.97%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
34
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 300 seeds (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 88.8 90.00 81.5
260.3 86.77
C2 90.00 85.00 85.00
260.00 86.67
C3 85.2 85.3
90.3
260.8 86.93
C4 85.00 85.00 90.00
260.00 86.67
C5 85.00 85.00
91.3
261.3 87.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2 6.089 3.045 0.01ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0.423 0.106
Error
8
113.037 14.130
Total
14 119.549
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.33%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
ABAD, FILBERT L. APRIL 2009. Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by Plant Compost Application.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to utilize the available composts in the locality for snap
bean seed production of Cv. Black Valentine. Specifically, it aimed to determine the
capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to complete the life cycle of
snap beans; to assess the seed yield performance of snap beans as affected by plant
compost and to determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of snap
bean under La Trinidad, Benguet condition.
Results of the study revealed that the farmer’s practice and application of 20
tons/ha spent mushroom composts significantly enhanced a higher percentage of pod
setting, increase the number of pods per plot, average length of pods and seed yield per
plot. However, there were significant effects observed on the number of days from
sowing of seeds to seedling emergence, days from emergence to flowering, days from
pod set to seed maturity, average pod weight per plant, average number of seed per pod
and weight of 300 seeds.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
(Farmer’s practice), significantly produced highest percentage of pod setting of 90%,
total number of pods per plot of 225.33 pods and average length of pods of 18.77cm;
resulting to higher seed yield per 1x5m plot with a mean of 303.08g.
However, the farmers practice were comparable with those applied with 20
tons/ha spent mushroom compost. Followed by those plants applied either with 10
tons/ha alnus leaves compost and plants applied with 20 tons/ha vermicompost. While the
lowest means was observed on plants without fertilizer applied.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract…………………….………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………….
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………..
3
Description of the crop ………………………………….………………..
3
Benefits of Consuming Organically Produced Products ….………………
3
Sources of Organic Matter ……………..………………………………….
4
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer ….. ………………………………….
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………….
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………..
13
Days from Sowing to Emergence ………………………………………….
13
Days from Emergence to Flowering ………………………………………
14
Percentage of Pod Setting …………………………………………………
15
Days from Pod Set to Seed Maturity ………………………………………
15
Total Number of Pod per Plot ……………………………………………..
16
Average Pod Weight per Plant . . . ………………………………………..
17
Average Number of Seeds per Plot ………………………………………..
17
Average Length of Pods …………………………………………………..
18
Seed Yield per Plot ………………………………………………………..
19
Weigh of 300 Seeds ………………………………………………………
20
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………………..
21
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………
22
Recommendation…………………………………………………………..
22
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………
23
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………….
26
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Black valentine locally known as “Baguio bean” or “Alno” is a vegetable crop
that can be profitably grown anytime of the year in the locality. Growing this crop for
fresh pod production is also feasible in the provinces with almost similar environmental
conditions like in Mountain Province and Nueva Viscaya. Restaurants in Manila prefer
the good quality pod of Black Valentine or Alno a variety of Snap bean produced in the
locality because the pods are smooth, slender, straight and stringed.
Seed production of vegetable crops is feasible under Benguet conditions because
of the cold temperature that prevails towards the end of the year. Sufficient exposure of
vegetable crops to cold temperature at their juvenile stage induces a crop to produce
flowers. The Benguet State University (BSU) produces seeds of snap bean for the farmers
in the region. Likewise, BSU are among the agencies involved in promoting organic
vegetable production in the country. It is because the organically produced vegetables are
nutritious and safe for consumption. Besides, people are now aware of the good benefits
of organic vegetable production to their health and in the environment. The demands of
organically produced vegetables are increasing. However, the drawback of sustaining
organic vegetable production is the unavailability of organic seeds for planting.
Organic fresh pod production of pole Snap bean can be done in Benguet because
its seeds for planting can also be organically produced in the said locality. Besides, there
are always available plant materials that can be composted for organic production. This
study will help sustain the organic production of pole snap bean by producing organic
seeds for planting.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
2
Generally, this study aimed to utilize the available plant compost in the locality
for Pole Snap bean seed production of the cultivar Black Valentine.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. determine the capability of plant compost to supply the nutrients needed to
complete the life cycle of Snap beans.
2. assess the seed yield performance of Snap beans as affected by plant
compost.
3. determine the best plant compost for organic seed production of Snap beans.
The study was conducted at the Organic Demo farm Area, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from April 2008 to July 2008.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Snap bean Black Valentine is locally known as “Baguio bean” or “Alno” and a
trailing type of Snap bean. This is the most commonly grown variety of Pole Snap bean
in Benguet. The seeds are black and the average weight of 100 seeds is 17.24 grams.
“Alno” is harvested 59 days after emergence in high elevated areas and 49 days in low
elevated areas. Pods are smooth medium green to light green, slender, straight, and
stringed. Average pod length is 14.3 cm and pod width is 0.90 cm. Shape of the cross-
section of the pod is oval to flat. “Alno” is highly susceptible to bean rust and to
anthracnose. The average total flesh pod yield is 20.18 tons/ha.
The variety mentioned is commonly grown not only by the farmers in the
Cordillera but also by the farmers in the lowland. The Black Valentine a popular variety
and still preferred by most consumers (Kudan, 1989).
Benefits of Consuming Organically
Produced Products
Organic farming is a production system that excludes the use of synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and others. It relies on crop
rotations, crop residues, animal manures and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil
productivity and tilth, to supply plant nutrients, and to control weeds, insects and other
pests. Thus, organic farming not only preserves and enhances the soil but also increases
the chances for future generations to continue growing healthy food (Anonymous, 2005).
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
4
Vegetable grown organically are safe and health-promotive. Hwan (1984) stated
that “You are what you eat”. Children nourished with organically-grown foods possess
distinctive positive characters than those fed with chemical-supplemented food, for
instance the junk foods that make the children prone to illnesses. Such behaviors could
hardly be observed in children or even adults nourished with organically-grown. For
character formation, Hwan (1984) further recommended that parents should provide their
children with natural or organically grown food especially in their critical years, which is
before the age of twelve. And that they children remain healthy. Being healthy, does not
only mean freedom from diseases, or any symptoms of illness, but having a healthy body,
mind, spirit, and manners.
Sources of Organic Matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost. Chicken manure is extensively used in the
Benguet Province than any other kind of manure (Bautista et al., 1983).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and that was used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
The Philippines Farmers Journal as cited by Laurean (1981) reported that there
are seven major sources of organic fertilizers. These include animal manure, crop
products, green manures or legumes, azolla and other blue green algae, industrial waste
and garbage commercial organic fertilizers, and peat soil, silt or river mud. Animal
manure is the most common organic fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Examples are
guano, chicken dung, cow, hog, carabao, and horse manure, crop by-products such as rice
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
5
straw, corn stubbles and sugar cane tops and leaves are can be used as materials in the
production of organic fertilizers. Other adequate aquatic plants like water lily and sea
weed and legumes like mongo, soybean, garden pea, and ipil-ipil can be used as green
manure.
Bucu (1991) mentioned that mushroom compost is a good organic fertilizer. It
consists of sawdust with some materials like limestone and rice bran. Mushroom compost
is low in potassium but rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and other secondary
nutrient elements. It is recommended however, to mix this compost with proper amount
of manure like swine or poultry. It was also found out that mushroom compost has carbon
as main source of energy for the activities of soil microorganism like Rhizobia for
nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae for increasing the availability of soil phosphorous. Soil
treatment with sawdust, tree leaves, green manure, oil cake, or rice bran promotes the
multiplication of earthworm and inhibits nematodes population. The use of rice straw
reduces the incidence of wilt and black leg in white potato and root rot in common bean,
pea and cotton.
Alnus compost is abundant in the highland that can be a perfect organic nitrogen
source. It is easy to compost and hastens decomposition (Pandosen, 1986 as cited by
Marcelino, 1995). At present, alnus compost has been discovered as a good source of
organic fertilizer; it is also friendly to the environment and also controls some plant
diseases. In addition, alnus compost is more economical to the farmers than inorganic
inputs because they can plant trees for the production of their own compost, thus helping
in reforestation and restoration of the ozone layer. A study conducted by Dida (1998)
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
6
reported that population and incidence of black scurf on potato tuber decrease with
increasing level of alnus compost applied.
Andrew (1947) claimed that compost from plant residues are excellent source of
organic matter because they have sufficient amount of nitrogen. The most important soil
organic matter is from plant residues. Plant residues can provide soil organic matter
ranging from 11tons/ha per year for tropical rain forests, 6 tons for temperate forests, 3
tons for temperate grasslands, and down to 0.05 tons for deserts (Bolin et al. 1979).
Allison (1973) reported that plant residues are chemically complex organic
materials that enter the soil and play an important role in maintaining soil productivity by
providing nutrients and inputs to organic matter. They improve the soil physical
properties, availability of soil nutrients, and soil fauna populations. Decomposition
signifies the mechanical disintegration of dead plant structure from the stage where it is
still attached to the living plant, to the humus stage where the gross cell structure is no
longer recognizable.
Different compost has varying compositions as Bureau of Soil Water
Management (BSWM, 1994) found out that mushroom compost provides necessary
nutrients for growing a crop. It contains 17.5% of organic matter, 5% of nitrogen, 310%
ppm phosphorous and 365% ppm potassium and has pH of 7.2 (Cuyahon, 1996).
Moreover, Balaoing (2006) reported that the BSU compost contains 5% of nitrogen, 3%
phosphorus and 2% potassium, while Mercado (1996) stated that alnus compost contains
50% organic matter, 2.5% nitrogen, 7.0% phosphorus, 3.36% potassium and pH of 4.6.
.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
7
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers are derived from decomposed excretes from animals and/or
plant residues which can supply one or more essential nutrient elements to plants.
Capuno (1984) as cited by Villamor (2002) stated that using organic material like
chicken manure alone or in concentration with inorganic fertilizer promoted a more
vigorous growth and enhanced production of more leaves and taller solanaceous crop
than those treated with inorganic fertilizer alone.
Knott (1976) mentioned that the application of organic fertilizers in the soil prior
to planting or sowing results to high yield. Manure does not only provide nutrients but
also humus which improves the physical condition of the soil. He further mentioned that,
well decomposed manure should be applied at rate of 10 to 12 tons/hectare after the first
plowing. This amount will slowly provide nutrients during vegetative growth of the crop.
Rodriguez (1981) reported that organic fertilizer such as compost and green
manuring are very important needs in the vegetable production. It makes the soil fertile
that also makes production continuous. However, Tisdale and Nelson (1975) stated that
organic fertilization releases the nutrient element slowly specially nitrogen for efficient
utilization of plants. Once available nutrients are translocated to plant parts, growth and
yield increases.
Abadilla (1982) reported that crops fertilized with organic matter have greater
resistance to pests and diseases. Humic acids and growth substances are absorbed by
plant tissues through the roots and that they favor the formation of proteins by
influencing the synthesis of enzymes thereby increasing the vigor and insect resistant of
the plant. Soils high in organic matter allow little or no borne diseases because of oxygen
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
8
ethylene cycle in the soil. He further mentioned that the sap of plants fertilized with
organic matter is more bactericide than plants not fertilized with organic matter. Humus
had also improved the quality of crops.
In 1997, Cadiz and Deanon as cited by Ebbes (1998) mentioned that compost is
the best organic fertilizer, since it contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silica as well
as enough carbon or fibrous material to improve the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil. They also noted that composting helps control pollution. Much of the
industrial and agricultural are either burned polluting the air and/or left scattered in the
field clogging waterways. In addition, Tan (1975) cited that compost is used to improve
the soil condition. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It
improves the soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrient.
Application of compost improves the physiological, chemical and biological
condition of the soil besides providing plant nutrients. The humus serves as the colloidal
material with negative electric charge and coagulated with cation and form particles to
form granules. Soil with more granules is less sticky, high buffering capacity, and has
better permeability and greater water holding capacity. It is capable of regulating plant
growth and disease occurrence (Sangatnan and Sangatnan, 2000). In addition, Pataras
(1984) stated that the application of compost fertilizers is best way to prepare of soil for
vegetable production. It can improve the soil structure making it deal for crop
production.
In 1994, Mechalak cited that compost is a good source of organic matter and
nutrients for plants. It improves soil structure and water retention. Compost contains
beneficial microorganism that suppress plant pathogen in soil.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
9
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping. Application of compost also activates the soil microorganisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrients that plant feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Finally, Follet (1981) stated that organic residues on the soil protect the land
against raindrop, splash erosion and reduce the extreme of surface temperature. When
organic residues are decomposed, they supply some essential nutrient needed by plants,
and makes macronutrients ready available to plant over wide range.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study were seeds of Pole Snap bean variety Black
valentine, chicken dung, triple 14, trellis/rono, ruler, plant compost derived from alnus
leaves, spent mushroom, vermicompost. In addition, weighing scale, net bags and record
book were also used.
An area of 75 m2 was thoroughly prepared for the experiment and divided into
three blocks. Each block contained five plots with a dimension of 1 x 5 meters. Double
row holes with spacing of 25 cm between rows and 25 cm between hills were made in
each plot. Each plot contained 20 holes to have 40 holes per plot. The experiment was
laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The
treatments were as follows:
C1 – Control (no fertilizer)
C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg
NPK/ha
C3- 20 t/ha spent mushroom compost
C4- 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost
C5- 20 t/ha Vermicompost
The recommended rate of plant compost as described in the treatments were
distributed equally to the number of holes per plot and mixed thoroughly with the soil
before planting, except the control wherein no plant compost was applied in the soil.
Likewise, in farmers practice, a handful of chicken dung was applied in a hole and mixed
with the soil before planting. Three seeds of Snap bean variety Black valentine were
sown per hill and thinned to two plants per hill after emergence.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
11
Hilling up was done one month after planting. No inorganic fertilizers were
applied during hilling up in all the treatments, except in the Farmers practice, wherein a
rate of 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha was applied as side dressed fertilizer. Trellising the plant
was done when 20-30 cm tall to support the plant.
Harvesting was done when the pod color was yellow and soft. Harvested pods
were sun dried until pods were fully dried and brittle in texture. Then, processing was
done by separating the seeds from the pods.
The following data were gathered:
1. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was noted when 50% of the
sown seeds had emerged from the soil.
2. Days from emergence to flowering. This was obtained when 50% of the plants
per plot had produced flowers.
3. Percentage of pod setting. Ten newly opened flowers per treatment were
tagged. After three days, the remained tagged flowers were counted. Percentage of pod
set was computed by the formula:
% Pod Setting = Number of Pod Setting x 100
Number of Tagged Flowers
4. Days from pod set to seed maturity. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from pod set to seed maturity. Seed was physiologically matured if the
pod color is yellow and soft.
5. Total number of harvested pods per plot. This was the total number of pods
per plot/Number of plants per plot was counted after harvesting.
6. Average pod weight per plant (g). This was the total weight of harvested pods
from the total number of plants per plot.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
12
7. Average number of seed per pods. The number of seeds per pod from the
same sample harvested pod was counted.
8. Average length of pod (cm). Ten pods selected at random were measured
from pedicel end to blossom end. This was taken one week before harvesting.
9. Seed yield per plot (g). This was determined if the seed moisture content is at
14%. Moisture content was determined by using the formula:
M2 – M3 x 100
M2 – M1
Where: M1 = the weight in grams of the container and its cover.
M2 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content before drying.
M3 = the weight in grams of the container, its cover and its content after drying.
10. Weight of 300 seeds (g). The weight of 300 seeds per treatment was taken if
the moisture content is at 14%.
All the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD). Differences between treatment means were
determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Table 1 shows the number of days from sowing to emergence as affected by the
application of plant compost. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences
among treatment means. This implies that the application of plant compost did not affect
the number of days to emergence.
Days from Emergence to Flowering
The days from emergence to flowering is shown in Table 2. Statistical analysis
showed no significant differences among treatments. This implies that the application of
plant compost did not affect the days from emergence to flowering.
Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
7.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
7.00a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
7.00a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
7.00a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
14
Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
39.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
38.33a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
38.33a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
38.33a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
38.67a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Percentage of Pod Setting
The percentage of pod setting as affected by application of plant compost is
shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments.
Results revealed that plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/holes + 100-100-100
kg NPK/ha significantly had the highest percentage of 90% pod set, but did not differ
significantly from the percentage of plant applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom
compost with a mean of (89.67%). However, these aforementioned treatments differ
significantly in the percentage of pod setting obtained in plants without fertilizer with a
mean of (70%) and that of plants applied either with 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost or 20
t/ha vermicompost with a common means of 80%.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
15
Days of Seed Maturity
Table 4 shows the number of days from pod set to seed maturity as affected by the
application of plant compost. No significant difference was observed in the number of
days from pod set to seed maturity.
Table 3. Percentage of pod setting
TREATMENT
MEAN
(%)
Control (no fertilizer)
70.00c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
90.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
89.67a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
80.00b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
80.00b
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
36.00a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 35.00a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
35.33a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
35.33a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
35.67a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
16
Total Number of Pods per Plot
Total number of pods as affected by plant compost is shown in Table 5. Statistical
analysis revealed significant differences among treatments. Plants applied with a handful
of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the highest number of 225.33
pods per plot but did not differ significantly from the number of pods per plot obtained
from plant applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with a mean of 220.67.
Table 5. Total number of pods per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
99.00c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 225.33a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
220.67a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
154.33b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
102.33bc
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
However, these numbers of pods per plot differed significantly from the total
number of pods in plants applied either with 10 t/ha alnus leaves compost or 20 tons/ha
vermicompost with respective means of 154.33 and 102.33 pods per plot. Plants without
fertilizer had the lowest mean number of 99 pods per plot.
This confirmed that an application of different composts could increase the
number of pods per plot.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
17
Average Pod Weight per Plant
Average pod weight per plant as affected by the application of plant compost is
shown in (Table 6). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among
treatment means. This implies that the application of the different plant compost did not
affect the average pod weight per plant.
Table 6. Average pod weight per plant
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
446a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100
524a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
522a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
520a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
489a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Average number of seeds per pod as affected by the application of plant compost
is shown in Table 7. Statistical analysis revealed that application of the different plant
compost did not significantly affect the average number of seeds per pod. All plants had
almost the same average number of seeds per pod.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
18
Table 7. Average number of seeds per pod
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control (no fertilizer)
7.80a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 7.97a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
7.93a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
7.90a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
7.87a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Average Length of Pods
Table 8 shows the average length of pods as affected by the application of plant
compost. Results revealed that the plants applied with different plant compost showed
significant differences on the pod length over the plants without fertilizer. Plants applied
with a handful of chicken dung/hole + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha obtained the longest pod
length of 18.77cm but did not differ significantly from the pod length of plants applied
with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with 18.49cm and plants applied with 10
tons/ha alnus leaves compost with 18.18cm. However, all the aforementioned treatments
differed significantly from the pod length of plants without fertilizer with a pod length of
17.55cm.
Results of the study revealed that before planting Snap bean, a sole application of
the different plant compost could increase the pod length.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
19
Table 8. Average length of pods
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
Control (no fertilizer)
17.55c
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 NPK/ha
18.77a
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
18.49ab
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
18.18abc
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
17.98bc
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Yield per Plot
Table 9 shows the seed yield per plot. Results of the study revealed that fertilization
of plant compost significantly increased the seed yield of snap bean variety Black
valentine. Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole +100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
had produced the highest seed yield of 303.07 g but did not differ from the seed yield of
plants applied with 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost with 288.43 g. Likewise, seed
yield of 212.67 g and 200.13 g from plants applied with 10 tons/ha alnus leaves compost
and 20 tons/ha of vermicompost did not differ significantly from the seed yield of 20 t/ha
spent mushroom compost. While, the seed yield per plot of and plants without fertilizer
applied had the lowest mean of 118.87g, respectively.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
20
Table 9. Seed yield per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
118.87c
Farmer’s practice(a handful of chicken dung/hole)+100-100-100 303.07a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
288.43ab
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
212.67b
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
200.13b
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Weight of 300 Seeds
Table 10 shows the weight of 300 seeds as affected by the plant compost.
Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the treatments. All plants had
almost the same on the weight of 300 seed.
Table 10. Weight of 300 seeds
TREATMENT
MEAN
(g)
Control (no fertilizer)
86.77a
Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken dung/hole) + 100-100-100 86.67a
NPK/ha
Spent Mushroom compost, 20 t/ha
86.93a
Alnus leaves compost, 10 t/ha
86.67a
Vermicompost, 20 t/ha
87.10a
Means within a column with common letters do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Seed production of Snap bean as affected by plant compost application was
studied at Organic Demo farm, Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet on
April 2008 to July 2008.
Following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), the study was
distributed into five treatments with three replications. The different treatments were as
follows; C1 – Control (No fertilizer), C2 – Farmer’s practice (a handful of chicken
dung/hole) + 100-100-100 kg NPK/ha, C3-20 t/ha spent mushroom compost, C4- 10 t/ha
alnus leaves compost and C5- 20 t/ha vermicompost.
Results of the study revealed that the application of plant composts significantly
affected the percentage of pod setting (%), total number of pods per plot, average length
of pods (cm) and seed yield per plot. However, no significant effect was observed on the
number of days from sowing to emergence, days from emergence to flowering, days from
pod set to seed maturity, average pod weight per plot, average number of seed per pod
and weight of 300 seeds.
Plants applied with a handful of chicken dung/hole +100-100-100 kg NPK/ha
(Farmer’s Practice), significantly enhanced the highest percentage of pod setting, total
number of harvested pod per plot and seed yield per plots. These observations differ
significantly from those taken from plants without fertilizer, but were comparable from
plants applied with a 20 tons/ha spent mushroom compost.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
22
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, application of a handful of chicken dung/hole
+100-100-100 kg NPK/ha or 20 ton/ha spent mushroom compost is needed for higher
seed yield of snap beans.
Recommendation
It is recommended that the application of plant compost at the rate of 20 tons/ha
spent mushroom should be introduced for the farmers to use in the organic seed
production of snap bean. Moreover, further study on the different type/kind of
mushroom compost for organic legume seed production is also recommended.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
23
LITERATURE CITED
ABADILLA, D.C. 1982. Organic Farming. Quezon City: AFA Publications, Inc. Pp. 81-
181.
ANDREW, W.B. 1947. The Response of Crop and Soil Fertilizer and Manure. New
York: MacMillan Book Co. P. 195.
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Organic Farming Research Foundation. Retrieved from
http://www.ofrf.org/about organic.
ALLISON, F.E. 1973 as cited by PCARRD – DOST. 2006. The Philippines
Recommends for Organic Fertilizer Production and Utilization. Los Banos,
Laguna. P. 15.
BALOING, J. 2006. Personal Conversion. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
BAUTISTA, O.K. et al. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna. P.100.
BUCU, G.S. 1991. Kinds and sources of organic materials. Golden Root Newsletter.
Vol. III No. 2:1, 2, 9.
CUYAHON, R.T. 1996. Organic Fertilization on Strawberry (Fragaria resca). BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
BUREAU OF SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT (BSWM). 1994. Trichoderma for
faster composting. Monograph.
DIDA, N.C.1998. Management of black surf of on potato using alnus compost as soil
conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
EBBES, M. 1998. Influence of Alnus compost on the growth and yield of potato. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2, 4-6.
FOLLET, H.J. 1981. Fertilizer and Amendment. McGraw Hill Publishing Inc. United
States of America. P. 4.
HWAN, H.J. 1984. As cited by Padilla, 1999. Ecological Farming. Principles, techniques
that work and farmer innovators in the Philippines. Pp. 59-60.
INOKO, A. 1985. Compost as a source of plant nutrients. National Institute of
Agriculture Science. Soil Fertility Divisions, Japan. P.320.
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Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
24
KNOTT, J.E. 1976. Handbook for Vegetable Growers London: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. P. 28.
KUDAN, S.L. 1989. Principles of vegetable production. Compilation of Teaching
Materials in Horticulture 108. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
92.
LAUREAN, C.P. 1981. Formulation and utilizations of organic fertilizers. MS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5.
MARCELINO, C.B. 1995. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the yield of
NCT-8 Japonica variety. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 4-6.
MARQUEZ, M.M. 1988. Utilization of azolla as organic fertilizers for cabbage and white
potato. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.56.
MERCADO, E.G. 1996. Influence of alnus on the growth and yield of potato. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
MECHALAK, P.S. 1994. Successful organic gardening vegetables. MOE Becket. Kevin
Weldom Production. Pp. 249-261.
PATARAS, K.L. 1984. Response of snap beans to organic fertilizer. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 35.
RODRIGUEZ, A.G. 1981. Effect of different lands and rates of organic fertilizers on the
growth and yield of sugar beet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 46.
SANGATNAN, P.D. and R.L. SANGATNAN. 2000. Organic Farming. P.D. Sangatnan
Marketing, Lapaz, Iloilo City. P. 145.
TAN, A.S. 1975. Compost Making. The Industrial Life. UPCA, Los Banos, Laguna.
TISDALE, S.L. and W.L. NELSON. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers. 3rd Ed. New York
City, Collier MacMillan Pub. Co. Pp. 555-560.
VILLAMOR, A.J.I. 2002.The Philippines recommends for organic fertilizer production
and utilization. Los Banos, Laguna. (Philippines Recommends Series No. 92).
118.
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
25
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from sowing to emergence
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7 7
7 21
7.00
C2 7 7
7 21
7.00
C3 7 7
7 21
7.00
C4 7 7
7 21
7.00
C5 7 7
7 21
7.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
______________________________________________________
Replication
2
0
0 0 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0
0
Error
8
0 0
TOTAL 14
0
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
26
Appendix Table 2. Days from emergence to flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III
TOTAL MEAN
C1 39
38 40 117
39.00
C2 38
39 38
115
38.33
C3 38
39 38
115
38.33
C4 38
38 39
115
38.33
C5 39
39 38 116
38.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.133 0.067 0.47ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A 4
1.067 0.267
Error 8
4.533 0.567
TOTAL 14 5.733
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.95%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
27
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of pod setting (%)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 70 70 70
210 70.00
C2 90 90
90 270 90.00
C3 90 90
80
240 89.67
C4 80 80
80
240 80.00
C5 80 80
80 240 80.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication 2
0.133 0.067 3091.00** 3.84 7.01
Factor A 4
824.267 206.067
Error 8 0.533 0.067
TOTAL 14
824.933
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 0.32%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
28
Appendix Table 4. Days from pod set to seed maturity
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III
TOTAL MEAN
C1 36 35
37 108 36.00
C2 35 35
35 105 35.00
C3 35 36
35 106 35.33
C4 35 35
36 106
35.33
C5 35 36
36 107 35.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.933
0.467 1.13ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
1.733
0.433
Error
8
3.067
0.383
TOTAL 14
5.733
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 1.75%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
29
Appendix Table 5. Total number of pods per plot
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 96 126
75 297
99.00
C2 204 249
223
676
225.33
C3 219 225
218
662
220.67
C4 156 108
199
463
154.33
C5 98 109
100
307
102.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
246.933 123.467 14.24** 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
45080.667 11270.167
Error
8 6329.733 791.217
TOTAL 14 51657.333
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 17.54%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
30
Appendix Table 6. Average pod weight per plant (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II
III TOTAL MEAN
C1 484 433 420
1337
446
C2 490 562
516 1568
523
C3 489 564
514 1567
522
C4 535 505
520 1560
520
C5 485 472
510
1467
489
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.040 0.020 3.11ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
1.346 0.336
Error
8
0.866 0.180
TOTAL 14
2.252
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 6.58%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
31
Appendix Table 7. Average number of seeds per pods
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7.9 8.1
7.4
23.4
7.80
C2 7.8 7.7
8.4
23.9
7.97
C3 7.5 7.8
8.5
23.8
7.93
C4 8.2 7.8
7.7
23.7
7.90
C5 7.9 7.9
7.8
23.6
7.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.033
0.017 0.08ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0.049
0.012
Error
8
1.187
0.148
TOTAL 14
1.269
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.88%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
32
Appendix Table 8. Average length of pods (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 16.95 18.05 17.65
52.65 17.55
C2 18.3 19.5 18.5
56.3 18.77
C3 18.73 18.6 18.1
55.48 18.49
C4 18.08 18.1 18.3
54.53 18.17
C5 17.75 18.05 18.15
53.95 17.98
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.693 0.346 4.78* 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
2.631 0.658
Error
8
1.101 0.138
TOTAL 14
4.425
*= Significant Coefficient of variation = 2.04%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
33
Appendix Table 9. Seed yield per plot (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 123.4 151.7
81.5
356.6 118.87
C2 283.4 334.00 291.8
909.2 303.07
C3 262.00 314.6
288.7
865.3 288.43
C4 212.2 149.9
275.9
638.00 212.67
C5 200.7 198.9
200.8
600.4 200.13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2
526.661 263.331 10.41** 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4 66456.799 16614.199
Error
8 12762.872 1595.359
TOTAL 14 79746.3333
**= Highly significant Coefficient of variation = 19.97%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
34
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 300 seeds (g)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 88.8 90.00 81.5
260.3 86.77
C2 90.00 85.00 85.00
260.00 86.67
C3 85.2 85.3
90.3
260.8 86.93
C4 85.00 85.00 90.00
260.00 86.67
C5 85.00 85.00
91.3
261.3 87.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F 0.05 0.01
Replication
2 6.089 3.045 0.01ns 3.84 7.01
Factor A
4
0.423 0.106
Error
8
113.037 14.130
Total
14 119.549
ns= Not significant Coefficient of variation = 4.33%
Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by
Plant Compost Application / Filbert L. Abad. 2009
Document Outline
- Seed Production of Snap Bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L.) Cultivar Black Valentine as Affected by Plant Compost Application
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of the Crop
- Benefits of Consuming OrganicallyProduced Products
- Sources of Organic Matter
- Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
- Days from Emergence to Flowering
- Percentage of Pod Setting
- Days of Seed Maturity
- Total Number of Pods per Plot
- Average Pod Weight per Plant
- Average Number of Seeds per Pod
- Seed Yield per Plot
- Weight of 300 Seeds
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES