BIBLIOGRAPHY FELIPE, HERSON A. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FELIPE, HERSON A. APRIL 2009. Yield Performance of Six Strawberry
Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Results of the study revealed that the growth of the six strawberry cultivars was
greatly reduced when the dry season production period was extended to the rainy season
for off – season production. Although there were berries produced from April to
November, which ranged from 1.54 kg to 3.54 kg per 3 m2 plot, this yield is far below
3.84 to 6.32 kg berries from the same plot during the dry season study of Langpaoen
(2008). However, strawberry ‘Whitney’ produced almost similar total yield during the
rainy season (3.54 kg) compared to its yield during the dry season (3.84 kg) evaluation.
Reject berries almost doubled the weight of marketable berries.
As to the return on investment, ‘Whitney’ obtained 8.48% or Php. 0.08 for every
peso spent in the production of berries while the rest of the cultivars registered a negative
return on investment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………...... i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………............ i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………........... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Strawberry…………………………………………………. 4
Climatic and Soil Requirement……………………………………………. 6
Importance of Strawberry…………………………………………………. 7
Varieties of Strawberry……………………………………………………. 9
Local Studies of Strawberry…………………………………………......... 10
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials…………………………………………………………………... 13
Methods…………………………………………………………………… 13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Fruit Harvest………………………. 16
Yield per Plant….…………………………………………………………. 16
Average Fruit Weight….………..…………………………………............. 17
Weight of Marketable Berries…..……...………………………….............. 17
Weight of Rejects/Culls…..…………..……………………………………. 19
Total Yield…..…...………………………………………………………... 19
ii
Number of Fruits Produced per Plant……………………..………………. 20
Sugar Content………………………...…………………………………… 22
Plant Height…………………...………………………………………….. 23
Fruit Firmness by touch method…………………..……………………… 23
Number of Runners Produced…………..………………………………... 24
Cost and Return Analysis per 15 m2……………………………………... 25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary………………………………………………………………….. 27
Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 28
Recommendation…………………………………………………………. 28
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….. 29
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 30
iii
INTRODUCTION
According to Reed (1976), the Spaniards and other European experimented with a
variety of mid-latitudinal vegetables and berries by the 1870’s and apparently continued
until the Philippine Revolution. Since, its introduction, the yield and quality of strawberry
fruits were carried on with very little improvement. According to Hermano (1982), only
four varieties have been grown in the Benguet province. After a few years, new varieties
did not last long. Two Japanese varieties that are slightly day-neutral replaced the oldest
varieties except Aliso that consistently produced the yield, thus it has been extensively
planted by strawberry growers in the late 1980s. In the early 1990’s, modern varieties
were accessioned, evaluated, and commercially planted (Hermano, 1982).
In the early 1980s, the demand for this strawberry is increasing that made the fruit
highly priced in the market. The Baguio-Benguet area where the climate is unique seems
the only place in the country where strawberry is grown to supply the requirement. The
strawberry fruits are available in the market during the months of December to April.
This is because during this months, the temperature is low (14.7° to 23.3°C) and the day
is less than 12 hours (11.16 to 11.82 hours) and the strawberry is a semi-temperate and
photoperiodic crop (Darrow, 1960; Shepard, 1969 as cited by Hermano, 1982). But
because of research and experimentation, some farmers went down to Mindanao trying to
experiment strawberry production. But according to observation, the yield is lower than
the yield in Baguio-Benguet because of the climate that affects the flowers during flower
development. Once the rainy season starts, strawberry fruit rot due to fungal infect in the
open field.
Studies on crop protection and cultural practices, varietal evaluation and crop
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
2
improvement were undertaken to improve the quality and production of strawberry,
which is one of the main crops in the Cordillera region. However, strawberry growers
observed that the yielding capacity of newly introduced cultivars decreased every year. It
was suspected by Hermano (1982) that chilling effect from the origin might be fading,
may be due to pest infections and other factors. Some farmers practice are planting
runners while other growers commonly buy the mother plants for planting which may
also affect yield performance.
Strawberry production is one of the main sources of livelihood of farmers as it has
the highest return of investment (135-170%) compared to vegetables (seldom surpass
100%). At present, strawberry ‘Sweet Charlie’ still dominate at the production areas for
more than ten years, but because the cultivar is classified as short day plant the 4.0 kg/m2
production cannot be attained during the rainy season inside greenhouse. There should be
more cultivars for off-season production to provide berries the whole year round. Aside
from the economic importance of strawberry, Hancock (1999) reported that the
strawberry fruits contain protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and lipids including
significant levels of ellagic acid, which is thought to be an anti-carcinogen. It is then
worthwhile to identify those cultivars of strawberry with high yield and good quality
berries that have the potential to produce the whole year round.
Result of the study will not only encourage strawberry growers to expand the area
but also guide those who will import planting materials on the cultivars that are adapted
to the local condition. Moreover, those who are producing tissue cultured planting
materials and those researchers on crop improvement will be guided on the cultivars to
propagate and improve.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
3
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experiment Area at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from April 2008 to November 2008 to evaluate the yield
performance of six cultivars which were imported from the United States of America
(Hermano, 2006), determine the fruit quality and record fruit characteristics and
determine the profitability of growing the cultivars during the rainy seasons.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Strawberry
Strawberry, a small plant of the rose family, is grown in its tasty heart-shaped
fruits. Strawberry plants grow close to the ground and produce small, white flowers
that have a pleasant odor. Strawberry fruit is greenish white at first and ripens to a
bright red. Botanists do not classify the strawberry as a true berry because true berries
have seeds within their fleshy tissue such as black currants and cranberries but for
strawberry, the fleshy part is covered with dry, yellow “seeds”, each of which is
actually a separate fruit (Groman, 1997). Moreover, the author described strawberry
plants to have short roots and short stem. Leaves grow from the stem in groups of
three. The fruit seems to be strewn (scattered) among the leaves, and this maybe why
the plants were first called strawberry. It later came to be called strawberry. The
author explained also that the name “strawberry” may also be connected with straw
that is put under the strawberry plants to protect the fruit from being soiled before it
ripens.
Hancock (1999) wrote that the strawberry is a herbaceous perennial that has a
central stem or crown from which leaves, roots, stolons and inflorescence emerge.
The crown consists of a central core surrounded by a vascular ring. The core is
composed primarily of pith, with a thin cambial layer surrounding it. At the top of
each leaf along the crown is an auxiliary bud that produces runners, branch crowns or
remain dormant, depending on environmental conditions. The roots begins to branch
at 2-5 cm and it will continue branching into a fibrous mass with adequate and its
water is available. Generally, there are 20-30 primary roots, hundreds of secondary
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
5
roots, tertiary and higher order roots. In the upper soil 10-15cm of the soil, the roots
are concentrated u to 50-90%. Lateral roots live for 1 or 2 years whereas primary
roots can live for 2-3 years depending on the species and environmental conditions. A
vigorous plant Fragaria ananassa usually produces 10-15 stolons a year.
Strawberry parts were described by Halfacre and Barden (1979) as follows:
Root system. The root system of the strawberry is relatively shallow and
moderately extensive. Mostly, the roots extend horizontally and vertically for a
distance of about 12 inches (30 cm). A few roots were found between 1 and 2 foot
levels. Since the range of root system is limited and shallow, strawberry plants are
mulched in regions of comparatively high transpiration.
Stem and leaves. The stems are short and thick and are called crowns. They
bear three hinds of buds; (1) those which develop into short, thick stems or crowns;
(2) those which develop into long, slender stems called runners; and (3) those which
develop into flowers. New plants are formed from runners. They have long internodes
and form a new plant at the second node and every other node thereafter. The leaves
arise in rosettes around the short crown like stem and are long petioled and trifoliate.
Flowers and fruits. The flower occurs in groups or clusters. Mature individual
flowers are relatively large with five or more green sepals, five or more white petals
and numerous stamens and numerous pistils distributed over a fleshy receptacle. The
mature fruit is the fleshy receptacle to which is attached a large number of small seed-
like fruits called achenes.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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Climatic and Soil Requirement
Strawberries grow best in a cool, moist climate and thrive in many kinds of soil.
But can also thrive to grow in a semi - temperate areas. These are usually planted in
autumn or spring and grow only a little during the winter. The plants reproduce by
sending out slender growths called runners. Roots extend from the runners into the soil
and produce new plants that grow fruits. The harvesting season varies, depending on the
climate and the type of the strawberry. Some types, produce fruits throughout the summer
and autumn are called ever bearing. Most strawberry plants bear fruit for five to six years,
but the best crops are produced during the first one or two years (Groman, 1997). Short
day cultivars adapted to cooler climates can be grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions,
they often require a chilling period for fully productivity. These cultivars developed for
warm regions may not need one. The ability to grow well during the short days of
October, November and December in North American greenhouses has classically been
used in an indicator of a cultivar’s regional adaptation. Those adapted to cooler regions
generally grow poorly during this period and enter a rest period, whereas those adapted in
warmer climates continue to grow. Day neutral types produce fruit approximately 3
months after planting regardless of the planting dates, although they perform poorly when
temperature exceeds 26°C (Hancock, 1999).
There are also two types of strawberries now grown commercially, day-neutral
and short day plants. Long day (ever bearing) plants are also available, but are rarely
grown outside of home gardens. The short day types are actually facultative short day
plants and initiate flower buds either under short day conditions (less than 14 hours of
day length) or when temperatures are less than 15°C. Above 15°C, the critical
photoperiod for floral induction is 8-12 hours, depending on the cultivar. Long day plants
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
7
typically initiated their flower buds when day lengths are greater than12 hours and
temperatures are moderate (Hancock, 1999). Moreover the author discovered that a rest
period is induced in strawberries by short days and low temperatures. The inductive short
period is 4-6 weeks. A chilling requirement (-1 to 10°C) has to be met to break the seed
dormancy period; temperatures around 0°C appear to be most effective.
Importance of Strawberry
The strawberry is the most widely adapted and most grown of the small fruits and
is one of the most popular fruits in the world. Strawberries are grown from Florida to
Alaska, from New England to California – in every state in the United States. They are
grown throughout Europe, in Canada, in South America and many other countries.
Important commercial producing centers include Europe (497,000 metric tons), the
United States (220,300 metric tons), Lebanon (130,000 metric tons), Japan (128,000
metric tons), and Mexico (85,000 metric tons) (Edmund, et al., 1975).
Among the small fruits in the Unite States and the world, strawberries are second
rank to grapes in total production. In Eastern United States, commercial strawberry
plantings range from Maine to Florida and as far as west as Michigan and Louisiana.
Heavy concentrations of strawberries are found in California, Oregon and Washington.
Total strawberry production in the United States in 1975 was 246,000 metric tons
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979).
The success story with strawberries in California is the result of many
improvements including; more productive cultivars, utilization of temperature-
photoperiod interactions, better control of pest through insect and disease resistance
(especially virus diseases) and improve cultural techniques, such as soil fumigation and
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
8
the use of clear plastic mulches (Halfacre and Barden, 1979).
Locally, the strawberry has been in Benguet for the last 50 or more years with
production yield that averages 12 tons per hectare. It is one of the main sources of income
farmers and revenue for the province of Benguet and in the city of Baguio.
However, growers are disappointed over the scarcity of this fruit especially during the
rainy months. This situation leads to a higher market price that goes as high as
P100.00/kg. The demand for either fresh or processed strawberry has never been satisfied
(Balaki, 1992). Aside from economic importance, strawberry fruit is also a good source
of vitamin C and often eaten fresh with cream (Groman, 1997). Strawberry fruits are also
processed in making jam, jelly and wine. It is also discovered that the strawberry fruits
contains approximately 90% water and 10% total soluble solids, and numerous important
dietary components. They are extremely high in vitamin C and standard serving of
strawberries (ten fruits) supplies 95% of the recommended dietary requirements. Glucose
and fructose are soluble sugars and 40% total dry weight. Citric acid comprising 885 total
acids is the primary organic acid. It also contains significant levels of ellagic acid, which
is also called an anticarcinogenic. Furthermore, many gardeners grow strawberry because
the fruits grow so easily. Several studies had led to increased commercial strawberry
production. Plant breeders have developed varieties suited to specific climates.
Researchers also found various methods to control the major diseases and insect pests
that attack strawberries. In addition, many commercial growers use mechanical
equipment to plant and harvest strawberry efficiently. Some growers use large green
houses to control the environment in which the fruit grows and improve production
(Groman, 1997).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
9
Varieties of Strawberry
The strawberry has developed from at least three species of the same genus,
Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria virginiana, and Fragaria vesca. Fragaria chiloensis
and Fragaria virginiana are native to the new world, have 54 somatic chromosomes,
and produce relatively large unit; whereas, Fragaria vesca is native to the world has
14 somatic chromosomes and produces small fruit. The authors mentioned that
according to authorities, the three species and probably one or two others hybridized
under natural conditions producing the parents of modern varieties. These varieties
vary in adaptations to the climate and in length of physiologic dormant period
(Edmond et al., 1975). Another study from Halfacre and Barden (1979), commercial
strawberry originated as a cross between Fragaria Chiloensis and Fragaria
virginiana. The hybrid nature of the garden strawberry, Fragaria ananassa were the
hybrids of Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana and was named Fragaria
ananassa to denote the perfume of the fruit that smelled like a pineapple (Ananas).
This was recognized by a French botanist Antoine Nicholas Duschesne (Hancock,
1999).
Recent studies, strawberries grow wild and are raised commercially in almost
every country. Plant breeders have developed hundreds of varieties that are suited for
different growing conditions. Wild strawberries were cultivated in ancient Rome. In
the 1700s, a hybrid variety was developed in France by breeding wild strawberries
brought from North America with others that came from Chile. Many varieties of this
hybrid provide most commercially grown strawberries. The European haubois
strawberry produces small fruit of a fine, aromatic flavor. Varieties of this strawberry
are grown to make jam. The European wild strawberry grown in dry, sunny position.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
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The fruits are just over a centimeter in length, and very sweet (Groman, 1997).
In addition to that, strawberry belongs to the genus Fragaria in the rose Rosaceae.
The Wild strawberry is Fragaria vesca, the haubois strawberry is Fragaria moschata
and the garden strawberry is a hybrid, Fragaria ananassa.
Local Studies on Strawberry
Guitelen et al. (1982) evaluated strawberry Gem, Fukuba, Fresno, Missionary,
Seqouin, and Torey as to their keeping quality after harvest. As it was studied, Torey,
Missionary and Fresno produced high yield, while Fresno was the earliest to initiate
flowers. Gem has the highest percentage of sugar content and produced least yield.
As to the quality, gem, Fresno and Torey were the less susceptible to weight loss and
rotting and can be also kept for a longer period during storage than the other varieties
under the conditions of the study. An experiment conducted on strawberry was the
effect of the planting season on four varieties namely: Fukuba, Fresno, Sequoin, and
Gem from June 1974 to May 1975 by Tipayno and Hermano (1977). Runner
production of strawberry was highest during the month of January and long day
length in June. Fukuba had the highest number of runners produced whereas Fresno
had the least prolific. Early planting of strawberry in June produced the highest yield
followed by July, August, September, October, November, December, January,
February, March, April, and May. Among the varieties studied, Fresno produced the
highest yield followed by Sequoin, Gem and Fukuba with computed yield per hectare
of 10.57, 10.40, 9.05, and 6.28 tons, respectively. In the months of March, April and
May plantings produced small fruits. Sequoin had the larger and heavier fruits while
the smallest fruits were obtained from gem. Fruits harvested in the month of January,
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
11
February, March and April had high sugar content while those fruits harvested in May
and June had very low sugar content (Tipayno and Hermano, 1997).
In 1982, Hermano reported that out of 17 collected or introduced varieties of
strawberry were used for the tree planting studies, but for Shata, Ostira, Reveda and
Rabunda were not included in the yield test because of their failure to produced
runners. Similarly, the very few runners produced by cultivators Fresno, Solana,
Lasses, Tioga, Salinas and Aliso limited the planting areas. According to the
researcher, the strawberries used were generally photo – Periodic and Semi –
temperate. Most of them flowered to months after the shortest day length
(11.06hours) in la Trinidad, Benguet and produced runners in the month of July,
about a month after the longest day length (June with 13.06 hours). The collected
varieties in the locality like Penicillin, giant, missionary, and Royal Gem with the
exception of Sequoin and exotic varietal introduction were less in sensitive to the
climatic environments. The rest of the varieties like Fresno, Aliso, Tioga, Lasses and
Salinas tended to flower throughout the year, but runner production was very light.
Moreover, Hermano (1982) observed that the newly introduced varieties abroad had
the better yielding potential and berry quality like size and texture than those
collected locally. The promising horticultural characteristics of these varieties of the
rest of the varieties namely: Penicillin, giant, Missionary and Royal Gem were
reduced in the succeeding planting, especially in the third planting. The reduction of
the growth and yielding potential of these varieties were assumed to be due to
relatively high temperature than the country of origin and the possible virus infection.
The report also mentioned that the varieties collected locally exhibited some superior
horticultural characters compared to those newly introduced in terms of prolificacy
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
12
to produced runners and better tolerance to lead disease like spots, scorch and blight.
In another study, three Japanese varieties of strawberry namely: Toyonoka,
Haroyoi and Harunoka were compared using mothers and runners as planting
materials. Regardless of the varieties, runners as planting material significantly out
yielded the mother plants. Among the varieties tested, Toyonoka significantly out
yielded Haroyoi from diseases, which may have caused the higher yield. In the case
of cultivar Harunoka, mother plants yielded as good as the runners (Balaki, 1992). As
explained by Hermano (1999), there were two main groups of strawberry in relation
to day length response: the short day and day neutral. The short day group flowers
when the day length is less than 12 hours. The day neutral strawberries produce
flower earlier are called early maturing like the Seascape. Likewise, those varieties
like Aliso, which take longer days to flower, are called late maturing. The Japanese
varieties introduced in the 1970’s are slightly day neutral, like Harunoka and
Toyonoka. Genetically, day neutral varieties are less hybrid. As they grow, they
produce runners and fruits. These varieties produce year round berries in the region
provided that the growing area is protected from heavy rains during rainy season, the
author said.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Runners of the six strawberry cultivars planted in August 2007 by Langpaoen,
which he evaluated up to March 2008 was continued in this study up to November
2008. Additional rice straw mulching materials, organic and inorganic fertilizers,
pesticides were used as well as garden tools and equipment, weighing scale,
identifying tags and pegs, tape measure, and record notes.
Methods
The experiment followed the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replications. The treatments were represented as follows:
Code
Cultivar
C1 Sweet Charlie (check)
C2 Camarosa
C3 Festival
C4 Erlibrite
C5 Whitney
C6 Toyonoka
Crop maintenance. The study was a continuation of a dry season evaluation so
the established plants were taken cared of during the evaluation period. Crop
protection was implemented; irrigation, fertilizer application, leaf pruning and other
cultural practices were done equally to all the treatments throughout the duration of
the study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
14
Harvesting berries. Berries were harvested when about 75% of the surface
turns reddish and were done every three days. The harvested berries were directly
placed in plastic boxes to prevent many touches that bruises the berries.
Data gathered. The data gathered, tabulated, computed and means were
subjected to separation test using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the
following:
1. Days from flower bud formation to fruit harvest. This was the number of days
from the time flower buds appears to the day the fruit attain 75% ripe.
2. Yield per plant (g). This was computed by dividing the total yield per plot by
the number of plants that produced fruits.
3. Total yield per plot (g). These was the total weight of marketable and non-
marketable berries produced per plot from April 2008 to November 2008
4. Weight of marketable berries per plot (g). This was the total weight of
marketable berries harvested from the first harvest in April 2008 to the termination of
the study in November 2008.
5. Weight of rejects or culls per plot (g). This was the weight of insect-
damaged/fungus –infested, too small (weighing less than 9g) and deformed fruits that
were not sold to the market.
6. Average fruit weight (g). The weight of marketable fruits per plot was divided
by the number of marketable fruits per plot to get the average weight of individual
fruit.
7. Number of fruits produced per plant. Fruit counts was recorded every harvest
and the total per month were divided by the number of plants per plot to get the
number of fruits per plant per month.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
15
8. Plant height (cm). Five plant samples were measured from the ground level to
the tip of the longest leaf every end of the month from April 2008.
9. Sugar content (°B). The sugar content of the fruits at red ripe stage was
determined using a hand refractometer every end of the month.
10. Fruit characteristics. The fruit characteristics of each cultivar in term of shape
and color were recorded in photographs.
11. Fruit firmness. The firmness of fruits was evaluated by touch where the
ratings were as follows:
Firm – fruit is hard when pressed between fingers.
Slightly firm – fruit is hard but crushed when pressure is applied.
Soft – fruit easily crushed by slight pressure in between fingers.
12. Number of runners produced per plot. The number of runners produced during
the duration of the study were counted or recorded.
13. Cost and return analysis. All expenses that were incurred for each cultivar in
the study were recorded and the return on investment (ROI) was computed using the
formula:
ROI (%) Gross sales-Total expenses ÷ Total expenses × 100
14. Documentation through pictures. Observations that were not quantified were
recorded in photographs throughout the duration of the study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Fruit Harvest
Strawberry ‘Erlibrite’ and ‘Toyonoka’ had significantly shorter period to attain
red ripe stage from flower bud to fruit harvest (Table 1). This was followed by ‘Sweet
Charlie’ was not different from ‘Toyonoka’ and the ‘Camarosa’. ‘Festival’ and ‘Whitney’
had the most number of days from flower bud to fruit harvest which significantly differed
from the rest of the cultivars studied. This study obtained 20 to 21 days from flower bud
to fruit harvest while Langpaoen (2008) recorded 28 t0 31 days. The difference between
the earlier study and this study might be the difference in season where the first study was
for dry season while this study is for rainy season. Another reason might be that the
observation and recording in this study was late where the flower buds were already
protruded from the bract of the crown at the base of the leaf petioles. Kudan (2006)
recorded 30 to 31 days in ‘Sweet Charlie’ while Langpaoen recorded 28 days, but this
study had 22 days from flower bud to fruit harvest.
Yield per Plant
As shown in Table 1, the yield per plant ranged from 89.67 to 182.59g which did
not show significant differences among the cultivars, but way below the 192.03 to 333.59
grams recorded by Langpaoen (2008) during the dry season. This result clearly shows
that the yield per plant of strawberry during the dry season is higher than the rainy season
when allowed to continue bearing fruits. This might be due to the reduced growth (Table
2) of plants and longer day length during the study (April to November 2008).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
17
Average Fruit Weight
In fruit weight, there were no significant differences observed from the different
cultivars studied as shown in Table 1. The weight of individual berries in the study
ranged from 9.96 to 10.46 grams which is obviously lower than the average of 10.86 to
14.36 grams during the dry season study of Langpaoen (2008)(see also Figure 1).
Weight of Marketable Berries
As presented in Table 2, strawberry ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ had significantly
higher marketable berries compared to ‘Sweet Charlie’ and ‘Toyonoka’ but slightly
differed from ‘Festival’ and ‘Camarosa’. Further comparisons show ‘Erlibrite’, ‘Festival’
and ‘Camarosa’ having similar marketable yields.
Table 1. Days from flower bud to fruit harvest, yield per plant and average weight per
fruit
Weight (g)_____________
CULTIVARS MEAN per plant per fruit
(Days)
Sweet Charlie 22.00bc 107.43ab 9.96a
Camarosa
22.33b 102.96ab 10.00a
Festival
23.67a 89.67b 10.46a
Erlibrite
20.33d 141.91ab 10.22a
Whitney
24.67a 182.59a 10.37a
Toyonoka 21.00cd 127.22ab 9.96a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
18
Figure 1. Photographs showing the berry characteristics of each cultivar in terms
of shape and color. There were more fruit abnormalities in strawberry
when the mother plants bear berries during the rainy season.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
19
Weight of Rejects/Culls
Strawberry ‘Whitney’, ‘Toyonoka’, and ‘Erlibrite’ produced similar weights of
berries classified as culls which slightly differed from ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’.
Strawberry ‘Festival’ produced lightest reject berries but not different to ‘Sweet Charlie’,
‘Camarosa’, and ‘Erlibrite’ (Table 2).
In the study of Langpaoen (2008), ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Camarosa’ produced the
heaviest reject berries during the dry season due to disease infection. Similarly, reject
berries were recorded more in this study.
Table 2.Weight of marketable, reject fruits, and total yield per plot
WEIGHT (g/plot) .
CULTIVARS Marketable Reject/cull Total
Sweet Charlie 260.3c
1280.7bc 1541.0c
Camarosa
594.7bc
1325.7bc 1920.3bc
Festival
657.3bc
1121.7c 1779.0bc
Erlibrite 1101.7ab
1657.7abc 2759.3ab
Whitney 1438.3a
2099.0a 3537.33a
Toyonoka
461.3c
1875.7ab 2337.0bc
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Total Yield
‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ produced the heaviest yield per plot which significantly
outyielded the ‘Sweet Charlie’, but slightly different from ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Camarosa’ and
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
20
‘Festival’ as presented in Table 2. The study of Langpaoen (2008) showed that ‘Erlibrite’
produced 6.13 kg per plot while ‘Whitney’ had the lowest total yield of 3.84 kg during
the dry season but ‘Whitney’ had the heaviest during the rainy season. The very low yield
might not only be due to the daylengths, but also deterioration of the plants where the
plants become small and many died too as shown in Figure 2.
Number of Fruits Produced per Plant
Table 3 shows that the different cultivars evaluated had produced berries
throughout the rainy season. In July and August, although ‘Whitney’ had similar berry
counts with ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Erlibrite’, and ‘Camarosa’ significantly outnumbered the
berries produced from ‘Festival’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’. Except this months (July and
August), the different strawberry cultivars have slight differences in berry counts. This
result may indicate that ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ have potentials in producing more
berries during the rainy season under greenhouse production.
Table 3. Number of fruits produced per plant
MONTHS_____________________
CULTIVARS April May June July August September October November
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie 7.55a 7.13b 2.69a 0.76c 0.87bc 0.58b 1.89ab 1.67a
Camarosa 4.41ab 10.33ab 1.45a 4.27ab 1.50abc 1.51b 2.76ab 1.02a
Festival 3.02b 9.06ab 0.98a 1.70c 0.41c 0.54b 1.70b 2.00a
Erlibrite 1.33b 10.19ab 2.51a 4.82ab 1.52abc 1.89b 3.48ab 3.21a
Whitney 3.63b 9.93ab 1.68a 5.38a 2.36a 5.17a 3.97a 3.03a
Toyonoka 2.20b 11.87a 2.38a 3.19abc 1.88ab 0.75b 2.28ab 3.37a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
21
Figure 2. Overview of the different strawberry cultivars studied 16 months from planting
(August 2007) to the termination of the study in November 2008. The plants
reduced in size and several plants missing in some plots.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
22
Table 4.Sugar content (°Brix) of the different cultivars on three sampling months
MONTH
________
CULTIVARS JUNE
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie
4.87c
4.73c
5.67b
Camarosa
6.67b
5.20bc
6.20ab
Festival
5.87bc
5.80b
5.93b
Erlibrite
5.87bc
5.80b
5.93b
Whitney
5.67bc
5.00bc
5.80b
Toyonoka
8.33a
7.00a
7.20a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Sugar Content
As shown in Table 4, ‘Toyonoka’ had characteristically higher sugar content
compared to the other cultivars during the dry season (Langpaoen, 2008) and in the rainy
season recorded in this study. Generally, the sugar content during the dry season is higher
(7.06 to 10.00 °Brix) then slowly reduced during the rainy season (as shown in this
study).
This result is consistent with the findings of Tipayno and Hermano (1977) where
the sugar content of berries in January to April is higher than in May and June. The same
observation by Kudan (2006) was not different where the sugar content measured in the
month of October (7.79 °Brix) increased in November (8.70 °Brix). Kudan (2006)
explained that the longer bright sunshine in November (5.38 hours) promoted higher
sugar content compared to the shorter bright sunshine in October (4.97 hours).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
23
Table 5. Plant height
PLANT
CULTIVARS
HEIGHT
__________________________________________________________________(cm)__
Sweet Charlie
15.90b
Camarosa
18.17ab
Festival
18.84ab
Erlibrite
16.87ab
Whitney
19.30ab
Toyonoka
20.41a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Plant Height
There were no significant differences among the cultivars in terms of plant height
as shown in Table 5. Apparently, there was reduction in plant height already when the
plants continued from dry season to the rainy season. Plant height measured by
Langpaoen (2008) ranged from 20.68 cm to 27.39 cm while this study recorded 16.87 cm
to 20.41 cm. Mother plants will reduce in growth as they stay longer in the field as shown
in Figure 2.
Fruit Firmness
The firmness of fruits was evaluated by touch method. Strawberry ‘Sweet
Charlie’ ‘Camarosa’, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ is slightly firm when pressed between
fingers. ‘Toyonoka’ berries rated to be soft while the fruits of ‘Festival are firm.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
24
Table 6. Fruit firmness
CULTIVARS FIRM
SLIGHTLY FIRM SOFT
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie
Camarosa
Festival
Erlibrite
Whitney
Toyonoka
Number of Runners Produced per Plant
As shown in Table 7, ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Festival’ produced runners in
April while the ‘Erlibrite’, ‘Sweet Charlie’, and ‘Camarosa’ did not have any runners. In
May to August, ‘Toyonoka’ had significantly more runners compared to the other
cultivars. On the other hand, ‘Festival’ showed that runners were produced from July to
November while ‘Whitney’ produced runners in August and September, and the rest of
the cultivars din not produced runners from April to November.
In the earlier study of Langpaoen (2008), ‘Toyonoka’ was recorded to be day
neutral cultivar as it continued to produce runners. This is a clear indication that
‘Toyonoka’ is really a day neutral plant. It is expected that there are more runners to be
produced during May to August due to longer days, but did not happen. The aging
mother plants may not be productive when extended to the next cropping season.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
25
Table 7. Number of runners produced per plant
CULTIVARS NUMBER OF RUNNERS .
April May June July August September October November
Sweet Charlie 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 1.00b 0.00b 0.33b 0.00a
Camarosa 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.67ab 1.00a
Festival 1.33ab 0.00b 0.00b 1.33b 9.00b 6.00ab 3.33ab 1.00a
Erlibrite 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 1.33b 0.33b 2.33ab 0.33b 0.00a
Whitney 1.33ab 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 5.67b 1.67ab 0.33b 0.67a
Toyonoka 5.33a 8.67a 17.00a 17.00a 30.00a 15.67a 4.67a 0.00a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Cost and Return Analysis
Strawberry ‘Whitney’ obtained a positive return on investment of 8.48% or Php
0.08 for every peso spent in the production (Table 8). The rest of the cultivars incurred a
negative ROI which means that the expenses were higher than the sales of berries.
Obviously, the very low yield during the rainy season cannot generate net profit. The
deterioration and death of plants, longer daylengths and higher pest damage are some of
the factors that attributed to the negative return on investment in the berry production.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
26
Table 8. Cost and return analysis per cultivar per 15m2
CULTIVARS________________________
PARTICULARS
Sweet Charlie Camarosa Festival Erlibrite Whitney Toyonoka
YIELD (g) 1920.3 3737.33 1799.0 1541.0 2337.0 2759.3
SALES (Php) 153.60 284.80 144.00 123.20 187.20 224.00
Farm Input (Php)
46 – 0 – 0 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
0 – 18 – 0 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27
60 – 0 – 0 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
X – tekh 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58
Labor 62.66 88.11 91.78 85.17 100.84 93.74
Depreciation 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06
Total Expenses
224.35 249.8 253.47 246.86 262.53 255.43
Net Profit/Loss
(Php) -101.15 -92.6 -109.47 -22.86 22.27 -68.23
ROI (%)
-45.08 -38.51 -43.19 -9.26 8.48 -26.71
Note: Selling price during harvest was Php 60.00 to 150.00/kg
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet to continue the study of Langpaoen from August 2007 to
March 2008 to evaluate the yield performance of six cultivars which were imported from
the United States of America, determine the fruit quality and record fruit characteristics
and determine the profitability of growing the cultivars during the rainy season.
Results showed that among the six strawberry cultivars, ‘Toyonoka’ and
‘Erlibrite’ had significantly shorter period to attain red ripe stage from flower bud to fruit
harvest compared to the different cultivars studied. The yield per plant and average fruit
weight did not differ among the six cultivars but observed to be much lower than the dry
season data. In terms of marketable berries, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ had significantly
outyielded ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’ which did not differ from ‘Camarosa’ and
‘Festival’. The weight of reject berries was higher during the rainy season than the dry
season. Plant height was observed to deteriorate during the rainy season (15.90 to 20.41
cm) compared to the first season (20.68 to 27.39 cm) study of Langpaoen (2008). In
runner production, ‘Toyonoka’ continued from dry season to rainy season to produce
runners while the other cultivars could hardly produce runners except ‘Festival’ that had
few runners from July to October. Except ‘Whitney’ registering a return on investment of
8.48% or Php 0.08 for every peso spent in the production, the rest of the cultivars studied
incurred a loss in the berry production.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
28
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it appears that extending the berry
production from dry season to the rainy season under the condition of the study with the
use of ‘Sweet Charlie’, ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Festival’ and ‘Erlibrite’ has no
economic benefit. Strawberry ‘Whitney’ was observed to have the potential for whole
year round production of berries.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that ‘Whitney’ be continued to produce berries
during the rainy season or off – season for whole year berry production inside greenhouse
in La Trinidad, Benguet. It also recommended that this result be verified using the same
condition of this study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BALAKI, E. T.1992. Reduction of weeding Cost in Strawberry Production by Black
Plastic Mulch. BSU Graduate Sch. Res. J. 4:52- 59.
_____. 1992. Cultural Management practices in Strawberry production. BSU
Extension Office. P. 52
DALE, J. E. 1965. Leaf growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. 2. Temperature effects and the
light factor. Ann. Bot., 29:293-308.
EDMUND, J.B., T. L. SENN and F. S. ANDREWS. 1975. Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Quezon City: Interline Printing Inc. Pp. 401- 404.
GROMAN, J. 1997. The world book encyclopedia. London: World Book, Inc.
18:351.
GUITELEN, C. B., BAWANG, F. T. and A. C. TIPAYNO. 1982. Varietal evaluation
on the yield and keeping quality of six strawberry cultivars. MSAC Res. J.
12:1-8.
HALFACRE, G. R. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Horticulture. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co. Pp. 488-489.
HANCOCK, J. F. 1999. Strawberries. New York: CAB International. Pp. 237.
HERMANO, F. G. 1982. Strawberry Improvement in the Philippines. MSAC Res. J.
11:81-117.
KUDAN, S. L. 2006. Performance of Strawberry ‘ Sweet Charlie’ 1993 and 2003
Introductions using mother plants and runners chilled at various duration
planted during off – season under Greenhouse in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Ph.D. Dissertation. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.1–106.
LANGPAOEN, L. M. 2008. Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown
under Greenhouse Condition from August to March 2008 at Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
REED, R. R. 1976. City of Pines: The origins of Baguio as a colonial hill station and
regional capital. Baguio City, Philippines. A. Seven Publ. Pp. 40-41.
TIPAYNO, A. C. and F. H. HERMANO. 1977. Growth and yield of strawberry as
affected by planting season and variety under MSAC conditions. MSAC
Res. J. 1 (1): 1-42.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Days from flower bud formation to fruit harvest
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 22 23 22 67 22.33
C2 24 25 25 74 24.67
C3 24 24 23 71 24.67
C4 21 22 23 66 22.00
C5 20 21 22 63 21.00
C6 20 21 20 67 22.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.333 1.167
Treatment 5 39.333 7.867 18.15** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.333 0.433
TOTAL 17 46.000
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 2.95%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Yield per plant (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 803.20 943.10 852.36 2598.97 866.32
C2 1678.92 1576.79 1186.23 4441.94 1480.65
C3 508.52 842.87 891.54 2242.93 747.64
C4 483.79 1240.30 841.52 2565.61 855.20
C5 9156.6 1086.00 761.09 2762.69 920.90
C6 1554.14 1109.72 941.99 3605.85 1201.95
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 150288.418 184199.107
Treatment 5 1139105.333 227821.067 3.67* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 621408.079 62140.808
TOTAL 17 1910801.831
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 24.63%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
32
Appendix Table 3. Total yield
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1954 1944 1863 5761 1920.33
C2 4090 3719 2803 10612 3537.33
C3 1263 1961 2113 5337 1779.00
C4 944 2054 1625 4623 1541.00
C5 2289 2715 2007 7011 2337.00
C6 3783 2669 1826 8278 2759.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 715452.333 357726.167
Treatment 5 8202317.999 1640463.600 4.84* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3386039.667 338603.967
TOTAL 17 12303810.000
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 25.16%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
33
Appendix Table 4. Weight of marketable berries
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 511 571 702 1784 594.67
C2 1686 1477 1152 4315 1438.33
C3 436 729 807 1972 657.33
C4 138 272 371 781 260.33
C5 533 609 242 1384 461.33
C6 1730 839 736 3305 1101.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 87450.778 43725.389
Treatment 5 2859775.611 571955.122 6.71** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 852881.222 85288.122
TOTAL 17 3800107.611
* - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 38.82%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Weight of rejects or culls (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1443 1373 1161 3977 1325.67
C2 2404 2242 1651 6297 2099.00
C3 827 1232 1306 3365 1121.67
C4 806 1782 1254 3842 1280.67
C5 1756 2106 1765 5627 1875.67
C6 2053 1830 1090 4973 1657.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
_______________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 456792.444 228396.222
Treatment 5 2174341.611 434868.322 3.96* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1098696.889 109869.689
TOTAL 17 3729830.944
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 21.25%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
35
Appendix Table 6. Average fruit weight
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 9.83 9.52 10.64 29.98 9.99
C2 10.22 10.70 10.19 31.12 10.37
C3 10.63 9.99 10.76 31.38 10.46
C4 9.86 9.71 10.31 29.88 9.96
C5 9.87 10.32 9.68 29.87 9.96
C6 10.48 10.11 10.08 30.68 10.23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.144 0.072
Treatment 5 0.738 0.148 0.96ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.538 0.154
TOTAL 17 2.421
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.86%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
36
Appendix Table 8. Plant height (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 20.43 15.63 18.46 54.52 18.17
C2 20.66 18.64 18.60 57.9 19.30
C3 18.68 19.21 16.64 54.53 18.18
C4 15.24 13.67 18.80 47.71 15.90
C5 18.76 22.80 19.66 61.22 20.41
C6 18.11 16.18 16.31 50.6 16.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.994 1.497
Treatment 5 40.596 8.119 2.21ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 36.770 3.677
TOTAL 17 80.360
ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.51%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
37
Appendix Table 9. Sugar content (°B) June
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7.0 6.0 7.0 20 6.67
C2 5.2 6.6 5.2 17 5.67
C3 6.4 5.8 5.4 17.6 5.87
C4 4.0 5.6 5.0 14.6 4.87
C5 8.0 8.6 8.4 25 8.33
C6 6.2 5.4 6.0 17.6 5.87
ANALYSI OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.138 0.069
Treatment 5 21.158 4.232 10.12** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.182 0.418
TOTAL 17 25.478
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.41%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
38
Appendix Table 10. Sugar content (°B) October
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.6 5.0 6.0 15.6 5.2
C2 5.0 4.8 5.2 15 5.0
C3 6.0 5.4 6.0 17.4 5.8
C4 5.0 4.8 4.4 14.2 4.73
C5 6.2 7.0 7.8 21 7.0
C6 5.6 6.0 5.8 17.4 5.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.724 0.362
Treatment 5 9.931 1.986 9.10** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 2.182 0.218
TOTAL 17 12.838
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.36%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
39
Appendix Table 11. Sugar content (°B) November
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 5.6 5.2 7.8 18.6 6.2
C2 5.0 5.0 7.4 17.4 5.8
C3 6.0 5.6 6.2 17.8 5.93
C4 5.2 5.4 6.4 17 5.67
C5 6.6 7.0 8.0 21.6 7.2
C6 5.8 6.0 6.0 17.8 5.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 6.418 3.209
Treatment 5 4.651 0.930 2.72ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.422 0.342
TOTAL 17 14.491
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 9.56%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
40
Appendix Table 12. Number of fruits produced per plant in April 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1.61 5.63 6.00 13.24 4.41
C2 0.95 6.63 3.3 10.88 3.63
C3 0.9 3.5 4.67 9.07 3.02
C4 3.2 11.75 7.71 22.66 7.55
C5 2.15 2.2 2.25 6.6 2.2
C6 1.16 1.68 1.16 4 1.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 40.396 20.198
Treatment 5 71.013 14.203 4.44* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 31.973 3.197
TOTAL 17 143.381
* – Significant Coefficient of Variation = 48.44%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
41
Appendix Table 13. Number of fruits produced per plant in May 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 11 12.06 7.94 31 10.33
C2 12.88 10.11 6.8 29.79 9.93
C3 6.63 10.83 9.72 27.18 9.06
C4 7.0 6.33 8.07 21.4 7.13
C5 12.1 11.4 12.1 35.6 11.87
C6 11.63 9.68 9.25 30.56 10.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 5.417 2.708
Treatment 5 37.100 7.420 2.01ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 36.827 3.683
TOTAL 17 79.343
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 19.68%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
42
Appendix Table 14. Number of fruits produced per plant in June 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.95 2.06 1.35 4.36 1.45
C2 1.1 1.68 2.25 5.03 1.68
C3 0.35 0.77 1.83 2.95 0.98
C4 1.27 3.5 3.3 8.07 2.69
C5 2.45 1.9 2.79 7.14 2.38
C6 3.78 0.4 3.36 7.54 2.51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.547 1.274
Treatment 5 6.917 1.383 1.36ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 10.145 1.014
TOTAL 17 19.609
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 51.67%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
43
Appendix Table 15. Number of fruits produced per plant in July 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 3.75 7.44 1.61 12.8 4.27
C2 6.15 5.94 4.05 16.14 5.38
C3 1.6 1.79 1.7 5.09 1.70
C4 1.13 0.33 0.81 2.27 0.76
C5 1.9 5.4 2.26 9.56 3.19
C6 7.95 3.5 3.0 14.45 4.82
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 11.441 5.720
Treatment 5 49.794 9.959 3.19* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 31.237 3.124
TOTAL 17 92.471
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 52.75%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
44
Appendix Table 16. Number of fruits produced per plant in August 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 3.35 0.47 0.67 4.49 1.50
C2 3.35 1.53 2.2 7.08 2.36
C3 0.35 0.63 0.25 1.23 0.41
C4 1.63 0.53 0.44 2.6 0.87
C5 3.2 1.5 0.95 5.65 1.88
C6 2.55 0.95 1.06 4.56 1.52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 8.683 4.341
Treatment 5 7.321 1.464 4.20* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.489 0.349
TOTAL 17 19.493
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 41.51%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
45
Appendix Table 17. Number of fruits produced per plant in September 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.0 0.41 0.11 4.52 1.51
C2 6.7 3.21 5.61 15.52 5.17
C3 0.5 0.68 0.45 1.63 0.54
C4 0.31 0.8 0.63 1.74 0.58
C5 0.95 1.2 0.11 2.26 0.75
C6 3.6 0.84 1.22 5.66 1.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 7.968 3.984
Treatment 5 46.845 9.369 7.17** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 13.058 1.306
TOTAL 17 67.871
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 65.65%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
46
Appendix Table 18. Number of fruits produced per plant in October 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.95 1.12 2.22 8.29 2.76
C2 5.0 3.16 3.76 11.92 3.97
C3 1.8 2.05 1.26 5.11 1.70
C4 1.75 1.62 2.31 5.68 1.89
C5 1.45 3.05 2.35 6.85 2.28
C6 2.85 3.32 4.28 10.45 3.48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.011 0.505
Treatment 5 12.185 2.437 2.12ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 11.481 1.148
TOTAL 17 24.676
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 39.94%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
47
Appendix Table 19. Number of fruits produced per plant in November 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1.3 0.12 1.65 3.07 1.02
C2 5.74 1.95 1.41 9.1 3.03
C3 2.1 2.84 1.05 5.99 2.00
C4 2.25 1.31 1.44 5 1.67
C5 2.35 5.5 2.25 10.1 3.37
C6 3.0 3.42 3.22 9.64 3.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.903 1.451
Treatment 5 13.773 2.755 1.48ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 11.481 1.857
TOTAL 17 35.250
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 57.18%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
48
Appendix Table 20. Number of runners produced in April 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 4.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
C3 2.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 9.00 7.00 0.00 16.00 5.33
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.849 0.924
Treatment 5 4.975 0.995 3.03ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.289 0.329
TOTAL 17 10.113
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 50.86%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
49
Appendix Table 21. Number of runners produced in May 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 20.00 6.00 0.00 26.00 8.67
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.217 0.608
Treatment 5 8.908 1.782 2.93ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 6.085 1.782
TOTAL 17 6.210
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 76.35%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
50
Appendix Table 22. Number of runners produced in June 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 19.00 29.00 3.00 51.00 17.00
C6 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.799 0.900
Treatment 5 24.058 4.812 8.09** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 5.948 0.595
TOTAL 17 31.806
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 57.67%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
51
Appendix Table 23. Number of runners produced in July 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 1.33
C4 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.67
C5 25.00 24.00 2.00 51.00 17.00
C6 2.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.317 0.659
Treatment 5 21.868 4.374 5.70** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 7.676 0.768
TOTAL 17 30.862
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 60.19%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
52
Appendix Table 24. Number of runners produced in August 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 5.67
C3 4.00 2.00 21.00 27.00 9.00
C4 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 1.00
C5 31.00 22.00 37.00 90.00 30.00
C6 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.490 0.745
Treatment 5 49.386 9.877 7.09** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 13.940 1.394
TOTAL 17 64.816
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 55.26%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
53
Appendix Table 25. Number of runners produced in September 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 4.00 1.00 0.00 5.00 1.67
C3 5.00 11.00 2.00 18.00 6.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 5.00 41.00 1.00 47.00 15.67
C6 3.00 1.00 3.00 7.00 2.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 3.969 1.984
Treatment 5 15.968 3.194 2.27ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 14.071 1.407
TOTAL 17 34.008
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 69.80%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
54
Appendix Table 26. Number of runners produced in October 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C2 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
C3 3.00 4.00 3.00 10.00 3.33
C4 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.33
C5 6.00 8.00 0.00 14.00 4.67
C6 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.750 0.374
Treatment 5 4.857 0.971 3.09ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.139 0.314
TOTAL 17 8.746
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 43.95%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
55
Appendix Table 27. Number of runners produced in November 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 1.00
C2 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C3 2.00 1.00 0.00 3.00 1.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.562 0.281
Treatment 5 0.698 0.140 1.13ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.236 0.124
TOTAL 17 2.497
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 39.17%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
FELIPE, HERSON A. APRIL 2009. Yield Performance of Six Strawberry
Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Results of the study revealed that the growth of the six strawberry cultivars was
greatly reduced when the dry season production period was extended to the rainy season
for off – season production. Although there were berries produced from April to
November, which ranged from 1.54 kg to 3.54 kg per 3 m2 plot, this yield is far below
3.84 to 6.32 kg berries from the same plot during the dry season study of Langpaoen
(2008). However, strawberry ‘Whitney’ produced almost similar total yield during the
rainy season (3.54 kg) compared to its yield during the dry season (3.84 kg) evaluation.
Reject berries almost doubled the weight of marketable berries.
As to the return on investment, ‘Whitney’ obtained 8.48% or Php. 0.08 for every
peso spent in the production of berries while the rest of the cultivars registered a negative
return on investment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………...... i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………............ i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………........... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Strawberry…………………………………………………. 4
Climatic and Soil Requirement……………………………………………. 6
Importance of Strawberry…………………………………………………. 7
Varieties of Strawberry……………………………………………………. 9
Local Studies of Strawberry…………………………………………......... 10
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials…………………………………………………………………... 13
Methods…………………………………………………………………… 13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Fruit Harvest………………………. 16
Yield per Plant….…………………………………………………………. 16
Average Fruit Weight….………..…………………………………............. 17
Weight of Marketable Berries…..……...………………………….............. 17
Weight of Rejects/Culls…..…………..……………………………………. 19
Total Yield…..…...………………………………………………………... 19
ii
Number of Fruits Produced per Plant……………………..………………. 20
Sugar Content………………………...…………………………………… 22
Plant Height…………………...………………………………………….. 23
Fruit Firmness by touch method…………………..……………………… 23
Number of Runners Produced…………..………………………………... 24
Cost and Return Analysis per 15 m2……………………………………... 25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary………………………………………………………………….. 27
Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 28
Recommendation…………………………………………………………. 28
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………….. 29
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 30
iii
INTRODUCTION
According to Reed (1976), the Spaniards and other European experimented with a
variety of mid-latitudinal vegetables and berries by the 1870’s and apparently continued
until the Philippine Revolution. Since, its introduction, the yield and quality of strawberry
fruits were carried on with very little improvement. According to Hermano (1982), only
four varieties have been grown in the Benguet province. After a few years, new varieties
did not last long. Two Japanese varieties that are slightly day-neutral replaced the oldest
varieties except Aliso that consistently produced the yield, thus it has been extensively
planted by strawberry growers in the late 1980s. In the early 1990’s, modern varieties
were accessioned, evaluated, and commercially planted (Hermano, 1982).
In the early 1980s, the demand for this strawberry is increasing that made the fruit
highly priced in the market. The Baguio-Benguet area where the climate is unique seems
the only place in the country where strawberry is grown to supply the requirement. The
strawberry fruits are available in the market during the months of December to April.
This is because during this months, the temperature is low (14.7° to 23.3°C) and the day
is less than 12 hours (11.16 to 11.82 hours) and the strawberry is a semi-temperate and
photoperiodic crop (Darrow, 1960; Shepard, 1969 as cited by Hermano, 1982). But
because of research and experimentation, some farmers went down to Mindanao trying to
experiment strawberry production. But according to observation, the yield is lower than
the yield in Baguio-Benguet because of the climate that affects the flowers during flower
development. Once the rainy season starts, strawberry fruit rot due to fungal infect in the
open field.
Studies on crop protection and cultural practices, varietal evaluation and crop
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
2
improvement were undertaken to improve the quality and production of strawberry,
which is one of the main crops in the Cordillera region. However, strawberry growers
observed that the yielding capacity of newly introduced cultivars decreased every year. It
was suspected by Hermano (1982) that chilling effect from the origin might be fading,
may be due to pest infections and other factors. Some farmers practice are planting
runners while other growers commonly buy the mother plants for planting which may
also affect yield performance.
Strawberry production is one of the main sources of livelihood of farmers as it has
the highest return of investment (135-170%) compared to vegetables (seldom surpass
100%). At present, strawberry ‘Sweet Charlie’ still dominate at the production areas for
more than ten years, but because the cultivar is classified as short day plant the 4.0 kg/m2
production cannot be attained during the rainy season inside greenhouse. There should be
more cultivars for off-season production to provide berries the whole year round. Aside
from the economic importance of strawberry, Hancock (1999) reported that the
strawberry fruits contain protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and lipids including
significant levels of ellagic acid, which is thought to be an anti-carcinogen. It is then
worthwhile to identify those cultivars of strawberry with high yield and good quality
berries that have the potential to produce the whole year round.
Result of the study will not only encourage strawberry growers to expand the area
but also guide those who will import planting materials on the cultivars that are adapted
to the local condition. Moreover, those who are producing tissue cultured planting
materials and those researchers on crop improvement will be guided on the cultivars to
propagate and improve.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
3
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experiment Area at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from April 2008 to November 2008 to evaluate the yield
performance of six cultivars which were imported from the United States of America
(Hermano, 2006), determine the fruit quality and record fruit characteristics and
determine the profitability of growing the cultivars during the rainy seasons.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Strawberry
Strawberry, a small plant of the rose family, is grown in its tasty heart-shaped
fruits. Strawberry plants grow close to the ground and produce small, white flowers
that have a pleasant odor. Strawberry fruit is greenish white at first and ripens to a
bright red. Botanists do not classify the strawberry as a true berry because true berries
have seeds within their fleshy tissue such as black currants and cranberries but for
strawberry, the fleshy part is covered with dry, yellow “seeds”, each of which is
actually a separate fruit (Groman, 1997). Moreover, the author described strawberry
plants to have short roots and short stem. Leaves grow from the stem in groups of
three. The fruit seems to be strewn (scattered) among the leaves, and this maybe why
the plants were first called strawberry. It later came to be called strawberry. The
author explained also that the name “strawberry” may also be connected with straw
that is put under the strawberry plants to protect the fruit from being soiled before it
ripens.
Hancock (1999) wrote that the strawberry is a herbaceous perennial that has a
central stem or crown from which leaves, roots, stolons and inflorescence emerge.
The crown consists of a central core surrounded by a vascular ring. The core is
composed primarily of pith, with a thin cambial layer surrounding it. At the top of
each leaf along the crown is an auxiliary bud that produces runners, branch crowns or
remain dormant, depending on environmental conditions. The roots begins to branch
at 2-5 cm and it will continue branching into a fibrous mass with adequate and its
water is available. Generally, there are 20-30 primary roots, hundreds of secondary
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
5
roots, tertiary and higher order roots. In the upper soil 10-15cm of the soil, the roots
are concentrated u to 50-90%. Lateral roots live for 1 or 2 years whereas primary
roots can live for 2-3 years depending on the species and environmental conditions. A
vigorous plant Fragaria ananassa usually produces 10-15 stolons a year.
Strawberry parts were described by Halfacre and Barden (1979) as follows:
Root system. The root system of the strawberry is relatively shallow and
moderately extensive. Mostly, the roots extend horizontally and vertically for a
distance of about 12 inches (30 cm). A few roots were found between 1 and 2 foot
levels. Since the range of root system is limited and shallow, strawberry plants are
mulched in regions of comparatively high transpiration.
Stem and leaves. The stems are short and thick and are called crowns. They
bear three hinds of buds; (1) those which develop into short, thick stems or crowns;
(2) those which develop into long, slender stems called runners; and (3) those which
develop into flowers. New plants are formed from runners. They have long internodes
and form a new plant at the second node and every other node thereafter. The leaves
arise in rosettes around the short crown like stem and are long petioled and trifoliate.
Flowers and fruits. The flower occurs in groups or clusters. Mature individual
flowers are relatively large with five or more green sepals, five or more white petals
and numerous stamens and numerous pistils distributed over a fleshy receptacle. The
mature fruit is the fleshy receptacle to which is attached a large number of small seed-
like fruits called achenes.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
6
Climatic and Soil Requirement
Strawberries grow best in a cool, moist climate and thrive in many kinds of soil.
But can also thrive to grow in a semi - temperate areas. These are usually planted in
autumn or spring and grow only a little during the winter. The plants reproduce by
sending out slender growths called runners. Roots extend from the runners into the soil
and produce new plants that grow fruits. The harvesting season varies, depending on the
climate and the type of the strawberry. Some types, produce fruits throughout the summer
and autumn are called ever bearing. Most strawberry plants bear fruit for five to six years,
but the best crops are produced during the first one or two years (Groman, 1997). Short
day cultivars adapted to cooler climates can be grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions,
they often require a chilling period for fully productivity. These cultivars developed for
warm regions may not need one. The ability to grow well during the short days of
October, November and December in North American greenhouses has classically been
used in an indicator of a cultivar’s regional adaptation. Those adapted to cooler regions
generally grow poorly during this period and enter a rest period, whereas those adapted in
warmer climates continue to grow. Day neutral types produce fruit approximately 3
months after planting regardless of the planting dates, although they perform poorly when
temperature exceeds 26°C (Hancock, 1999).
There are also two types of strawberries now grown commercially, day-neutral
and short day plants. Long day (ever bearing) plants are also available, but are rarely
grown outside of home gardens. The short day types are actually facultative short day
plants and initiate flower buds either under short day conditions (less than 14 hours of
day length) or when temperatures are less than 15°C. Above 15°C, the critical
photoperiod for floral induction is 8-12 hours, depending on the cultivar. Long day plants
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
7
typically initiated their flower buds when day lengths are greater than12 hours and
temperatures are moderate (Hancock, 1999). Moreover the author discovered that a rest
period is induced in strawberries by short days and low temperatures. The inductive short
period is 4-6 weeks. A chilling requirement (-1 to 10°C) has to be met to break the seed
dormancy period; temperatures around 0°C appear to be most effective.
Importance of Strawberry
The strawberry is the most widely adapted and most grown of the small fruits and
is one of the most popular fruits in the world. Strawberries are grown from Florida to
Alaska, from New England to California – in every state in the United States. They are
grown throughout Europe, in Canada, in South America and many other countries.
Important commercial producing centers include Europe (497,000 metric tons), the
United States (220,300 metric tons), Lebanon (130,000 metric tons), Japan (128,000
metric tons), and Mexico (85,000 metric tons) (Edmund, et al., 1975).
Among the small fruits in the Unite States and the world, strawberries are second
rank to grapes in total production. In Eastern United States, commercial strawberry
plantings range from Maine to Florida and as far as west as Michigan and Louisiana.
Heavy concentrations of strawberries are found in California, Oregon and Washington.
Total strawberry production in the United States in 1975 was 246,000 metric tons
(Halfacre and Barden, 1979).
The success story with strawberries in California is the result of many
improvements including; more productive cultivars, utilization of temperature-
photoperiod interactions, better control of pest through insect and disease resistance
(especially virus diseases) and improve cultural techniques, such as soil fumigation and
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
8
the use of clear plastic mulches (Halfacre and Barden, 1979).
Locally, the strawberry has been in Benguet for the last 50 or more years with
production yield that averages 12 tons per hectare. It is one of the main sources of income
farmers and revenue for the province of Benguet and in the city of Baguio.
However, growers are disappointed over the scarcity of this fruit especially during the
rainy months. This situation leads to a higher market price that goes as high as
P100.00/kg. The demand for either fresh or processed strawberry has never been satisfied
(Balaki, 1992). Aside from economic importance, strawberry fruit is also a good source
of vitamin C and often eaten fresh with cream (Groman, 1997). Strawberry fruits are also
processed in making jam, jelly and wine. It is also discovered that the strawberry fruits
contains approximately 90% water and 10% total soluble solids, and numerous important
dietary components. They are extremely high in vitamin C and standard serving of
strawberries (ten fruits) supplies 95% of the recommended dietary requirements. Glucose
and fructose are soluble sugars and 40% total dry weight. Citric acid comprising 885 total
acids is the primary organic acid. It also contains significant levels of ellagic acid, which
is also called an anticarcinogenic. Furthermore, many gardeners grow strawberry because
the fruits grow so easily. Several studies had led to increased commercial strawberry
production. Plant breeders have developed varieties suited to specific climates.
Researchers also found various methods to control the major diseases and insect pests
that attack strawberries. In addition, many commercial growers use mechanical
equipment to plant and harvest strawberry efficiently. Some growers use large green
houses to control the environment in which the fruit grows and improve production
(Groman, 1997).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
9
Varieties of Strawberry
The strawberry has developed from at least three species of the same genus,
Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria virginiana, and Fragaria vesca. Fragaria chiloensis
and Fragaria virginiana are native to the new world, have 54 somatic chromosomes,
and produce relatively large unit; whereas, Fragaria vesca is native to the world has
14 somatic chromosomes and produces small fruit. The authors mentioned that
according to authorities, the three species and probably one or two others hybridized
under natural conditions producing the parents of modern varieties. These varieties
vary in adaptations to the climate and in length of physiologic dormant period
(Edmond et al., 1975). Another study from Halfacre and Barden (1979), commercial
strawberry originated as a cross between Fragaria Chiloensis and Fragaria
virginiana. The hybrid nature of the garden strawberry, Fragaria ananassa were the
hybrids of Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana and was named Fragaria
ananassa to denote the perfume of the fruit that smelled like a pineapple (Ananas).
This was recognized by a French botanist Antoine Nicholas Duschesne (Hancock,
1999).
Recent studies, strawberries grow wild and are raised commercially in almost
every country. Plant breeders have developed hundreds of varieties that are suited for
different growing conditions. Wild strawberries were cultivated in ancient Rome. In
the 1700s, a hybrid variety was developed in France by breeding wild strawberries
brought from North America with others that came from Chile. Many varieties of this
hybrid provide most commercially grown strawberries. The European haubois
strawberry produces small fruit of a fine, aromatic flavor. Varieties of this strawberry
are grown to make jam. The European wild strawberry grown in dry, sunny position.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
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10
The fruits are just over a centimeter in length, and very sweet (Groman, 1997).
In addition to that, strawberry belongs to the genus Fragaria in the rose Rosaceae.
The Wild strawberry is Fragaria vesca, the haubois strawberry is Fragaria moschata
and the garden strawberry is a hybrid, Fragaria ananassa.
Local Studies on Strawberry
Guitelen et al. (1982) evaluated strawberry Gem, Fukuba, Fresno, Missionary,
Seqouin, and Torey as to their keeping quality after harvest. As it was studied, Torey,
Missionary and Fresno produced high yield, while Fresno was the earliest to initiate
flowers. Gem has the highest percentage of sugar content and produced least yield.
As to the quality, gem, Fresno and Torey were the less susceptible to weight loss and
rotting and can be also kept for a longer period during storage than the other varieties
under the conditions of the study. An experiment conducted on strawberry was the
effect of the planting season on four varieties namely: Fukuba, Fresno, Sequoin, and
Gem from June 1974 to May 1975 by Tipayno and Hermano (1977). Runner
production of strawberry was highest during the month of January and long day
length in June. Fukuba had the highest number of runners produced whereas Fresno
had the least prolific. Early planting of strawberry in June produced the highest yield
followed by July, August, September, October, November, December, January,
February, March, April, and May. Among the varieties studied, Fresno produced the
highest yield followed by Sequoin, Gem and Fukuba with computed yield per hectare
of 10.57, 10.40, 9.05, and 6.28 tons, respectively. In the months of March, April and
May plantings produced small fruits. Sequoin had the larger and heavier fruits while
the smallest fruits were obtained from gem. Fruits harvested in the month of January,
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
11
February, March and April had high sugar content while those fruits harvested in May
and June had very low sugar content (Tipayno and Hermano, 1997).
In 1982, Hermano reported that out of 17 collected or introduced varieties of
strawberry were used for the tree planting studies, but for Shata, Ostira, Reveda and
Rabunda were not included in the yield test because of their failure to produced
runners. Similarly, the very few runners produced by cultivators Fresno, Solana,
Lasses, Tioga, Salinas and Aliso limited the planting areas. According to the
researcher, the strawberries used were generally photo – Periodic and Semi –
temperate. Most of them flowered to months after the shortest day length
(11.06hours) in la Trinidad, Benguet and produced runners in the month of July,
about a month after the longest day length (June with 13.06 hours). The collected
varieties in the locality like Penicillin, giant, missionary, and Royal Gem with the
exception of Sequoin and exotic varietal introduction were less in sensitive to the
climatic environments. The rest of the varieties like Fresno, Aliso, Tioga, Lasses and
Salinas tended to flower throughout the year, but runner production was very light.
Moreover, Hermano (1982) observed that the newly introduced varieties abroad had
the better yielding potential and berry quality like size and texture than those
collected locally. The promising horticultural characteristics of these varieties of the
rest of the varieties namely: Penicillin, giant, Missionary and Royal Gem were
reduced in the succeeding planting, especially in the third planting. The reduction of
the growth and yielding potential of these varieties were assumed to be due to
relatively high temperature than the country of origin and the possible virus infection.
The report also mentioned that the varieties collected locally exhibited some superior
horticultural characters compared to those newly introduced in terms of prolificacy
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
12
to produced runners and better tolerance to lead disease like spots, scorch and blight.
In another study, three Japanese varieties of strawberry namely: Toyonoka,
Haroyoi and Harunoka were compared using mothers and runners as planting
materials. Regardless of the varieties, runners as planting material significantly out
yielded the mother plants. Among the varieties tested, Toyonoka significantly out
yielded Haroyoi from diseases, which may have caused the higher yield. In the case
of cultivar Harunoka, mother plants yielded as good as the runners (Balaki, 1992). As
explained by Hermano (1999), there were two main groups of strawberry in relation
to day length response: the short day and day neutral. The short day group flowers
when the day length is less than 12 hours. The day neutral strawberries produce
flower earlier are called early maturing like the Seascape. Likewise, those varieties
like Aliso, which take longer days to flower, are called late maturing. The Japanese
varieties introduced in the 1970’s are slightly day neutral, like Harunoka and
Toyonoka. Genetically, day neutral varieties are less hybrid. As they grow, they
produce runners and fruits. These varieties produce year round berries in the region
provided that the growing area is protected from heavy rains during rainy season, the
author said.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Runners of the six strawberry cultivars planted in August 2007 by Langpaoen,
which he evaluated up to March 2008 was continued in this study up to November
2008. Additional rice straw mulching materials, organic and inorganic fertilizers,
pesticides were used as well as garden tools and equipment, weighing scale,
identifying tags and pegs, tape measure, and record notes.
Methods
The experiment followed the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replications. The treatments were represented as follows:
Code
Cultivar
C1 Sweet Charlie (check)
C2 Camarosa
C3 Festival
C4 Erlibrite
C5 Whitney
C6 Toyonoka
Crop maintenance. The study was a continuation of a dry season evaluation so
the established plants were taken cared of during the evaluation period. Crop
protection was implemented; irrigation, fertilizer application, leaf pruning and other
cultural practices were done equally to all the treatments throughout the duration of
the study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
14
Harvesting berries. Berries were harvested when about 75% of the surface
turns reddish and were done every three days. The harvested berries were directly
placed in plastic boxes to prevent many touches that bruises the berries.
Data gathered. The data gathered, tabulated, computed and means were
subjected to separation test using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the
following:
1. Days from flower bud formation to fruit harvest. This was the number of days
from the time flower buds appears to the day the fruit attain 75% ripe.
2. Yield per plant (g). This was computed by dividing the total yield per plot by
the number of plants that produced fruits.
3. Total yield per plot (g). These was the total weight of marketable and non-
marketable berries produced per plot from April 2008 to November 2008
4. Weight of marketable berries per plot (g). This was the total weight of
marketable berries harvested from the first harvest in April 2008 to the termination of
the study in November 2008.
5. Weight of rejects or culls per plot (g). This was the weight of insect-
damaged/fungus –infested, too small (weighing less than 9g) and deformed fruits that
were not sold to the market.
6. Average fruit weight (g). The weight of marketable fruits per plot was divided
by the number of marketable fruits per plot to get the average weight of individual
fruit.
7. Number of fruits produced per plant. Fruit counts was recorded every harvest
and the total per month were divided by the number of plants per plot to get the
number of fruits per plant per month.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
15
8. Plant height (cm). Five plant samples were measured from the ground level to
the tip of the longest leaf every end of the month from April 2008.
9. Sugar content (°B). The sugar content of the fruits at red ripe stage was
determined using a hand refractometer every end of the month.
10. Fruit characteristics. The fruit characteristics of each cultivar in term of shape
and color were recorded in photographs.
11. Fruit firmness. The firmness of fruits was evaluated by touch where the
ratings were as follows:
Firm – fruit is hard when pressed between fingers.
Slightly firm – fruit is hard but crushed when pressure is applied.
Soft – fruit easily crushed by slight pressure in between fingers.
12. Number of runners produced per plot. The number of runners produced during
the duration of the study were counted or recorded.
13. Cost and return analysis. All expenses that were incurred for each cultivar in
the study were recorded and the return on investment (ROI) was computed using the
formula:
ROI (%) Gross sales-Total expenses ÷ Total expenses × 100
14. Documentation through pictures. Observations that were not quantified were
recorded in photographs throughout the duration of the study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Flower Bud Formation to Fruit Harvest
Strawberry ‘Erlibrite’ and ‘Toyonoka’ had significantly shorter period to attain
red ripe stage from flower bud to fruit harvest (Table 1). This was followed by ‘Sweet
Charlie’ was not different from ‘Toyonoka’ and the ‘Camarosa’. ‘Festival’ and ‘Whitney’
had the most number of days from flower bud to fruit harvest which significantly differed
from the rest of the cultivars studied. This study obtained 20 to 21 days from flower bud
to fruit harvest while Langpaoen (2008) recorded 28 t0 31 days. The difference between
the earlier study and this study might be the difference in season where the first study was
for dry season while this study is for rainy season. Another reason might be that the
observation and recording in this study was late where the flower buds were already
protruded from the bract of the crown at the base of the leaf petioles. Kudan (2006)
recorded 30 to 31 days in ‘Sweet Charlie’ while Langpaoen recorded 28 days, but this
study had 22 days from flower bud to fruit harvest.
Yield per Plant
As shown in Table 1, the yield per plant ranged from 89.67 to 182.59g which did
not show significant differences among the cultivars, but way below the 192.03 to 333.59
grams recorded by Langpaoen (2008) during the dry season. This result clearly shows
that the yield per plant of strawberry during the dry season is higher than the rainy season
when allowed to continue bearing fruits. This might be due to the reduced growth (Table
2) of plants and longer day length during the study (April to November 2008).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
17
Average Fruit Weight
In fruit weight, there were no significant differences observed from the different
cultivars studied as shown in Table 1. The weight of individual berries in the study
ranged from 9.96 to 10.46 grams which is obviously lower than the average of 10.86 to
14.36 grams during the dry season study of Langpaoen (2008)(see also Figure 1).
Weight of Marketable Berries
As presented in Table 2, strawberry ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ had significantly
higher marketable berries compared to ‘Sweet Charlie’ and ‘Toyonoka’ but slightly
differed from ‘Festival’ and ‘Camarosa’. Further comparisons show ‘Erlibrite’, ‘Festival’
and ‘Camarosa’ having similar marketable yields.
Table 1. Days from flower bud to fruit harvest, yield per plant and average weight per
fruit
Weight (g)_____________
CULTIVARS MEAN per plant per fruit
(Days)
Sweet Charlie 22.00bc 107.43ab 9.96a
Camarosa
22.33b 102.96ab 10.00a
Festival
23.67a 89.67b 10.46a
Erlibrite
20.33d 141.91ab 10.22a
Whitney
24.67a 182.59a 10.37a
Toyonoka 21.00cd 127.22ab 9.96a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
18
Figure 1. Photographs showing the berry characteristics of each cultivar in terms
of shape and color. There were more fruit abnormalities in strawberry
when the mother plants bear berries during the rainy season.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
19
Weight of Rejects/Culls
Strawberry ‘Whitney’, ‘Toyonoka’, and ‘Erlibrite’ produced similar weights of
berries classified as culls which slightly differed from ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’.
Strawberry ‘Festival’ produced lightest reject berries but not different to ‘Sweet Charlie’,
‘Camarosa’, and ‘Erlibrite’ (Table 2).
In the study of Langpaoen (2008), ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Camarosa’ produced the
heaviest reject berries during the dry season due to disease infection. Similarly, reject
berries were recorded more in this study.
Table 2.Weight of marketable, reject fruits, and total yield per plot
WEIGHT (g/plot) .
CULTIVARS Marketable Reject/cull Total
Sweet Charlie 260.3c
1280.7bc 1541.0c
Camarosa
594.7bc
1325.7bc 1920.3bc
Festival
657.3bc
1121.7c 1779.0bc
Erlibrite 1101.7ab
1657.7abc 2759.3ab
Whitney 1438.3a
2099.0a 3537.33a
Toyonoka
461.3c
1875.7ab 2337.0bc
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Total Yield
‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ produced the heaviest yield per plot which significantly
outyielded the ‘Sweet Charlie’, but slightly different from ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Camarosa’ and
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
20
‘Festival’ as presented in Table 2. The study of Langpaoen (2008) showed that ‘Erlibrite’
produced 6.13 kg per plot while ‘Whitney’ had the lowest total yield of 3.84 kg during
the dry season but ‘Whitney’ had the heaviest during the rainy season. The very low yield
might not only be due to the daylengths, but also deterioration of the plants where the
plants become small and many died too as shown in Figure 2.
Number of Fruits Produced per Plant
Table 3 shows that the different cultivars evaluated had produced berries
throughout the rainy season. In July and August, although ‘Whitney’ had similar berry
counts with ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Erlibrite’, and ‘Camarosa’ significantly outnumbered the
berries produced from ‘Festival’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’. Except this months (July and
August), the different strawberry cultivars have slight differences in berry counts. This
result may indicate that ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ have potentials in producing more
berries during the rainy season under greenhouse production.
Table 3. Number of fruits produced per plant
MONTHS_____________________
CULTIVARS April May June July August September October November
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie 7.55a 7.13b 2.69a 0.76c 0.87bc 0.58b 1.89ab 1.67a
Camarosa 4.41ab 10.33ab 1.45a 4.27ab 1.50abc 1.51b 2.76ab 1.02a
Festival 3.02b 9.06ab 0.98a 1.70c 0.41c 0.54b 1.70b 2.00a
Erlibrite 1.33b 10.19ab 2.51a 4.82ab 1.52abc 1.89b 3.48ab 3.21a
Whitney 3.63b 9.93ab 1.68a 5.38a 2.36a 5.17a 3.97a 3.03a
Toyonoka 2.20b 11.87a 2.38a 3.19abc 1.88ab 0.75b 2.28ab 3.37a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
21
Figure 2. Overview of the different strawberry cultivars studied 16 months from planting
(August 2007) to the termination of the study in November 2008. The plants
reduced in size and several plants missing in some plots.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
22
Table 4.Sugar content (°Brix) of the different cultivars on three sampling months
MONTH
________
CULTIVARS JUNE
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie
4.87c
4.73c
5.67b
Camarosa
6.67b
5.20bc
6.20ab
Festival
5.87bc
5.80b
5.93b
Erlibrite
5.87bc
5.80b
5.93b
Whitney
5.67bc
5.00bc
5.80b
Toyonoka
8.33a
7.00a
7.20a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Sugar Content
As shown in Table 4, ‘Toyonoka’ had characteristically higher sugar content
compared to the other cultivars during the dry season (Langpaoen, 2008) and in the rainy
season recorded in this study. Generally, the sugar content during the dry season is higher
(7.06 to 10.00 °Brix) then slowly reduced during the rainy season (as shown in this
study).
This result is consistent with the findings of Tipayno and Hermano (1977) where
the sugar content of berries in January to April is higher than in May and June. The same
observation by Kudan (2006) was not different where the sugar content measured in the
month of October (7.79 °Brix) increased in November (8.70 °Brix). Kudan (2006)
explained that the longer bright sunshine in November (5.38 hours) promoted higher
sugar content compared to the shorter bright sunshine in October (4.97 hours).
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
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Table 5. Plant height
PLANT
CULTIVARS
HEIGHT
__________________________________________________________________(cm)__
Sweet Charlie
15.90b
Camarosa
18.17ab
Festival
18.84ab
Erlibrite
16.87ab
Whitney
19.30ab
Toyonoka
20.41a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Plant Height
There were no significant differences among the cultivars in terms of plant height
as shown in Table 5. Apparently, there was reduction in plant height already when the
plants continued from dry season to the rainy season. Plant height measured by
Langpaoen (2008) ranged from 20.68 cm to 27.39 cm while this study recorded 16.87 cm
to 20.41 cm. Mother plants will reduce in growth as they stay longer in the field as shown
in Figure 2.
Fruit Firmness
The firmness of fruits was evaluated by touch method. Strawberry ‘Sweet
Charlie’ ‘Camarosa’, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ is slightly firm when pressed between
fingers. ‘Toyonoka’ berries rated to be soft while the fruits of ‘Festival are firm.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
24
Table 6. Fruit firmness
CULTIVARS FIRM
SLIGHTLY FIRM SOFT
________________________________________________________________________
Sweet Charlie
Camarosa
Festival
Erlibrite
Whitney
Toyonoka
Number of Runners Produced per Plant
As shown in Table 7, ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Festival’ produced runners in
April while the ‘Erlibrite’, ‘Sweet Charlie’, and ‘Camarosa’ did not have any runners. In
May to August, ‘Toyonoka’ had significantly more runners compared to the other
cultivars. On the other hand, ‘Festival’ showed that runners were produced from July to
November while ‘Whitney’ produced runners in August and September, and the rest of
the cultivars din not produced runners from April to November.
In the earlier study of Langpaoen (2008), ‘Toyonoka’ was recorded to be day
neutral cultivar as it continued to produce runners. This is a clear indication that
‘Toyonoka’ is really a day neutral plant. It is expected that there are more runners to be
produced during May to August due to longer days, but did not happen. The aging
mother plants may not be productive when extended to the next cropping season.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
25
Table 7. Number of runners produced per plant
CULTIVARS NUMBER OF RUNNERS .
April May June July August September October November
Sweet Charlie 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 1.00b 0.00b 0.33b 0.00a
Camarosa 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 0.67ab 1.00a
Festival 1.33ab 0.00b 0.00b 1.33b 9.00b 6.00ab 3.33ab 1.00a
Erlibrite 0.00b 0.00b 0.67b 1.33b 0.33b 2.33ab 0.33b 0.00a
Whitney 1.33ab 0.00b 0.00b 0.00b 5.67b 1.67ab 0.33b 0.67a
Toyonoka 5.33a 8.67a 17.00a 17.00a 30.00a 15.67a 4.67a 0.00a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Cost and Return Analysis
Strawberry ‘Whitney’ obtained a positive return on investment of 8.48% or Php
0.08 for every peso spent in the production (Table 8). The rest of the cultivars incurred a
negative ROI which means that the expenses were higher than the sales of berries.
Obviously, the very low yield during the rainy season cannot generate net profit. The
deterioration and death of plants, longer daylengths and higher pest damage are some of
the factors that attributed to the negative return on investment in the berry production.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
26
Table 8. Cost and return analysis per cultivar per 15m2
CULTIVARS________________________
PARTICULARS
Sweet Charlie Camarosa Festival Erlibrite Whitney Toyonoka
YIELD (g) 1920.3 3737.33 1799.0 1541.0 2337.0 2759.3
SALES (Php) 153.60 284.80 144.00 123.20 187.20 224.00
Farm Input (Php)
46 – 0 – 0 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
0 – 18 – 0 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27
60 – 0 – 0 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
X – tekh 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58
Labor 62.66 88.11 91.78 85.17 100.84 93.74
Depreciation 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06 155.06
Total Expenses
224.35 249.8 253.47 246.86 262.53 255.43
Net Profit/Loss
(Php) -101.15 -92.6 -109.47 -22.86 22.27 -68.23
ROI (%)
-45.08 -38.51 -43.19 -9.26 8.48 -26.71
Note: Selling price during harvest was Php 60.00 to 150.00/kg
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area at
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet to continue the study of Langpaoen from August 2007 to
March 2008 to evaluate the yield performance of six cultivars which were imported from
the United States of America, determine the fruit quality and record fruit characteristics
and determine the profitability of growing the cultivars during the rainy season.
Results showed that among the six strawberry cultivars, ‘Toyonoka’ and
‘Erlibrite’ had significantly shorter period to attain red ripe stage from flower bud to fruit
harvest compared to the different cultivars studied. The yield per plant and average fruit
weight did not differ among the six cultivars but observed to be much lower than the dry
season data. In terms of marketable berries, ‘Whitney’ and ‘Erlibrite’ had significantly
outyielded ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’ which did not differ from ‘Camarosa’ and
‘Festival’. The weight of reject berries was higher during the rainy season than the dry
season. Plant height was observed to deteriorate during the rainy season (15.90 to 20.41
cm) compared to the first season (20.68 to 27.39 cm) study of Langpaoen (2008). In
runner production, ‘Toyonoka’ continued from dry season to rainy season to produce
runners while the other cultivars could hardly produce runners except ‘Festival’ that had
few runners from July to October. Except ‘Whitney’ registering a return on investment of
8.48% or Php 0.08 for every peso spent in the production, the rest of the cultivars studied
incurred a loss in the berry production.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
28
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, it appears that extending the berry
production from dry season to the rainy season under the condition of the study with the
use of ‘Sweet Charlie’, ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Festival’ and ‘Erlibrite’ has no
economic benefit. Strawberry ‘Whitney’ was observed to have the potential for whole
year round production of berries.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that ‘Whitney’ be continued to produce berries
during the rainy season or off – season for whole year berry production inside greenhouse
in La Trinidad, Benguet. It also recommended that this result be verified using the same
condition of this study.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BALAKI, E. T.1992. Reduction of weeding Cost in Strawberry Production by Black
Plastic Mulch. BSU Graduate Sch. Res. J. 4:52- 59.
_____. 1992. Cultural Management practices in Strawberry production. BSU
Extension Office. P. 52
DALE, J. E. 1965. Leaf growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. 2. Temperature effects and the
light factor. Ann. Bot., 29:293-308.
EDMUND, J.B., T. L. SENN and F. S. ANDREWS. 1975. Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Quezon City: Interline Printing Inc. Pp. 401- 404.
GROMAN, J. 1997. The world book encyclopedia. London: World Book, Inc.
18:351.
GUITELEN, C. B., BAWANG, F. T. and A. C. TIPAYNO. 1982. Varietal evaluation
on the yield and keeping quality of six strawberry cultivars. MSAC Res. J.
12:1-8.
HALFACRE, G. R. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Horticulture. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co. Pp. 488-489.
HANCOCK, J. F. 1999. Strawberries. New York: CAB International. Pp. 237.
HERMANO, F. G. 1982. Strawberry Improvement in the Philippines. MSAC Res. J.
11:81-117.
KUDAN, S. L. 2006. Performance of Strawberry ‘ Sweet Charlie’ 1993 and 2003
Introductions using mother plants and runners chilled at various duration
planted during off – season under Greenhouse in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Ph.D. Dissertation. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.1–106.
LANGPAOEN, L. M. 2008. Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown
under Greenhouse Condition from August to March 2008 at Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad, Benguet.
REED, R. R. 1976. City of Pines: The origins of Baguio as a colonial hill station and
regional capital. Baguio City, Philippines. A. Seven Publ. Pp. 40-41.
TIPAYNO, A. C. and F. H. HERMANO. 1977. Growth and yield of strawberry as
affected by planting season and variety under MSAC conditions. MSAC
Res. J. 1 (1): 1-42.
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Days from flower bud formation to fruit harvest
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 22 23 22 67 22.33
C2 24 25 25 74 24.67
C3 24 24 23 71 24.67
C4 21 22 23 66 22.00
C5 20 21 22 63 21.00
C6 20 21 20 67 22.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.333 1.167
Treatment 5 39.333 7.867 18.15** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.333 0.433
TOTAL 17 46.000
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 2.95%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
31
Appendix Table 2. Yield per plant (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 803.20 943.10 852.36 2598.97 866.32
C2 1678.92 1576.79 1186.23 4441.94 1480.65
C3 508.52 842.87 891.54 2242.93 747.64
C4 483.79 1240.30 841.52 2565.61 855.20
C5 9156.6 1086.00 761.09 2762.69 920.90
C6 1554.14 1109.72 941.99 3605.85 1201.95
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 150288.418 184199.107
Treatment 5 1139105.333 227821.067 3.67* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 621408.079 62140.808
TOTAL 17 1910801.831
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 24.63%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
32
Appendix Table 3. Total yield
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1954 1944 1863 5761 1920.33
C2 4090 3719 2803 10612 3537.33
C3 1263 1961 2113 5337 1779.00
C4 944 2054 1625 4623 1541.00
C5 2289 2715 2007 7011 2337.00
C6 3783 2669 1826 8278 2759.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 715452.333 357726.167
Treatment 5 8202317.999 1640463.600 4.84* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3386039.667 338603.967
TOTAL 17 12303810.000
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 25.16%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
33
Appendix Table 4. Weight of marketable berries
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 511 571 702 1784 594.67
C2 1686 1477 1152 4315 1438.33
C3 436 729 807 1972 657.33
C4 138 272 371 781 260.33
C5 533 609 242 1384 461.33
C6 1730 839 736 3305 1101.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 87450.778 43725.389
Treatment 5 2859775.611 571955.122 6.71** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 852881.222 85288.122
TOTAL 17 3800107.611
* - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 38.82%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
34
Appendix Table 5. Weight of rejects or culls (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1443 1373 1161 3977 1325.67
C2 2404 2242 1651 6297 2099.00
C3 827 1232 1306 3365 1121.67
C4 806 1782 1254 3842 1280.67
C5 1756 2106 1765 5627 1875.67
C6 2053 1830 1090 4973 1657.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
_______________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 456792.444 228396.222
Treatment 5 2174341.611 434868.322 3.96* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1098696.889 109869.689
TOTAL 17 3729830.944
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 21.25%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
35
Appendix Table 6. Average fruit weight
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 9.83 9.52 10.64 29.98 9.99
C2 10.22 10.70 10.19 31.12 10.37
C3 10.63 9.99 10.76 31.38 10.46
C4 9.86 9.71 10.31 29.88 9.96
C5 9.87 10.32 9.68 29.87 9.96
C6 10.48 10.11 10.08 30.68 10.23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.144 0.072
Treatment 5 0.738 0.148 0.96ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.538 0.154
TOTAL 17 2.421
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.86%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
36
Appendix Table 8. Plant height (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 20.43 15.63 18.46 54.52 18.17
C2 20.66 18.64 18.60 57.9 19.30
C3 18.68 19.21 16.64 54.53 18.18
C4 15.24 13.67 18.80 47.71 15.90
C5 18.76 22.80 19.66 61.22 20.41
C6 18.11 16.18 16.31 50.6 16.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.994 1.497
Treatment 5 40.596 8.119 2.21ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 36.770 3.677
TOTAL 17 80.360
ns - Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.51%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
37
Appendix Table 9. Sugar content (°B) June
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 7.0 6.0 7.0 20 6.67
C2 5.2 6.6 5.2 17 5.67
C3 6.4 5.8 5.4 17.6 5.87
C4 4.0 5.6 5.0 14.6 4.87
C5 8.0 8.6 8.4 25 8.33
C6 6.2 5.4 6.0 17.6 5.87
ANALYSI OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.138 0.069
Treatment 5 21.158 4.232 10.12** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 4.182 0.418
TOTAL 17 25.478
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 10.41%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
38
Appendix Table 10. Sugar content (°B) October
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.6 5.0 6.0 15.6 5.2
C2 5.0 4.8 5.2 15 5.0
C3 6.0 5.4 6.0 17.4 5.8
C4 5.0 4.8 4.4 14.2 4.73
C5 6.2 7.0 7.8 21 7.0
C6 5.6 6.0 5.8 17.4 5.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.724 0.362
Treatment 5 9.931 1.986 9.10** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 2.182 0.218
TOTAL 17 12.838
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.36%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
39
Appendix Table 11. Sugar content (°B) November
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 5.6 5.2 7.8 18.6 6.2
C2 5.0 5.0 7.4 17.4 5.8
C3 6.0 5.6 6.2 17.8 5.93
C4 5.2 5.4 6.4 17 5.67
C5 6.6 7.0 8.0 21.6 7.2
C6 5.8 6.0 6.0 17.8 5.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 6.418 3.209
Treatment 5 4.651 0.930 2.72ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.422 0.342
TOTAL 17 14.491
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 9.56%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
40
Appendix Table 12. Number of fruits produced per plant in April 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1.61 5.63 6.00 13.24 4.41
C2 0.95 6.63 3.3 10.88 3.63
C3 0.9 3.5 4.67 9.07 3.02
C4 3.2 11.75 7.71 22.66 7.55
C5 2.15 2.2 2.25 6.6 2.2
C6 1.16 1.68 1.16 4 1.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 40.396 20.198
Treatment 5 71.013 14.203 4.44* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 31.973 3.197
TOTAL 17 143.381
* – Significant Coefficient of Variation = 48.44%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
41
Appendix Table 13. Number of fruits produced per plant in May 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 11 12.06 7.94 31 10.33
C2 12.88 10.11 6.8 29.79 9.93
C3 6.63 10.83 9.72 27.18 9.06
C4 7.0 6.33 8.07 21.4 7.13
C5 12.1 11.4 12.1 35.6 11.87
C6 11.63 9.68 9.25 30.56 10.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 5.417 2.708
Treatment 5 37.100 7.420 2.01ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 36.827 3.683
TOTAL 17 79.343
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 19.68%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
42
Appendix Table 14. Number of fruits produced per plant in June 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.95 2.06 1.35 4.36 1.45
C2 1.1 1.68 2.25 5.03 1.68
C3 0.35 0.77 1.83 2.95 0.98
C4 1.27 3.5 3.3 8.07 2.69
C5 2.45 1.9 2.79 7.14 2.38
C6 3.78 0.4 3.36 7.54 2.51
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.547 1.274
Treatment 5 6.917 1.383 1.36ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 10.145 1.014
TOTAL 17 19.609
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 51.67%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
43
Appendix Table 15. Number of fruits produced per plant in July 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 3.75 7.44 1.61 12.8 4.27
C2 6.15 5.94 4.05 16.14 5.38
C3 1.6 1.79 1.7 5.09 1.70
C4 1.13 0.33 0.81 2.27 0.76
C5 1.9 5.4 2.26 9.56 3.19
C6 7.95 3.5 3.0 14.45 4.82
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 11.441 5.720
Treatment 5 49.794 9.959 3.19* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 31.237 3.124
TOTAL 17 92.471
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 52.75%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
44
Appendix Table 16. Number of fruits produced per plant in August 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 3.35 0.47 0.67 4.49 1.50
C2 3.35 1.53 2.2 7.08 2.36
C3 0.35 0.63 0.25 1.23 0.41
C4 1.63 0.53 0.44 2.6 0.87
C5 3.2 1.5 0.95 5.65 1.88
C6 2.55 0.95 1.06 4.56 1.52
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 8.683 4.341
Treatment 5 7.321 1.464 4.20* 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.489 0.349
TOTAL 17 19.493
* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 41.51%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
45
Appendix Table 17. Number of fruits produced per plant in September 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.0 0.41 0.11 4.52 1.51
C2 6.7 3.21 5.61 15.52 5.17
C3 0.5 0.68 0.45 1.63 0.54
C4 0.31 0.8 0.63 1.74 0.58
C5 0.95 1.2 0.11 2.26 0.75
C6 3.6 0.84 1.22 5.66 1.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 7.968 3.984
Treatment 5 46.845 9.369 7.17** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 13.058 1.306
TOTAL 17 67.871
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 65.65%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
46
Appendix Table 18. Number of fruits produced per plant in October 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 4.95 1.12 2.22 8.29 2.76
C2 5.0 3.16 3.76 11.92 3.97
C3 1.8 2.05 1.26 5.11 1.70
C4 1.75 1.62 2.31 5.68 1.89
C5 1.45 3.05 2.35 6.85 2.28
C6 2.85 3.32 4.28 10.45 3.48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.011 0.505
Treatment 5 12.185 2.437 2.12ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 11.481 1.148
TOTAL 17 24.676
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 39.94%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
47
Appendix Table 19. Number of fruits produced per plant in November 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 1.3 0.12 1.65 3.07 1.02
C2 5.74 1.95 1.41 9.1 3.03
C3 2.1 2.84 1.05 5.99 2.00
C4 2.25 1.31 1.44 5 1.67
C5 2.35 5.5 2.25 10.1 3.37
C6 3.0 3.42 3.22 9.64 3.21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 2.903 1.451
Treatment 5 13.773 2.755 1.48ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 11.481 1.857
TOTAL 17 35.250
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 57.18%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
48
Appendix Table 20. Number of runners produced in April 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 4.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
C3 2.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 9.00 7.00 0.00 16.00 5.33
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.849 0.924
Treatment 5 4.975 0.995 3.03ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.289 0.329
TOTAL 17 10.113
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 50.86%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
49
Appendix Table 21. Number of runners produced in May 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 20.00 6.00 0.00 26.00 8.67
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.217 0.608
Treatment 5 8.908 1.782 2.93ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 6.085 1.782
TOTAL 17 6.210
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 76.35%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
50
Appendix Table 22. Number of runners produced in June 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 19.00 29.00 3.00 51.00 17.00
C6 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.799 0.900
Treatment 5 24.058 4.812 8.09** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 5.948 0.595
TOTAL 17 31.806
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 57.67%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
51
Appendix Table 23. Number of runners produced in July 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C3 2.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 1.33
C4 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.67
C5 25.00 24.00 2.00 51.00 17.00
C6 2.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 1.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.317 0.659
Treatment 5 21.868 4.374 5.70** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 7.676 0.768
TOTAL 17 30.862
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 60.19%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
52
Appendix Table 24. Number of runners produced in August 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 5.67
C3 4.00 2.00 21.00 27.00 9.00
C4 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 1.00
C5 31.00 22.00 37.00 90.00 30.00
C6 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 1.490 0.745
Treatment 5 49.386 9.877 7.09** 3.33 5.64
Error 10 13.940 1.394
TOTAL 17 64.816
** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 55.26%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
53
Appendix Table 25. Number of runners produced in September 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 4.00 1.00 0.00 5.00 1.67
C3 5.00 11.00 2.00 18.00 6.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 5.00 41.00 1.00 47.00 15.67
C6 3.00 1.00 3.00 7.00 2.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 3.969 1.984
Treatment 5 15.968 3.194 2.27ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 14.071 1.407
TOTAL 17 34.008
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 69.80%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
54
Appendix Table 26. Number of runners produced in October 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C2 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
C3 3.00 4.00 3.00 10.00 3.33
C4 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.33
C5 6.00 8.00 0.00 14.00 4.67
C6 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.750 0.374
Treatment 5 4.857 0.971 3.09ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 3.139 0.314
TOTAL 17 8.746
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 43.95%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
55
Appendix Table 27. Number of runners produced in November 2008
R E P L I C A T I O N S
TREATMENT I II III TOTAL MEAN
C1 0.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 1.00
C2 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.67
C3 2.00 1.00 0.00 3.00 1.00
C4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARE F 0.05 0.01
________________________________________________________________________
Replication 2 0.562 0.281
Treatment 5 0.698 0.140 1.13ns 3.33 5.64
Error 10 1.236 0.124
TOTAL 17 2.497
ns – Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 39.17%
Yield Performance of Six Strawberry Cultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to
November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet. / Herson A. Felipe. 2009
Document Outline
- Yield Performance of Six StrawberryCultivars Grown Inside Greenhouse from April to November 2008 at Balili, La Trinidad,Benguet.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Strawberry
- Climatic and Soil Requirement
- Importance of Strawberry
- Varieties of Strawberry
- Local Studies on Strawberry
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days from Flower Bud Formation to Fruit Harvest
- Yield per Plant
- Average Fruit Weight
- Weight of Marketable Berries
- Weight of Rejects/Culls
- Total Yield
- Number of Fruits Produced per Plant
- Sugar Content
- Plant Height
- Fruit Firmness
- Number of Runners Produced per Plant
- Cost and Return Analysis
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES