BIBLIOGRAPHY MOGUIL, MIKIE T. MAY 2008. Growth...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MOGUIL, MIKIE T. MAY 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of six
chickpea varieties and to select and evaluate varieties under Pide, Sagada condition.
Findings revealed that although growth, flowering and maturity were significantly
different, yield potentials showed no significant differences in the locality. Generally,
Desi type (varieties ICCV 95954), performed better than Kabuli type (ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 95334). Desi type (ICCV 95954) had the highest yield at 970 kg/ha and thus are
the most adopted varieties under the environmental conditions of the locality.
Desi type (ICCV 95954) could be recommended for cultivation since it gives a
high yield under Pide, Sagada condition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………..………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ………...………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………...
1
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………
2
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………….
3
Place and time of the Study …………………………………………...
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea …………………………………………………...
4
Ecology of Chickpea ………………………………………………….
5
Growth Habits ………………………………………………………...
5
Environmental Conditions …………………………………………......
6
Crop Culture …………………………………………………………..
7
Nutritional Value ……………………………………………………..
9
Traditional Medicinal Uses …………………………………………..
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………………
11
Methods ……………………………………………………………...
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence Percentage ………………………………………………
15
Number of Days from Planting to Flowering ……………………….
16
ii
Average Height at Flowering ………………………………………..
16
Number of Days from Planting to First Harvest …………………….
17
Average number of Lateral Branches ……………………………….
18
Total Number of Harvests …………………………………………..
19
Average Number of Pods Produced per Plant ………………………
20
Average Seed Yield per Plant ……………………………………….
21
Total Yield per Plot …………………………………………………
22
Computed Yield per Hectare ………………………………………...
23
Average Number of Seeds per Pod …………………………………
23
Average Seed Diameter …………………………………………….
24
Weight of 1000 Seeds ………………………………………………
25
Germination Test …………………………………………………….
26
Incidence of Pest and Diseases ……………………………………...
27
Varietals Characteristics …………………………………………...
28
Meteorological Data …………………………………………………
28
Pictorial Presentation ………………………………………………..
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………….
30
Conclusion …………………………………………………………..
30
Recommendation ……………………………………………………
31
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………...
32
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………
33
iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
One of the municipalities of Mountain Province is Sagada. It is inhabited by mostly
people of the Kankana-ey language group. Sagada has a cool climate. Mountainous terrains
with slopes of over 18 degrees characterize the municipality. It is studded with high
limestone formations and has underground streams and rivers. At an elevation of 5,000 feet
above sea level, Sagada is in the western part of Mt. Province. It is bounded in the north by
the province of Abra, in the south by the municipality of Sabangan, in the east by the
municipality of Bontoc and in the west by Bauko and Besao municipalities.
The municipality has two pronounced seasons, the wet season which lasts from May
to October and the dry season from November to April. The wettest part of the year is in
October while the dry season peaks in January and February.
Sagada has a total agricultural land area of 527.80 hectares but only 240.75 hectares
are covered, thereby serving only 820 farmers. The leading agricultural crop in Sagada is rice
followed by root crops, fruits and vegetables.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) also known as garbanzo, Egyptian pea and gram is an
annual cool season legume or pulse crop. It is a significant food crop of the Mediterranean
Region and India and is cultivated for its edible nutritious seeds.
It belongs to the Leguminosae family with plant height ranging between 30-70 cm,
but tall types with >1.0 m in height are cultivated in the erstwhile USSR. The foliage is
covered with glandular hairs which secrets highly acidic exudates, and is considered
important in conferring tolerance to insect pest, such as the pod borer. Leaves are compound,
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
2
arranged in an alternate, solitary or in inflorescence of 2 or 3. They are white, pink, purplish,
or blue in color. The fruit is a legume, 2-3 cm long (0.8-12”) and I cm (o.4”) wide.
Chickpea is a temperate crop, probably originated in Southeastern Turkey and spread
to other parts of the world. Crop improvement efforts have improved adaptation of chickpea
to warmer conditions in the subtropics. The two most common types of chickpea are; the
seeded “Kabuli” and the “Desi type”. Kabuli types are mostly grown in WANA, the
Americas and Europe, while the desi types predominate in Asia, parts of Africa and
Australia.
Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown or yellow during maturity.
For dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity by cutting them close to the ground or
uprooting. Chickpeas are usually stored in bags, but are more subject to insect damage than
when stored in bulk.
Importance of the Study
Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) has one of the highest nutritional compositions of any
dry edible legume. On an average, chickpea seed contains 23%protien, 47% starch, 56% fat,
6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar and 3% ash. It is grown ten million hectare of which 74.5%
is in India and 1.7% in Burma. It is the most important food legume grown globally. Because
it is grown for its nutritious edible seeds, the whole seed or split seed are used in flour for
preparing variety of snack, raw or roasted fresh green chickpeas and straw as a livestock
feed. The plant is free from various anti-nutritional factors and has high protein (23%), total
carbohydrates (64%) and dietary fiber content (19%). Chickpea are rich in minerals and
vitamins.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
3
Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used
as feed. The kabuli type (white or cream seed coat) is generally used as a whole grains, while
desi type (coloured seed coat) is used as whole seeds, dehulled, splits or flour. Chickpea is
also known for its use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpea however, have not been introduced or cultivated in the Cordilleras even the
agro climatic condition is suitable for the production. This is due to lack of information and
no available planting materials. The introduction of new highbred ICRISAT cultivars of
chickpea coupled with the generation of location specific technologies for the highlands of
CAR, chickpea could become a major cash earner. Moreover, the supply of chickpea in the
Philippines depends mainly on importation of chickpea from producing countries like India,
Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico, Australia and Canada.
Sustaining the domestic demand, introducing chickpea in the highlands of Cordillera
like in Benguet and Mountain Province and increasing yield per area through the selection of
adaptable varieties is the cheapest and easiest technology.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were:
1. Determine the growth and yield performance of six chickpea varieties under Pide,
Sagada, Mountain Province.
2. Select varieties of chickpea adopted under Sagada condition.
Place and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province from October 2007 to
May 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
Taxonomy, morphology and floral biology. Cicer, which was classified under Vicieae
Alef., was later reported to belong to the monogeneric tribe, Cicereae. The Genus includes 9
annuals and 34 perennial herbs. Cross ability and fertility of hybrids in interspecific crosses
have been used as a basis to classify the annuals into 4 crossability groups. The first group
includes the cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). and C. reticulatum. Chickpea plants
can be described as “stems are branched, erect or spreading, sometimes shrubby much
branched, 0.2-1 m tall, glandular pubescent, olive, dark green or bluish green in color. Root
system is robust, up to 2 m deep, but major portion up to 60 cm. Leaves imparipinnate,
glandular-pubescent with 3-8 pairs of leaflets and a top leaflet (rachis ending in a leaflet);
leaflets ovate to elliptic, 0.6-2.0 cm long, 0.3-1.4 cm wide; margin serrate, apex acuminate to
aristate, base cuneate; stipules 2-5 toothed, stipules absent. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 per
inflorescence, axillary; peduncles 0.6-3 cm long, pedicels 0.5-1.3 cm long, bracts triangular
or tripartite; calyx 7-10 mm long; corolla white, pink, purplish (fading to blue), or blue, 0.8-
1.2 cm long. The staminal column is diadelphous (9-1) and the ovary is sessile inflated and
pubescent”. Pod rhomboid ellipsoid, 1-2 with three seeds as a maximum, and inflated,
glandular-pubescent. Seed color cream, yellow, brown, black or green, rounded to angular,
seed coat smooth or wrinkled, or tuberculate, laterally compressed with a median groove
around two-thirds of the seed, anterior beaked; germination cryptocotylar (Anonymous,
2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
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Ecology of Chickpea
Chickpea is a self pollinated crop. Cross pollination is rare; only 0-1% is reported.
Grown usually as rain fed cool-weather crop or as a dry climate crop in semi-arid regions.
Optimum conditions include 18-260C day and 21-290C night temperatures and annual rainfall
of 600-1000 mm. The Palouse region of the states Washington and Idaho appears to be well
suited to chickpea and can be characterized as having 18-250C during the day and 5-100C
during the night and sufficiently long growing season. California is very suited to the
chickpea crop and it has thrived in the coastal areas and in the Central Valley. Thrives on a
sunny site in a cool, dry climate on spring of the northern hemisphere. “Generally grown on
heavy black or red soils with pH 5.5-8.6. Frost, hailstones and excessive rains damage the
crop. Though sensitive to cold, some cultivars can tolerate temperatures as low as -9.50C in
early stages or under snow cover. Daily temperature fluctuations are desired with cold nights
with dewfall. Relative humidity of 21-41% is optimum for seed setting. In virgin sandy soils
or for the first planting in heavier soils, inoculation is said to increase yield by 10-62%.
Although spoken of as “day-neutral”, chickpea is a quantitative long-day plant, but flowers in
every photoperiod (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth Habits
Plants are multiple branched, spreading growth habit annuals ranging from 8-40
inches tall. Some chickpea varieties have compound leaves (8 to 20 leaflets) and some have
simple leaves, which are pubescent (hairy) in appearance. Chickpea leaves exude malic and
oxalic seeds.
Kabuli (large seeded = 800 seeds/lb) varieties are generally taller than the desi (small-
seeded = 1500 seeds/lb) varieties.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
6
Because of its deep tap root system, chickpea can withstand drought conditions by
extracting water from deeper in the soil profile.
Flowers (self pollinated) which are borne in groups of two or three are ½ to 1 in. long
and come in purple, white, pink or blue color depending upon variety. Each flower produces
a short, pubescent pod which is ¾ to inches long and which appears to be inflated. One or
two seeds (1/2 to 1 inches diameter) are present in each pod. The seeds come with either
rough or smooth surfaces and can be crème, yellow, brown, black or green in color. There is
a definite groove visible between the cotyledons about two thirds of the way around the seed,
with a beak like structure present (Anonymous, 2007).
Environmental Conditions
Climatic requirement. Climate largely determines where, when and what plants to
grow. Climate includes consideration of precipitation, humidity, sky condition, temperature,
wind and atmospheric pressure which in turn is influenced by location, latitude, season,
elevation, time of day and local factors such as drainage (Janick, 1972).
In 1990, Luis stated that the cooler months of the year under highland condition
favors an optimum pod setting. Thompson and Kelly (1959) found that a combination of high
solar radiation and low temperatures for a period of 25 days markedly increase yield.
Chickpea is a cool season annual crop performing optimally in 700 to 800F daytime
temperature and 640 to 700F night temperature. They produce good yields in drier conditions
because of their deep tap roots. Areas with lighter, well distributed rainfall patterns have
produced the highest yields and quality chickpea seeds (Anonymous, 2007).
Soil requirement. Legume crops can be grown in any type of soil provided water is
available. They perform best in soil that is granular, fertile, well drained and relatively free
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
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from nematodes and fusarium diseases. Clay loam soil is probably the beat type for
commercial production. They thrive in moderately acidic acid soil with a range of 5.0-6.0
(PCARRD, 1975).
Chickpea does best on fertile sandy loam soils with good internal drainage. Good
drainage is necessary because even short periods of flooded or waterlogged fields reduce
growth and increase susceptibility to root and stem rots.
Seed preparation and germination. Good quality certified chickpea seed should
always be used. This seed should be high in germination percentage (over 85%), free from
damage and free of weed seeds. Good quality seeds do not need to be treated with an
insecticide or fungicide, but if you have had past problems with Pythuim or Rhizoctonia Rots
in your fields, you may need to treat your seeds prior to planting (Anonymous, 2007).
Crop Culture
Field cultivation. Chickpeas are propagated from seeds. Seed is broadcast or (more
often) drilled in rows 25-60 cm apart, spaced at 10 cm between seeds at a depth of 2-12 cm
with soil well pressed down. Seeding rates vary from 25-40 kg/ha to 80-120 kg/ha,
depending on the area and seed type. Seeds should be planted using a drill of planter which
can deliver the chickpea seed with out damage. Good seed soil contact should be ensured
with a press wheel if possible. Because of the high cost of seed and variation in germination
rates, you should carefully calibrate your equipment to achieve the proper plant population.
Chickpea maybe cultivated as a sole crop, of mixed with barley, mustard, peas, corn, coffee,
sweet potato or wheat. In India, chickpeas are also as a catch crop in sugarcane fields and
often as a second crop after rice. Although usually considered a dry land crop, chickpeas
develop well on rice lands.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
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Harvesting. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown or yellow
during maturity. The plants are stacked in the field for a few days to dry and later the crop id
threshed by trampling or beating with wooden flails. The chaff is separated from the grain by
winnowing. Proper cleaning, drying and aeration are necessary to control seed beetles. A thin
coating with vegetable oil can reduce storage damage. Sometimes baskets, made from
twisted rice straw are used as storage containers.
Yields and economics. Greater and more stable yields are the major goals of plant
breeding programs. Chickpea yields usually average 400-600 kg/ha, but van surpass 2000
kg/ha. Yields from irrigated crops are 20-28% higher than yields from rain fed crops. Two
types of chickpea are recognized, desi (colored, small seeded, angular and fibrous) and kabuli
(beige, large seeded, rams-head shaped with lower fiber content) types. In a 3-cultivar trial in
India, dry matter yields ranged from 9400 to 12000 kg/ha. In India and Pakistan, chickpea is
retained by growers. In United States and Europe, chickpeas are marketed dried, canned or in
various vegetable mixture. Mashed chickpea mixed with oils and spices (humus) is a popular
hors d’oeuvre in the Mediterranean Middle East. In 1975 to 1994, on the average, Asia
produced 5-6,000,000 MT, yields ranging from 570-766 kg/ha, led by India, which produced
4-5,000,000 MT ranging from 500-900kg/ha; Africa produced 250-364,000 MT with yields
ranging from 600-660 kg/ha. North and Central America produced 180-260,000 MT
averaging 1600kg/ha (Anonymous, 2007).
Nutritional Value
Legume vegetables are one of the promising vegetable crop produced in the
Philippines. The crop is not only important for human nutrition but also for farmers (Mabli,
2004).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
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Aside from the benefits it provides to man and animals, legumes are beneficial to the
soil, for they are replenishers of soil nitrogen. Legumes generally help maintain and conserve
soil fertility (Thompson, 1978).
In a survey in 1965, Knott and Deanon (1967) reported that legume ranked fourth in
area planted and eight in total peso value among the eleven leading vegetables produced in
the country. This means that legume like chickpea is planted to a wide area than other
vegetables. Furthermore, chickpea is considered as one of the most important food legume
globally, grown in over 40 countries. Chickpea has one of the most important food legumes
and does not contain any specific major anti-nutritional factors.
Chickpea protein digestibility is the highest among the dry edible legumes. It is
mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used as feed. It is also
known for its use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpeas are high in carbohydrates and are a good source of protein. They can be
eaten as snack. It can also be used to make a type of split pea called DAHL, salads and stews,
and they may also be ground into a fine meal. Roasted seeds are as a confection or snack, and
sometimes as a coffee substitute. The herbage is low in yield and is toxic to animals (Singh,
1983). In addition to consumption of the whole seed or seed in young pods, chickpeas are
sometimes ground to flour and in preparing unlearned bread or sweets (Janick, 1972).
Chickpea meets 80% of its nitrogen requirement from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and
can fix up to 140 kg M ha-1 from air. It leaves substantial amount of residual nitrogen behind
for subsequent crops and adds much needed organic matter to maintain and improve soil
health, long term fertility and sustainability of the ecosystems (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
10
Traditional Medicinal Uses
Among the food legumes, chickpea is the most hypocholesteremic agent:
germinated chickpea was reported to be effective in controlling cholesterol level in rats.
“Glandular secretion of the leaves, stems, and pods consists of malic and oxalic acids, giving
a sour taste. In India these acids used to be harvested by spreading thin muslin over the crop
during the night. In the morning the soaked cloth is wrung out, and the acids are collected in
bottles. Medicinal applications include use for aphrodisiac, bronchitis, catarrh, cutamenia,
cholera, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, snakebite, sunstroke, and warts. Acids
are supposed to lower the blood cholesterol levels. Seeds are considered antibilious”
(Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, fertilizers,
record book and identifying pegs.
Methods
The study was conducted at Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province with a temperature of
approximately 100C- 210C and an elevation of 1565 meters above sea level. The garden field
that was planted with chickpea was previously planted with cabbage.
Six varieties of chickpea from ICRISAT were introduced and evaluated at Pide,
Sagada, Mountain Province where 2-3 promising varieties adopted to Sagada was selected.
Experiment design and treatments. The study was laid out in Simple Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a minimum of 500 m2 per replication per location.
There were four replications at each location. The seeds were sown singly at 30 cm between
rows and 10 cm between hills. The treatment were as follows:
DESI Type
Kabuli Type
T1 = ICCV 93952
T4 = ICCV2
T2 = ICCV 93954
T5 = ICCV 95332
T3 = ICCV 94954
T6 = ICCV 95334
There were 20 sample plants per treatment per replicate selected randomly.
Care and Maintenance. Care and maintenance was done to all samples through out the
duration of the study.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
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Data to be Gathered. The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis, and mean
separation test by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were as follows:
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Emergence Percentage (%) = this was recorded 15 days from sowing the
seeds.
Emergence Percentage = number of seedlings emerge
_______________________ x 100
Number of seeds sown
2. Days from planting to flowering = this was taken at flowering stage.
3. Average height at flowering (cm) = this was taken at flowering stage (first
flower).
4. Days from flowering to first harvest = this was noted on the first harvest of
seeds.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering = this was taken at flowering
(first flowers).
Average number of lateral branches = # of lateral branches of sample plants
Sample plants
6. Total number of harvests = this was the number of harvests done during the
study.
B. Yield
1. Average weight of pods produced per plant = this was the total number of
pods produced by sample plants divided by the number of sample plants.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
13
Average number of pods per plant (g) = total # of pods produced by sample plants
Number of sample plants
2. Average seed yield produced / plant (g) = this was the total yield of sample
plants divided by the number of samples.
Average yield/plant (g) = total yield of sample plants
Number of samples
3. Total yield / plot (kg) = total yield of the experimental plot.
4. Total yield/ha (tons/ha) = yield of experimental plot (20 m2) (500)
5. Average number of seeds /pod = this was taken at harvesting stage
C. Seed Quality
1. Weight of 1000seeds (kg) = Small, Medium, Big
2. Germination test = this was conducted one month from seed storage using Petri
disc and the Ragdoll method.
D. Varietals Characteristics
1. Leaf = the shape, color and other plant characteristics was recorded.
2. Flower/pod = the color of flower / pod was recorded at flowering and at first
harvesting stage.
3. Seed = the color, shape and size was recorded at harvesting together with
weight of seeds.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
14
E. Incidence of Pest and Diseases
4. Insect pest = insect pest that infest the plant during the cropping season was
noted and identified during the vegetative growth and reproductive stages of
plant growth.
5. Diseases = plant diseases observed during the cropping season was recorded
and the causal organisms was identified including the degree of infestation.
E. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (0C)
2. Fog (usual time of occurrence and density)
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence Percentage
The emergence percentage as presented in Table 1 showed that there were significant
differences among the varieties used. Varieties ICCV 93954, ICCV 95954, ICCV 93952
(Desi type) and ICCV 2 had the highest emergence percentage compared to other Kabuli
varieties (ICCV 95332 and ICCV95334) with a mean of 70. 25% and 61% respectively.
The result shows that chickpea had a good germination percentage under Pide,
Sagada condition.
Number of Days from Planting to Flowering
Table 2 shows highly significant differences on the days from planting to flowering
as affected by varieties used. It was observed that ICCV 2, ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334, a
Kabuli variety significantly had flowered earlier compared to the Desi varieties ICCV 93952,
ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95954. Desi variety ICCV 93952 appeared to flower 69 days from
planting.
Differences on the days to flowering could be attributed to varietal characteristics of
the plant where Kabuli type are generally are early maturing compared to Desi type. It is very
evident, as shown by the result that chickpea varieties could adapt under Pide, Sagada
condition.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
16
Table 1. Emergence percentage
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (%)
DESI ICCV 93952 79.25a
ICCV 93954 82.00a
ICCV 95954 81.25a
KABULI ICCV 2 76.75a
ICCV 95332 70.25ab
ICCV 95334 61.00b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Height at Flowering
The average height at flowering is presented in Table 3. Results showed that Kabuli
variety ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 significantly attained the highest average height at
flowering with a mean of 45.08 cm and 40.05 cm. This was followed by variety ICCV 95334
with a mean of 38.50. Shortest height at flowering was observed in the Desi varieties (ICCV
95954, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954), with a mean ranging from 33.85 to 35.95.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties indicate their differential
adaptability to local conditions as well as their inherent height potential. Results confirm that
Kabuli varieties are generally taller than the Desi varieties (Anonymous, 2007).
Number of Days from Planting to First Harvest
As shown in Table 4, Kabuli variety ICCV 2 significantly performed better than the
other varieties in terms of days from planting to first harvest. It was observed that Kabuli
varieties ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 were harvested earlier than Desi varieties ICCV 93954,
ICCV 93952 and Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 with a mean ranging from 138-138.75.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
17
Table 2. Number of days from planting to flowering
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (days)
DESI ICCV 93952 69.25a
ICCV 93954 63.50b
ICCV 95954 66.00b
KABULI ICCV 2 39.00d
ICCV 95332 45.75c
ICCV 95334 41.25 d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
It is apparent in the results that the different varieties had varied maturity periods
which may be attributed to the climatic condition under Pide, Sagada condition. This result is
due to the fact that Kabuli variety ICCV 2 had flowered earlier than the other varieties. It
follows the same trend that the first varieties to produce flowers were also the first to have
pods.
Table 3. Average height at flowering
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (cm)
DESI ICCV 93952 34.863b
ICCV 93954 35.95 b
ICCV 95954 33.850b
KABULI ICCV 2 40.050ab
ICCV 95332 45.875a
ICCV 95334 38.500b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
18
Table 4. Number of days from planting to first harvest
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (days)
DESI ICCV 93952 138.25a
ICCV 93954 138.75a
ICCV 95954 136.00a
KABULI ICCV 2 115.25b
ICCV 95332 133.50a
ICCV 95334 138.00a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Average Number of Lateral Branches
The average number of lateral branches as presented in Table 5 showed that the
varieties of chickpea evaluated had no significant differences. However, the varieties ICCV
93952, ICCV 95954 and ICCV 93954 obtained the highest number of lateral branches with a
mean ranging from 7.25 to 7.50 respectively.
Total Number of Harvests
As shown in Table 6, ICCV 95954, ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 had the highest number
of harvest ranging from 2.00 to 2.25. However, statistical analysis showed no significant
differences among the varieties evaluated. It was observed that least number of harvests
ranges from 1.50 to 1.75 respectively.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
19
Table 5. Average number of lateral branches
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 7.50a
ICCV 93954 7.25a
ICCV 95954 7.50a
KABULI ICCV 2 6.75a
ICCV 95332 5.00a
ICCV 95334 5.75a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Average Number of Pods Produced per Plant
Table 7 shows the average number of pods produced per plant. Result showed that
ICCV 95954, a Desi variety attained the greatest number of pods produced per plant
comparable to ICCV 93952 that obtained the least number of pods with a mean of 22.695
followed by Kabuli varieties with a mean of 24.323 and 24.620.
Nevertheless, statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the
varieties evaluated. Result showed that number of lateral branches seems to be related to the
number of pods produced. However, Desi variety ICCV 93952 that was observed to have
greater number of branches obtained the least number of pods produced per plant. This result
is due to the disease, chickpea stunt that infested the evaluated crop during the vegetative
growth and flowering stage.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
20
Table 6. Total number of harvests
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 1.50a
ICCV 93954 1.75a
ICCV 95954 2.25 a
KABULI ICCV 2 2.00a
ICCV 95332 2.25a
ICCV 95334 1.75a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average seed Yield per Plant
The yield per plant showed that significant differences exist among the chickpea
varieties studied (Table 8). Result shows that Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest yield
but did not differ from Kabuli variety ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2, but out yielded Desi
varieties ICCV 93952, ICCV 93954 and Kabuli variety 95334 with a mean of 22.25, 22.375
and 23.25.
Results follows the same trend that the more pods produced per plant, the more seed
yield produced per plant. How ever, Desi variety ICCV 93954 was observed to have low
seed yield. This result is due to the unfilled pods observed during harvesting. Unfilled pods
are caused by temperature of below 150C – more than 300C.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
21
Table 7. Average number of pods produced per plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 22.695a
ICCV 93954 26.055a
ICCV 95954 43.425a
KABULI ICCV 2 26.438a
ICCV 95332 24.323a
ICCV 95334 24.620a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot
No significant differences were noted among the six chickpea varieties evaluated in
Pide, Sagada condition in total yield per plot. Table 9 shows that the yield per plot may
indicate adaptability of the chickpea evaluated.
Table 8. Average seed yield / plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 22.250c
ICCV 93954 22.375c
ICCV 95954 28.250a
KABULI ICCV 2 24.750bc
ICCV 95332 26.750ab
ICCV 95334 23.250c
Means with the common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
22
Apparently Desi variety ICCV 93952 had the lowest yield which indicates that such
varieties are not suited in Pide, Sagada condition. On the other hand, result follow the trend
on the average seed yield per plant where Desi variety ICCV 95954 obtained the highest
yield followed by Kabuli varieties ICCV 95332 with a mean of 1.867, ICCV 95334 and
ICCV 2 with a mean of 1.800.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Computed yield per hectare were noted to have no significant differences among the
evaluated varieties. Computed yield per hectare follow the trend of total yield per plot where
Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest computed yield.
Result shows that ICCV 95954, a Desi variety and ICCV 95332, a Kabuli variety are
high yielding based on computed yield and per hectare of the six varieties evaluated under
Pide, Sagada. This was attributed to the fact that pods harvested from the variety ICCV
95954 ,a Desi type attained the highest number of lateral branches (Table 05), number of
pods produced per plant (Table 07), and the heaviest seed yield produced per plant (Table
08), that resulted to the highest yield per plot.
On the other hand, variety ICCV 93952 attained the least number of pods produced
per plant, seed yield per plant and the yield in kilogram and in hectare. The low yield of this
variety was due to the pests rodents that ate the seeds, rotting of seeds that is caused by
excessive water and was infected with stunt and collar rot. Some were because of unfilled
pods or pod abortion during harvesting. Pod abortion is due to high and low temperature
during flowering or pod formation (more than 300C or less than 150C) and incorrect day
length.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
23
Table 9. Total yield per plot and per hectare
TYPE VARIETY YIELD/KG YIELD/HA
DESI ICCV 93952 1.665a 832.50a
ICCV 93954 1.785a 900.00a
ICCV 95954 1.940a 970.00a
KABULI ICCV 2 1.800a 925.00a
ICCV 95332 1.867a 933.75a
ICCV 95334 1.800a 903.75a
Means with the common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Number of seeds per pod is shown in table 10. Statistical analysis showed no
significant differences among the varieties used. Result showed that almost all varieties
contain only one seed per pod.
Table 10. Average number of seeds produced per plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 1.448a
ICCV 93954 1.438a
ICCV 95954 1.705a
KABULI ICCV 2 1.425a
ICCV 95332 1.415a
ICCV 95334 1.537a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
24
Average Seed Diameter
Highly significant differences were noted in seed diameter as affected by the varieties
used (Table 11). Result showed that Kabuli varieties are bigger than Desi varieties. However,
Kabuli variety ICCV 2 was observed to have smaller size than the other Kabuli varieties
ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334 but bigger than Desi varieties.
Weight of 1000 Seeds
Table 12 shows the weight of 1000 seeds (g) harvested under Pide, Sagada condition.
Highly significant differences was noted where Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 obtained the
heaviest weight in grams. Result follows the trend of seed diameter where Kabuli varieties
had bigger sizes.
The differences in weight are attributed to the difference in varietals characteristics
such as sizes as shown in the table above (Table 11). Kabuli varieties ICCV 95334, ICCV
95332, and ICCV 2 had bigger sizes which might have contributed to its weight.
Table 11. Average seed diameter
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 0.665d
ICCV 93954 0.693cd
ICCV 95954 0.695d
KABULI ICCV 2 0.763c
ICCV 95332 0.900b
ICCV 95334 0.990a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
25
Table 12. Weight of 1000 seeds
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 195.167e
ICCV 93954 219.882de
ICCV 95954 257.200cd
KABULI ICCV 2 295.868bc
ICCV 95332 335.500ab
ICCV 95334 353.668a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination Test
The table below (Table13) shows the germination test of chickpea evaluated in Pide,
Sagada condition Result showed that Ragdoll method significantly performed better than the
Petri Disc method. Nevertheless, Desi variety ICCV 93954 significantly had the highest
germination percentage in both Rogdoll and Petri Disc among the varieties evaluated
followed by a Kabuli variety ICCV 2 with a mean of 86.75 and 60 respectively.
Result showed that Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 attained the lowest germination
percentage that coincides from the emergence percentage done in the field. Germination test
was done one week after air drying.
Varietals Characteristics
The physical characteristics of six chickpea varieties evaluated in Pide, Sagada
condition was noted and recorded. Desi varieties differ from Kabuli varieties in terms of leaf,
flower and seed in its shape, color and sizes. Kabuli has oblong with green leaves, white
flower with owls head shape and has a medium and big seed shape with white color while
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
26
Table 13. Germination test
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (%)
ROGDOLL METHOD PETRI DISC METHOD
DESI ICCV 93952 70.50c 51.25bc
ICCV 93954 89.25a 81.25a
ICCV 95954 80.00b 64.75b
KABULI ICCV 2 86.75ab 60.00b
ICCV 95332 70.00c 39.25cd
ICCV 95334 62.00d 35.25d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Desi variety has small rounded with dark green leaves, angular and violet flower and a brown
small seeds with angular shape.
Incidence of Pest and Disease
Pest and diseases were noted and recorded during the cropping season. The pests that
attacked the evaluated crop were shown below. On the other hand, the diseases noted during
the study were collar rot, chickpea stunt and wet root rot that infected the crop during the
cropping season. Collar rot and wet root rot diseases were observed in all varieties evaluated
in Pide, Sagada condition while chickpea stunt were observed in Desi varities.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
27
Table 14. Pest and Diseases
PESTS
DISEASES
INSECT ATTACKING DEGREE OF
DISEASE VARIETIES DEGREE OF
PEST
STAGE
INFESTATION
ATTACKED INFESTATION
Cutworm Vegetative
Slight
Chickpea
Desi
Moderate
Growth
stunt
Varieties
Pod Borer Harvesting
Moderate
Root Rot
Desi
Slight
Kabuli
Moderate
Rodents
Harvesting
Severe
Collar rot Desi
Slight
Kabuli
Slight
Meteorological Data
The table below shows the environmental condition of Pide, Sagada where six
varieties of chickpea were evaluated (Table 15). It was observed that the coolest month of
Sagada is January, the flowering and pod formation of chickpea in the locality. January was
also the month where thickest fog was observed that affected the yield of the crop evaluated.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
28
Table 15. Meteorological data
MONTH TEMPERATURE FOG
__________________ ___________________________
6 am 12nn 6pm DENSITY OCCURRENCE
November 15.25 0C 180C 16.50C thick morning
December 17.750C 21.50C 19.50C thin morning
January 14.50C 19.50C 150C very thick morning and
afternoon
February 16.50C 17.50C 170C thin afternoon
March 150C 17.50C 16.50C thick afternoon
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
29
Pictorial Presentation
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental field at flowering
Figure 2. Overview of the experimental field at harvesting
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province from October to April
to determine the growth and yield performance of six chickpea varieties and to select and
evaluate the variety adapted in the place.
Findings showed significant differences among the varieties with regards to
emergence percentage, number of days from planting to flowering, average height at
flowering, number of days from planting to first harvest, average seed yield per plant,
average seed diameter, weight of 1000 seeds and in the germination test. As to the yield,
result showed no significant differences among the evaluated varieties.
Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest seed yield per plant, yield per plot and per
hectare, greatest number of pods produced per plant, the greatest number of seeds per pod
and greatest number of lateral branches but had the shortest height at flowering followed by a
Kabuli variety ICCV 95332 that attained the highest height at flowering but had the lowest
number of pods per plant, least number of lateral branches and the number of seeds produced
per plant. ICCV 95334 had the lowest emergence percentage with a mean of 61,had the
lowest germination test in rogdoll method with a mean of 62 and in Petri disc method with
35.25 mean but had the heaviest weight of 1000 seeds due to its big size seeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the variety grown under Sagada condition in terms of high yield
are Desi variety ICCV 95954 and Kabuli varieties ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
31
Recommendation
Based from the result and conclusion, it is therefore recommended that Desi variety
ICCV 95954 and Kabuli varieties ICCV95334 and ICCV 95332 be grown in Sagada,
Mountain Province for better crop performance. It is recommended that a follow up study
with in Mountain Province will be conducted to verify such results.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS,2007.Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia.Retrieved,July
28,2007.http:/www.google.com.ph.
ANONYMOUS,2007.ICRISATCrops.Retrieved,August 04,2007.http://www.yahoo.com.ph
KNOTT, J.E. et.al. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPCA, Los Banos,
Laguna.
JANICK,J. 1972. Plant Science: Introduction to World Crops. Freeman and Company. San
Francisco. P. 529.
.
LUIS, A. 1990. Growth Yield Performance and Economics of Pole Snap Bean Planted at
Different Months Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.(Unpub. Thesis) BSU. P.4
MABLI. 2004. Growth and Yield Performance of Bush Snap Bean “Green Crop” Growing in
Plants with and with out Introduced Earthworm. B.S. Thesis (Unpub.) BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3-6.
PCARRD. 1975. The Philippines Recommends for Vegetable Crops. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources. Manila.
SINGH, C.1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. India.
THOMPSON, G.W. 1978. Southern Vegetable Crops. American Book Co. New York.
THOMPSON, H.C. and W.C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crops. 5th Edition. MCGRAW-
HILL Co. New York.
WALES, E.S. and D.E. BYTH. 1986. Food Legume Improvement for Asian Farming
Systems. Khon Kaen. Thailand.
WARE, G. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops. Thinterstste Printers and Publishing, Inc.
Illinois.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
APPENDICES
Table 1. Emergence percentage
TYPE VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
80
75
76
86
317
79.25
ICCV 93954
80
85
85
78
328
82
ICCV 95954
74
84
93
74
325
81.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
85
65
79
78
307
76.75
ICCV 95332
65
80
65
65
281
70.25
ICCV 95334
54
74
53
63
244
61
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
90.167
30.056
Factor A
5
1310.833
262.167
3.57*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1102.833
73.522
Total
23
2503.833
* = significant Coefficient of Variation: 11.42%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
33
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
69
72
67
69
277
69.25
ICCV 93954
60
64
66
64
254
63.50
ICCV 95954
66
68
64
66
264
66.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
37
39
41
39
156
39.00
ICCV 95332
44
46
47
46
183
45.75
ICCV 95334
41
44
39
41
165
41.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
21.458
7.153
Factor A
5
3689.375
737.875
252.75**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
43.792
2.919
Total
23
3754.625
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 3.16%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
34
Table 3. Average height at flowering
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
32.7
33.1
37.43 36.22
139.45
34.863
ICCV 93954
35.2
36.4
37
35.2
143.80
35.950
ICCV 95954
33.0
32.5
35.3
34.6
135.40
33.850
KABULI
ICCV 2
47.4
46
35.4
31.4
160.20
40.050
ICCV 95332
54.6
46.4
40
42.5
183.50
45.875
ICCV 95334
38
40.3
38.7
37
154
38.500
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
57.787
19.262
Factor A
5
390.160
78.632
4.18*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
280.028
18.669
Total
23
727.975
* = significant Coefficient of Variation: 11.32 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
35
Table 4. Days from planting to first harvest
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
139
137
139
138
553
138.25
ICCV 93954
139
139
137
140
555
138.75
ICCV 95954
130
139
137
135
544
136.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
108
118
128
107
461
115.00
ICCV 95332
138
128
137
131
534
133.00
ICCV 95334
138
138
138
138
552
138.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
64.125
21.375
Factor A
5
1637.708
327.542
13.91*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
353.125
23.542
Total
23
2054.958
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 3.64 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
36
Table 5. Average number of lateral branches
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
5
6
10
9
30
7.50
ICCV 93954
6
8
6
9
29
7.25
ICCV 95954
6
7
8
9
30
7.50
KABULI
ICCV 2
8
6
6
7
27
6.75
ICCV 95332
5
5
5
5
20
5.00
ICCV 95334
5
6
6
6
23
5.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
9.125
3.042
Factor A
5
21.375
4.275
2.77ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
23.125
1.542
Total
23
53.625
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 18.74%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
37
Table 6. Total number of harvests
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1
1
2
2
6
1.50
ICCV 93954
1
2
2
2
7
1.75
ICCV 95954
1
2
3
3
9
2.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
2
2
2
2
8
2.00
ICCV 95332
2
2
3
2
9
2.25
ICCV 95334
1
2
2
2
7
1.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3.500
1.167
Factor A
5
1.833
0.367
2.20ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
2.500
0.167
Total
23
7.833
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 21.30%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
38
Table 7. Average number of pods per plant
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
18.2
25.5
28.64 18.44
90.78
22.695
ICCV 93954
15.42
49.13
22.40 17.27
104.22
26.055
ICCV 95954
58.94
41.17
36.60 36.45
173.70
43.425
KABULI
ICCV 2
20.29
35.17
18.05 31.70
105.75
26.438
ICCV 95332
21.29
33.19
21.37 21.44
97.29
24.323
ICCV 95334
18.88
11.6
31.93 36.07
98.48
24.620
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
196.748
65.583
Factor A
5
1188.854
237.771
2.132s
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1673.431
111.562
Total
23
3059.033
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 37.82%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
39
Table 8. Average seed yield per plant
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
22.0
22.5
22.0
22.5
89.0
22.50
ICCV 93954
20.5
25.0
22.5
21.5
89.5
22.38
ICCV 95954
28.5
25.0
30.0
29.5
113
28.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
24.5
22.5
22.5
27.0
99.0
24.75
ICCV 95332
26.0
28.5
28.5
30.0
107
26.75
ICCV 95334
24.5
25.0
25.0
22.5
93.0
23.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
8.948
2.983
Factor A
5
121.052
24.210
5.15**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
70.490
4.699
Total
23
200.490
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 8.81%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
40
Table 9. Total yield per plot
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1.76
1.69
1.67
1.54
6.66
1.67
ICCV 93954
1.80
1.67
1.91
1.76
7.14
1.79
ICCV 95954
2.18
1.83
1.83
1.92
7.76
1.94
KABULI
ICCV 2
1.91
1.78
1.78
1.93
7.20
1.80
ICCV 95332
2.30
1.75
1.75
1.67
7.47
1.87
ICCV 95334
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.83
7.20
1.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
0.294
0.098
Factor A
5
0.093
0.01
0.36
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.772
0.051
Total
23
1.159
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 12.77%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
41
Table 10. Computed yield per hectare
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
880
845
835
770
3330
832.50
ICCV 93954
895
895
895
915
3600
900.00
ICCV 95954
1090
915
915
960
3880
970.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
955
890
890
965
3700
925.00
ICCV 95332
1150
875
875
835
3735
933.75
ICCV 95334
900
880
955
880
3615
903.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
36808.333
12269.444
Factor A
5
42120.833
8424.167
2.02ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
62504167
416.944
Total
23
141433.333
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 7.09%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
42
Table 11. Average number of seeds per pod
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1.32
1.32
1.45
1.70
5.79
1.44
ICCV 93954
1.45
1.48
1.29
1.53
5.75
1.44
ICCV 95954
2.01
1.81
1.10
1.90
6.82
1.71
KABULI
ICCV 2
1.39
1.52
1.09
2.11
6.10
1.53
ICCV 95332
1.35
1.57
1.17
1.57
5.66
1.42
ICCV 95334
1.05
1.30
1.79
2.01
6.15
1.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
0.779
0.260
Factor A
5
0.229
0.04
0.63ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1.089
0.073
Total
23
2.097
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 17.83%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
43
Table 12. Weight of 1000 seeds
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
234.0
226.0
222.67 208.0
780.67 195.167
ICCV 93954
220.8
220.8
218.93 219.0
879.0
219.882
ICCV 95954
242.5
226.1
234.70 235.5
1028.8 257.200
KABULI
ICCV 2
314.0
282.6
295.87 291.0 1183.47 295.87
ICCV 95332
340.0
340.0
335.50 326.5 1342.00 335.500
ICCV 95334
345.5
351.0
352.17 360.0 1414.67 353.668
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3338.505
1112.835
Factor A
5
80013.762
16002.752
19.22**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
12485.985
832.399
Total
23
95838.251
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 10.45%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
44
Table 13. Rogdoll Method
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
70
72
70
70
282
70.50
ICCV 93954
90
84
94
89
357
89.25
ICCV 95954
78
82
80
80
320
80.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
80
92
88
87
347
86.75
ICCV 95332
74
68
68
70
280
70.00
ICCV 95334
60
52
74
62
240
62.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
59.167
19.722
Factor A
5
2273.333
454.667
19.52**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
349.333
23.289
Total
23
2681.833
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 6.32 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
45
Table 14. Petri Disc method
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
50
44
52
59
205
51.25
ICCV 93954
62
84
98
81
325
81.25
ICCV 95954
76
62
5
65
259
64.75
KABULI
ICCV 2
66
62
52
60
240
60.00
ICCV 95332
46
40
32
39
157
39.25
ICCV 95334
36
34
36
35
141
35.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
22.792
7.597
Factor A
5
5843.208
1168.642
15.022**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1166.958
77.797
Total
23
7032.958
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 15.95 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
46
Table 15. Average seed diameter
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
0.6
0.7
0.68
0.68
2.66
0.665
ICCV 93954
0.7
0.69
0.72
0.66
2.77
0.693
ICCV 95954
0.72
0.66
0.72
0.68
2.78
0.695
KABULI
ICCV 2
0.76
0.79
0.74
0.76
3.05
0.763
ICCV 95332
0.87
0.92
0.92
0.8
3.60
0.900
ICCV 95334
1.03
0.91
0.88
0.94
3.96
0.990
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
8.948
2.983
Factor A
5
121.052
24.210
5.15**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
70.490
4.699
Total
23
200.490
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 8.81 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
47
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
MOGUIL, MIKIE T. MAY 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of six
chickpea varieties and to select and evaluate varieties under Pide, Sagada condition.
Findings revealed that although growth, flowering and maturity were significantly
different, yield potentials showed no significant differences in the locality. Generally,
Desi type (varieties ICCV 95954), performed better than Kabuli type (ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 95334). Desi type (ICCV 95954) had the highest yield at 970 kg/ha and thus are
the most adopted varieties under the environmental conditions of the locality.
Desi type (ICCV 95954) could be recommended for cultivation since it gives a
high yield under Pide, Sagada condition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………..………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ………...………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………………...
1
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………
2
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………….
3
Place and time of the Study …………………………………………...
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea …………………………………………………...
4
Ecology of Chickpea ………………………………………………….
5
Growth Habits ………………………………………………………...
5
Environmental Conditions …………………………………………......
6
Crop Culture …………………………………………………………..
7
Nutritional Value ……………………………………………………..
9
Traditional Medicinal Uses …………………………………………..
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………………
11
Methods ……………………………………………………………...
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence Percentage ………………………………………………
15
Number of Days from Planting to Flowering ……………………….
16
ii
Average Height at Flowering ………………………………………..
16
Number of Days from Planting to First Harvest …………………….
17
Average number of Lateral Branches ……………………………….
18
Total Number of Harvests …………………………………………..
19
Average Number of Pods Produced per Plant ………………………
20
Average Seed Yield per Plant ……………………………………….
21
Total Yield per Plot …………………………………………………
22
Computed Yield per Hectare ………………………………………...
23
Average Number of Seeds per Pod …………………………………
23
Average Seed Diameter …………………………………………….
24
Weight of 1000 Seeds ………………………………………………
25
Germination Test …………………………………………………….
26
Incidence of Pest and Diseases ……………………………………...
27
Varietals Characteristics …………………………………………...
28
Meteorological Data …………………………………………………
28
Pictorial Presentation ………………………………………………..
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………….
30
Conclusion …………………………………………………………..
30
Recommendation ……………………………………………………
31
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………...
32
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………
33
iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study
One of the municipalities of Mountain Province is Sagada. It is inhabited by mostly
people of the Kankana-ey language group. Sagada has a cool climate. Mountainous terrains
with slopes of over 18 degrees characterize the municipality. It is studded with high
limestone formations and has underground streams and rivers. At an elevation of 5,000 feet
above sea level, Sagada is in the western part of Mt. Province. It is bounded in the north by
the province of Abra, in the south by the municipality of Sabangan, in the east by the
municipality of Bontoc and in the west by Bauko and Besao municipalities.
The municipality has two pronounced seasons, the wet season which lasts from May
to October and the dry season from November to April. The wettest part of the year is in
October while the dry season peaks in January and February.
Sagada has a total agricultural land area of 527.80 hectares but only 240.75 hectares
are covered, thereby serving only 820 farmers. The leading agricultural crop in Sagada is rice
followed by root crops, fruits and vegetables.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) also known as garbanzo, Egyptian pea and gram is an
annual cool season legume or pulse crop. It is a significant food crop of the Mediterranean
Region and India and is cultivated for its edible nutritious seeds.
It belongs to the Leguminosae family with plant height ranging between 30-70 cm,
but tall types with >1.0 m in height are cultivated in the erstwhile USSR. The foliage is
covered with glandular hairs which secrets highly acidic exudates, and is considered
important in conferring tolerance to insect pest, such as the pod borer. Leaves are compound,
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
2
arranged in an alternate, solitary or in inflorescence of 2 or 3. They are white, pink, purplish,
or blue in color. The fruit is a legume, 2-3 cm long (0.8-12”) and I cm (o.4”) wide.
Chickpea is a temperate crop, probably originated in Southeastern Turkey and spread
to other parts of the world. Crop improvement efforts have improved adaptation of chickpea
to warmer conditions in the subtropics. The two most common types of chickpea are; the
seeded “Kabuli” and the “Desi type”. Kabuli types are mostly grown in WANA, the
Americas and Europe, while the desi types predominate in Asia, parts of Africa and
Australia.
Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown or yellow during maturity.
For dry seeds, the plants are harvested at maturity by cutting them close to the ground or
uprooting. Chickpeas are usually stored in bags, but are more subject to insect damage than
when stored in bulk.
Importance of the Study
Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) has one of the highest nutritional compositions of any
dry edible legume. On an average, chickpea seed contains 23%protien, 47% starch, 56% fat,
6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar and 3% ash. It is grown ten million hectare of which 74.5%
is in India and 1.7% in Burma. It is the most important food legume grown globally. Because
it is grown for its nutritious edible seeds, the whole seed or split seed are used in flour for
preparing variety of snack, raw or roasted fresh green chickpeas and straw as a livestock
feed. The plant is free from various anti-nutritional factors and has high protein (23%), total
carbohydrates (64%) and dietary fiber content (19%). Chickpea are rich in minerals and
vitamins.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
3
Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used
as feed. The kabuli type (white or cream seed coat) is generally used as a whole grains, while
desi type (coloured seed coat) is used as whole seeds, dehulled, splits or flour. Chickpea is
also known for its use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpea however, have not been introduced or cultivated in the Cordilleras even the
agro climatic condition is suitable for the production. This is due to lack of information and
no available planting materials. The introduction of new highbred ICRISAT cultivars of
chickpea coupled with the generation of location specific technologies for the highlands of
CAR, chickpea could become a major cash earner. Moreover, the supply of chickpea in the
Philippines depends mainly on importation of chickpea from producing countries like India,
Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico, Australia and Canada.
Sustaining the domestic demand, introducing chickpea in the highlands of Cordillera
like in Benguet and Mountain Province and increasing yield per area through the selection of
adaptable varieties is the cheapest and easiest technology.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were:
1. Determine the growth and yield performance of six chickpea varieties under Pide,
Sagada, Mountain Province.
2. Select varieties of chickpea adopted under Sagada condition.
Place and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province from October 2007 to
May 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Botany of Chickpea
Taxonomy, morphology and floral biology. Cicer, which was classified under Vicieae
Alef., was later reported to belong to the monogeneric tribe, Cicereae. The Genus includes 9
annuals and 34 perennial herbs. Cross ability and fertility of hybrids in interspecific crosses
have been used as a basis to classify the annuals into 4 crossability groups. The first group
includes the cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). and C. reticulatum. Chickpea plants
can be described as “stems are branched, erect or spreading, sometimes shrubby much
branched, 0.2-1 m tall, glandular pubescent, olive, dark green or bluish green in color. Root
system is robust, up to 2 m deep, but major portion up to 60 cm. Leaves imparipinnate,
glandular-pubescent with 3-8 pairs of leaflets and a top leaflet (rachis ending in a leaflet);
leaflets ovate to elliptic, 0.6-2.0 cm long, 0.3-1.4 cm wide; margin serrate, apex acuminate to
aristate, base cuneate; stipules 2-5 toothed, stipules absent. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 per
inflorescence, axillary; peduncles 0.6-3 cm long, pedicels 0.5-1.3 cm long, bracts triangular
or tripartite; calyx 7-10 mm long; corolla white, pink, purplish (fading to blue), or blue, 0.8-
1.2 cm long. The staminal column is diadelphous (9-1) and the ovary is sessile inflated and
pubescent”. Pod rhomboid ellipsoid, 1-2 with three seeds as a maximum, and inflated,
glandular-pubescent. Seed color cream, yellow, brown, black or green, rounded to angular,
seed coat smooth or wrinkled, or tuberculate, laterally compressed with a median groove
around two-thirds of the seed, anterior beaked; germination cryptocotylar (Anonymous,
2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
5
Ecology of Chickpea
Chickpea is a self pollinated crop. Cross pollination is rare; only 0-1% is reported.
Grown usually as rain fed cool-weather crop or as a dry climate crop in semi-arid regions.
Optimum conditions include 18-260C day and 21-290C night temperatures and annual rainfall
of 600-1000 mm. The Palouse region of the states Washington and Idaho appears to be well
suited to chickpea and can be characterized as having 18-250C during the day and 5-100C
during the night and sufficiently long growing season. California is very suited to the
chickpea crop and it has thrived in the coastal areas and in the Central Valley. Thrives on a
sunny site in a cool, dry climate on spring of the northern hemisphere. “Generally grown on
heavy black or red soils with pH 5.5-8.6. Frost, hailstones and excessive rains damage the
crop. Though sensitive to cold, some cultivars can tolerate temperatures as low as -9.50C in
early stages or under snow cover. Daily temperature fluctuations are desired with cold nights
with dewfall. Relative humidity of 21-41% is optimum for seed setting. In virgin sandy soils
or for the first planting in heavier soils, inoculation is said to increase yield by 10-62%.
Although spoken of as “day-neutral”, chickpea is a quantitative long-day plant, but flowers in
every photoperiod (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth Habits
Plants are multiple branched, spreading growth habit annuals ranging from 8-40
inches tall. Some chickpea varieties have compound leaves (8 to 20 leaflets) and some have
simple leaves, which are pubescent (hairy) in appearance. Chickpea leaves exude malic and
oxalic seeds.
Kabuli (large seeded = 800 seeds/lb) varieties are generally taller than the desi (small-
seeded = 1500 seeds/lb) varieties.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
6
Because of its deep tap root system, chickpea can withstand drought conditions by
extracting water from deeper in the soil profile.
Flowers (self pollinated) which are borne in groups of two or three are ½ to 1 in. long
and come in purple, white, pink or blue color depending upon variety. Each flower produces
a short, pubescent pod which is ¾ to inches long and which appears to be inflated. One or
two seeds (1/2 to 1 inches diameter) are present in each pod. The seeds come with either
rough or smooth surfaces and can be crème, yellow, brown, black or green in color. There is
a definite groove visible between the cotyledons about two thirds of the way around the seed,
with a beak like structure present (Anonymous, 2007).
Environmental Conditions
Climatic requirement. Climate largely determines where, when and what plants to
grow. Climate includes consideration of precipitation, humidity, sky condition, temperature,
wind and atmospheric pressure which in turn is influenced by location, latitude, season,
elevation, time of day and local factors such as drainage (Janick, 1972).
In 1990, Luis stated that the cooler months of the year under highland condition
favors an optimum pod setting. Thompson and Kelly (1959) found that a combination of high
solar radiation and low temperatures for a period of 25 days markedly increase yield.
Chickpea is a cool season annual crop performing optimally in 700 to 800F daytime
temperature and 640 to 700F night temperature. They produce good yields in drier conditions
because of their deep tap roots. Areas with lighter, well distributed rainfall patterns have
produced the highest yields and quality chickpea seeds (Anonymous, 2007).
Soil requirement. Legume crops can be grown in any type of soil provided water is
available. They perform best in soil that is granular, fertile, well drained and relatively free
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
7
from nematodes and fusarium diseases. Clay loam soil is probably the beat type for
commercial production. They thrive in moderately acidic acid soil with a range of 5.0-6.0
(PCARRD, 1975).
Chickpea does best on fertile sandy loam soils with good internal drainage. Good
drainage is necessary because even short periods of flooded or waterlogged fields reduce
growth and increase susceptibility to root and stem rots.
Seed preparation and germination. Good quality certified chickpea seed should
always be used. This seed should be high in germination percentage (over 85%), free from
damage and free of weed seeds. Good quality seeds do not need to be treated with an
insecticide or fungicide, but if you have had past problems with Pythuim or Rhizoctonia Rots
in your fields, you may need to treat your seeds prior to planting (Anonymous, 2007).
Crop Culture
Field cultivation. Chickpeas are propagated from seeds. Seed is broadcast or (more
often) drilled in rows 25-60 cm apart, spaced at 10 cm between seeds at a depth of 2-12 cm
with soil well pressed down. Seeding rates vary from 25-40 kg/ha to 80-120 kg/ha,
depending on the area and seed type. Seeds should be planted using a drill of planter which
can deliver the chickpea seed with out damage. Good seed soil contact should be ensured
with a press wheel if possible. Because of the high cost of seed and variation in germination
rates, you should carefully calibrate your equipment to achieve the proper plant population.
Chickpea maybe cultivated as a sole crop, of mixed with barley, mustard, peas, corn, coffee,
sweet potato or wheat. In India, chickpeas are also as a catch crop in sugarcane fields and
often as a second crop after rice. Although usually considered a dry land crop, chickpeas
develop well on rice lands.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
8
Harvesting. Chickpeas mature in 3-7 months and the leaves turn brown or yellow
during maturity. The plants are stacked in the field for a few days to dry and later the crop id
threshed by trampling or beating with wooden flails. The chaff is separated from the grain by
winnowing. Proper cleaning, drying and aeration are necessary to control seed beetles. A thin
coating with vegetable oil can reduce storage damage. Sometimes baskets, made from
twisted rice straw are used as storage containers.
Yields and economics. Greater and more stable yields are the major goals of plant
breeding programs. Chickpea yields usually average 400-600 kg/ha, but van surpass 2000
kg/ha. Yields from irrigated crops are 20-28% higher than yields from rain fed crops. Two
types of chickpea are recognized, desi (colored, small seeded, angular and fibrous) and kabuli
(beige, large seeded, rams-head shaped with lower fiber content) types. In a 3-cultivar trial in
India, dry matter yields ranged from 9400 to 12000 kg/ha. In India and Pakistan, chickpea is
retained by growers. In United States and Europe, chickpeas are marketed dried, canned or in
various vegetable mixture. Mashed chickpea mixed with oils and spices (humus) is a popular
hors d’oeuvre in the Mediterranean Middle East. In 1975 to 1994, on the average, Asia
produced 5-6,000,000 MT, yields ranging from 570-766 kg/ha, led by India, which produced
4-5,000,000 MT ranging from 500-900kg/ha; Africa produced 250-364,000 MT with yields
ranging from 600-660 kg/ha. North and Central America produced 180-260,000 MT
averaging 1600kg/ha (Anonymous, 2007).
Nutritional Value
Legume vegetables are one of the promising vegetable crop produced in the
Philippines. The crop is not only important for human nutrition but also for farmers (Mabli,
2004).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
9
Aside from the benefits it provides to man and animals, legumes are beneficial to the
soil, for they are replenishers of soil nitrogen. Legumes generally help maintain and conserve
soil fertility (Thompson, 1978).
In a survey in 1965, Knott and Deanon (1967) reported that legume ranked fourth in
area planted and eight in total peso value among the eleven leading vegetables produced in
the country. This means that legume like chickpea is planted to a wide area than other
vegetables. Furthermore, chickpea is considered as one of the most important food legume
globally, grown in over 40 countries. Chickpea has one of the most important food legumes
and does not contain any specific major anti-nutritional factors.
Chickpea protein digestibility is the highest among the dry edible legumes. It is
mainly used for human consumption and only a small proportion is used as feed. It is also
known for its use in herbal medicine and cosmetics.
Chickpeas are high in carbohydrates and are a good source of protein. They can be
eaten as snack. It can also be used to make a type of split pea called DAHL, salads and stews,
and they may also be ground into a fine meal. Roasted seeds are as a confection or snack, and
sometimes as a coffee substitute. The herbage is low in yield and is toxic to animals (Singh,
1983). In addition to consumption of the whole seed or seed in young pods, chickpeas are
sometimes ground to flour and in preparing unlearned bread or sweets (Janick, 1972).
Chickpea meets 80% of its nitrogen requirement from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and
can fix up to 140 kg M ha-1 from air. It leaves substantial amount of residual nitrogen behind
for subsequent crops and adds much needed organic matter to maintain and improve soil
health, long term fertility and sustainability of the ecosystems (Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
10
Traditional Medicinal Uses
Among the food legumes, chickpea is the most hypocholesteremic agent:
germinated chickpea was reported to be effective in controlling cholesterol level in rats.
“Glandular secretion of the leaves, stems, and pods consists of malic and oxalic acids, giving
a sour taste. In India these acids used to be harvested by spreading thin muslin over the crop
during the night. In the morning the soaked cloth is wrung out, and the acids are collected in
bottles. Medicinal applications include use for aphrodisiac, bronchitis, catarrh, cutamenia,
cholera, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, snakebite, sunstroke, and warts. Acids
are supposed to lower the blood cholesterol levels. Seeds are considered antibilious”
(Anonymous, 2007).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were seeds of chickpea, garden tools, fertilizers,
record book and identifying pegs.
Methods
The study was conducted at Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province with a temperature of
approximately 100C- 210C and an elevation of 1565 meters above sea level. The garden field
that was planted with chickpea was previously planted with cabbage.
Six varieties of chickpea from ICRISAT were introduced and evaluated at Pide,
Sagada, Mountain Province where 2-3 promising varieties adopted to Sagada was selected.
Experiment design and treatments. The study was laid out in Simple Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a minimum of 500 m2 per replication per location.
There were four replications at each location. The seeds were sown singly at 30 cm between
rows and 10 cm between hills. The treatment were as follows:
DESI Type
Kabuli Type
T1 = ICCV 93952
T4 = ICCV2
T2 = ICCV 93954
T5 = ICCV 95332
T3 = ICCV 94954
T6 = ICCV 95334
There were 20 sample plants per treatment per replicate selected randomly.
Care and Maintenance. Care and maintenance was done to all samples through out the
duration of the study.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
12
Data to be Gathered. The data gathered and subjected to variance analysis, and mean
separation test by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were as follows:
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Emergence Percentage (%) = this was recorded 15 days from sowing the
seeds.
Emergence Percentage = number of seedlings emerge
_______________________ x 100
Number of seeds sown
2. Days from planting to flowering = this was taken at flowering stage.
3. Average height at flowering (cm) = this was taken at flowering stage (first
flower).
4. Days from flowering to first harvest = this was noted on the first harvest of
seeds.
5. Average number of lateral branches at flowering = this was taken at flowering
(first flowers).
Average number of lateral branches = # of lateral branches of sample plants
Sample plants
6. Total number of harvests = this was the number of harvests done during the
study.
B. Yield
1. Average weight of pods produced per plant = this was the total number of
pods produced by sample plants divided by the number of sample plants.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
13
Average number of pods per plant (g) = total # of pods produced by sample plants
Number of sample plants
2. Average seed yield produced / plant (g) = this was the total yield of sample
plants divided by the number of samples.
Average yield/plant (g) = total yield of sample plants
Number of samples
3. Total yield / plot (kg) = total yield of the experimental plot.
4. Total yield/ha (tons/ha) = yield of experimental plot (20 m2) (500)
5. Average number of seeds /pod = this was taken at harvesting stage
C. Seed Quality
1. Weight of 1000seeds (kg) = Small, Medium, Big
2. Germination test = this was conducted one month from seed storage using Petri
disc and the Ragdoll method.
D. Varietals Characteristics
1. Leaf = the shape, color and other plant characteristics was recorded.
2. Flower/pod = the color of flower / pod was recorded at flowering and at first
harvesting stage.
3. Seed = the color, shape and size was recorded at harvesting together with
weight of seeds.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
14
E. Incidence of Pest and Diseases
4. Insect pest = insect pest that infest the plant during the cropping season was
noted and identified during the vegetative growth and reproductive stages of
plant growth.
5. Diseases = plant diseases observed during the cropping season was recorded
and the causal organisms was identified including the degree of infestation.
E. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (0C)
2. Fog (usual time of occurrence and density)
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence Percentage
The emergence percentage as presented in Table 1 showed that there were significant
differences among the varieties used. Varieties ICCV 93954, ICCV 95954, ICCV 93952
(Desi type) and ICCV 2 had the highest emergence percentage compared to other Kabuli
varieties (ICCV 95332 and ICCV95334) with a mean of 70. 25% and 61% respectively.
The result shows that chickpea had a good germination percentage under Pide,
Sagada condition.
Number of Days from Planting to Flowering
Table 2 shows highly significant differences on the days from planting to flowering
as affected by varieties used. It was observed that ICCV 2, ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334, a
Kabuli variety significantly had flowered earlier compared to the Desi varieties ICCV 93952,
ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95954. Desi variety ICCV 93952 appeared to flower 69 days from
planting.
Differences on the days to flowering could be attributed to varietal characteristics of
the plant where Kabuli type are generally are early maturing compared to Desi type. It is very
evident, as shown by the result that chickpea varieties could adapt under Pide, Sagada
condition.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
16
Table 1. Emergence percentage
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (%)
DESI ICCV 93952 79.25a
ICCV 93954 82.00a
ICCV 95954 81.25a
KABULI ICCV 2 76.75a
ICCV 95332 70.25ab
ICCV 95334 61.00b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average Height at Flowering
The average height at flowering is presented in Table 3. Results showed that Kabuli
variety ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 significantly attained the highest average height at
flowering with a mean of 45.08 cm and 40.05 cm. This was followed by variety ICCV 95334
with a mean of 38.50. Shortest height at flowering was observed in the Desi varieties (ICCV
95954, ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954), with a mean ranging from 33.85 to 35.95.
The observed differences among the chickpea varieties indicate their differential
adaptability to local conditions as well as their inherent height potential. Results confirm that
Kabuli varieties are generally taller than the Desi varieties (Anonymous, 2007).
Number of Days from Planting to First Harvest
As shown in Table 4, Kabuli variety ICCV 2 significantly performed better than the
other varieties in terms of days from planting to first harvest. It was observed that Kabuli
varieties ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332 were harvested earlier than Desi varieties ICCV 93954,
ICCV 93952 and Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 with a mean ranging from 138-138.75.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
17
Table 2. Number of days from planting to flowering
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (days)
DESI ICCV 93952 69.25a
ICCV 93954 63.50b
ICCV 95954 66.00b
KABULI ICCV 2 39.00d
ICCV 95332 45.75c
ICCV 95334 41.25 d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
It is apparent in the results that the different varieties had varied maturity periods
which may be attributed to the climatic condition under Pide, Sagada condition. This result is
due to the fact that Kabuli variety ICCV 2 had flowered earlier than the other varieties. It
follows the same trend that the first varieties to produce flowers were also the first to have
pods.
Table 3. Average height at flowering
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (cm)
DESI ICCV 93952 34.863b
ICCV 93954 35.95 b
ICCV 95954 33.850b
KABULI ICCV 2 40.050ab
ICCV 95332 45.875a
ICCV 95334 38.500b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
18
Table 4. Number of days from planting to first harvest
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (days)
DESI ICCV 93952 138.25a
ICCV 93954 138.75a
ICCV 95954 136.00a
KABULI ICCV 2 115.25b
ICCV 95332 133.50a
ICCV 95334 138.00a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Average Number of Lateral Branches
The average number of lateral branches as presented in Table 5 showed that the
varieties of chickpea evaluated had no significant differences. However, the varieties ICCV
93952, ICCV 95954 and ICCV 93954 obtained the highest number of lateral branches with a
mean ranging from 7.25 to 7.50 respectively.
Total Number of Harvests
As shown in Table 6, ICCV 95954, ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2 had the highest number
of harvest ranging from 2.00 to 2.25. However, statistical analysis showed no significant
differences among the varieties evaluated. It was observed that least number of harvests
ranges from 1.50 to 1.75 respectively.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
19
Table 5. Average number of lateral branches
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 7.50a
ICCV 93954 7.25a
ICCV 95954 7.50a
KABULI ICCV 2 6.75a
ICCV 95332 5.00a
ICCV 95334 5.75a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Average Number of Pods Produced per Plant
Table 7 shows the average number of pods produced per plant. Result showed that
ICCV 95954, a Desi variety attained the greatest number of pods produced per plant
comparable to ICCV 93952 that obtained the least number of pods with a mean of 22.695
followed by Kabuli varieties with a mean of 24.323 and 24.620.
Nevertheless, statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the
varieties evaluated. Result showed that number of lateral branches seems to be related to the
number of pods produced. However, Desi variety ICCV 93952 that was observed to have
greater number of branches obtained the least number of pods produced per plant. This result
is due to the disease, chickpea stunt that infested the evaluated crop during the vegetative
growth and flowering stage.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
20
Table 6. Total number of harvests
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 1.50a
ICCV 93954 1.75a
ICCV 95954 2.25 a
KABULI ICCV 2 2.00a
ICCV 95332 2.25a
ICCV 95334 1.75a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Average seed Yield per Plant
The yield per plant showed that significant differences exist among the chickpea
varieties studied (Table 8). Result shows that Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest yield
but did not differ from Kabuli variety ICCV 95332 and ICCV 2, but out yielded Desi
varieties ICCV 93952, ICCV 93954 and Kabuli variety 95334 with a mean of 22.25, 22.375
and 23.25.
Results follows the same trend that the more pods produced per plant, the more seed
yield produced per plant. How ever, Desi variety ICCV 93954 was observed to have low
seed yield. This result is due to the unfilled pods observed during harvesting. Unfilled pods
are caused by temperature of below 150C – more than 300C.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
21
Table 7. Average number of pods produced per plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 22.695a
ICCV 93954 26.055a
ICCV 95954 43.425a
KABULI ICCV 2 26.438a
ICCV 95332 24.323a
ICCV 95334 24.620a
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot
No significant differences were noted among the six chickpea varieties evaluated in
Pide, Sagada condition in total yield per plot. Table 9 shows that the yield per plot may
indicate adaptability of the chickpea evaluated.
Table 8. Average seed yield / plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 22.250c
ICCV 93954 22.375c
ICCV 95954 28.250a
KABULI ICCV 2 24.750bc
ICCV 95332 26.750ab
ICCV 95334 23.250c
Means with the common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
22
Apparently Desi variety ICCV 93952 had the lowest yield which indicates that such
varieties are not suited in Pide, Sagada condition. On the other hand, result follow the trend
on the average seed yield per plant where Desi variety ICCV 95954 obtained the highest
yield followed by Kabuli varieties ICCV 95332 with a mean of 1.867, ICCV 95334 and
ICCV 2 with a mean of 1.800.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Computed yield per hectare were noted to have no significant differences among the
evaluated varieties. Computed yield per hectare follow the trend of total yield per plot where
Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest computed yield.
Result shows that ICCV 95954, a Desi variety and ICCV 95332, a Kabuli variety are
high yielding based on computed yield and per hectare of the six varieties evaluated under
Pide, Sagada. This was attributed to the fact that pods harvested from the variety ICCV
95954 ,a Desi type attained the highest number of lateral branches (Table 05), number of
pods produced per plant (Table 07), and the heaviest seed yield produced per plant (Table
08), that resulted to the highest yield per plot.
On the other hand, variety ICCV 93952 attained the least number of pods produced
per plant, seed yield per plant and the yield in kilogram and in hectare. The low yield of this
variety was due to the pests rodents that ate the seeds, rotting of seeds that is caused by
excessive water and was infected with stunt and collar rot. Some were because of unfilled
pods or pod abortion during harvesting. Pod abortion is due to high and low temperature
during flowering or pod formation (more than 300C or less than 150C) and incorrect day
length.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
23
Table 9. Total yield per plot and per hectare
TYPE VARIETY YIELD/KG YIELD/HA
DESI ICCV 93952 1.665a 832.50a
ICCV 93954 1.785a 900.00a
ICCV 95954 1.940a 970.00a
KABULI ICCV 2 1.800a 925.00a
ICCV 95332 1.867a 933.75a
ICCV 95334 1.800a 903.75a
Means with the common letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Number of seeds per pod is shown in table 10. Statistical analysis showed no
significant differences among the varieties used. Result showed that almost all varieties
contain only one seed per pod.
Table 10. Average number of seeds produced per plant
TYPE VARIETY MEAN
DESI ICCV 93952 1.448a
ICCV 93954 1.438a
ICCV 95954 1.705a
KABULI ICCV 2 1.425a
ICCV 95332 1.415a
ICCV 95334 1.537a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
24
Average Seed Diameter
Highly significant differences were noted in seed diameter as affected by the varieties
used (Table 11). Result showed that Kabuli varieties are bigger than Desi varieties. However,
Kabuli variety ICCV 2 was observed to have smaller size than the other Kabuli varieties
ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334 but bigger than Desi varieties.
Weight of 1000 Seeds
Table 12 shows the weight of 1000 seeds (g) harvested under Pide, Sagada condition.
Highly significant differences was noted where Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 obtained the
heaviest weight in grams. Result follows the trend of seed diameter where Kabuli varieties
had bigger sizes.
The differences in weight are attributed to the difference in varietals characteristics
such as sizes as shown in the table above (Table 11). Kabuli varieties ICCV 95334, ICCV
95332, and ICCV 2 had bigger sizes which might have contributed to its weight.
Table 11. Average seed diameter
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 0.665d
ICCV 93954 0.693cd
ICCV 95954 0.695d
KABULI ICCV 2 0.763c
ICCV 95332 0.900b
ICCV 95334 0.990a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
25
Table 12. Weight of 1000 seeds
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (g)
DESI ICCV 93952 195.167e
ICCV 93954 219.882de
ICCV 95954 257.200cd
KABULI ICCV 2 295.868bc
ICCV 95332 335.500ab
ICCV 95334 353.668a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Germination Test
The table below (Table13) shows the germination test of chickpea evaluated in Pide,
Sagada condition Result showed that Ragdoll method significantly performed better than the
Petri Disc method. Nevertheless, Desi variety ICCV 93954 significantly had the highest
germination percentage in both Rogdoll and Petri Disc among the varieties evaluated
followed by a Kabuli variety ICCV 2 with a mean of 86.75 and 60 respectively.
Result showed that Kabuli variety ICCV 95334 attained the lowest germination
percentage that coincides from the emergence percentage done in the field. Germination test
was done one week after air drying.
Varietals Characteristics
The physical characteristics of six chickpea varieties evaluated in Pide, Sagada
condition was noted and recorded. Desi varieties differ from Kabuli varieties in terms of leaf,
flower and seed in its shape, color and sizes. Kabuli has oblong with green leaves, white
flower with owls head shape and has a medium and big seed shape with white color while
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
26
Table 13. Germination test
TYPE VARIETY MEAN (%)
ROGDOLL METHOD PETRI DISC METHOD
DESI ICCV 93952 70.50c 51.25bc
ICCV 93954 89.25a 81.25a
ICCV 95954 80.00b 64.75b
KABULI ICCV 2 86.75ab 60.00b
ICCV 95332 70.00c 39.25cd
ICCV 95334 62.00d 35.25d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Desi variety has small rounded with dark green leaves, angular and violet flower and a brown
small seeds with angular shape.
Incidence of Pest and Disease
Pest and diseases were noted and recorded during the cropping season. The pests that
attacked the evaluated crop were shown below. On the other hand, the diseases noted during
the study were collar rot, chickpea stunt and wet root rot that infected the crop during the
cropping season. Collar rot and wet root rot diseases were observed in all varieties evaluated
in Pide, Sagada condition while chickpea stunt were observed in Desi varities.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
27
Table 14. Pest and Diseases
PESTS
DISEASES
INSECT ATTACKING DEGREE OF
DISEASE VARIETIES DEGREE OF
PEST
STAGE
INFESTATION
ATTACKED INFESTATION
Cutworm Vegetative
Slight
Chickpea
Desi
Moderate
Growth
stunt
Varieties
Pod Borer Harvesting
Moderate
Root Rot
Desi
Slight
Kabuli
Moderate
Rodents
Harvesting
Severe
Collar rot Desi
Slight
Kabuli
Slight
Meteorological Data
The table below shows the environmental condition of Pide, Sagada where six
varieties of chickpea were evaluated (Table 15). It was observed that the coolest month of
Sagada is January, the flowering and pod formation of chickpea in the locality. January was
also the month where thickest fog was observed that affected the yield of the crop evaluated.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
28
Table 15. Meteorological data
MONTH TEMPERATURE FOG
__________________ ___________________________
6 am 12nn 6pm DENSITY OCCURRENCE
November 15.25 0C 180C 16.50C thick morning
December 17.750C 21.50C 19.50C thin morning
January 14.50C 19.50C 150C very thick morning and
afternoon
February 16.50C 17.50C 170C thin afternoon
March 150C 17.50C 16.50C thick afternoon
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
29
Pictorial Presentation
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental field at flowering
Figure 2. Overview of the experimental field at harvesting
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Pide, Sagada, Mountain Province from October to April
to determine the growth and yield performance of six chickpea varieties and to select and
evaluate the variety adapted in the place.
Findings showed significant differences among the varieties with regards to
emergence percentage, number of days from planting to flowering, average height at
flowering, number of days from planting to first harvest, average seed yield per plant,
average seed diameter, weight of 1000 seeds and in the germination test. As to the yield,
result showed no significant differences among the evaluated varieties.
Desi variety ICCV 95954 had the highest seed yield per plant, yield per plot and per
hectare, greatest number of pods produced per plant, the greatest number of seeds per pod
and greatest number of lateral branches but had the shortest height at flowering followed by a
Kabuli variety ICCV 95332 that attained the highest height at flowering but had the lowest
number of pods per plant, least number of lateral branches and the number of seeds produced
per plant. ICCV 95334 had the lowest emergence percentage with a mean of 61,had the
lowest germination test in rogdoll method with a mean of 62 and in Petri disc method with
35.25 mean but had the heaviest weight of 1000 seeds due to its big size seeds.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the variety grown under Sagada condition in terms of high yield
are Desi variety ICCV 95954 and Kabuli varieties ICCV 95332 and ICCV 95334.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
31
Recommendation
Based from the result and conclusion, it is therefore recommended that Desi variety
ICCV 95954 and Kabuli varieties ICCV95334 and ICCV 95332 be grown in Sagada,
Mountain Province for better crop performance. It is recommended that a follow up study
with in Mountain Province will be conducted to verify such results.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS,2007.Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia.Retrieved,July
28,2007.http:/www.google.com.ph.
ANONYMOUS,2007.ICRISATCrops.Retrieved,August 04,2007.http://www.yahoo.com.ph
KNOTT, J.E. et.al. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPCA, Los Banos,
Laguna.
JANICK,J. 1972. Plant Science: Introduction to World Crops. Freeman and Company. San
Francisco. P. 529.
.
LUIS, A. 1990. Growth Yield Performance and Economics of Pole Snap Bean Planted at
Different Months Under La Trinidad, Benguet Condition.(Unpub. Thesis) BSU. P.4
MABLI. 2004. Growth and Yield Performance of Bush Snap Bean “Green Crop” Growing in
Plants with and with out Introduced Earthworm. B.S. Thesis (Unpub.) BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3-6.
PCARRD. 1975. The Philippines Recommends for Vegetable Crops. Philippine Council for
Agriculture and Resources. Manila.
SINGH, C.1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co. India.
THOMPSON, G.W. 1978. Southern Vegetable Crops. American Book Co. New York.
THOMPSON, H.C. and W.C. KELLY. 1959. Vegetable Crops. 5th Edition. MCGRAW-
HILL Co. New York.
WALES, E.S. and D.E. BYTH. 1986. Food Legume Improvement for Asian Farming
Systems. Khon Kaen. Thailand.
WARE, G. 1975. Producing Vegetable Crops. Thinterstste Printers and Publishing, Inc.
Illinois.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
APPENDICES
Table 1. Emergence percentage
TYPE VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
80
75
76
86
317
79.25
ICCV 93954
80
85
85
78
328
82
ICCV 95954
74
84
93
74
325
81.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
85
65
79
78
307
76.75
ICCV 95332
65
80
65
65
281
70.25
ICCV 95334
54
74
53
63
244
61
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
90.167
30.056
Factor A
5
1310.833
262.167
3.57*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1102.833
73.522
Total
23
2503.833
* = significant Coefficient of Variation: 11.42%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
33
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
69
72
67
69
277
69.25
ICCV 93954
60
64
66
64
254
63.50
ICCV 95954
66
68
64
66
264
66.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
37
39
41
39
156
39.00
ICCV 95332
44
46
47
46
183
45.75
ICCV 95334
41
44
39
41
165
41.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
21.458
7.153
Factor A
5
3689.375
737.875
252.75**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
43.792
2.919
Total
23
3754.625
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 3.16%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
34
Table 3. Average height at flowering
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
32.7
33.1
37.43 36.22
139.45
34.863
ICCV 93954
35.2
36.4
37
35.2
143.80
35.950
ICCV 95954
33.0
32.5
35.3
34.6
135.40
33.850
KABULI
ICCV 2
47.4
46
35.4
31.4
160.20
40.050
ICCV 95332
54.6
46.4
40
42.5
183.50
45.875
ICCV 95334
38
40.3
38.7
37
154
38.500
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
57.787
19.262
Factor A
5
390.160
78.632
4.18*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
280.028
18.669
Total
23
727.975
* = significant Coefficient of Variation: 11.32 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
35
Table 4. Days from planting to first harvest
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
139
137
139
138
553
138.25
ICCV 93954
139
139
137
140
555
138.75
ICCV 95954
130
139
137
135
544
136.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
108
118
128
107
461
115.00
ICCV 95332
138
128
137
131
534
133.00
ICCV 95334
138
138
138
138
552
138.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
64.125
21.375
Factor A
5
1637.708
327.542
13.91*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
353.125
23.542
Total
23
2054.958
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 3.64 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
36
Table 5. Average number of lateral branches
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
5
6
10
9
30
7.50
ICCV 93954
6
8
6
9
29
7.25
ICCV 95954
6
7
8
9
30
7.50
KABULI
ICCV 2
8
6
6
7
27
6.75
ICCV 95332
5
5
5
5
20
5.00
ICCV 95334
5
6
6
6
23
5.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
9.125
3.042
Factor A
5
21.375
4.275
2.77ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
23.125
1.542
Total
23
53.625
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 18.74%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
37
Table 6. Total number of harvests
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1
1
2
2
6
1.50
ICCV 93954
1
2
2
2
7
1.75
ICCV 95954
1
2
3
3
9
2.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
2
2
2
2
8
2.00
ICCV 95332
2
2
3
2
9
2.25
ICCV 95334
1
2
2
2
7
1.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3.500
1.167
Factor A
5
1.833
0.367
2.20ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
2.500
0.167
Total
23
7.833
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 21.30%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
38
Table 7. Average number of pods per plant
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
18.2
25.5
28.64 18.44
90.78
22.695
ICCV 93954
15.42
49.13
22.40 17.27
104.22
26.055
ICCV 95954
58.94
41.17
36.60 36.45
173.70
43.425
KABULI
ICCV 2
20.29
35.17
18.05 31.70
105.75
26.438
ICCV 95332
21.29
33.19
21.37 21.44
97.29
24.323
ICCV 95334
18.88
11.6
31.93 36.07
98.48
24.620
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
196.748
65.583
Factor A
5
1188.854
237.771
2.132s
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1673.431
111.562
Total
23
3059.033
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 37.82%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
39
Table 8. Average seed yield per plant
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
22.0
22.5
22.0
22.5
89.0
22.50
ICCV 93954
20.5
25.0
22.5
21.5
89.5
22.38
ICCV 95954
28.5
25.0
30.0
29.5
113
28.25
KABULI
ICCV 2
24.5
22.5
22.5
27.0
99.0
24.75
ICCV 95332
26.0
28.5
28.5
30.0
107
26.75
ICCV 95334
24.5
25.0
25.0
22.5
93.0
23.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
8.948
2.983
Factor A
5
121.052
24.210
5.15**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
70.490
4.699
Total
23
200.490
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 8.81%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
40
Table 9. Total yield per plot
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1.76
1.69
1.67
1.54
6.66
1.67
ICCV 93954
1.80
1.67
1.91
1.76
7.14
1.79
ICCV 95954
2.18
1.83
1.83
1.92
7.76
1.94
KABULI
ICCV 2
1.91
1.78
1.78
1.93
7.20
1.80
ICCV 95332
2.30
1.75
1.75
1.67
7.47
1.87
ICCV 95334
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.83
7.20
1.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
0.294
0.098
Factor A
5
0.093
0.01
0.36
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.772
0.051
Total
23
1.159
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 12.77%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
41
Table 10. Computed yield per hectare
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
880
845
835
770
3330
832.50
ICCV 93954
895
895
895
915
3600
900.00
ICCV 95954
1090
915
915
960
3880
970.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
955
890
890
965
3700
925.00
ICCV 95332
1150
875
875
835
3735
933.75
ICCV 95334
900
880
955
880
3615
903.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
36808.333
12269.444
Factor A
5
42120.833
8424.167
2.02ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
62504167
416.944
Total
23
141433.333
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 7.09%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
42
Table 11. Average number of seeds per pod
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
1.32
1.32
1.45
1.70
5.79
1.44
ICCV 93954
1.45
1.48
1.29
1.53
5.75
1.44
ICCV 95954
2.01
1.81
1.10
1.90
6.82
1.71
KABULI
ICCV 2
1.39
1.52
1.09
2.11
6.10
1.53
ICCV 95332
1.35
1.57
1.17
1.57
5.66
1.42
ICCV 95334
1.05
1.30
1.79
2.01
6.15
1.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
0.779
0.260
Factor A
5
0.229
0.04
0.63ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1.089
0.073
Total
23
2.097
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation: 17.83%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
43
Table 12. Weight of 1000 seeds
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
234.0
226.0
222.67 208.0
780.67 195.167
ICCV 93954
220.8
220.8
218.93 219.0
879.0
219.882
ICCV 95954
242.5
226.1
234.70 235.5
1028.8 257.200
KABULI
ICCV 2
314.0
282.6
295.87 291.0 1183.47 295.87
ICCV 95332
340.0
340.0
335.50 326.5 1342.00 335.500
ICCV 95334
345.5
351.0
352.17 360.0 1414.67 353.668
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
3338.505
1112.835
Factor A
5
80013.762
16002.752
19.22**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
12485.985
832.399
Total
23
95838.251
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 10.45%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
44
Table 13. Rogdoll Method
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
70
72
70
70
282
70.50
ICCV 93954
90
84
94
89
357
89.25
ICCV 95954
78
82
80
80
320
80.00
KABULI
ICCV 2
80
92
88
87
347
86.75
ICCV 95332
74
68
68
70
280
70.00
ICCV 95334
60
52
74
62
240
62.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
59.167
19.722
Factor A
5
2273.333
454.667
19.52**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
349.333
23.289
Total
23
2681.833
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 6.32 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
45
Table 14. Petri Disc method
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
50
44
52
59
205
51.25
ICCV 93954
62
84
98
81
325
81.25
ICCV 95954
76
62
5
65
259
64.75
KABULI
ICCV 2
66
62
52
60
240
60.00
ICCV 95332
46
40
32
39
157
39.25
ICCV 95334
36
34
36
35
141
35.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
22.792
7.597
Factor A
5
5843.208
1168.642
15.022**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
1166.958
77.797
Total
23
7032.958
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 15.95 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
46
Table 15. Average seed diameter
TYPE
VARIETY
REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
DESI
ICCV 93952
0.6
0.7
0.68
0.68
2.66
0.665
ICCV 93954
0.7
0.69
0.72
0.66
2.77
0.693
ICCV 95954
0.72
0.66
0.72
0.68
2.78
0.695
KABULI
ICCV 2
0.76
0.79
0.74
0.76
3.05
0.763
ICCV 95332
0.87
0.92
0.92
0.8
3.60
0.900
ICCV 95334
1.03
0.91
0.88
0.94
3.96
0.990
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Source
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean of
F
Computed
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
F
0.05 0.01
Replication
3
8.948
2.983
Factor A
5
121.052
24.210
5.15**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
70.490
4.699
Total
23
200.490
** = highly significant Coefficient of Variation: 8.81 %
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
47
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties
under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition / Mikie T. Moguil. 2008
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance of SixChickpea (Cicer arietinum l.) Varieties under Sagada, Mountain Province Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Nature of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Objectives of the Study
- Place and Time of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Botany of Chickpea
- Ecology of Chickpea
- Growth Habits
- Environmental Conditions
- Crop Culture
- Nutritional Value
- Traditional Medicinal Uses
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Emergence Percentage
- Number of Days from Planting to Flowering
- Average Height at Flowering
- Number of Days from Planting to First Harvest
- Average Number of Lateral Branches
- Total Number of Harvests
- Average Number of Pods Produced per Plant
- Average seed Yield per Plant
- Total Yield per Plot
- Computed Yield per Hectare
- Average Number of Seeds per Pod
- Average Seed Diameter
- Weight of 1000 Seeds
- Germination Test
- Varietals Characteristics
- Incidence of Pest and Disease
- Meteorological Data
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES