BIBLIOGRAPHY DORIAN, LEONARD J. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DORIAN, LEONARD J. APRIL 2009. Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora
edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth as Affected by Different Growing Media. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MsC.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Benguet State University from
November 2008 to February 2009 to determine the best growing media suitable for
germination of passion fruit seeds and to find out the effects of the different growing
media on the germination of passion fruit seeds.
Results revealed that there were significant differences observed among the
different growing media used. Seeds sown in a media mixture of garden soil and
sawdust, garden soil (control), sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost and garden soil
+ sawdust + alnus compost + sand showed the earliest number of days to emergence with
a mean of 12.00 days. With regards to first appearance of leaves, all the different media
mixtures used enhanced shorter duration of leaf development except for the
combinations of alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull with a mean of 27.00 days.
Furthermore, seeds sown in a mixture of garden soil (control) + coco soil + alnus
compost had shorter duration to reach transplanting stage as well as having the highest
number of roots produced with longer length of roots and shoots. All media mixtures
enhanced 100% normal seedlings except for the combination of garden soil (control),
sand + ricehull + coco soil and garden soil + coco
soil + ricehull with a mean of 96.67% and 93.33% respectively. Meanwhile, all media
mixtures promoted excellent growth as well as 100% emergence of passion fruit
seedlings.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………
i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study ………………………………………………
1
Importance of the Study …………………………………………
3
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………….
3
Place and Time of the Study ……………………………………...
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Passion Fruit ……….………………………………
4
Growing Media .. …………………………………………………..
4
Climatic and Soil Adaptability……………………………………
8
Propagation………………………………………………………..
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials …………………………………………………………..
10
Methods …………………………………………………………..
10
Data Gathered…….………………………………………………
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………….
14
Number of Days to Initial Emergence……………………………..
14
Number of Days to Complete Emergence ………………………….
15
iii
Number of Days to First Appearance of Leaves …………………...
16
Number of Days to Readiness per Transplanting …………………..
17
Number of Roots …………………………………………………..
18
Percentage of Emergence (%) ……………………………………..
19
Percentage of Normal Seedlings (%) ……………………………..
20
Percentage of Abnormal Seedlings (%) …………………………..
21
Root Length (cm) ………………………………………………….
22
Shoot Length (cm) ………………………………………………..
23
Seedling Vigor …………………………………………………….
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………………
30
Conclusion ………………………………………………………
31
Recommendation ………………………………………………..
31
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………..
32
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………
34
iv
INTRODUCTION
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis S.) is a plant cultivated commercially for its fruits.
It belongs to the family passifloraceae. It is native to South America and widely grown
in India, New Zealand, the Caribbean, Brazil, Southern Florida, Hawaii, Australia, East
Africa, Israel and South Africa. It can also be grown in the different parts of the
Philippines as well as in the Province of Benguet, where it is grown only in backyard
gardens.
The passion fruit is round to oval, yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to
firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruits can be grown to eat or for its
juice, which is often added to other fruit juices to enhance flavor and aroma.
The two types of passion fruit have greatly different exterior appearances. The
bright yellow variety of passion fruit also known as the golden passion fruit, can grow up
to the size of a grape fruit having smooth, glossy light and airy rind and has been used as
a rootstock for purple passion fruit in other countries. Under this variety, there are two
cultivars, the Brazilian golden, which is somewhat tart. It produces extremely vigorous
vine, requiring cross-pollination. It has extra large fragrant flowers colored white with a
dark center, blooming during mid-summer. The other cultivar is the golden giant, a large
yellow-fruited cultivar that originated in Australia.
The dark purple passion fruit variety is smaller than a lemon with a dry, wrinkled
rind at maturity. Under this variety, there are seven cultivars, such as Black Knight,
developed in Massachusetts by Patrick Worley. It has fragrant, dark-black fruit, the size
and shape of large egg. It is a vigorous, compact vine, self-pollinated and very fruitful.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
2
Edgehill, originating in California is similar to Black Knight but more vigorous, larger
growing and with larger purple fruit. Frederick cultivar also originating in California
developed by Patrick Worky from the cross between Kahuna and Brazilian Golden
cultivar, nearly oval fruit and juicing with extremely vigorous, self-fruitful vine and
productive. The Kahuna cultivar is very large, medium purple fruit with sweet subacid
flavor. It is good for juicing, vigorous, productive and self-fertile vine. It is produced
over a long season and has large and attractive foliage. Paul Ecke also originating in
California has medium sized purple fruit of very good quality, suitable for juicing and
eating. It is compact and very productive vine. Purple giant has very large fruit, dark-
purple when mature. Lastly, the red rover, originating also in California by Patrick
Worky from crossing Kahuna and Brazilian Golden cultivar having medium to large,
roundest fruit. Rinds are attractive and colored red. It is sweet and good for eating and
juicing, very vigorous, compact and s elf-fertile vine.
Passion fruit juice is a good source of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and carotenoids
(Vitamin A). It is rich flavored and strongly, but pleasantly aromatic. The undiluted
juice is highly concentrated but is an excellent additive to other fruit juices, or it may be
drunk as an aide if water and sugar are added. Seeds with the surroundings sacs are often
added to fruit salad in other countries. Fruit of the purple passion fruit may be eaten by
itself, seeds and all. The juice of the giant granadilla has a milder flavor than that of the
others and is used in confections or drinks. Its melon like edible flash also can be
pulverized and used in pies.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
3
Passion fruit can be potentially grown with in a structure or in backyards for easy
availability and use. However, mass production could be come a problem under high
demand because it is not much popular in the locality specially for processing. So, it is
therefore imperative to conduct this study to be able to determine the best g rowing media
that is suitable for growing of passion fruit and to determine of the different growing
media mixture will affect the seedling characteristics that will be produced.
The result of this study will provide information to researchers interested to work
on passion fruit in order to help in the improvement of passion fruit production and to
encourage farmers or fruit growers to produce passion fruit due to its good potential in
the market especially when it is processed. Since passion fruit is not much popular in
terms of production, this study is important as far as introduction is concerned.
The study was conducted to determine the best growing media suitable for
germination of passion fruit seeds; and to find out the effects of the different growing
media on the germination of passion fruit seeds.
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from November to February 2009.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Passion Fruit
The passion fruit vine is a shallow-rooted, woody, perennial, and climbing by
means of tendrils. The alternate, evergreen leaves, deeply 3-lobed when mature, are
finely toothed, 3 to 8 inches (7.5-20 cm) long, deep-green and glossy above, paler and
dull beneath, and, like the young stems and tendrils, tinged with red or purple, especially
in the yellow form. A single, fragrant flower, 2 to 3 inches (5-7.5 cm) wide, is borne at
each rode on the new growth. The bloom, clasped by 3 large, green, leaf like bracts,
consists of 5 greenish-white sepals, 5 white petals, a pringe like corona of straight, white
tipped rays, rich purple at the base, also 5 stamens with large anthers, the ovary, and
triple-branched style forming a prominent central structure. The lower of the yellow is
more showy, with more intense color. The nearly round or ovoid fruit, 1 ½ to 3 inches
(4-7.5 cm) wide, has a tough rind, smooth, waxy, ranging in hue from dark-purple with
faint, fine white specks, to light-yellow or pumpkin-color. It is 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick,
adhering to a ¼ inch (6 mm) layer of white pith. Within is a cavity more or less pilled
with an aromatic mass of double-walled, membianass sacs filled with orange-colored,
pulpy juice and as many as 250 small, hard, dark-brown or black, pitted seeds. The
flavor is appealing, musky, guava-like, subacid to acid (Morton, 1987).
Growing Media
The actual nutrient requirements of horticultural crops are based on several
parameters. They include soil diagnosis to determine the total nutrients, the available
nutrients and the factors contributing to a nutrient unavailability and plant diagnosis to
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
5
determine the actual amount of nutrients absorbed by the plant. Together, these are
correlated to establish a relationship between development and the nutrients
concentration of the plant tissue as influenced by the leaves of various nutrients in the
soil (Poincelot, 1980).
Brady (1984) as cited by Andres (2006) stated that the organic matter is
composed of living or dead plants and animal residues, which are very active and
important portion of the soilage. They protect soil against erosion; supplies cementing
substance for desirable aggregation formation and it loosen the soil to provide better
aeration and water movement.
Ware (1937) as cited by Sumakey (2004) added that organic matter improves
physical condition and chemical properties of the soil. Chemical properties may include
the following materials depending on the kind of plant and its state of decomposition,
carbohydrates, sugars, starch, cellulose, lighting, tannin, fats, oil, waxes, resin, portions,
pigments and minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), Iron (Fe),
Magnesium (Mg), and Potassium (K). These properties of the soil raise the capacity of
the heavy soil and lessen surface on-off, leaching and erosion. It also enhances the
porosity of the soil organic matter like compost, which contains 25%N, 0.03% Mg, and
organic matter content of 5-6%.
Jankowiak (1978) as cited by Andres (2006), stated that compost encourages the
formation of vigorous roots, which in turn produce a healthy plant, one, which is capable
of taking in more food and water.
Thompson and Troech (1978) claimed that the nutrients release from well rotten
compost is probably better balanced and regulates than that from fresh manure whereby
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
6
gardeners can therefore apply larger amounts of compost than the use of fresh manure,
without danger of injuring plants. They added that the use of compost also results in
humus formation and promotes good soil structure. Compost also supply nutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur which are essential for plant growth.
Einert (1972) as cited by Andres (2006) stated that rice hull provides high to
medium texture with good drainage and aeration and does not affect soil pH. He further
stated that maximum effectiveness is obtained when rice hull is not more than 20% by
volume of potting mixture.
Handreck and Black (1994) stated that whole rice hull is moderately resistant to
decomposition. They hold little water and improve aeration. They are useful light
weight component of mixes for orchids and are also to increase the porosity of bedding
mixture based on peat. The same author mentioned that many grades of sand are
available. Those with mainly medium to very coarse sizes (0.25-2 mm) are generally
preferred. Finer grades can be used to increase water holding capacity of mixes that’s
other component is coarser.
Donahue (1979) stated that sawdust is good bedding mixture material since it
absorbs liquid and is a good soil conditioner. The greatest resistant of lignin to
decomposition offers intriguing possibilities in Horticulture and the use of sawdust a
common surplus material, which frequently is obtained free of charge. He furthered that
sawdust is composed of 4 lbs nitrogen, 2 lbs potassium and 4 lbs phosphorous per ton of
sawdust or an oven dry weight basis.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
7
Baldwin and Wesin (1997) as cited by Aladog (2006) found that the use of
organic mulches such as untreated sawdust or straw will aid in controlling weeds and
conserve soil moisture and texture.
Manure stimulates the work of soil microbes that unlock plant food held in soil
borne mineral compounds. It adds nutrients and humus to the soil, aids in composting
operations and in its green state will provide heat for cold frames (compositions) as it
decomposes. Lastly, it improves the physical condition of heavy soil (Jankowiak, 1978).
The same author stated that chicken manure is generally the highest in all levels
of plant nutrients, sometimes up to four times as rich as cow manure, but it contains far
less humus. Horse manure is a little higher in most nutrients than cow and has the
advantage along with chicken and sheep of being “hotter” that is; it decomposes faster
and generates a higher composting temperature. Cow and hog manure are cool, these
wetter and do not have as much nutrient.
He further stated that compost, manures and most mulches are both humus
builders and excellent sources of macro and micro nutrients and these make excellent
natural fertilizers.
Foth and Turk (1972) as cited by Andres (2006) noted that rotten manure is a rich
food constituent. This concentration of plant nutrient is due to shrinkage in dry weight,
which could automatically raise the level of plant food.
Christopher (1958) stated that fresh manure is relatively higher in nitrogen and
potassium than in phosphorous. He further stated that manure may increase water
holding capacity, improve structure and provide a satisfactory medium in which various
desirable bacteria may develop. It supplies many of the chemicals recognized as minor
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
8
elements and in all probability, some other elements and possibly hormones which is yet
to be recognized.
Laurie (1956) stated that humus increases the power of the soil to hold water and
soluble materials in water. Its colloidal properties permit absorption of gases and their
retention (power of retaining). These same colloidal properties improve the structure,
making it granular.
Further, humus aids in the absorption of gases and their retention of soil heat
(Laurie, 1950). It also makes potassium and phosphorous compounds available through
the acids that are formed in the process of decompositions; soil nitrogen which is
normally derived from the decomposition of humus is helpful in the growth of organisms
needed in the soil.
Incorporation of these different organic matters in the soil is very important
especially to horticultural crops that they may enhance the growth of the crops (Laurie,
1950).
Climatic and Soil Adaptability
The purple passion fruit is subtropical and prefers a frost-free climate. However,
there are cultivars that can thrive in temperatures into the upper 20’s (oF) without serious
damage. The vines may lose some of their leaves in cool winters. The roots often
resprout even if the top is killed. The plant does not grow well in intense summer heat.
The yellow passion fruit is tropical or near tropical and is much more intolerant of frost.
(Ortho Books, 1985).
Passion fruit vines prefer a slightly acid soil, but the yellow passion fruit vine will
tolerate alkaline soils if adequate micro nutrients are added. Well-drained soil is
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
9
essential. Otherwise, root problems develop that soon destroy these plants (Popenoe,
1974).
Propagation
All passion fruits can be propagated from seeds, which should be fresh (less than
1 year old) because seeds lose viability rapidly. Seeds may be sown in flats or pots of
sterile and kept in a most place shaded from direct sunlight. Seeds ordinarily germinate
10-20 days (2-4 weeks) and young plants g row rapidly. Seedlings should be potted
individually in small containers as soon as practical after germination. They can be
transferred to a permanent location when they are 25-40 cm (10-16 inches) tall (Samson,
1986).
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
To successfully carry-out the activities in this study, the following materials were
used: passion fruit seeds, growing media (sand, soil, compost alnus, sawdust, rice hull,
coco soil), water, ruler, polyethylene bags (3 x 7) and labeling materials.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out using
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten (10) treatments that was
replicated three (3) times. The treatments were as follows:
CODE
DESCRIPTION
T1
Garden soil (control)
T2
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
T3
1:1garden soil + rice hull
T4
1:1:1 compost alnus + sawdust + rice hull
T5
1:1:1 sand + rice hull + coco soil
T6
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + compost alnus
T7
1:1:1 garden soil + rice hull + compost alnus
T8
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + rice hull
T9
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + rice hull + compost alnus
T10
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + compost alnus + sand
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
11
Preparation of growing media. The different growing media were mixed
following the indicated ratio and were placed in black polyethylene bags (3 x 7) where
the passion fruit seeds were sown.
Seed extraction. The passion fruit seeds were obtained from the mature and good
quality passion fruits. The fruits were cut and the seeds were extracted and washed in
order to have partial removal of the seeds parchment or mucilage, then the seeds were
sown directly to the prepared growing media.
Sowing the seeds. The passion fruits were collected from a high yielding mother
plants containing about 250 seeds per fruit. The seeds were collected in Sayangan, Atok,
choosing only desirable seeds to ensure good germination. The seeds were sown in flat
position.
Care and management. The recommended cultural management practices such as
weeding, irrigation and control of insect pest and diseases were followed to ensure
excellent emergence performance.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
1. Number of days to initial emergence. This was taken by counting the numbers
of days from solving the seeds up to initial seedling emergence.
2. Number of days to complete emergence. This was taken by counting the
number of days from sowing the seeds up to complete seedling emergence.
3. Percentage of emergence. This was taken by using the formula
Emergence percentage = No. of germinant x 100
No. of seeds sown
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
12
4. Percentage of normal seedlings. This was taken by using the formula
% of normal seedlings = No. of normal seedlings x 100
No. of seeds sown
5. Number of days to first appearance of leaves. This was taken by counting the
number of days from sowing to first appearance of leaves.
6. Root length (cm). This was measured from the node of developing root up to
the tip of the seedling roots of two randomly selected sample seedlings, sixty days from
sowing the seeds.
7. Shoot length (cm). This was measured from the base up to the tip of the
seedlings of two randomly selected sample seedlings.
8. Seedling vigor. This will be taken by using this scale:
Rating
Description
1
most vigorous – excellent growth with dark green leaves
2
vigorous – good growth with green leaves
3
less vigorous – slightly good growth with light green leaves
4
poor – poor growth with yellow leaves
9. Number of days to readiness for transplanting. This was taken by counting
the number of days from sowing the seeds to transplanting stage.
10. Percentage of abnormal seedlings. This was taken by using the formula:
% of abnormal seedlings = Number of abnormal seedlings X 100
Number of seeds sown
11. Root number. This was taken by counting the roots of the destructive
samples.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
13
12. Documentation of the study through pictures. The pictures were taken during
planting stage and seedling stage.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Number of Days to Initial Emergence
As presented in Table 1 there were significant differences observed among the
different media used in the study on the number of days to initial emergence.
Statistically, the results showed that the seeds sown in garden soil (control), garden soil +
sawdust, sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost and garden soil + sawdust + alnus
compost + sand were the earlier seedlings to emerge with a mean of 12.00 days. This
was followed by the seeds sown in a media combinations of garden soil + ricehull and
garden soil + coco soil + ricehull + coco soil, garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
and garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull having more days to
emerge with a mean of 18.33 days.
The result implies that as to the number of days to initial emergence, the
combination of garden soil + sawdust + sand + ricehull + alnus compost as a germination
media promote earlier seedling emergence of passion fruit seeds.
Table 1. Number of days to initial emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
12.00 b
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
12.00 b
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
13.33 b
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
18.33 a
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
14.67ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
14.67ab
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
14.67ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
13.33 b
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
12.00 b
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
12.00 b
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
15
The results agree with the findings of Bisley (2008) that a mixture of 1:1:1:1
garden soil + sand + alnus compost and part of sawdust will enhance shorter days in
papaya seedling emergence.
Number of Days to Complete Emergence
As shown in Table 2, there were significantly differences observed among the
various media used in the study. Statistically, the results showed that seeds sown in
garden soil + sawdust was the fastest to complete seedling emergence with a mean of
23.00 days. This was followed by the seedlings produced in garden soil + cocol soil +
ricehull with a mean of 25.00 days. The seeds germinated using a media combination of
sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost, sand + ricehull + cocol soil, garden soil +
coco soil + alnus compost and garden soil + ricehull attained a mean of 30.67, 35.55,
36.00 and 39.33 days respectively. This was followed by seeds sown in garden soil
(control), garden soil + sawdust + compost alnus + sand and compost alnus + sawdust +
ricehull with a mean of 40.67, 41.33 and 46.00 days successively. While the seeds sown
in garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost attained the longest number of days to complete
emergence with a mean of 59.67 days.
The result may imply that a mixture of 1:1 garden soil + sawdust will induce
shorter days as far as complete emergence is concerned.
The result corroborates with the findings of Ngalides (2009) that using garden
soil, sawdust, alnus compost and coco soil will enhance seedling growth and complete
emergence of avocado seeds.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
16
Table 2. Number of days to complete emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
40.67ab
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
23.00 b
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
39.33ab
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
46.00ab
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
35.33ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
36.00ab
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
59.67 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
25.00 b
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
30.67 b
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
41.33ab
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of days to First Appearance of Leaves
With regards to the number of days to first appearance of leaves, there were slight
differences observed among the media used as shown in Table 3. Statistically, the results
showed that seeds sown in garden soil which is the control, garden soil + sawdust, garden
soil + ricehull, sand + ricehull + coco soil, garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost,
garden soil + rice hull + alnus compost, garden soil + coco soil + ricehull, sand + alnus
compost + sand had the fastest leaf development and produced leaves with a mean of
25.00 days. This was followed by the seeds sown in alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
with a mean of 27.00 days.
The result shows that among the different treatments that were used, seeds sown
in alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull had a longer duration to form leaves as compared
to the other germination media treatments.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
17
Table 3. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
25.00 b
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
25.00 b
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
25.00 b
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
27.00 a
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
25.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
25.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
25.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
25.00 b
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
25.00 b
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
25.00 b
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
The above results agree with the earlier findings of Acop (1987) that part of
garden soil + alnus leaves compost + horse manure gave the tallest and highest leaf count
in chrysanthemum.
Number of Days to Readiness for Transplanting
Table 4 shows that there were highly significant differences observed among the
treatments used regarding the number of days to readiness for transplanting.
Numerically, the results showed that seeds sown in garden soil which is the control and
garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost is the fastest to reach the transplanting stage with
a mean of 85.00 days, which is slightly earlier than the seeds sown in garden soil +
sawdust, alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull and garden soil + rice hull + alnus compost
with a mean of 86.00 and 86.33 days respectively. This was followed by seeds sown in
garden soil + coco soil + ricehull which is a little bit earlier than seeds sown in sand +
sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost and garden soil + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
and garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand with a mean 88.33 and 88.67 days
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
18
Table 4. Number of days to readiness for transplanting
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
85.00 c
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
86.00bc
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
89.33 a
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
86.00bc
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
89.33 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
85.00 c
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
86.33 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
88.33 a
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
88.67 a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
88.67 a
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
successively. The seeds sown in garden soil + ricehull and sand + ricehull + coco soil
were the last to reach the transplanting stage with a mean of 89.33 days.
The results may imply that using garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost will
enhance shorter duration to readiness for transplanting of passion fruit seedlings.
Number of Roots
As shown in Table 5, there were highly significant differences that were noted on
the different media used that affected the root number 60 days from sowing. Statistical
results showed that seeds sown in garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost had the highest
number of roots with a mean of 141.67, followed by the seeds sown in garden soil which
is the control and garden soil + rice hull + alnus compost with a mean of 90.67 and 91.67
respectively. The seeds sown in alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull, garden soil + coco
soil + ricehull, garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand and sand + ricehull + coco
soil attained means of 59.33, 56.67, 51.00 and 50.00 respectively. The seeds sown in
sand + sawdust
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
19
Table 5. Number of roots
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
91.67 b
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
45.33 c
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
48.33 c
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
59.33 c
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
50.00 c
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
141.67 a
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
90.67 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
56.67 c
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
49.00 c
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
51.00 c
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
+ ricehull + alnus compost, garden soil + ricehull and garden soil + sawdust had the least
number of roots with a mean of 49.00, 48.33 and 45.33 respectively.
The results revealed that a mixture of garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
promoted good germination of passion fruit seeds in terms of root number.
These results agree with the statement of Jankowiak (1978) as cited by Andres
(2006) that compost encourages the formation of vigorous roots, which in turn will
produce a healthy plant which is capable of taking in more food and water.
Percentage of Emergence
As presented in Table 6, there were no significant differences observed on the
percentage of emergence as affected by the different growing media. The results showed
that all the different growing media used favored the emergence of passion fruit seeds
with 100% emergence. Based on the findings, all various media combinations could
enhance good percentage of emergence of passion fruit seeds.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
20
Table 6. Percentage of emergence
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
100 a
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
100 a
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
100 a
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
100 a
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
100 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
100 a
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
100 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
100 a
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
100 a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
100 a
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Percentage of Normal Seedlings
With regards to the percentage of normal seedlings, there were significant
differences that were observed as shown in Table 7. The results showed that seeds sown
in garden soil + sawdust, garden soil + ricehull, alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull,
garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost, garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost, sand +
sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost and garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
attained the 100% normal seedlings. This was followed by seeds sown in garden soil
(control), sand + ricehull + coco soil and garden soil + coco soil + ricehull with a mean of
96.67% and 93.33% respectively.
The results revealed that all the media combinations with mixtures of ricehulls
reduced the percentage of normal seedlings. Likewise, the same observations agree with
the findings of Bisley (2008) that media mixed with ricehull affected the lowest
percentage of normal seedlings of papaya.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
21
Table 7. Percentage of normal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
96.67 ab
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
100.00 a
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
100.00 a
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
100.00 a
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
96.67 ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
100.00 a
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
100.00 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
93.33 b
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
100.00 a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
100.00 a
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Percentage of Abnormal Seedlings
Table 8 shows that there were significant differences observed among the media
used in the study. Numerically, the results showed that seeds sown in garden soil + coco
soil + ricehull had the highest percentage of abnormal seedlings. This was followed by
the seeds sown in the garden soil (control) and sand + ricehull + coco soil with a mean of
3.33%
The result shows that seeds sown in all growing media mixed with ricehull
attained higher percentage of abnormal seedlings which corroborated with the result of
Bisley (2008) that media mixed with ricehull attained the highest percentage of abnormal
seedlings of papaya.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
22
Table 8. Percentage of abnormal seedlings
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
3.33ab
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
0.00 b
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
0.00 b
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
0.00 b
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
3.33ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
0.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
0.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
6.67 a
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
0.00 b
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
0.00 b
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Root Length
Table 9 reveals that significant differences were observed among the different
treatments that were used in the study affecting root length 60 days from sowing. The
results showed that seedlings from seeds sown in garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
had the longest roots with a mean of 20.68 cm followed by the seeds sown in garden soil
+ rice hull + compost alnus, garden soil (control) and garden soil + sawdust with a mean
of 17.95 cm, 17.92 cm and 17.12 cm respectively. Moreover, seeds sown in garden soil
+ ricehull and alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull attained a mean of 15.92 and
15.27,respectively. As compared to the seeds sown in garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
and sand + ricehull + coco soil with a mean of 14.92 cm and 14.10 cm respectively the
seeds sown in sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost had a mean of 11.02 cm. While
the media used that induced the shortest root length with a mean of 10.27 cm was garden
soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
23
Table 9. Root length (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
17.92 a
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
17.12 ab
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
15.92abc
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
15.27abc
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
14.10abc
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
20.68 a
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
15.95 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
14.92abc
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
11.02 bc
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
10.27 c
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
These results may imply that using alternative media such as garden soil + coco
soil + alnus compost could be effective in the germination of passion fruit seeds and
promote seedling growth in terms of root length.
These coincide with the findings of Ngalides (2009) that the media combination
of garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost + ricehull could promote longer roots of
avocado seeds.
Shoot Length
As shown in Table 10, there were significant differences observed among the
media used in the study affecting shoot length 60 days from sowing. Statistically, the
results showed that seeds sown in garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost obtained the
highest mean of 5.87 cm a little bit higher compared to the seeds sown in garden soil +
ricehull + alnus compost and sand + ricehull + coco soil with a mean of 5.15 and 5.03,
respectively. This was followed by the seeds sown in garden soil (control) and garden
soil + sawdust that attained a mean of 4.7 and 4.5 cm successively. Moreover, seeds
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
24
Table 10. Shoot length (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
4.7 b
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
4.5 bc
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
3.7 cd
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
3.87 cd
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
5.03 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
5.87 a
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
5.15 ab
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
3.15 d
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
3.08 d
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
3.63 d
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
sown in alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull, garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost +
sand, garden soil + coco soil + ricehull, sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost and
garden soil + rice hull had a mean of 3.87 cm, 3.63 cm, 3.15 cm, 3.08 and 3.7 cm
respectively.
These results agree with the findings of Walang (2007) that a combination of
garden soil + alnus compost and so with the addition of sand and coco soil will promote
seed germination in terms of shoot length.
Seedling Vigor
Table 11 shows significant differences observed among the treatments used in the
study affecting the seedling vigor of passion fruit seedlings. The results revealed that
seeds sown in the garden soil (control), alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull, garden soil
+ coco soil + alnus compost and garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost promoted
excellent growth of seedlings. This was followed by seeds sown in garden soil + ricehull,
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
25
Table 11. Seedling vigor
TREATMENT
MEAN
Garden soil (control)
1.00 b
1:1 garden soil + sawdust
2.33 a
1:1 garden soil + ricehull
2.67 a
1:1:1 alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull
1.00 b
1:1:1 sand + ricehull + coco soil
2.33 a
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost
1.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + ricehull + alnus compost
1.00 b
1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + ricehull
2.67 a
1:1:1:1 sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost
2.33 a
1:1:1:1 garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand
2.67 a
Means with the same letter are not significant different at 5% level of DMRT
Rating: 1 – most vigorous, 2 – vigorous, 3 – less vigorous and 4 – poor
garden soil + coco soil + ricehull and garden soil + ricehull, garden soil + coco soil +
ricehull and garden soil + sawdust + alnus compost + sand with a mean of 2.67 a little bit
higher compared to the seeds sown in garden soil + sawdust, sand + ricehull + coco soil
and sand + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost with a mean of 2.33.
This result corroborates with the findings of Walang (2007) that a combination of
garden soil, sawdust, sand with alnus compost will promote good seedling vigor of cacao.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
26
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
27
Figure 2. Overview of the study 60 days from sowing of passion fruit seeds
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
28
Figure 3. Overview of the destructive samples for number and length of roots
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
29
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
30
Figure 4. Overview of the seedlings ready for transplanting 90 days from sowing seeds
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology project, Benguet State University from
the month of November 2008 to February 2009 to determine the best growing media
suitable for germination of passion fruit seeds and to find out the effects of the different
growing media on the germination of passion fruit seeds.
Significant differences were not observed on the number of days to first
appearance of leaves and root length. While significant differences were observed
regarding the number of days to initial emergence, number of days to complete
emergence, percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of abnormal seedlings and
percentage of emergence. The results revealed that the media mixtures differed much in
their effects on the passion fruit seed germination including seedling growth.
Highly significant differences were also observed on the number of roots, number
of days to readiness for transplanting, shoot length and seedling vigor.
Passion fruit seeds sown in garden soil + sawdust + sand + ricehull + alnus
compost had shorter days to initial emergence. The mixture of garden soil + sawdust +
coco soil + ricehull effected the fastest days to complete the emergence of the seeds.
Meanwhile, all media mixture enhanced shorter days to first appearance of leaves except
for the mixture of alnus compost + sawdust + ricehull. The combination of garden soil +
coco soil + alnus compost induced shorter days for the readiness of the seedlings for
transplanting as well as the number of roots, root length and shoot length. Likewise, all
the media mixture favored the complete emergence of passion fruit seeds. Furthermore,
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
31
combination of garden soil + sawdust + ricehull + alnus compost + coco soil + sand
promoted the normality of passion fruit seedlings while garden soil + sand + ricehull +
coco soil affected the normality of seedlings.
Lastly, garden soil + sawdust + ricehull + coco soil + alnus compost promoted
vigorous passion fruit seedlings.
Conclusion
Based from all the results that was observed, the use of media combinations such
as 1:1:1 garden soil + coco soil + alnus compost enhanced the production of more roots
and promoted longer roots and shoot length. Likewise, using 1:1:1:1 garden soil + alnus
compost + sawdust + ricehull + coco soil as an alternative media or an addition to the
growing media could enhance the production of excellent and vigorous passion fruit
seedlings. In some cases, ricehull had significantly affected on the growth of passion
fruit seeds. It affected the normality of seedlings and seedling growth as well.
Recommendation
From the preceding results and discussions, the combination of garden soil + coco
soil + alnus compost is recommended as a growing media to be used in germinating
passion fruit seeds.
The above mentioned mixtures were likewise observed to have promoted or
enhanced excellent and vigorous seedlings having more number of roots, longer root and
shoot length as well as earlier appearance of leaves.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ACOP, C.C. 1987. Effect of Different potting media on the growth and flowering of
chrysanthemum morifolium “Taiwan Yellow”. Unpublished Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
ALADOG, N.K. 2005. Effects of different potting media on the growth and flowering
of Zinta (Zinnie elegens). BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
ANDRES, R.S. 2006. Growth and Flowering of Angel’s wing (Spathiphyllum Kochi L.)
as affected by different potting media mixtures. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 26.
BISLEY, M.B. 2008. Germination of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds and seedling
characteristics as affected by different growing media in Camp 3, Tuba,
Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-
28.
CHRISTOPHER, E.P. 1958. Introductory Horticulture. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
New York, U.S.A. P. 90.
DONAHUE, R.L. et al. 1979. Soil and introduction to soil and plant growth. 4th ed.
Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey. P. 197.
HANDRECK, K.A. et. Al. 1994. Growing media for ornamental plants and turfs. Mc
Pherson’s Printing Group. Sydney. Pp. 111-121.
JANKOWIAK, J. 1978. The Prosperous Gardener. A guide to gardening the organic
way. Rodale Press Emmans.
LAURIE, A.D. et. Al. 1956. Commercial flower forcing. 6th ed. New York, Toronto,
London. McGraw-Hill Publication in Agricultural Science.
MORTON, J.F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resources Systems, Inc. Pp.
320-328.
NGALIDES, E.A. 2009. Germination of avocado (Persea Americana) seeds and
seedling characteristics as affected by different growing media. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
ORTHO BOOKS. 1985. All about citrus and subtropical fruits. Chevron Chemical Co.
Pp. 66-68.
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as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
33
POINCELOT, R.P. 1980. Horticulture: Principles and Practices Applications. New
York. Prentice Hall Inc. P. 20.
POPENOE, W. 1974. Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Facsimile of the 1920
edition. Hatner Press. Pp. 241-295.
SAMSON, J.A. 1986. Tropical Fruits. 2nd edition. Longman and Scientific and
Technical. Pp. 291-295.
SUMAKEY, JR. E.G. 2004. Effect of potting media on the growth, flowering and corn
yield of white calla (Zanthedeshia sp.) B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
THOMPSON, L.M. et. Al. 1978. Soils and soil fertility. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York. P. 232.
VANDERPLANK, J. 1991. Passion Flowers and Passion Fruit. MIT Press. Pp. 85-88.
WALANG, T.S. 2007. Germination of cacao (Theobroma sp.) seeds and seedlings
characteristics as affected by different growing media. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 7.
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to initial emergence
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
12
12
12
36
12.00 b
T2
12
12
12
36
12.00 b
T3
12
16
12
40
13.33 b
T4
21
12
22
55
18.22 a
T5
12
16
16
44
14.67ab
T6
12
16
16
44
14.67ab
T7
12
16
16
44
14.67ab
T8
12
12
16
40
13.33 b
T9
12
12
12
36
12.00 b
T10
12
12
12
36
12.00 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
14.600
7.300
Treatment
9
108.300
12.033
2.18ns
0.2913 0.076
3
Error
18
99.400
5.522
TOTAL
29
222.300
24.855
ns – not significant
coefficient of variation = 17.15%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
35
Appendix Table 2. Number of days to complete emergence
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
35
21
66
122
40.67ab
T2
23
23
23
69
23.00 b
T3
24
35
59
118
39.30ab
T4
66
36
36
138
46.00ab
T5
24
24
58
106
35.33ab
T6
24
24
60
108
36.00ab
T7
62
58
59
179
59.67 a
T8
27
24
24
75
25.00 b
T9
32
30
30
92
30.67 b
T10
28
34
62
124
41.33ab
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
1564.800
782.400
Treatment
9
3034.300 337.144
1.99ns
0.2240 0.1020
Error
18
3047.200
169.288
TOTAL
29
7646.300 1288.832
ns – not significant
coefficient of variation = 34.51%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
36
Appendix Table 3. Number of days to first appearance of leaves
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
25
26
24
75
25 b
T2
25
25
25
75
25 b
T3
25
25
25
75
25 b
T4
28
25
28
81
27 b
T5
25
25
25
75
25 b
T6
25
25
25
75
25 b
T7
25
25
25
75
25 b
T8
25
25
25
75
25 b
T9
25
25
25
75
25 b
T10
25
25
25
75
25 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.200
0.100
Treatment
9
10.800
1.200
2.77*
0.7962 0.0315
Error
18
7.800
0.433
TOTAL
29
18.800
1.733
* - significant
coefficient of variation = 2.61%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
37
Appendix Table 4. Number of days to readiness for transplanting
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
85
85
85
255
85.00 c
T2
86
87
85
258
86.00bc
T3
89
90
89
268
89.33 a
T4
87
85
86
258
86.00bc
T5
89
89
90
268
89.33 a
T6
85
85
85
255
85.00 c
T7
87
86
86
259
86.33 b
T8
89
88
88
265
88.33 a
T9
89
88
89
266
88.67 a
T10
89
88
89
266
88.67 a
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.867
0.433
Treatment
9
83.867
0.318
23.51**
0.3563 0.0001
Error
18
7.133
0.396
TOTAL
29
91.867
10.147
** - highly significant
coefficient of variation = 0.72%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
38
Appendix Table 5. Number of roots
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
105
105
65
275
91.67 b
T2
45
36
55
136
45.33 c
T3
42
55
48
145
48.33 c
T4
60
80
38
178
59.33 c
T5
55
41
54
150
50.00 c
T6
155
145
125
425
141.67 a
T7
81
95
96
272
90.67 b
T8
38
61
71
170
56.67 c
T9
53
47
47
147
49.00 c
T10
48
47
58
153
51.00 c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
151.667 75.833
Treatment
9
25732.300 2859.144
14.86**
0.6799 0.0001
Error
18
3463.000 192.389
TOTAL
29
29346.967 3127.366
** - highly significant
coefficient of variation = 20.29%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
39
Appendix Table 6. Percentage of emergence
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
100
100
100
300
100a
T2
100
100
100
300
100a
T3
100
100
100
300
100a
T4
100
100
100
300
100a
T5
100
100
100
300
100a
T6
100
100
100
300
100a
T7
100
100
100
300
100a
T8
100
100
100
300
100a
T9
100
100
100
300
100a
T10
100
100
100
300
100a
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
Treatment
9
Error
18
TOTAL
29
** - highly significant
coefficient of variation = %
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
40
Appendix Table 7. Percentage of normal seedlings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
90
100
100
290
96.67ab
T2
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T3
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T4
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T5
100
100
100
290
96.67ab
T6
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T7
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T8
90
100
90
280
93.33b
T9
100
100
100
300
100.00a
T10
100
100
100
300
100.00a
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
6.667
3.333
Treatment
9
146.667
16.296
1.52ns
0.7370 0.2156
Error
18
193.333
10.741
TOTAL
29
346.667
30.37
ns – not significant
coefficient of variation = 3.32 %
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
41
Appendix Table 8. Percentage of abnormal seedlings
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
10
0
0
10
3.33ab
T2
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T3
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T4
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T5
0
10
0
10
3.33ab
T6
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T7
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T8
10
0
10
20
6.67 a
T9
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
T10
0
0
0
0
0.00 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
2.408
1.204
Treatment
9
52.972
5.886
1.52ns
0.7370 0.2156
Error
18
69.828
3.879
TOTAL
29
125.208
10.969
ns - not significant
coefficient of variation = 12.89%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
42
Appendix Table 9. Root length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
17.25
20.75
15.75
53.75
17.92 a
T2
17.10
14.20
20.05
57.35
17.12 ab
T3
16.75
15.45
15.55
47.75
15.92abc
T4
9.90
16.80
19.10
45.80
15.27abc
T5
15.35
16.75
10.20
42.30
14.10abc
T6
23.15
17.95
20.95
62.05
20.68 a
T7
24.20
15.25
14.40
53.85
17.95 a
T8
10.75
18.95
15.05
44.75
14.92abc
T9
10.45
10.75
11.85
33.05
11.02 bc
T10
8.50
11.55
10.75
30.80
10.27 c
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
1.588
0.794
Treatment
9
274.012
30.446
2.59*
0.9350 0.0410
Error
18
211.696
11.761
TOTAL
29
487.296
43.001
* - significant
coefficient of variation = 22.10%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
43
Appendix Table 10. Shoot length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
5.15
4.25
4.70
14.10
4.70b
T2
4.50
4.45
4.55
13.50
4.50bc
T3
3.75
3.90
3.45
11.10
3.70cd
T4
3.45
4.00
4.15
11.60
3.87cd
T5
5.20
5.25
4.65
15.10
5.03 b
T6
5.65
6.40
5.55
17.60
5.87 a
T7
6.15
4.40
4.90
15.45
5.15ab
T8
3.20
3.10
3.15
9.45
3.15 d
T9
2.55
3.55
3.15
9.25
3.08 d
T10
3.40
3.50
4.00
10.90
3.63 d
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.30
0.015
Treatment
9
23.099
2.567
12.31**
0.9305 0.0001
Error
18
3.753
0.209
TOTAL
29
26.882
2.791
** - highly significant
coefficient of variation = 10.70%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
44
Appendix Table 11. Seedling vigor
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1
1
1
3
1.00 b
T2
3
2
2
7
2.33 a
T3
3
2
3
8
2.67 a
T4
1
1
1
3
1.00 b
T5
2
3
2
7
2.33 a
T6
1
1
1
3
1.00 b
T7
1
1
1
3
1.00 b
T8
2
3
3
8
2.67 a
T9
3
2
2
7
2.33 a
T10
3
2
3
8
2.67 a
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
.05 .01
Replication
2
0.200
0.100
Treatment
9
16.700
1.856
8.79**
0.6302 0.0001
Error
18
3.800
0.211
TOTAL
29
20.700
2.167
** - highly significant
coefficient of variation = 24.18%
Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth
as Affected by Different Growing Media / Leonard J. Durian. 2009
Document Outline
- Germination of Passion Fruit (Passifloraedulis L.) Seeds and Seedling Growth as Affected by Different Growing Media
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- Number of Days to Initial Emergence
- Number of Days to Complete Emergence
- Number of days to First Appearance of Leaves
- Number of Days to Readiness for Transplanting
- Number of Roots
- Percentage of Emergence
- Percentage of Normal Seedlings
- Percentage of Abnormal Seedlings
- Root Length
- Shoot Length
- Seedling Vigor
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES