BIBLIOGRAPHY ALIDES, FELICIDAD D. MAY...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALIDES, FELICIDAD D. MAY 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet
Condition.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from November 2007 to March 2008 at Bobok-Bisal,
Bokod, Benguet to determine the growth and yield performance of chickpea under
Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition and to evaluate chickpea varieties that could be
productively grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet.
The growth performance of chickpea under Bobok-Bisal condition had varying
growth and yield performance due to differences in seed characteristics as well as the
varieties. The growth response of desi type chickpea significantly attains the highest
percentage field emergence over the kabuli type varieties. However, earlier duration to
flowering of these chickpea was observed in kabuli type particularly ICCV 2, while the
desi type attained longer duration. On pod setting, desi type ICCV 94954 had highest
percentage while kabuli type ICCV 95334 had the least pod set.
In yield, ICCV 95332 a Kabuli type variety have significantly attained the highest
yield per plot and computed yield per hectare compared to ICCV 95334. As to seed
quality, kabuli types were observed to produce larger seed size while desi type produced
small seeds. Weight of seeds also differs significantly depending on the seed size. Larger
seed (ICCV 95334) significantly outweighed the small seeded chickpea particularly desi
types varieties including the ICCV 2 kabuli type.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Abstract… … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Importance of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Importance of Varietal Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Climatic and Soil Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Field Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Soil and Sowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Fertility and Lime Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Weed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Harvesting and Threshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Drying and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Days from Planting to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
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Average Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Average Number of Lateral Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Days from Planting to First Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Total Number of Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Percentage Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Average Number of Seeds per Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Average Weight of Pod Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Average Yield per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Total Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Weight of 1,000 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Average Seed Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Germination Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Varietal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Diseases and Insect Pest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea belongs to the family Leguminosae, it is an annual cool season legume
and an ancient crop that has been grown in India, the Middle East and parts of Africa for
many years. It has also been grown in Turkey nearly 7,400 years ago. The name chickpea
was derived ultimately from the Latin name cicer through the French chiche. Garbanzo
bean known as kabuli type chickpea comes from the Spanish language while Bengal
grams are termed for desi types. About 80% to 90% of the worlds chickpea production
comes from India where poor soil, use of unimproved varieties and low results in yield
averaging about 700 lb/acre.
Bokod is one of the municipality of Benguet located on the mideastern part of the
province, generally mountainous peaks, hill, arrow valleys and a few sloping area with an
elevation ranging from 2,000 to 3,150 meter above sea level. It is the second largest
municipalities of Benguet having a land total area of 48,830 hectares and 1,567 hectares
is devoted for agriculture. Palay and leafy vegetables are considered major commodities
in the municipality, wherein four hundred thirty five hectares (435has) is devoted for rice
while one thousand thirty nine hectares (1,039 has) is for fruit land and vegetable area.
Bokod belongs to type 1 classification of climate characterized by wet and dry
seasons. Dry seasons begin in November and ends in April. Hottest period are in the
months of April and May, having a maximum temperature of 27oC. The rest of the year is
wet or rainy season. The coldest months are in December, January and February with
temperature as low as 12oC with an average temperature of 18 to 20oC. Due to this cool
climate condition, chickpea production is acceptably ideal in this locality.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Chickpea has not been introduced or cultivated in the Cordilleras specifically in
Benguet even the agro climatic condition provides suitable growth for its production.
Seeds are not locally produced due to lack of information for farmers and the non-
availability of planting materials to be used. Likewise, the difficulty of producing the
seeds in the country eventually makes it necessary for us to import seeds from other
countries. Top producing countries of chickpea are India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico,
Australia, and Canada. Aside from the climate condition, another factor is the method of
culture and production administered with the imported seeds which is different and
indigenous with what the local farmers do.
Moreover, the imported seeds are mostly hybrid when grown under controlled
condition, their performance growth will be different when the seeds are grown in an
open field condition. It is in this process where varietals trial is necessary to evaluate the
performance of every cultivar in all locations and aspects to determine its adaptability
and acceptability to minimize or eliminate waste of money and other inputs and to attain
optimum results which will yield to profit.
Thus, these new hybrid chickpea varieties from ICRISAT was introduced in the
highlands of the Cordilleras especially in Benguet to sustain domestic demands, increase
productivity and income of farmers and alleviate poverty through the introduction and
adaptation of this new crop in the Cordillera region.
This study was undertaken to provide relevant information more specifically, the
consideration of temperature requirements on the growth production of this crop
beneficial to Benguet farmers who are interested to produce chickpea in their farms.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Moreover, this study was conducted to introduce varieties of chickpea that could
be productively grown under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition, and to promote
and fast track the adaptation of suitable chickpea varieties in Benguet Province.
Likewise, this study would also serve as a basis and reference for further research
and studies pertaining to chickpea production in our locality.
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance or
chickpea varieties and to evaluate chickpea that is resistant to certain insect and diseases
prevailing under Bobok-Bisak, Bokod, Benguet condition.
The study was conducted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet from November 2007
to March 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea
Chickpea is a sprawling small herbaceous plant with height ranging between 30 to
70 cm, but all types with lesser than 1.0 m in height are cultivated in the erstwhile USSR.
The plant is a multiple branched, spreading growth habit annuals ranging from 80 to 140
inches tall. The foliage is covered with glandular hairs which secret high malic and oxalic
exudates and is considered important in conferring tolerance to insect pest, such as pod
borer. Leaves are pinnately compounded, arranged in an alternate phyllotary, and
generally inparipinnate with 11 to 13 leaflets. The leaflets are small, serrated edges being
light green to dark green in color. Certain types posses leaflets with red margins. The
flowers are auxiliary, solitary, or inflorescence of two or three. They are white, pink,
purplish, or blue in color having five petals and sepals. Anthesis starts between 9 am and
10 am and may continue up to 3pm. The flowers remain for 2 days and the flowering
process being over early on the second day. Each flower produces a short, pubescent pod
which is ¾ to 2 inches long appearing to be inflated. One or two seeds are present in each
pod. The seeds come either rough or green in color. This is a definite groove visible
between the cotyledons about 2/3 of the way around the seed, with a beak like structure
present. The plant has a deep root system which usually include tap root with numerous
lateral branches that spreads in the upper layer of soil. It produces nodules common with
other nodules efficient in fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Stems are generally grayish in
appearance where the main branch usually produces more than one secondary shoot and
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branched with granular hairs, but in some types the main branches may produce
numerous lateral branches.
Chickpeas are classified into desi or kabuli types based in part in seed size, color
and the thickness and shape of the seed coat. Desi types produces smaller seeds size of
1,500 seeds per pounds. The seeds have thick, irregular-shaped seed coat which can range
in color from light to tan black kabuli chickpea. Sometimes called “Garbanzo bean”
produce small to large seeds (800 seeds/pounds) having a paper thin seed coat. The
kabuli types produce seeds with colors range from white to pale cream colored tan, and
plants height is generally taller and grown in temperate regions while desi are grown in
the semi and tropics.
Importance of Chickpea
Anon. (1997) stated that legumes are the source of proteins and carbohydrates.
However, proteins derived from this are incomplete for which they do not contain all the
ammo acid needed by the body. For these reasons, they are often eaten with rice which
contains amino acid absent in figures. Chickpea is one with the highest nutritional
composition of any dry edible legume. On an average, chickpea seeds contains 23%
protein, 47% starch, 56% fat, 6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar and 30% ash.
Chickpea is consumed as dry pulse crop and as vegetable tamed as sag (fresh
green leaves) and chloe (grains), (Singh, 1983). The seeds are sold in the market either
canned or dry. Desirable qualities for canning are medium seed size (50.6 to 52.50 grams
per 100 seeds), golden color, rough texture, high water intake and a seed coat that does
not fracture easily, Stan Murray, Klein- Berger Co, pers commun., cited by Berrada et. al
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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(1999). According to Martin , Leonard and Stamp(1976), threshed seeds are prepared for
food in much the same manner as dried lima beans, while roasted seeds are used as
confectionaries, snack and as coffee substitute. It is also ground into flour called as
“BESAN” for the preparation of various types of sweets and unlearned bread. Common
uses in the United States are in soups, vegetable combinations or as a component of fresh
salads in restaurant salad bars.
Chickpea is also known for its medicinal and agricultural importance. Germinated
gram seed is recommended for scurvy, green leaves are the source of malic and oxalic
acid which is good to cure intestinal disorders and serves also as a good medicine for
blood purification.
Pulse crops, besides being rich in protein and some of the essential amino acids, it
also enriches the soil through symbolic nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. Similarly,
Singh (1983) added that straw of gram is an excellent fodder for cattle. Husks and bits of
dhal (split chickpea without its seed coat) are valuable for cattle feed. However, the
herbage is low yield and is to animals.
Importance of Varietal Selection
Varietals evaluation is the process of crop breeding program which provides
comparison of promising lines developed by a breeder. It is the first step in the
production of crop to be grown. Varieties need to be evaluated for us to find out what
variety is most suited in a certain production area.
UPLB (1972) reported that desired characteristics such as earliness, non-
sensitivity to photoperiod, resistance to lodging, insects and diseases, high milling
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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recovery including good cooking and eating qualities are necessary to be considered in
the development of new varieties. Its is only through varietals evaluation that a breeder
can see the yield, quality, adaptability, insect pests and disease resistance and stress
tolerance.
Therefore, it is essential for the farmers to find the most suited variety or strain of
some crops and recommended varieties in order to determine whether the variety fits or
not suited in this particular conditions and market demands.
Climatic and Soil Requirements
Pursglove (1968) stated that peas require a cool, relatively humid climate with
temperature of 55 to 65. Gram peas perform optimally at 70 to 80 daytime temperature
and 64 to 70 at night temperature. Heavier rainfall seasons (over 30 in annually) show
reduced yields due to disease outbreaks and stem lodging problems from the excessive
vegetable growth. Areas with higher and well distributed rainfall patterns (60 to 90 cm
per annum) have produced highest yield and quality chickpea seeds.
The plants are best adapted to well drained, sandy and clay loam soils. Peas when
planted on dry and light soils remain short while on heavy soils, having high water
retention capacity, the vegetative growth is abundant; light becomes limiting and fruiting
is retarded. The optimum PH is from 5.5 to 6.5. However, it is not suited to soils having a
PH higher than 8.5, Singh (1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Field Preparation
Gram is highly sensitive to soil aeration. This imposes a restriction for its
cultivation on heavy soils and calls for special care in seedbed preparation. A rough
seeded is required for gram. Very fine and compact seedbed is not good for gram. It
requires a loose and well aerated seedbed.
Seed and Sowing
The seeds may be sown by seed drill at spacing between 6 in. and 40 in.
delivering the chickpea seeds without damage. The seeds should be 8 to 10 cm. deep to
utilize available soil moisture for germination while the shallow sown seed is more liable
to be damage by wilt at 60 cm. apart.
Fertility and Lime Requirements
Fertility requirements for chickpea are phosphorous, potassium and certain
micronutrients which are recommended for other pulse or legume crops. Fertilizer
application should be based on soil test level, previous crop and expected yield level.
However, soil with low organic matter and poor nitrogen supply may require
nitrogen (20 to 25 kg per hectare) as starter dose which can meet plant requirements
before the foundation of nodules. Gram fulfills the major pat of its nitrogen fixation
which works effectively from three to four weeks after sowing. If both nitrogen and
phosphorous are required to be supplied, then diamond phosphate (18-46-0) at the rate of
100 to 150 kg per hectare should be applied uniformly before the last disking. Reponses
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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to potassium application have been inconsistent. It is better if all fertilizers are drilled in
furrows at a depth of 7 to 10 cm.
Water Management
Gram is mostly sown as a rain fed crop. However, where irrigation facilities are
available, give a pre-sowing irrigation. It will ensure proper germination and smooth crop
growth. Peas are deep rooting plants and usually benefits most from irrigation at
flowering time (increases number of peas and at pod-swelling stage/increase size of
peas). A light irrigation should be managed because heavy irrigation is always harmful to
gram crop. Excess of irrigation enhances vegetable growth and depresses grain yield.
Weed Control
Gram being a dwarf stature crop suffers severely by infestation of weeds. Hand
weeding or interculture with hand hoe after 25 to 30 days of sowing may take care of the
weeds. Tribunil (25 kg 800 to 1000 liter of water per hectare) may be used as pre-
emergence spray. Hand weeding is always better than herbicides because intercultural
operations improve aeration in the soil.
Harvesting and Threshing
Crop becomes ready for harvest 3-7 months from planting when leaves turn
reddish to brown and start shedding. Plant are either plucked out by hand or cut using
knife. The crop is allowed to dry in sun threshing floor about 5 to 6 days. Thereafter,
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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threshing is done either by beating the plants with sticks or by trampling under the feet of
bullocks.
Drying and Storage
Moisture content should be around10 to 12% to prevent insects and other disease
outbreaks in the storage. Because of their relatively large seed sized, chickpea can be
dried slightly with ambient temperature air flow trough thin layers in a regular storage
bin. Basket made from twisted rice straw, are usually used as storage containers.
Storage system should be careful fumigated before storing chickpea and all
storage areas should be regularly monitored to identify potential problems early. A thin
coating with vegetable or helps reduce storage damage.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study were six varieties of chickpea seeds, insecticides,
pesticides, fertilizer, measuring tools (verner caliper, foot rule), weighing scale,
thermometer and other farm tools and equipments.
The study was conducted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet having temperature
range of 15 to 23oC with an elevation of 1,230 meter above sea level. The study was
conducted in an area previously planted with peanut and was laid out following the
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and four replications
each.
Each variety was planted in 2 furrows (1m x 10 m) or a total of 500 square
meter. The seeds were planted singly at a distance of 30cm between rows and 10cm
between hills. Moreover, inorganic fertilizer (14-14-14) were applied evenly and mixed
with the soil before sowing the seeds.
The treatments used were as follows:
Treatment
Variety
Type
T1
ICCV 93952
Desi type
T2
ICCV 93954
Desi type
T3
ICCV 94954
Desi type
T4
ICCV 2
Kabuli Type
T5
ICCV 95332
Kabuli Type
T6
ICCV 95334
Kabuli Type
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Cultural management practices such as fertilizer application, pest and disease
control and irrigation were uniformly employed in all treatments. Irrigation was done at
least twice to trice a week during the early vegetative stage however reduce to at least
once a week during its flowering stage to ensure optimum growth and yield.
The data gathered were from 20 sample plants selected randomly per treatment.
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Percentage field emergence (%). This was counted 15 days from sowing the
seeds using the formula;
Percentage emergence (%) = Number of Seed Emerge x 100
Number of Seeds Sown
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was counted from planting to first
production of flowers.
3. Average height at flowering (cm). This was measured from the base up to the
tip of the youngest leaf at first flowering stage.
4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was counted during its
first flowering stage.
5. Days from planting to first harvest. This was the number of days from planting
the seeds to first pod harvest.
6. Total number of harvest. These were the number of harvesting done during the
entire cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Percentage pod setting. This was computed by dividing the number of flowers
produce per plant over the number of pods produce per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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2. Average number of seeds per pod. This was computed by dividing the number
of seeds produced per plant over the number of pods per plant.
3. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g). This was computed by
dividing the total weight of pods produced by sample plants over the number f sample
plants.
4. Average yield per plant (g). This was computed by dividing the total yield of
sample plants over the number samples.
5. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the total weight of seeds harvested per
experimental plot.
6. Computed yield per hectare. This was the total yield of experimental plot
during the entire cropping in each variety (20 m2)(500).
C. Seed Quality
1. Weight of 1000 seeds (g). These were taken by weighing 1000 seeds from each
variety.
2. Average seed diameter (cm). These were measured using the verner caliper.
3. Germination test. These were conducted one month from seed storage using
petri dish and the ragdoll method. The seed tested were first air dried leaving at least 10%
moisture content.
D. Varietal Characterization
1. The leaf shape, color and other characteristics were recorded.
2. The color of the flower and pod color at first harvest is also recorded.
3. The seed characteristics were also recorded.
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E. Incidence of Insect Pest and Diseases
1. Insect pest that infest the plant during the cropping season were noted and
identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant growth.
2. The plant diseases observed during the cropping season were recorded
including the causal organism and the degree of infestation.
Degree of Infestation
Description
1
slight
2
moderate
3
severe
F. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (oC). This was recorded daily in the morning and evening time
during the whole cropping.
G. Documentations
This was taken by photographs/pictures taken by a camera.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 1. Planting chickpea at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod
Figure 2. Growth response of kabuli type chickpea in Bobok-Bisal
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 3. Flowering stage of chickpea
Figure 4. Overview of the experiment and the researcher
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 5. Disease caused by wet root rot
Figure 6. Harvesting time
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 7. Pod characteristics of harvested chickpea
Desi type
Kabuli type
Figure 8. Seed characteristics of harvested chickpea
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 9. Heliocoverpa larvae feeding
Figure 10. Dry root rot of chickpea
on chickpea pod
Figure 11. Black root rot
Figure 12. Wet root rot
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence
The percentage emergence of the different varieties of chickpea is presented in
Table 1. The ICCV 93952 had significantly attain the highest percentage field emergence
but were comparable with ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332. The
kabuli type variety ICCV 95334 had significantly attain the lowest percent of field
emergence.
This result may imply that this kind of crop could be grown at Bobok-Bisal,
Bokod, Benguet condition.
Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
(%)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
95.00a
ICCV 93954
89.25a
ICCV 94954
88.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
88.50a
ICCV 95332
76.50a
ICCV 95334
69.25b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Days from Planting to Flowering
Days from planting to flowering was significantly affected by the different
varieties used. Kabuli type chickpea as shown in table 2 significantly flowered earlier
than desi type varieties. Apparently, the ICCV2 were the earliest to produce flower while
ICCV 93952, a desi type variety were the latest.
Environmental factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of
flowering in chickpea. As stated by Summerfield and Roberst (1988), flowering time of
chickpea is variable depending on the effect of the season, sowing date, latitude and
altitude. Roberts et al (1985) and Ellis et al (1994) also said that, time to flowering was a
function of temperature and photoperiod.
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
60.425a
ICCV 93954
54.625b
ICCV 94954
56.038b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
42.488d
ICCV 95332
46.650c
ICCV 95334
48.238c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
22
Average Height at Flowering
Highly significant differences were observed among the six varieties of chickpea
in relation to height at flowering as shown in Table 3. Kabuli type ICCV 95334, were
significantly the tallest among the rest of the varieties cultivated which was followed by
ICCV 95332. The rest of the desi type varieties including the ICCV2 were significantly
comparable in terms of height at flowering.
The observed differences in height at flowering maybe an expression of the
genetic make up of the chickpea introduced and could be an influenced of the
temperature under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition. Moreover, Poniedzialek et.
al., (2005) said that, maximum plant height could be attributed combining the following
inputs; choice of variety, wide spacing of 50 to 100cm and med to high plant populations;
that is 20 plants per square meter and early planting.
Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
(cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
30.462c
ICCV 93954
29.845c
ICCV 94954
30.933c
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
30.475c
ICCV 95332
32.747b
ICCV 95334
38.495a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
23
Average Number of Lateral Branches of Flowering
The number of lateral branches at flowering as presented in Table 4 showed no
significant differences among the different chickpea varieties evaluated. However,
numerically, ICCV 95334 remarkably produced higher number of lateral branches per
plant while the ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95332 had the least number of lateral branches
produced.
Each plant produces three lateral branches, however, a maximum of five branches
was observed during the conduct of the study.
Table 4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.512a
ICCV 93954
3.475a
ICCV 94954
3.550a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
3.550a
ICCV 95332
3.475a
ICCV 95334
3.788a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
24
Days from Planting to First Harvest
Table 5 shows the number of days from planting to first harvest of the cultivar
evaluated. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among each other.
Kabuli type ICCV 2 were the earliest to first pod harvest followed by ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 95334. On the other hand, desi type varieties were the latest to attain first pod
harvest.
As compared to days from planting to flowering, generally, the earlier the variety
produces a flower, the earlier it produces pod thus, the earlier to be harvested, however
the longer duration to flowering, the longer period to first pod harvest.
It is apparent in the result that, the cultivars varied maturity periods which maybe
influenced by temperature and other environmental factors.
Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
113.00a
ICCV 93954
108.75b
ICCV 94954
110.00b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
98.00e
ICCV 95332
103.25d
ICCV 95334
106.75c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
25
Total Number of Harvest
Number of harvesting done during the cropping season is shown in Table 6. There
were no significant differences among the varieties grown. Mean ranges from 3.75 to
4.00.
The harvesting of chickpea varies on its maturity, only physiologically matured
pods are harvested while immature pods or the green colored pods are left in the field
until for a such time that it reaches its physiological mature stage ready for the next
harvesting.
Table 6. Total number of harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.75a
ICCV 93954
4.00a
ICCV 94954
4.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
4.00a
ICCV 95332
3.75a
ICCV 95334
3.75a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
26
Percentage Pod Setting
A variation in mean value of pod setting was observed as affected by different
varieties of chickpea planted. Highest percentage pod setting was recorded from desi type
varieties particularly ICCV 94954 which is not significant to ICCV 93952 and 93954 but
highly significant to the kabuli type varieties. Whereas, ICCV 95334 attain the lowest
percentage pod setting among the six chickpea varieties evaluated.
Table 7. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
(%)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
69.692ab
ICCV 93954
77.705ab
ICCV 94954
79.752a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
67.870bc
ICCV 95332
66.962bc
ICCV 95334
57.580c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
27
Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the number of seeds
produced per pod among each variety. Desi type ICCV 93954 produced the greater
number of seeds per pod which significantly outnumbered the ICCV 2 and ICCV 95334,
however, it is significantly comparable to ICCV 93952.
This coincides with the study of Gan et al (2003) that less number of seeds per
pod was noted on kabuli type plants primarily due to higher percentage of pods that failed
to fill (17-23%). Whereas, the greater number of seeds per pod was also observed in desi
type chickpeas due to larger proportion (6-14%) of pods containing two seeds per pod,
regardless of plant density.
Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.328ab
ICCV 93954
1.392a
ICCV 94954
1.112bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.103c
ICCV 95332
1.135bc
ICCV 95334
1.090c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
28
Moreover, he also added that to increase number of seeds per unit area is to
increased plant population density, whereas to increase seed per pod of kabuli is by
promoting pods to fill and reducing percentage pod infertility.
Although, as it was observed in the study, a single number of seed is mostly
produced per pod.
Average Weight of Pod Produced per Plant
As presented in Table 9, statistical analysis showed that the weight of pod
produced per plant from the different varieties did not differ significantly. However,
kabuli type ICCV 95332 acquire the highest weight of pods produced per plant.
Table 9. Weight of pod produced per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
25.252a
ICCV 93954
29.025a
ICCV 94954
30.138a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
27.063a
ICCV 95332
31.988a
ICCV 95334
31.237a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
29
Average Yield per Plant
On the yield per plant, significant differences was observed. ICCV 94954, ICCV
95332 had the highest yield per plant which is not significant to ICCV 93954, however,
significant to the three remaining varieties planted.
Table 10. Average yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
21.162b
ICCV 93954
25.650a
ICCV 94954
26.712a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
21.725b
ICCV 95332
26.712a
ICCV 95334
22.075b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot
Table 11 shows the total yield response of the desi and kabuli type chickpea
planted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet. The kabuli type ICCV 95332 significantly
produced the highest seed yield per plant among the other varieties evaluated. This
variety also out yielded the ICCV 94954; which was observed to have a highest
percentage pod setting, due to later harvesting making it possible to be attacked by
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
30
insects and rodents as it remained in the field. The lowest seed yield per plant on the
other hand was recorded from ICCV 95334 due to an increasing number of dying plants
at early stage and in pod filling stage. Diseases as observed were caused by the dry root
rot and wet root rot.
Moreover, lower yield of ICCV 95334 was achieved due to lower percentage of
field emergence at this particular location.
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VARIETY
MEAN
(kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.444b
ICCV 93954
2.502b
ICCV 94954
2.735b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.387b
ICCV 95332
3.427a
ICCV 95334
2.287b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Computed Yield per Hectare
The result of yield per plot is consistent to computed yield per hectare, it follows
the same trend where kabuli type ICCV 95332 attain the highest yield which significantly
out yielded the ICCV 95334. As discussed earlier, result is due to the higher infestation
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
31
rate of diseases to this particular variety. Poor germination of this variety in this certain
location also contributes to lower yield.
However, infestation of such diseases mentioned earlier including the pod borer
and rat infestation were observed in each varieties of chickpea evaluated under Bobok-
Bisal, Bokod, Benguet.
Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
MEAN
(kg/ha)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1221.875b
ICCV 93954
1251.250b
ICCV 94954
1367.500b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1193.750b
ICCV 95332
1713.750a
ICCV 95334
1143.750b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Weight of 1,000 Seeds
Table 13 shows the weight of 1,000 seeds per variety of chickpea was affected by
the differences in the seed size. Statistical analysis showed that weight of seeds in each
variety differed significantly. Large seeded kabuli type ICCV 95334 have the greatest
seed weight which significantly outweighs the other entries, which then followed by
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
32
medium sized seeds ICCV 95332. On the other hand, small sized seeds ICCV2 and desi
type varieties attain the lesser seed weight, where ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 had the
meanest seeds weight.
Thus, the result indicates that seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger
the seed, the heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lightest weight.
Moreover, Muehlbauer and Singh (1987), Poniedzialek et. al., 1996 said that in
Poland, minimum kabuli type seed weight (1000) is about 495 g especially to the large
seeded kabuli chickpea, whereas desi type, a small seeded has a minimum weight of 245
g per 1000 seeds, cited by Poniedzialek, 2005.
Table 13. Weight of 1,000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
248.00d
ICCV 93954
249.00d
ICCV 94954
283.50c
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
288.25c
ICCV 95332
393.00b
ICCV 95334
547.50a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
33
Average Seed Diameter
The seed diameter of the chickpea varieties as presented in Table 14 showed
highly significant differences among each other. The widest seed diameter was measured
from kabuli type ICCV 95334 which significantly produced wider seeds compared to the
remaining varieties. Statistical analysis also indicated that ICCV 2 is not significant to
ICCV 94954 but significantly different to ICCV 93954 and ICCV 93952.
Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
(cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.675e
ICCV 93954
0.695d
ICCV 94954
0.710cd
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
0.718c
ICCV 95332
0.835b
ICCV 95334
0.920a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
34
Germination Test
Ragdoll method and Petri dish method. Germination test applying rag doll method
as shown in Table 15 shows highly significant variations comparing them from each
other. It is obvious that ICCV 93952 had its greatest germination percentage having the
highest mean of 91.75% which is significantly similar to ICCV 93954 and ICCV 2. This
is then followed by ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332, while the large sized seed ICCV
95334 attain the lowest germination percentage among all varieties.
Using petri dish as a germination medium for chickpea on the other hand likewise
shows highly significant differences from each other. ICCV 93952 still attained the
highest germination percentage which significantly outnumbered the ICCV 95334 having
the least germination percentage.
Comparing the two media for germinating seeds, it is apparent that ragdoll
method performs better having the greater germination percentage while in petri dish,
least germination percentage of seeds was noted.
The result was maybe due to rate of evaporation. Faster rate of evaporation was
observed in petri dish since the container is open, the water easily evaporates making the
seeds dry resulting to slower germination. While in ragdoll, rate of evaporation is low.
Ragdoll method of germination meanwhile is wrapping and rolling the seeds in moist
paper towel. Both germination test was stored for several days and was watered/irrigated
everyday providing moisture sufficient for germination. Seedling are then counted as they
germinate and removed, giving the percentage of actual germination.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
35
Table 15. Germination test
MEAN
VARIETY
Ragdoll Method
Petri dish Method
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
91.75a
67.50a
ICCV 93954
82.50ab
57.25b
ICCV 94954
72.00bc
50.00bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
83.25ab
54.50bc
ICCV 95332
69.25c
46.00c
ICCV 95334
44.50d
26.00d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Varietal Characteristics
The chickpea varieties were classified/characterized based on leaf, flower and
seed physical appearance.
Leaf characteristics. The leaf shape of chickpea varieties is presented in Table
16a. Desi type varieties observed to have characteristically small rounded seeds while
Kabuli type are oblong shaped. In terms of leaf color, green leaves were observed in desi
while Kabuli is from light (ICCV 2, ICCV 95334) to dark green (ICCV 95332).
Flower characteristics. The flower color of desi type were purple/violet while
kabuli type are white colored (Table 16b). As to pod color at harvest, the six varieties
were all in yellow color.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
36
Table 16a. Leaf characteristics
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
small rounded
green
ICCV 93954
small rounded
green
ICCV 94954
small rounded
green
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
oblong
light green
ICCV 95332
oblong
dark green
ICCV 95334
oblong
light green
Table 16b. Flower and pod color
VARIETY
FLOWER COLOR
POD COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
purple/violet
yellow
ICCV 93954
purple/violet
yellow
ICCV 94954
purple/violet
yellow
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
white
yellow
ICCV 95332
white
yellow
ICCV 95334
white
yellow
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
37
Seed characteristics. The seed color, shape and size of the different chickpea
varieties apparently differ from each other (Table 16c). Physically, Desi type were in
dark brown color, angular shape, and are in small sizes. Kabuli type on the other hand,
are white-colored, owl’s head shape and in small to large sizes of seeds.
Diseases and Insect Pest
Incidence of diseases and insect pest. The identified diseases attacking the root
and stem were dry root rot, black root rot and wet root rot, while viral disease observed
was chickpea stunt.
As to insect and pests pod borer and rodents were observed eating the crop
particularly the pods.
Table 16c. Seed color, shape and size
VARIETY
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
SEED SIZE
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
dark brown
angular
small
ICCV 93954
dark brown
angular
small
ICCV 94954
dark brown
angular
small
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
white/cream
owl’s head
small
ICCV 95332
white/cream
owl’s head
medium
ICCV 95334
white/cream
owl’s head
large
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
38
Table 17a. Diseases of the chickpea varieties grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet
DISEASE/COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
A. Root and Stem Rot
Black root rot
Slight
Desi and Kabuli
Type
Dry root rot
Rhizoctonia
Slight
Desi Type: ICCV
93952, 93954,
bataticola
94959
Wet root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Slight
Kabuli Type: ICCV
95332 and 95334
B. Viral disease
Chickpea stunt
Bean (pea) leafroll
Slight
Desi Type varieties
virus
Table 17b. Insect and pests of the chickpea varieties grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod,
Benguet
COMMON NAME CAUSAL ORGANISM DEGREE OF
VARIETIES
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
1. Pod borer
Helicoverpa armigera
Moderate
Kabuli and Desi
Type
2. Rodents
Mus booduga
Severe
Kabuli and Desi
Type
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
39
Meteorological Data
Figure 13 shows the temperature during the conduct of the study under Bobok-
Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition. The temperature ranges from 15 to 23oC during the
months of December 2007 to March 2008.
26
Maximum
Temperature
24
Minimum
23
22
22
21
21
20
18
18
u
s
17
17
ci 16
el
15
14
C
ees 12
egr 10
D 8
6
4
2
0
December
January
February
March
Months
Figure 13. Temperature during the conduct of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Based on the preceding results, growth response of the chickpea kabuli type and
desi type chickpea under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition differs significantly.
The desi type varieties particularly ICCV 93952 obtain the highest percentage field
emergence of 95% while kabuli type ICCV 95334 had the lowest field emergence of
69.25%.
In terms of duration to flowering, kabuli types flowered earlier than desi types.
The ICCV 2 was the earliest to produce flower, same is through with duration to first pod
harvest. As to number of harvesting, this is dependent to pod maturity. Harvesting was
done three to four times.
Percentage pod setting on the other hand differ significantly among each variety.
Desi type, ICCV 94954 had higher percentage pod setting while kabuli type ICCV 95334
had the least pod setting.
In relation to yield, the different chickpea varieties grown differ significantly. In
the total yield per plot and in computed yield per hectare, kabuli type ICCV 95332 out
yielded the other varieties planted.
Variation in seed size exists among the varieties used. ICCV 95332, produce
bigger seeds (0.835 cm seed diameter) than ICCV 94954 (0.710 cm seed diameter).
Weight of 1000-seeds per variety was affected by the differences in seed size.
Seed size was determined based on its seed width/diameter. Kabuli type ICCV 95334
having the greater seed width, meaning the longer its size attain the heaviest weight of
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
41
1000 seeds. Likewise, the narrow the seed, the smaller its size, thus least weight of 1000
seeds which were noted from desi type varieties.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, based on the results discussed, chickpea could thrive in this
particular location having atleast more than 50% field emergence.
However, yield and quality should be considered. Among the six varieties of
chickpea planted, kabuli type ICCV 95332 performed well in this location.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that use of this variety, ICCV 95332 is best
suited under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
42
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 1997. Chickpea (Garbanzo Bean). http://hort.podue.edu/newcrop/afcm/
chickpea.html
BERRADA, A., M. STACK, B., RIDDELL, M. A. BRICK, and D. L. JOHNSON. 1999.
Chickpea: A Potential crop for Southwestern Colorado. Pp. 206 to 213.
ELLIS, R. H., LAWN, RJ., SUMMERFIELD RJ. Q., A. ROBERTS EH, CHAYS PM,
BROWER JB. ROSE JL, YEATES, SJ. and SANDOVER S. 1994. Towards the
reliable prediction of time to flowering in six annual crops: V. chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) Exp Agric 30: 721-282.
LIU, Pu-Hai, GAN, Y., WARKENTIN, T. and McDONALD, C. 2003. Morphological
Plasticity of Chickpea in Semi arid environment. Crop Science society of
America. Pp. 426.
IBPGR, ICRISAT and ICARDA. 1993. Descriptions for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
International Board for plant Genetics Resources, Rome, Italy; International
Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantacheru, India and
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria.
LOCKHARD, J. A. and WISEMAN, A. J. 1978. Introduction to crop Husbandry. Fourth
edition. Pergaman Press. Pp. 118.
MARTIN, J., LEONARD, W. and STAMP, D. L. 1976. Principles of Field Crop
Production. 3rd Edition. McMillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York. Pp. 730-731.
MUEHLBAUER, FJ. and TULLU, A. 1997. Cicer arietinum L. New Crop Fact sheet.
Center for new crops and Plant Products. Purdue University, West Lafayette.
NENE, Y. L., REDDY, M. V., HAWANE, M. P., GANEKAR, A. M., and AMIN, K. S.
1991. Field diagnosis of chickpea diseases and their control. Information Bulletin
no. 28. Pantacheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-arid tropics.
PONIEDZIALEK, M., SKOWERA, B., and DZIAMBA, S. 2005. The effect of locality
and sowing term on chosen morphological features of two chickpea (Cicer
arietum L.) cultivars. Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural University in
Krakow Poland. 37-46 pp.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crop Production. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi. Pp. 169-183.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
43
SUMMERFIELD, RJ. and ROBERTS, E. H. 1988. Photothermal regulation of flowering
in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea. Dordecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer
Academic Publishers. Pp. 911-922.
STALLKNECHT, G., MILLER, P., NEIL, K., BUSSAN, A. J. and RIESSELMAN, J.
1999. Growing chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans) in Montana.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
44
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
98
100
86
96
380
95.00
ICCV 93954
99
96
68
94
357
89.25
ICCV 94954
95
85
78
94
352
88.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
97
91
74
92
354
88.50
ICCV 95332
92
83
60
71
306
76.50
ICCV 95334
87
67
51
72
277
69.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
2031.500
677.167
Factor A
5
1830.333
366.067 12.48**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
440.000
29.333
Total
23
4301.833
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 6.42%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
45
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Days from planting to flowering
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
66.4
61.5
65.65
51.15
241.70 60.425
ICCV 93954
55.9
60.45
55.5
46.65
218.50 54.625
ICCV 94954
60.4
56.25
59.7
47.8
224.15 56.038
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
42.15
46.05
46.05
35.7
169.95 42.488
ICCV 95332
46.5
46.95
51.65
41.5
186.60 46.650
ICCV 95334
46.15
49.65
53.05
44.1
192.95 48.238
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
394.681
131.560
Factor A
5
901.414
180.283 26.19**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
103.254
6.884
Total
23
1399.350
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 5.10%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
46
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
30.55
30.52
31.125
29.65
121.85 30.462
ICCV 93954
29.9
29.3
29.68
30.5
119.38 29.845
ICCV 94954
31.36
29.76
31.35
31.26
123.73 30.933
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
30.5
29.6
31.97
29.83
121.90 30.475
ICCV 95332
32.025
32.85
31.75
34.36
130.99 32.747
ICCV 95334
39.05
40.43
37.2
37.3
153.98 38.495
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.075
0.025
Factor A
5
212.256
42.451
3474**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
18.332
1.222
Total
23
230.663
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 5.10%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
47
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Average number of lateral branches of flowering
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.5
3.25
3.5
3.8
14.05
3.512
ICCV 93954
3.5
3.45
3.35
3.6
13.90
3.475
ICCV 94954
3.4
3.4
3.55
3.85
14.20
3.550
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
3.3
3.6
3.45
3.85
14.20
3.550
ICCV 95332
3.45
3.35
3.5
3.6
13.90
3.475
ICCV 95334
3.55
3.45
4.0
4.15
15.15
3.788
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.566
0.189
Factor A
5
0.275
0.055
2.77ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.298
0.020
Total
23
1.138
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.96%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
48
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
115
114
115
108
452
113.00
ICCV 93954
110
111
110
104
435
108.75
ICCV 94954
113
110
112
105
440
110.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
99
100
100
93
392
98.00
ICCV 95332
104
104
106
99
413
103.25
ICCV 95334
108
108
110
101
427
106.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
199.792
66.597
Factor A
5
569.375
113.875 163.33**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
10.458
0.697
Total
23
779.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0.78%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
49
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Total number of harvest
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
4
4
4
3
15
3.75
ICCV 93954
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
ICCV 94954
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
ICCV 95332
4
4
3
4
15
3.75
ICCV 95334
4
4
3
4
15
3.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.458
0.153
Factor A
5
0.375
0.075
0.63ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
1.792
0.119
Total
23
2.625
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 8.92%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
50
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
65.13
76.24
67.02
70.38
278.77 69.692
ICCV 93954
76.00
83.40
78.85
72.73
310.98 77.705
ICCV 94954
81.83
85.13
74.10
77.95
319.01 79.752
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
67.10
75.22
66.26
62.90
271.48 67.870
ICCV 95332
72.47
73.00
52.11
70.27
267.85 66.962
ICCV 95334
76.09
53.70
52.83
44.70
230.32 57.580
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
369.350
123.118
Factor A
5
1292.137
258.547
5.62**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
689.856
45.990
Total
23
2351.946
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.70%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
51
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.10
1.28
1.60
1.33
5.31
1.328
ICCV 93954
1.24
1.77
1.40
1.16
5.57
1.392
ICCV 94954
1.05
1.16
1.12
1.12
4.45
1.112
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.07
1.09
1.15
1.10
4.41
1.103
ICCV 95332
1.20
1.14
1.08
1.12
4.54
1.135
ICCV 95334
1.06
1.09
1.13
1.08
4.36
1.090
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.083
0.028
Factor A
5
0.346
0.069
3.64*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.285
0.019
Total
23
0.714
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variation: 11.56%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
52
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Average weight of pods produce per plant (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
22.6
27.3
32.05
19.06
101.01 25.252
ICCV 93954
24.5
31.8
29.80
30.00
116.10 29.025
ICCV 94954
30.5
34.15
26.30
29.60
120.55 30.138
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
21.9
36.00
22.35
28.00
108.25 27.063
ICCV 95332
29.2
24.55
28.20
46.00
127.95 31.988
ICCV 95334
30.0
24.85
23.30
46.80
124.95 31.237
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
174.325
58.108
Factor A
5
131.766
26.353
0.54ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
733.356
48.890
Total
23
1039.447
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 24.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
53
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Average yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
21.05
24.70
20.35
18.55
84.65
21.162
ICCV 93954
23.00
28.05
26.05
25.50
102.60 25.650
ICCV 94954
27.90
30.05
23.00
25.90
106.85 26.712
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
19.80
21.15
20.80
25.15
86.90
21.725
ICCV 95332
24.80
27.05
25.60
29.40
106.85 26.712
ICCV 95334
25.40
20.60
20.90
21.40
88.30
22.075
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
19.809
6.603
Factor A
5
137.481
27.496
4.91**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
84.081
5.605
Total
23
241.372
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.86%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
54
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.090
2.605
1.820
2.260
9.775
2.444
ICCV 93954
2.607
2.938
2.095
2.370
10.010
2.502
ICCV 94954
3.165
3.157
2.290
2.328
10.940
2.735
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.340
2.320
2.340
2.550
9.550
2.387
ICCV 95332
3.062
3.131
3.841
3.676
13.710
3.427
ICCV 95334
2.036
2.129
2.156
2.829
9.150
2.287
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.103
0.034
Factor A
5
3.449
0.690
4.61**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
2.245
0.150
Total
23
5.797
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.71%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
55
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1045.0
1302.5
1410.0
1130.0
4887.50 1221.875
ICCV 93954
1303.50
1469.0
1047.5
1185.0
5005.00 1251.250
ICCV 94954
1582.50
1578.5
1145.0
1164.0
5470.00 1367.500
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1170.0
1160.0
1170.0
1275.0
4775.00 1193.750
ICCV 95332
1531.0
1565.5
1920.5
1838.0
6855.00 1713.750
ICCV 95334
1018.0
1064.5
1078.0
1414.5
4575.00 1143.750
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES
SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
24636.531
8212.111
Factor A
5
874086.719 174817.340 4.71**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
556843.656 37122.910
Total
23
1455566.906
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.65%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
56
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
244
248
252
248
992
248.00
ICCV 93954
249
251
247
249
996
249.00
ICCV 94954
285
280
286
283
1134
283.50
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
285
290
290
288
1153
288.25
ICCV 95332
395
396
388
393
1572
393.00
ICCV 95334
545
550
548
547
2190
547.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
36.125
12.042
Factor A
5
273291.875 54658.375 4749.46**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
172.625
11.508
Total
23
273500.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
57
APPENDIX TABLE 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.66
2.70
0.675
ICCV 93954
0.68
0.68
0.12
0.70
2.78
0.695
ICCV 94954
0.71
0.12
0.71
0.70
2.84
0.710
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
0.72
0.73
0.71
0.71
2.87
0.718
ICCV 95332
0.84
0.84
0.82
0.84
3.34
0.835
ICCV 95334
0.92
0.90
0.94
0.92
3.68
0.920
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.000
0.000
Factor A
5
0.188
0.038
204.04**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.003
0.000
Total
23
0.191
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.79%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
58
APPENDIX TABLE 15. Germination test (ragdoll method)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
90
94
91
92
367
91.75
ICCV 93954
80
84
86
80
330
82.50
ICCV 94954
68
82
66
72
288
72.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
90
90
70
83
333
83.25
ICCV 95332
76
70
62
69
277
69.25
ICCV 95334
56
40
38
44
178
44.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
124.458
41.486
Factor A
5
5478.375 1095.675 19.03**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
863.792
57.586
Total
23
6466.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 10.27%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
59
APPENDIX TABLE 16. Germination test (petri dish method)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70
66
70
64
270
67.50
ICCV 93954
85
50
64
57
229
57.25
ICCV 94954
42
60
48
50
200
50.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
60
58
46
54
218
54.50
ICCV 95332
50
40
48
46
184
46.00
ICCV 95334
20
30
28
26
104
26.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5.792
1.931
Factor A
5
3883.208
776.642 22.62**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
514.958
34.331
Total
23
4403.958
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 11.67%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
60
Figure 14. Location of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
ALIDES, FELICIDAD D. MAY 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Six
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet
Condition.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted from November 2007 to March 2008 at Bobok-Bisal,
Bokod, Benguet to determine the growth and yield performance of chickpea under
Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition and to evaluate chickpea varieties that could be
productively grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet.
The growth performance of chickpea under Bobok-Bisal condition had varying
growth and yield performance due to differences in seed characteristics as well as the
varieties. The growth response of desi type chickpea significantly attains the highest
percentage field emergence over the kabuli type varieties. However, earlier duration to
flowering of these chickpea was observed in kabuli type particularly ICCV 2, while the
desi type attained longer duration. On pod setting, desi type ICCV 94954 had highest
percentage while kabuli type ICCV 95334 had the least pod set.
In yield, ICCV 95332 a Kabuli type variety have significantly attained the highest
yield per plot and computed yield per hectare compared to ICCV 95334. As to seed
quality, kabuli types were observed to produce larger seed size while desi type produced
small seeds. Weight of seeds also differs significantly depending on the seed size. Larger
seed (ICCV 95334) significantly outweighed the small seeded chickpea particularly desi
types varieties including the ICCV 2 kabuli type.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract… … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Importance of Chickpea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Importance of Varietal Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Climatic and Soil Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Field Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Soil and Sowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Fertility and Lime Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Weed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Harvesting and Threshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Drying and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Days from Planting to Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
ii
Average Height at Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Average Number of Lateral Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Days from Planting to First Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Total Number of Harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Percentage Pod Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Average Number of Seeds per Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Average Weight of Pod Produced per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Average Yield per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Total Yield per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Computed Yield per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Weight of 1,000 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Average Seed Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Germination Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Varietal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Diseases and Insect Pest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea belongs to the family Leguminosae, it is an annual cool season legume
and an ancient crop that has been grown in India, the Middle East and parts of Africa for
many years. It has also been grown in Turkey nearly 7,400 years ago. The name chickpea
was derived ultimately from the Latin name cicer through the French chiche. Garbanzo
bean known as kabuli type chickpea comes from the Spanish language while Bengal
grams are termed for desi types. About 80% to 90% of the worlds chickpea production
comes from India where poor soil, use of unimproved varieties and low results in yield
averaging about 700 lb/acre.
Bokod is one of the municipality of Benguet located on the mideastern part of the
province, generally mountainous peaks, hill, arrow valleys and a few sloping area with an
elevation ranging from 2,000 to 3,150 meter above sea level. It is the second largest
municipalities of Benguet having a land total area of 48,830 hectares and 1,567 hectares
is devoted for agriculture. Palay and leafy vegetables are considered major commodities
in the municipality, wherein four hundred thirty five hectares (435has) is devoted for rice
while one thousand thirty nine hectares (1,039 has) is for fruit land and vegetable area.
Bokod belongs to type 1 classification of climate characterized by wet and dry
seasons. Dry seasons begin in November and ends in April. Hottest period are in the
months of April and May, having a maximum temperature of 27oC. The rest of the year is
wet or rainy season. The coldest months are in December, January and February with
temperature as low as 12oC with an average temperature of 18 to 20oC. Due to this cool
climate condition, chickpea production is acceptably ideal in this locality.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Chickpea has not been introduced or cultivated in the Cordilleras specifically in
Benguet even the agro climatic condition provides suitable growth for its production.
Seeds are not locally produced due to lack of information for farmers and the non-
availability of planting materials to be used. Likewise, the difficulty of producing the
seeds in the country eventually makes it necessary for us to import seeds from other
countries. Top producing countries of chickpea are India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Mexico,
Australia, and Canada. Aside from the climate condition, another factor is the method of
culture and production administered with the imported seeds which is different and
indigenous with what the local farmers do.
Moreover, the imported seeds are mostly hybrid when grown under controlled
condition, their performance growth will be different when the seeds are grown in an
open field condition. It is in this process where varietals trial is necessary to evaluate the
performance of every cultivar in all locations and aspects to determine its adaptability
and acceptability to minimize or eliminate waste of money and other inputs and to attain
optimum results which will yield to profit.
Thus, these new hybrid chickpea varieties from ICRISAT was introduced in the
highlands of the Cordilleras especially in Benguet to sustain domestic demands, increase
productivity and income of farmers and alleviate poverty through the introduction and
adaptation of this new crop in the Cordillera region.
This study was undertaken to provide relevant information more specifically, the
consideration of temperature requirements on the growth production of this crop
beneficial to Benguet farmers who are interested to produce chickpea in their farms.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
3
Moreover, this study was conducted to introduce varieties of chickpea that could
be productively grown under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition, and to promote
and fast track the adaptation of suitable chickpea varieties in Benguet Province.
Likewise, this study would also serve as a basis and reference for further research
and studies pertaining to chickpea production in our locality.
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance or
chickpea varieties and to evaluate chickpea that is resistant to certain insect and diseases
prevailing under Bobok-Bisak, Bokod, Benguet condition.
The study was conducted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet from November 2007
to March 2008.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Chickpea
Chickpea is a sprawling small herbaceous plant with height ranging between 30 to
70 cm, but all types with lesser than 1.0 m in height are cultivated in the erstwhile USSR.
The plant is a multiple branched, spreading growth habit annuals ranging from 80 to 140
inches tall. The foliage is covered with glandular hairs which secret high malic and oxalic
exudates and is considered important in conferring tolerance to insect pest, such as pod
borer. Leaves are pinnately compounded, arranged in an alternate phyllotary, and
generally inparipinnate with 11 to 13 leaflets. The leaflets are small, serrated edges being
light green to dark green in color. Certain types posses leaflets with red margins. The
flowers are auxiliary, solitary, or inflorescence of two or three. They are white, pink,
purplish, or blue in color having five petals and sepals. Anthesis starts between 9 am and
10 am and may continue up to 3pm. The flowers remain for 2 days and the flowering
process being over early on the second day. Each flower produces a short, pubescent pod
which is ¾ to 2 inches long appearing to be inflated. One or two seeds are present in each
pod. The seeds come either rough or green in color. This is a definite groove visible
between the cotyledons about 2/3 of the way around the seed, with a beak like structure
present. The plant has a deep root system which usually include tap root with numerous
lateral branches that spreads in the upper layer of soil. It produces nodules common with
other nodules efficient in fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Stems are generally grayish in
appearance where the main branch usually produces more than one secondary shoot and
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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branched with granular hairs, but in some types the main branches may produce
numerous lateral branches.
Chickpeas are classified into desi or kabuli types based in part in seed size, color
and the thickness and shape of the seed coat. Desi types produces smaller seeds size of
1,500 seeds per pounds. The seeds have thick, irregular-shaped seed coat which can range
in color from light to tan black kabuli chickpea. Sometimes called “Garbanzo bean”
produce small to large seeds (800 seeds/pounds) having a paper thin seed coat. The
kabuli types produce seeds with colors range from white to pale cream colored tan, and
plants height is generally taller and grown in temperate regions while desi are grown in
the semi and tropics.
Importance of Chickpea
Anon. (1997) stated that legumes are the source of proteins and carbohydrates.
However, proteins derived from this are incomplete for which they do not contain all the
ammo acid needed by the body. For these reasons, they are often eaten with rice which
contains amino acid absent in figures. Chickpea is one with the highest nutritional
composition of any dry edible legume. On an average, chickpea seeds contains 23%
protein, 47% starch, 56% fat, 6% crude fiber, 6% soluble sugar and 30% ash.
Chickpea is consumed as dry pulse crop and as vegetable tamed as sag (fresh
green leaves) and chloe (grains), (Singh, 1983). The seeds are sold in the market either
canned or dry. Desirable qualities for canning are medium seed size (50.6 to 52.50 grams
per 100 seeds), golden color, rough texture, high water intake and a seed coat that does
not fracture easily, Stan Murray, Klein- Berger Co, pers commun., cited by Berrada et. al
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
6
(1999). According to Martin , Leonard and Stamp(1976), threshed seeds are prepared for
food in much the same manner as dried lima beans, while roasted seeds are used as
confectionaries, snack and as coffee substitute. It is also ground into flour called as
“BESAN” for the preparation of various types of sweets and unlearned bread. Common
uses in the United States are in soups, vegetable combinations or as a component of fresh
salads in restaurant salad bars.
Chickpea is also known for its medicinal and agricultural importance. Germinated
gram seed is recommended for scurvy, green leaves are the source of malic and oxalic
acid which is good to cure intestinal disorders and serves also as a good medicine for
blood purification.
Pulse crops, besides being rich in protein and some of the essential amino acids, it
also enriches the soil through symbolic nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. Similarly,
Singh (1983) added that straw of gram is an excellent fodder for cattle. Husks and bits of
dhal (split chickpea without its seed coat) are valuable for cattle feed. However, the
herbage is low yield and is to animals.
Importance of Varietal Selection
Varietals evaluation is the process of crop breeding program which provides
comparison of promising lines developed by a breeder. It is the first step in the
production of crop to be grown. Varieties need to be evaluated for us to find out what
variety is most suited in a certain production area.
UPLB (1972) reported that desired characteristics such as earliness, non-
sensitivity to photoperiod, resistance to lodging, insects and diseases, high milling
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
7
recovery including good cooking and eating qualities are necessary to be considered in
the development of new varieties. Its is only through varietals evaluation that a breeder
can see the yield, quality, adaptability, insect pests and disease resistance and stress
tolerance.
Therefore, it is essential for the farmers to find the most suited variety or strain of
some crops and recommended varieties in order to determine whether the variety fits or
not suited in this particular conditions and market demands.
Climatic and Soil Requirements
Pursglove (1968) stated that peas require a cool, relatively humid climate with
temperature of 55 to 65. Gram peas perform optimally at 70 to 80 daytime temperature
and 64 to 70 at night temperature. Heavier rainfall seasons (over 30 in annually) show
reduced yields due to disease outbreaks and stem lodging problems from the excessive
vegetable growth. Areas with higher and well distributed rainfall patterns (60 to 90 cm
per annum) have produced highest yield and quality chickpea seeds.
The plants are best adapted to well drained, sandy and clay loam soils. Peas when
planted on dry and light soils remain short while on heavy soils, having high water
retention capacity, the vegetative growth is abundant; light becomes limiting and fruiting
is retarded. The optimum PH is from 5.5 to 6.5. However, it is not suited to soils having a
PH higher than 8.5, Singh (1983).
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
8
Field Preparation
Gram is highly sensitive to soil aeration. This imposes a restriction for its
cultivation on heavy soils and calls for special care in seedbed preparation. A rough
seeded is required for gram. Very fine and compact seedbed is not good for gram. It
requires a loose and well aerated seedbed.
Seed and Sowing
The seeds may be sown by seed drill at spacing between 6 in. and 40 in.
delivering the chickpea seeds without damage. The seeds should be 8 to 10 cm. deep to
utilize available soil moisture for germination while the shallow sown seed is more liable
to be damage by wilt at 60 cm. apart.
Fertility and Lime Requirements
Fertility requirements for chickpea are phosphorous, potassium and certain
micronutrients which are recommended for other pulse or legume crops. Fertilizer
application should be based on soil test level, previous crop and expected yield level.
However, soil with low organic matter and poor nitrogen supply may require
nitrogen (20 to 25 kg per hectare) as starter dose which can meet plant requirements
before the foundation of nodules. Gram fulfills the major pat of its nitrogen fixation
which works effectively from three to four weeks after sowing. If both nitrogen and
phosphorous are required to be supplied, then diamond phosphate (18-46-0) at the rate of
100 to 150 kg per hectare should be applied uniformly before the last disking. Reponses
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
9
to potassium application have been inconsistent. It is better if all fertilizers are drilled in
furrows at a depth of 7 to 10 cm.
Water Management
Gram is mostly sown as a rain fed crop. However, where irrigation facilities are
available, give a pre-sowing irrigation. It will ensure proper germination and smooth crop
growth. Peas are deep rooting plants and usually benefits most from irrigation at
flowering time (increases number of peas and at pod-swelling stage/increase size of
peas). A light irrigation should be managed because heavy irrigation is always harmful to
gram crop. Excess of irrigation enhances vegetable growth and depresses grain yield.
Weed Control
Gram being a dwarf stature crop suffers severely by infestation of weeds. Hand
weeding or interculture with hand hoe after 25 to 30 days of sowing may take care of the
weeds. Tribunil (25 kg 800 to 1000 liter of water per hectare) may be used as pre-
emergence spray. Hand weeding is always better than herbicides because intercultural
operations improve aeration in the soil.
Harvesting and Threshing
Crop becomes ready for harvest 3-7 months from planting when leaves turn
reddish to brown and start shedding. Plant are either plucked out by hand or cut using
knife. The crop is allowed to dry in sun threshing floor about 5 to 6 days. Thereafter,
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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threshing is done either by beating the plants with sticks or by trampling under the feet of
bullocks.
Drying and Storage
Moisture content should be around10 to 12% to prevent insects and other disease
outbreaks in the storage. Because of their relatively large seed sized, chickpea can be
dried slightly with ambient temperature air flow trough thin layers in a regular storage
bin. Basket made from twisted rice straw, are usually used as storage containers.
Storage system should be careful fumigated before storing chickpea and all
storage areas should be regularly monitored to identify potential problems early. A thin
coating with vegetable or helps reduce storage damage.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study were six varieties of chickpea seeds, insecticides,
pesticides, fertilizer, measuring tools (verner caliper, foot rule), weighing scale,
thermometer and other farm tools and equipments.
The study was conducted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet having temperature
range of 15 to 23oC with an elevation of 1,230 meter above sea level. The study was
conducted in an area previously planted with peanut and was laid out following the
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and four replications
each.
Each variety was planted in 2 furrows (1m x 10 m) or a total of 500 square
meter. The seeds were planted singly at a distance of 30cm between rows and 10cm
between hills. Moreover, inorganic fertilizer (14-14-14) were applied evenly and mixed
with the soil before sowing the seeds.
The treatments used were as follows:
Treatment
Variety
Type
T1
ICCV 93952
Desi type
T2
ICCV 93954
Desi type
T3
ICCV 94954
Desi type
T4
ICCV 2
Kabuli Type
T5
ICCV 95332
Kabuli Type
T6
ICCV 95334
Kabuli Type
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Cultural management practices such as fertilizer application, pest and disease
control and irrigation were uniformly employed in all treatments. Irrigation was done at
least twice to trice a week during the early vegetative stage however reduce to at least
once a week during its flowering stage to ensure optimum growth and yield.
The data gathered were from 20 sample plants selected randomly per treatment.
A. Vegetative Growth
1. Percentage field emergence (%). This was counted 15 days from sowing the
seeds using the formula;
Percentage emergence (%) = Number of Seed Emerge x 100
Number of Seeds Sown
2. Days from planting to flowering. This was counted from planting to first
production of flowers.
3. Average height at flowering (cm). This was measured from the base up to the
tip of the youngest leaf at first flowering stage.
4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering. This was counted during its
first flowering stage.
5. Days from planting to first harvest. This was the number of days from planting
the seeds to first pod harvest.
6. Total number of harvest. These were the number of harvesting done during the
entire cropping season.
B. Yield
1. Percentage pod setting. This was computed by dividing the number of flowers
produce per plant over the number of pods produce per plant.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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2. Average number of seeds per pod. This was computed by dividing the number
of seeds produced per plant over the number of pods per plant.
3. Average weight of pods produced per plant (g). This was computed by
dividing the total weight of pods produced by sample plants over the number f sample
plants.
4. Average yield per plant (g). This was computed by dividing the total yield of
sample plants over the number samples.
5. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the total weight of seeds harvested per
experimental plot.
6. Computed yield per hectare. This was the total yield of experimental plot
during the entire cropping in each variety (20 m2)(500).
C. Seed Quality
1. Weight of 1000 seeds (g). These were taken by weighing 1000 seeds from each
variety.
2. Average seed diameter (cm). These were measured using the verner caliper.
3. Germination test. These were conducted one month from seed storage using
petri dish and the ragdoll method. The seed tested were first air dried leaving at least 10%
moisture content.
D. Varietal Characterization
1. The leaf shape, color and other characteristics were recorded.
2. The color of the flower and pod color at first harvest is also recorded.
3. The seed characteristics were also recorded.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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E. Incidence of Insect Pest and Diseases
1. Insect pest that infest the plant during the cropping season were noted and
identified during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant growth.
2. The plant diseases observed during the cropping season were recorded
including the causal organism and the degree of infestation.
Degree of Infestation
Description
1
slight
2
moderate
3
severe
F. Meteorological Data
1. Temperature (oC). This was recorded daily in the morning and evening time
during the whole cropping.
G. Documentations
This was taken by photographs/pictures taken by a camera.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 1. Planting chickpea at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod
Figure 2. Growth response of kabuli type chickpea in Bobok-Bisal
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 3. Flowering stage of chickpea
Figure 4. Overview of the experiment and the researcher
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 5. Disease caused by wet root rot
Figure 6. Harvesting time
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Figure 7. Pod characteristics of harvested chickpea
Desi type
Kabuli type
Figure 8. Seed characteristics of harvested chickpea
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
19
Figure 9. Heliocoverpa larvae feeding
Figure 10. Dry root rot of chickpea
on chickpea pod
Figure 11. Black root rot
Figure 12. Wet root rot
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Percentage Field Emergence
The percentage emergence of the different varieties of chickpea is presented in
Table 1. The ICCV 93952 had significantly attain the highest percentage field emergence
but were comparable with ICCV 93954, ICCV 94954, ICCV 2 and ICCV 95332. The
kabuli type variety ICCV 95334 had significantly attain the lowest percent of field
emergence.
This result may imply that this kind of crop could be grown at Bobok-Bisal,
Bokod, Benguet condition.
Table 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
(%)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
95.00a
ICCV 93954
89.25a
ICCV 94954
88.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
88.50a
ICCV 95332
76.50a
ICCV 95334
69.25b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
21
Days from Planting to Flowering
Days from planting to flowering was significantly affected by the different
varieties used. Kabuli type chickpea as shown in table 2 significantly flowered earlier
than desi type varieties. Apparently, the ICCV2 were the earliest to produce flower while
ICCV 93952, a desi type variety were the latest.
Environmental factors like temperature certainly contributed to the duration of
flowering in chickpea. As stated by Summerfield and Roberst (1988), flowering time of
chickpea is variable depending on the effect of the season, sowing date, latitude and
altitude. Roberts et al (1985) and Ellis et al (1994) also said that, time to flowering was a
function of temperature and photoperiod.
Table 2. Days from planting to flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
60.425a
ICCV 93954
54.625b
ICCV 94954
56.038b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
42.488d
ICCV 95332
46.650c
ICCV 95334
48.238c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
22
Average Height at Flowering
Highly significant differences were observed among the six varieties of chickpea
in relation to height at flowering as shown in Table 3. Kabuli type ICCV 95334, were
significantly the tallest among the rest of the varieties cultivated which was followed by
ICCV 95332. The rest of the desi type varieties including the ICCV2 were significantly
comparable in terms of height at flowering.
The observed differences in height at flowering maybe an expression of the
genetic make up of the chickpea introduced and could be an influenced of the
temperature under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition. Moreover, Poniedzialek et.
al., (2005) said that, maximum plant height could be attributed combining the following
inputs; choice of variety, wide spacing of 50 to 100cm and med to high plant populations;
that is 20 plants per square meter and early planting.
Table 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
(cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
30.462c
ICCV 93954
29.845c
ICCV 94954
30.933c
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
30.475c
ICCV 95332
32.747b
ICCV 95334
38.495a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Average Number of Lateral Branches of Flowering
The number of lateral branches at flowering as presented in Table 4 showed no
significant differences among the different chickpea varieties evaluated. However,
numerically, ICCV 95334 remarkably produced higher number of lateral branches per
plant while the ICCV 93954 and ICCV 95332 had the least number of lateral branches
produced.
Each plant produces three lateral branches, however, a maximum of five branches
was observed during the conduct of the study.
Table 4. Average number of lateral branches at flowering
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.512a
ICCV 93954
3.475a
ICCV 94954
3.550a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
3.550a
ICCV 95332
3.475a
ICCV 95334
3.788a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Days from Planting to First Harvest
Table 5 shows the number of days from planting to first harvest of the cultivar
evaluated. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among each other.
Kabuli type ICCV 2 were the earliest to first pod harvest followed by ICCV 95332 and
ICCV 95334. On the other hand, desi type varieties were the latest to attain first pod
harvest.
As compared to days from planting to flowering, generally, the earlier the variety
produces a flower, the earlier it produces pod thus, the earlier to be harvested, however
the longer duration to flowering, the longer period to first pod harvest.
It is apparent in the result that, the cultivars varied maturity periods which maybe
influenced by temperature and other environmental factors.
Table 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
113.00a
ICCV 93954
108.75b
ICCV 94954
110.00b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
98.00e
ICCV 95332
103.25d
ICCV 95334
106.75c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
25
Total Number of Harvest
Number of harvesting done during the cropping season is shown in Table 6. There
were no significant differences among the varieties grown. Mean ranges from 3.75 to
4.00.
The harvesting of chickpea varies on its maturity, only physiologically matured
pods are harvested while immature pods or the green colored pods are left in the field
until for a such time that it reaches its physiological mature stage ready for the next
harvesting.
Table 6. Total number of harvest
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.75a
ICCV 93954
4.00a
ICCV 94954
4.00a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
4.00a
ICCV 95332
3.75a
ICCV 95334
3.75a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
26
Percentage Pod Setting
A variation in mean value of pod setting was observed as affected by different
varieties of chickpea planted. Highest percentage pod setting was recorded from desi type
varieties particularly ICCV 94954 which is not significant to ICCV 93952 and 93954 but
highly significant to the kabuli type varieties. Whereas, ICCV 95334 attain the lowest
percentage pod setting among the six chickpea varieties evaluated.
Table 7. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
MEAN
(%)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
69.692ab
ICCV 93954
77.705ab
ICCV 94954
79.752a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
67.870bc
ICCV 95332
66.962bc
ICCV 95334
57.580c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
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Average Number of Seeds per Pod
Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the number of seeds
produced per pod among each variety. Desi type ICCV 93954 produced the greater
number of seeds per pod which significantly outnumbered the ICCV 2 and ICCV 95334,
however, it is significantly comparable to ICCV 93952.
This coincides with the study of Gan et al (2003) that less number of seeds per
pod was noted on kabuli type plants primarily due to higher percentage of pods that failed
to fill (17-23%). Whereas, the greater number of seeds per pod was also observed in desi
type chickpeas due to larger proportion (6-14%) of pods containing two seeds per pod,
regardless of plant density.
Table 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
MEAN
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.328ab
ICCV 93954
1.392a
ICCV 94954
1.112bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.103c
ICCV 95332
1.135bc
ICCV 95334
1.090c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
28
Moreover, he also added that to increase number of seeds per unit area is to
increased plant population density, whereas to increase seed per pod of kabuli is by
promoting pods to fill and reducing percentage pod infertility.
Although, as it was observed in the study, a single number of seed is mostly
produced per pod.
Average Weight of Pod Produced per Plant
As presented in Table 9, statistical analysis showed that the weight of pod
produced per plant from the different varieties did not differ significantly. However,
kabuli type ICCV 95332 acquire the highest weight of pods produced per plant.
Table 9. Weight of pod produced per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
25.252a
ICCV 93954
29.025a
ICCV 94954
30.138a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
27.063a
ICCV 95332
31.988a
ICCV 95334
31.237a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
29
Average Yield per Plant
On the yield per plant, significant differences was observed. ICCV 94954, ICCV
95332 had the highest yield per plant which is not significant to ICCV 93954, however,
significant to the three remaining varieties planted.
Table 10. Average yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
21.162b
ICCV 93954
25.650a
ICCV 94954
26.712a
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
21.725b
ICCV 95332
26.712a
ICCV 95334
22.075b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Total Yield per Plot
Table 11 shows the total yield response of the desi and kabuli type chickpea
planted at Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet. The kabuli type ICCV 95332 significantly
produced the highest seed yield per plant among the other varieties evaluated. This
variety also out yielded the ICCV 94954; which was observed to have a highest
percentage pod setting, due to later harvesting making it possible to be attacked by
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
30
insects and rodents as it remained in the field. The lowest seed yield per plant on the
other hand was recorded from ICCV 95334 due to an increasing number of dying plants
at early stage and in pod filling stage. Diseases as observed were caused by the dry root
rot and wet root rot.
Moreover, lower yield of ICCV 95334 was achieved due to lower percentage of
field emergence at this particular location.
Table 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VARIETY
MEAN
(kg)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.444b
ICCV 93954
2.502b
ICCV 94954
2.735b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.387b
ICCV 95332
3.427a
ICCV 95334
2.287b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Computed Yield per Hectare
The result of yield per plot is consistent to computed yield per hectare, it follows
the same trend where kabuli type ICCV 95332 attain the highest yield which significantly
out yielded the ICCV 95334. As discussed earlier, result is due to the higher infestation
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
31
rate of diseases to this particular variety. Poor germination of this variety in this certain
location also contributes to lower yield.
However, infestation of such diseases mentioned earlier including the pod borer
and rat infestation were observed in each varieties of chickpea evaluated under Bobok-
Bisal, Bokod, Benguet.
Table 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
MEAN
(kg/ha)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1221.875b
ICCV 93954
1251.250b
ICCV 94954
1367.500b
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1193.750b
ICCV 95332
1713.750a
ICCV 95334
1143.750b
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Weight of 1,000 Seeds
Table 13 shows the weight of 1,000 seeds per variety of chickpea was affected by
the differences in the seed size. Statistical analysis showed that weight of seeds in each
variety differed significantly. Large seeded kabuli type ICCV 95334 have the greatest
seed weight which significantly outweighs the other entries, which then followed by
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
32
medium sized seeds ICCV 95332. On the other hand, small sized seeds ICCV2 and desi
type varieties attain the lesser seed weight, where ICCV 93952 and ICCV 93954 had the
meanest seeds weight.
Thus, the result indicates that seed weight depends on the seed size. The bigger
the seed, the heavier the weight and the smaller it is, the lightest weight.
Moreover, Muehlbauer and Singh (1987), Poniedzialek et. al., 1996 said that in
Poland, minimum kabuli type seed weight (1000) is about 495 g especially to the large
seeded kabuli chickpea, whereas desi type, a small seeded has a minimum weight of 245
g per 1000 seeds, cited by Poniedzialek, 2005.
Table 13. Weight of 1,000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
MEAN
(g)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
248.00d
ICCV 93954
249.00d
ICCV 94954
283.50c
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
288.25c
ICCV 95332
393.00b
ICCV 95334
547.50a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
33
Average Seed Diameter
The seed diameter of the chickpea varieties as presented in Table 14 showed
highly significant differences among each other. The widest seed diameter was measured
from kabuli type ICCV 95334 which significantly produced wider seeds compared to the
remaining varieties. Statistical analysis also indicated that ICCV 2 is not significant to
ICCV 94954 but significantly different to ICCV 93954 and ICCV 93952.
Table 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
MEAN
(cm)
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.675e
ICCV 93954
0.695d
ICCV 94954
0.710cd
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
0.718c
ICCV 95332
0.835b
ICCV 95334
0.920a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
34
Germination Test
Ragdoll method and Petri dish method. Germination test applying rag doll method
as shown in Table 15 shows highly significant variations comparing them from each
other. It is obvious that ICCV 93952 had its greatest germination percentage having the
highest mean of 91.75% which is significantly similar to ICCV 93954 and ICCV 2. This
is then followed by ICCV 94954 and ICCV 95332, while the large sized seed ICCV
95334 attain the lowest germination percentage among all varieties.
Using petri dish as a germination medium for chickpea on the other hand likewise
shows highly significant differences from each other. ICCV 93952 still attained the
highest germination percentage which significantly outnumbered the ICCV 95334 having
the least germination percentage.
Comparing the two media for germinating seeds, it is apparent that ragdoll
method performs better having the greater germination percentage while in petri dish,
least germination percentage of seeds was noted.
The result was maybe due to rate of evaporation. Faster rate of evaporation was
observed in petri dish since the container is open, the water easily evaporates making the
seeds dry resulting to slower germination. While in ragdoll, rate of evaporation is low.
Ragdoll method of germination meanwhile is wrapping and rolling the seeds in moist
paper towel. Both germination test was stored for several days and was watered/irrigated
everyday providing moisture sufficient for germination. Seedling are then counted as they
germinate and removed, giving the percentage of actual germination.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
35
Table 15. Germination test
MEAN
VARIETY
Ragdoll Method
Petri dish Method
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
91.75a
67.50a
ICCV 93954
82.50ab
57.25b
ICCV 94954
72.00bc
50.00bc
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
83.25ab
54.50bc
ICCV 95332
69.25c
46.00c
ICCV 95334
44.50d
26.00d
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Varietal Characteristics
The chickpea varieties were classified/characterized based on leaf, flower and
seed physical appearance.
Leaf characteristics. The leaf shape of chickpea varieties is presented in Table
16a. Desi type varieties observed to have characteristically small rounded seeds while
Kabuli type are oblong shaped. In terms of leaf color, green leaves were observed in desi
while Kabuli is from light (ICCV 2, ICCV 95334) to dark green (ICCV 95332).
Flower characteristics. The flower color of desi type were purple/violet while
kabuli type are white colored (Table 16b). As to pod color at harvest, the six varieties
were all in yellow color.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
36
Table 16a. Leaf characteristics
VARIETY
LEAF SHAPE
LEAF COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
small rounded
green
ICCV 93954
small rounded
green
ICCV 94954
small rounded
green
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
oblong
light green
ICCV 95332
oblong
dark green
ICCV 95334
oblong
light green
Table 16b. Flower and pod color
VARIETY
FLOWER COLOR
POD COLOR
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
purple/violet
yellow
ICCV 93954
purple/violet
yellow
ICCV 94954
purple/violet
yellow
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
white
yellow
ICCV 95332
white
yellow
ICCV 95334
white
yellow
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
37
Seed characteristics. The seed color, shape and size of the different chickpea
varieties apparently differ from each other (Table 16c). Physically, Desi type were in
dark brown color, angular shape, and are in small sizes. Kabuli type on the other hand,
are white-colored, owl’s head shape and in small to large sizes of seeds.
Diseases and Insect Pest
Incidence of diseases and insect pest. The identified diseases attacking the root
and stem were dry root rot, black root rot and wet root rot, while viral disease observed
was chickpea stunt.
As to insect and pests pod borer and rodents were observed eating the crop
particularly the pods.
Table 16c. Seed color, shape and size
VARIETY
SEED COLOR
SEED SHAPE
SEED SIZE
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
dark brown
angular
small
ICCV 93954
dark brown
angular
small
ICCV 94954
dark brown
angular
small
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
white/cream
owl’s head
small
ICCV 95332
white/cream
owl’s head
medium
ICCV 95334
white/cream
owl’s head
large
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
38
Table 17a. Diseases of the chickpea varieties grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet
DISEASE/COMMON
CAUSAL
DEGREE OF
VARIETY
NAME
ORGANISM
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
A. Root and Stem Rot
Black root rot
Slight
Desi and Kabuli
Type
Dry root rot
Rhizoctonia
Slight
Desi Type: ICCV
93952, 93954,
bataticola
94959
Wet root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
Slight
Kabuli Type: ICCV
95332 and 95334
B. Viral disease
Chickpea stunt
Bean (pea) leafroll
Slight
Desi Type varieties
virus
Table 17b. Insect and pests of the chickpea varieties grown in Bobok-Bisal, Bokod,
Benguet
COMMON NAME CAUSAL ORGANISM DEGREE OF
VARIETIES
INFESTATION
ATTACKED
1. Pod borer
Helicoverpa armigera
Moderate
Kabuli and Desi
Type
2. Rodents
Mus booduga
Severe
Kabuli and Desi
Type
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
39
Meteorological Data
Figure 13 shows the temperature during the conduct of the study under Bobok-
Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition. The temperature ranges from 15 to 23oC during the
months of December 2007 to March 2008.
26
Maximum
Temperature
24
Minimum
23
22
22
21
21
20
18
18
u
s
17
17
ci 16
el
15
14
C
ees 12
egr 10
D 8
6
4
2
0
December
January
February
March
Months
Figure 13. Temperature during the conduct of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
40
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Based on the preceding results, growth response of the chickpea kabuli type and
desi type chickpea under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition differs significantly.
The desi type varieties particularly ICCV 93952 obtain the highest percentage field
emergence of 95% while kabuli type ICCV 95334 had the lowest field emergence of
69.25%.
In terms of duration to flowering, kabuli types flowered earlier than desi types.
The ICCV 2 was the earliest to produce flower, same is through with duration to first pod
harvest. As to number of harvesting, this is dependent to pod maturity. Harvesting was
done three to four times.
Percentage pod setting on the other hand differ significantly among each variety.
Desi type, ICCV 94954 had higher percentage pod setting while kabuli type ICCV 95334
had the least pod setting.
In relation to yield, the different chickpea varieties grown differ significantly. In
the total yield per plot and in computed yield per hectare, kabuli type ICCV 95332 out
yielded the other varieties planted.
Variation in seed size exists among the varieties used. ICCV 95332, produce
bigger seeds (0.835 cm seed diameter) than ICCV 94954 (0.710 cm seed diameter).
Weight of 1000-seeds per variety was affected by the differences in seed size.
Seed size was determined based on its seed width/diameter. Kabuli type ICCV 95334
having the greater seed width, meaning the longer its size attain the heaviest weight of
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
41
1000 seeds. Likewise, the narrow the seed, the smaller its size, thus least weight of 1000
seeds which were noted from desi type varieties.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, based on the results discussed, chickpea could thrive in this
particular location having atleast more than 50% field emergence.
However, yield and quality should be considered. Among the six varieties of
chickpea planted, kabuli type ICCV 95332 performed well in this location.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that use of this variety, ICCV 95332 is best
suited under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet condition.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
42
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 1997. Chickpea (Garbanzo Bean). http://hort.podue.edu/newcrop/afcm/
chickpea.html
BERRADA, A., M. STACK, B., RIDDELL, M. A. BRICK, and D. L. JOHNSON. 1999.
Chickpea: A Potential crop for Southwestern Colorado. Pp. 206 to 213.
ELLIS, R. H., LAWN, RJ., SUMMERFIELD RJ. Q., A. ROBERTS EH, CHAYS PM,
BROWER JB. ROSE JL, YEATES, SJ. and SANDOVER S. 1994. Towards the
reliable prediction of time to flowering in six annual crops: V. chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) Exp Agric 30: 721-282.
LIU, Pu-Hai, GAN, Y., WARKENTIN, T. and McDONALD, C. 2003. Morphological
Plasticity of Chickpea in Semi arid environment. Crop Science society of
America. Pp. 426.
IBPGR, ICRISAT and ICARDA. 1993. Descriptions for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
International Board for plant Genetics Resources, Rome, Italy; International
Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Pantacheru, India and
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria.
LOCKHARD, J. A. and WISEMAN, A. J. 1978. Introduction to crop Husbandry. Fourth
edition. Pergaman Press. Pp. 118.
MARTIN, J., LEONARD, W. and STAMP, D. L. 1976. Principles of Field Crop
Production. 3rd Edition. McMillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York. Pp. 730-731.
MUEHLBAUER, FJ. and TULLU, A. 1997. Cicer arietinum L. New Crop Fact sheet.
Center for new crops and Plant Products. Purdue University, West Lafayette.
NENE, Y. L., REDDY, M. V., HAWANE, M. P., GANEKAR, A. M., and AMIN, K. S.
1991. Field diagnosis of chickpea diseases and their control. Information Bulletin
no. 28. Pantacheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India: International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-arid tropics.
PONIEDZIALEK, M., SKOWERA, B., and DZIAMBA, S. 2005. The effect of locality
and sowing term on chosen morphological features of two chickpea (Cicer
arietum L.) cultivars. Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural University in
Krakow Poland. 37-46 pp.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques of Raising Field Crop Production. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi. Pp. 169-183.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
43
SUMMERFIELD, RJ. and ROBERTS, E. H. 1988. Photothermal regulation of flowering
in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea. Dordecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer
Academic Publishers. Pp. 911-922.
STALLKNECHT, G., MILLER, P., NEIL, K., BUSSAN, A. J. and RIESSELMAN, J.
1999. Growing chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans) in Montana.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
44
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Percentage field emergence (%)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
98
100
86
96
380
95.00
ICCV 93954
99
96
68
94
357
89.25
ICCV 94954
95
85
78
94
352
88.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
97
91
74
92
354
88.50
ICCV 95332
92
83
60
71
306
76.50
ICCV 95334
87
67
51
72
277
69.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
2031.500
677.167
Factor A
5
1830.333
366.067 12.48**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
440.000
29.333
Total
23
4301.833
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 6.42%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
45
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Days from planting to flowering
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
66.4
61.5
65.65
51.15
241.70 60.425
ICCV 93954
55.9
60.45
55.5
46.65
218.50 54.625
ICCV 94954
60.4
56.25
59.7
47.8
224.15 56.038
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
42.15
46.05
46.05
35.7
169.95 42.488
ICCV 95332
46.5
46.95
51.65
41.5
186.60 46.650
ICCV 95334
46.15
49.65
53.05
44.1
192.95 48.238
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
394.681
131.560
Factor A
5
901.414
180.283 26.19**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
103.254
6.884
Total
23
1399.350
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 5.10%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
46
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Average height at flowering (cm)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
30.55
30.52
31.125
29.65
121.85 30.462
ICCV 93954
29.9
29.3
29.68
30.5
119.38 29.845
ICCV 94954
31.36
29.76
31.35
31.26
123.73 30.933
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
30.5
29.6
31.97
29.83
121.90 30.475
ICCV 95332
32.025
32.85
31.75
34.36
130.99 32.747
ICCV 95334
39.05
40.43
37.2
37.3
153.98 38.495
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.075
0.025
Factor A
5
212.256
42.451
3474**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
18.332
1.222
Total
23
230.663
** highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 5.10%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
47
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Average number of lateral branches of flowering
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
3.5
3.25
3.5
3.8
14.05
3.512
ICCV 93954
3.5
3.45
3.35
3.6
13.90
3.475
ICCV 94954
3.4
3.4
3.55
3.85
14.20
3.550
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
3.3
3.6
3.45
3.85
14.20
3.550
ICCV 95332
3.45
3.35
3.5
3.6
13.90
3.475
ICCV 95334
3.55
3.45
4.0
4.15
15.15
3.788
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.566
0.189
Factor A
5
0.275
0.055
2.77ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.298
0.020
Total
23
1.138
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 3.96%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
48
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Days from planting to first harvest
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
115
114
115
108
452
113.00
ICCV 93954
110
111
110
104
435
108.75
ICCV 94954
113
110
112
105
440
110.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
99
100
100
93
392
98.00
ICCV 95332
104
104
106
99
413
103.25
ICCV 95334
108
108
110
101
427
106.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
199.792
66.597
Factor A
5
569.375
113.875 163.33**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
10.458
0.697
Total
23
779.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 0.78%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
49
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Total number of harvest
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
4
4
4
3
15
3.75
ICCV 93954
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
ICCV 94954
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
4
4
4
4
16
4.00
ICCV 95332
4
4
3
4
15
3.75
ICCV 95334
4
4
3
4
15
3.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.458
0.153
Factor A
5
0.375
0.075
0.63ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
1.792
0.119
Total
23
2.625
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 8.92%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
50
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Percentage pod setting (%)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
65.13
76.24
67.02
70.38
278.77 69.692
ICCV 93954
76.00
83.40
78.85
72.73
310.98 77.705
ICCV 94954
81.83
85.13
74.10
77.95
319.01 79.752
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
67.10
75.22
66.26
62.90
271.48 67.870
ICCV 95332
72.47
73.00
52.11
70.27
267.85 66.962
ICCV 95334
76.09
53.70
52.83
44.70
230.32 57.580
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
369.350
123.118
Factor A
5
1292.137
258.547
5.62**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
689.856
45.990
Total
23
2351.946
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.70%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
51
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Average number of seeds per pod
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1.10
1.28
1.60
1.33
5.31
1.328
ICCV 93954
1.24
1.77
1.40
1.16
5.57
1.392
ICCV 94954
1.05
1.16
1.12
1.12
4.45
1.112
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1.07
1.09
1.15
1.10
4.41
1.103
ICCV 95332
1.20
1.14
1.08
1.12
4.54
1.135
ICCV 95334
1.06
1.09
1.13
1.08
4.36
1.090
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.083
0.028
Factor A
5
0.346
0.069
3.64*
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.285
0.019
Total
23
0.714
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variation: 11.56%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
52
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Average weight of pods produce per plant (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
22.6
27.3
32.05
19.06
101.01 25.252
ICCV 93954
24.5
31.8
29.80
30.00
116.10 29.025
ICCV 94954
30.5
34.15
26.30
29.60
120.55 30.138
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
21.9
36.00
22.35
28.00
108.25 27.063
ICCV 95332
29.2
24.55
28.20
46.00
127.95 31.988
ICCV 95334
30.0
24.85
23.30
46.80
124.95 31.237
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
174.325
58.108
Factor A
5
131.766
26.353
0.54ns
2.90
4.56
Error
15
733.356
48.890
Total
23
1039.447
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variation: 24.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
53
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Average yield per plant (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
21.05
24.70
20.35
18.55
84.65
21.162
ICCV 93954
23.00
28.05
26.05
25.50
102.60 25.650
ICCV 94954
27.90
30.05
23.00
25.90
106.85 26.712
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
19.80
21.15
20.80
25.15
86.90
21.725
ICCV 95332
24.80
27.05
25.60
29.40
106.85 26.712
ICCV 95334
25.40
20.60
20.90
21.40
88.30
22.075
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
19.809
6.603
Factor A
5
137.481
27.496
4.91**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
84.081
5.605
Total
23
241.372
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 9.86%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
54
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Total yield per plot (kg)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
2.090
2.605
1.820
2.260
9.775
2.444
ICCV 93954
2.607
2.938
2.095
2.370
10.010
2.502
ICCV 94954
3.165
3.157
2.290
2.328
10.940
2.735
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
2.340
2.320
2.340
2.550
9.550
2.387
ICCV 95332
3.062
3.131
3.841
3.676
13.710
3.427
ICCV 95334
2.036
2.129
2.156
2.829
9.150
2.287
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.103
0.034
Factor A
5
3.449
0.690
4.61**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
2.245
0.150
Total
23
5.797
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.71%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
55
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Computed yield per hectare (kg/ha)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
1045.0
1302.5
1410.0
1130.0
4887.50 1221.875
ICCV 93954
1303.50
1469.0
1047.5
1185.0
5005.00 1251.250
ICCV 94954
1582.50
1578.5
1145.0
1164.0
5470.00 1367.500
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
1170.0
1160.0
1170.0
1275.0
4775.00 1193.750
ICCV 95332
1531.0
1565.5
1920.5
1838.0
6855.00 1713.750
ICCV 95334
1018.0
1064.5
1078.0
1414.5
4575.00 1143.750
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES
SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
24636.531
8212.111
Factor A
5
874086.719 174817.340 4.71**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
556843.656 37122.910
Total
23
1455566.906
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 14.65%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
56
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Weight of 1000 seeds (g)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
244
248
252
248
992
248.00
ICCV 93954
249
251
247
249
996
249.00
ICCV 94954
285
280
286
283
1134
283.50
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
285
290
290
288
1153
288.25
ICCV 95332
395
396
388
393
1572
393.00
ICCV 95334
545
550
548
547
2190
547.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
36.125
12.042
Factor A
5
273291.875 54658.375 4749.46**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
172.625
11.508
Total
23
273500.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.01%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
57
APPENDIX TABLE 14. Average seed diameter (cm)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.66
2.70
0.675
ICCV 93954
0.68
0.68
0.12
0.70
2.78
0.695
ICCV 94954
0.71
0.12
0.71
0.70
2.84
0.710
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
0.72
0.73
0.71
0.71
2.87
0.718
ICCV 95332
0.84
0.84
0.82
0.84
3.34
0.835
ICCV 95334
0.92
0.90
0.94
0.92
3.68
0.920
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
F VALUE
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
0.000
0.000
Factor A
5
0.188
0.038
204.04**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
0.003
0.000
Total
23
0.191
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 1.79%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
58
APPENDIX TABLE 15. Germination test (ragdoll method)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
90
94
91
92
367
91.75
ICCV 93954
80
84
86
80
330
82.50
ICCV 94954
68
82
66
72
288
72.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
90
90
70
83
333
83.25
ICCV 95332
76
70
62
69
277
69.25
ICCV 95334
56
40
38
44
178
44.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
124.458
41.486
Factor A
5
5478.375 1095.675 19.03**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
863.792
57.586
Total
23
6466.625
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 10.27%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
59
APPENDIX TABLE 16. Germination test (petri dish method)
VARIETY
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Desi Type
ICCV 93952
70
66
70
64
270
67.50
ICCV 93954
85
50
64
57
229
57.25
ICCV 94954
42
60
48
50
200
50.00
Kabuli Type
ICCV 2
60
58
46
54
218
54.50
ICCV 95332
50
40
48
46
184
46.00
ICCV 95334
20
30
28
26
104
26.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
PROBABILITY
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARE VALUE
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Replication
3
5.792
1.931
Factor A
5
3883.208
776.642 22.62**
2.90
4.56
Error
15
514.958
34.331
Total
23
4403.958
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation: 11.67%
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
60
Figure 14. Location of the study
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) / Felicida D. Alides. 2008
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance of SixChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties Under Bobok-Bisal, Bokod, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Chickpea
- Importance of Chickpea
- Importance of Varietal Selection
- Climatic and Soil Requirements
- Field Preparation
- Seed and Sowing
- Fertility and Lime Requirements
- Water Management
- Weed Control
- Harvesting and Threshing
- Drying and Storage
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Percentage Field Emergence
- Days from Planting to Flowering
- Average Height at Flowering
- Average Number of Lateral Branches of Flowering
- Days from Planting to First Harvest
- Total Number of Harvest
- Percentage Pod Setting
- Average Number of Seeds per Pod
- Average Weight of Pod Produced per Plant
- Average Yield per Plant
- Total Yield per Plot
- Computed Yield per Hectare
- Weight of 1,000 Seeds
- Average Seed Diameter
- Germination Test
- Varietal Characteristics
- Diseases and Insect Pest
- Meteorological Data
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES