BIBLIOGRAPHY RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009. Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and Different ANAA Concentrations.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of duration and different concentrations
of ANAA on the rooting of Blueberry Shoot tip cuttings and to evaluate the best concentration of
ANAA that would enhance faster and uniform rooting of cuttings
Results on duration showed that there were no significant effect on the number of days to
visible root formation, average number of roots produce per cutting, percentage survival,
percentage of rooted cuttings, average root length and average shoot length.
Dipping of blueberry shoot tip cuttings with 500 ppm ANAA promoted higher percentage
of survival, promoted the production of longer root and shoot length.
The interactions between duration and the different concentrations of ANAA were not
significantly different in all parameters gathered.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Rooting Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Hormone Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Rooting in the Relation to Plant Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Misting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Average Number of Rooted Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Percentage Survival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Average Root Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Shoot Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . ..
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusions . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
INTRODUCTION
Blueberries are flowering plants belonging to genus Vaccinium. The species are
native only to North America. The crop is considered as shrub in size varying from 10 cm
to 4 m tall. The smaller species are known as “low bush blueberries”. The leaves can be
deciduous or ever green, ovate to lanceolate and from 1-8 cm long and 0.5 to 9 3.5 cm
wide. The flowers are bell-shaped, whiter, pale pink, or red, sometimes tinged with green.
The fruit is a false berry 5 to 16 mm diameter with a flaved “crown” at the end; they are
pale greenish at first then reddish purple and finally indigo at ripening. It has a sweet
taste when matured with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruits from
May to October in the Northern Hemisphere; “blueberry season” in July which is
National Blueberry Month in United States.
For centuries, blueberries were gathered from the forest and bogs by the Native
Americans and these are usually consumed fresh and also it can be preserved. The
Northeast Native American Tribes revered blueberries and much folklore developed
around them. The blossom ends of each berry, the calyx, forms a shaped of a perfect five-
pointed star. Parts of the blueberry plant were also used as medicine for coughs and good
for the circulation of the blood. Not only for medicine, the juice can also be made as an
excellent dye for baskets and cloth. It can also used in other food preparation. Example,
the dried berries were also crushed into a powder and a flavoring for meat; it can be
processed into products such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins and snack foods.
For the early colonists, blueberries were probably one of the first familiar foods
discovered on the North American continent, since they were similar to other berry
varieties found in Europe. Their abundance, natural sweetness and visibility immediately
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
2
welcome addition at a time when fresh food was in short supply, and sugar was scarce
and expensive. Blueberry were canned and shipped to union troops during the civil war in
the 1860’s.
Blueberries have gained increasing recognition from health professionals for their
very high antioxidant properties. Studies of the anthocyanin and phytochemicals found in
the blueberries have shown that they provide a wide range of benefits, including reducing
eye strain, counteracting environmental carcinogens, promoting urinary tract health,
calories, low in fat and have no cholesterol, in addition to being a good source of dietary
fiber and is packed with other vitamins (A, C, E) and minerals (potassium, manganese
and magnesium).
Blueberries have the potential of being grown commercially in the locality.
However, mass production of planting materials could become a problem under high
demand because it takes time to produce seedlings from seeds. It is therefore imperative
to conduct this study to be able to determine the best soaking duration and concentration
of ANAA on blueberry that provides the shoot tip cuttings, the stimulus for earlier and
uniform rooting; and reduces the longer duration and intervals of waiting time leading to
higher percentage of survival of the seedlings; and to be able to grow or to produce more
blueberries in our community for economic, medicinal and food purposes. The results of
this study will provide baseline information to researchers interested to work on
blueberry production and to encourage more farmers to produce blueberry that is
considered as having medicinal properties and has great potential in the market as a fresh
fruit or in processed form.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
3
The study was conducted to determine the best soaking duration of ANAA
concentration rooting of blueberry shoot tip cuttings; and to determine the best
concentration of ANAA that will enhance faster and uniform rooting of blueberry shoot
tip cuttings.
The study was conducted at the nursery of the Pomology Project, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to February 2009.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rooting Hormone
Hartmann and Kester (1968) reported that the application of growth regulators to
cuttings is important for the quality of roots formed and the stimulating of rooting period
of cuttings.
Wilkins (1969) also mentioned that the most common plant growth regulators are
gibberillic acid, napthalene acetic acid, indole butyric acid, cytokinins and abscissic acid.
The absence of deficiency or indolence in the supply these hormones, therefore, creates
the necessity of applying them to plants exogenously for faster growth and development.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) recommended that the use of ANAA and IAA for
general use in rooting stem cuttings for the majority of plant species. Several
investigations had demonstrated the use of these materials in stimulating root formation
of cuttings.
Hormone Concentration
Adriance and Brison (1955) mentioned that root formation in cuttings is not only
affected by hormones alone but also by other factors like environment, rooting medium,
chemical treatments, mechanical treatments as well as plant itself as a factor. For
instances, cuttings from younger stems usually are more active in the synthesis of food
and cell development.
Weaver (1972) mentioned that high concentration of growth regulators do not
produce abnormalities in root formation necrosis on tissues.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
5
Janick (1972) stated that the natural auxins produced in younger leaves and buds
move naturally down the plant and accumulated at the cut base along with the sugars and
other food materials. Auxins level is closely associated with adventitious rooting in the
stem. This normal rooting of the stem appears to be triggered by the accumulation of
auxin at the base of the cuttings.
Bleasedale (1973) stated that hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting cuttings but also can inhibit the growth of the cuttings
if applied in accurate concentration. Although hormones are known to promote rooting in
various kinds of cuttings, it is also necessary that these are applied at specific
concentration just below the toxic level. Furthermore, Halfacre and Barden (1979) stated
that high concentrations may injure or kill cuttings and too much concentration may be
ineffective.
Furthermore, Anderson and Ellison (1969) mentioned that stem cuttings from
asparagus cultured aseptically initiated roots on a range of ANAA and IBA and that he
optimum amount of ANAA was 5mg/l and 10mg/l of IBA.
Gonzales (1980) recommended 1000 ppm ANAA for hastening root inhibition of
rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. It was further observed that cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA produced the highest number of roots, had rapid root elongation and earliest root
formation. Likewise, Amlos (1989) recommended 1000 ppm ANAA in enhancing root
initiation of the stem cuttings as shown in the findings of Gonzales (1980).
In the study of Bayeng (1999) he found that one-half strength of ANAA was more
effective in promoting root initiation in mum cuttings than full strength ANAA.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
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Indolebuteric acid solution in full strength ANAA accelerated production of more roots
but initiated root elongation.
Rooting in the Relation to Plant Age
Ali and Fletcher (1979) stated that the effectiveness of any of the growth regulator
applied on promoting growth is independent on the stage of plant growth. Likewise,
Leopold and Kriedman (1975) claimed that with increasing root growth rate very lens
calinari roots give small positive growth response while older roots age not stimulated to
added auxins.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) reported that root initials, which developed roots
primordial that later developed into an adventitious roots in younger plants, originated
deeper often near the vascular cambium. They also added the naturally occurring auxins
as a controlling factor for rooting is synthesize in apical buds and younger leaves.
Furthermore, they stated that cuttings from young seedling plant roots much more readily
than those taken from old mature plants. This was confirmed by Ingles (1994) and called
as the juvenility factor”. The main advantage of propagation from cuttings is the relative
simplicity of the operations. Therefore, it is a method of propagation which is highly
practical and economic importance of plants is economically propagated by vegetative
means.
Apnoyan (1981) stated that propagation by cuttings has the advantage in
producing plant genetically identical to the mother plant in contrast to the wide genetic
variations found in seeds.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
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Misting
Bautista et al., (1983) for instance stated that in the propagation of plants by
cuttings, the main problem is to keep the cuttings from decaying or until the missing
organs are regenerated resulting into new individual plants. Cuttings can absorb small
amounts of water through its cut ends. The amounts absorbed are not enough to replace
the amount normally lost through the process of transpiration. Thus, transpiration has to
be slowed down by keeping the relative humidity high in the vicinity which can be
increased by misting or with the application of water through sprinkling
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were the following: blueberry shoot tip cuttings 20cm,
distilled water, ANAA, containers, measuring and labeling materials, pruning shear,
cutter, graduated cylinder, sandy soil, PEP bags (2.5 x 4).
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experimental was laid out following
the Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and seven
sample cuttings per treatment.
The treatments will be as follows:
Factor A Time Duration
T1 30 minutes
T2 60minutes
Factor B ANAA Concentration (ppm)
C1 0 (control)
C2 500
C3 750
C4 1000
Preparation of cuttings. The shoot tips cutting of the blueberry with a length of
20cm were taken from existing mother plants. The cuttings were cleaned and only the
four upper leaves were retained per cuttings. The stem ends of the samples were cut into
a slanting manner before dipping in a 250ml plastic containing 100ml of the different
rooting solution concentrations. After the soaking treatment, the cuttings were rooted to a
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
9
depth of 2.5 cm in a sandy loam soil previously placed on individual polyethylene plastic
for rooting.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following;
1. Number of days to visible root formation. This was taken by counting the number
days from sticking the cuttings to visible root formation.
2. Average number of root produce per cutting. This was taken by counting all the
roots produce in each individual stem two months from sticking the cuttings.
Average Number of Roots = Total Number of Roots
x 100
Total Number of roots per Cutting
3. Percentage Survival (%). This was determined by using the formula:
Survival (%) = Cuttings Survival x 100
Total Number of Cutting
4. Percentage of rooted cuttings (%). This was obtained one month after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of Rooted Cuttings= Number of Rooted Cuttings x 100
Total Number of Cuttings
5. Average length of shoots (cm). This was done by measuring the base of the plant to
the shoot tip after two months.
6. Average length of root (cm). This was taken by measuring all the roots developed
two months from sticking of cuttings.
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation
Effect of soaking duration. The effect of duration on the number of days to
visible root formation is shown in table 1. Results shows that the dipping of blueberry
shoot tip cuttings in different duration such as 30 minutes soaking and 1 hour soaking
shows the same mean which is 26 days.
Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
TREATMENT
DAYS TO ROOT FORMATION
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30 minutes
26
60 minutes
26
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
O
26ab
500
24b
750
27a
1000
27a
T x C
ns
CV (%)
6.16
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
11
Effect of ANAA concentration. The number of days to visible root formation is
presented in table 1. Results shows that the blueberry shoot tip cuttings treated with
500ppm ANAA initiated roots earlier followed by cuttings treated with 750 ppm with a
mean of 26 days. Longer days to root formation were noted in cuttings treated with 1000
ppm and control.
.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed on the
number of days to visible root formation of blueberry shoot tip cuttings as affected by
duration of soaking and ANAA concentrations
Average Number of Roots per Cutting
Effect of soaking duration. Table 2 presents the average number of roots
produced per cutting as affected by the different soaking duration used. Results show that
30 minutes soaking time promoted the production of more roots in blueberry shoot tip
cutting with a mean of 6.0 roots per cutting, compared to 60 minutes soaking time which
produced a lower number of roots of 5.0 roots per cutting.
Effect of ANAA concentration. The influence of different ANAA concentration
used on the number of roots produced per cutting is shown in Table 2.
Shoot tip cutting of blueberry treated with 500 ppm ANAA produced the highest number
of roots with a mean of 7.0 roots per cutting followed by those treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA with a mean of 6.0 roots per cutting, while shoot tip cutting of blueberry treated
with 750 ppm produced fewer roots on all treated cuttings with a mean of only 5.0 roots
per cutting.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
12
Table 2. Average number of roots produced per cutting
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF ROOTS
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
6a
60
5a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
4b
500
7a
750
5a
1000
6a
T x C
ns
CV (%)
40.16
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Interaction effects. Results show that there were no significant interactions on the
average number of roots per cuttings s affected by soaking durations and ANAA
concentrations.
Percentage Survival
Effect of soaking duration. Table 3 shows the effect of duration on the percentage
survival of shoot tip cuttings of blueberry.
Result shows that the shoot tip cuttings that were dipped for 30 minutes in ANAA
showed the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 72%, compared to 60 minutes
soaking showing time a percentage of survival with a mean of 69%.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
13
Effect of ANAA concentration. The effect of ANAA concentration on the
percentage survival of blueberry shoot tip cuttings rooted is shown in Table 3.
Results show that blueberry shoot tip cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA had
the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 76 % followed by those applied with
750 ppm and 1000 ppm both having the same means of 69%.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects of soaking
duration and different ANAA concentrations on the percentage of survival of blueberry
shoot tip cuttings recorded 60 days from sticking in the rooting media.
Table 3. Percentage survival
SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
(%)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
72a
60
69a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
68b
500
76a
750
69b
1000
69b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
8.94
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
14
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings
Effect of soaking duration. The effect of duration on the percentage of rooted
blueberry shoot tip cuttings is shown in table 4. Result show that there were no
significant differences on the percentage of survival. It shows that cuttings treated with
30 minutes soaking and 1hour shows the same mean which is 49%.
Effect of ANAA concentration. The table shows that there were significant
differences observed on the effect of different ANAA concentrations applied before
planting on the percentage of rooted blueberry shoot tip cuttings two months from
sticking on the rooting media. It was observed that the highest percentage of rooted
cuttings was obtained from those soaked in 500ppm ANAA concentration which
promoted the production of longer roots produced with means of 54% followed by those
Table 4. Percentage of rooted cuttings
ROOTED CUTTINGS
TREATMENT
(%)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
49a
60
49a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
46b
500
54a
750
49b
1000
48b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
22.75
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
15
treated with 750 ppm, 1000 ppm ANAA, and control with a mean of 49%, 48%, and 46%
respect.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the combined effects of soaking duration and ANAA concentrations on the percentage of
rooted cuttings in blueberry.
Average Root Length
Effect of soaking duration. Table 5 represents the effects of soaking duration on
the average root length in blueberry shoot tip cuttings. Results show that there were no
significant statistical differences on the length of roots. However, numerical figures
reveals that 30 minutes soaking time promoted the production of slightly longer root with
Table 5. Average root length
ROOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
0.58a
60
0.51a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
0.30b
500
1.04a
750
0.36b
1000
0.33b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
62.62
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
16
a mean of 0. 58 cm root length, compared to 60 minutes soaking time that showed shorter
roots with a mean of 0.51 cm root length two months from the sticking in the media.
Effect of ANAA concentration. There were slight significant differences observed
on the average number of roots after sticking on the rooting media as affected by
different concentrations of ANAA used on blueberry shoot tip cuttings
Shoot tip cuttings of blueberry treated with 500 ppm ANAA produced the highest
number of roots with a mean of 1.04 cm roots per cutting two months from sticking in the
rooting media followed by those treated with 750 ppm ANAA with mean of 0.36 roots
per cutting while shoot tip cuttings of blueberry treated with 1000 ppm ANAA produced
significantly fewer roots with a mean of 0.33 cm roots per cutting. The lowest number of
roots was obtained in the untreated cuttings with a mean of 0.30 roots per cutting.
Table 6. Average shoot length
SHOOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
12.66a
60
12.61a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
11.54a
500
13.21a
750
12.21a
1000
12.59
T x C
ns
CV (%)
6.66
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
17
These findings corroborate with the statement of Devlin (1977) as cited by
Relliota (1982), that auxins are very effective in initiating root formation in many plant
species. Hormones may be used to overcome the inherent difficulties encountered in
rooting of cuttings but many also inhibit the growth of the cuttings if applied at the wrong
concentrations (Bleasedale 1973).
Interaction effect. The combined effects of duration and ANAA concentrations
did not significantly affect roots produced by the blueberry cuttings two months after
sticking.
Average Shoots Length (cm)
Effect of duration. The average shoot length as affected by different durations and
concentration of rooting hormone is presented in Table 6.
Result show that dipping the cuttings for 30 minutes has the highest shoot length
with a mean of 12.66 cm while 1hour soaking had the shortest shoot length with a mean
of 12.61 cm. However, both treatments are statistically comparable with each other.
Effect of ANAA concentration. Results show that there were no significant
differences on the length of shoots produced as affected by different ANAA
concentrations measured 60 days from treatment. Nevertheless, dipping of cutting in 500
ppm ANAA prior to rooting produced the longest shoot with a mean of 13.21 cm, while
the untreated cuttings had the shortest shoots of 11.54 cm.
These findings conform with the earlier study by Amlos (1989), wherein the
application of ANAA at lower rates effected no significant differences on the number of
days from sticking of cuttings to opening lateral buds, final length of shoots, leaf number
of rooted cuttings.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
18
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the duration and different ANAA concentration with regards to the average shoot length.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from January 2009 to March 2009 to determine the effects of soaking
duration and ANAA concentrations applied on the root development and initial growth of
blueberry shoot tip cuttings and the best concentrations of ANAA to promote root
initiation of blueberry shoot tip cuttings.
Effect of soaking duration. Result shows that there were no significant differences
observed on the number of days to visible root formation, average number of roots per
cutting, percentage survival, percentage of rooted cuttings, average of root length, and
average of shoot length as affected by the different soaking durations of blueberry
cuttings in ANAA solutions.
Effect of ANAA concentration. Treating of blueberry cuttings with a rooting
hormone at concentrations to 500 ppm, generally promoted earlier callus formation.
Likewise, the application of 500 ppm ANAA was more effective in promoting faster
roots formation. Cuttings treated with this concentration produced higher number of
roots, had higher percentage of survival and had longer roots and shoots.
Interaction effect. The interaction between soaking duration and concentrations
were not significant in all the parameters gathered.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
20
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, it is concluded that on duration, it was observe
that there were no significant different effects on the number of days to visible root
formation, average number of roots per cutting, percentage survival, percentage of rooted
cuttings, average root length and average shoot length but in terms of concentration, basal
ends treated with 500ppm ANAA concentration can be used to enhance faster rooting
producing longer roots and higher percentage of rooted cuttings.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended that treatment of basal stem ends with
500 ppm ANAA for 30 minutes can be used for blueberry shoot tip cuttings because it
was observed to promote higher percentage of survival, rooting and root length.
However, a follow up study is recommended with treatment modifications to really
establish the effects of ANAA on the rooting of blueberry cuttings
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
21
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE and BRISON 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. Mc Grew Hill Book
Co., New York. Pp. 119-131
APNOYAN, P. S. 1981. Influence of different sexual propagation techniques on the per-
entage survival and root initiation of hard to root Chrysanthemum morifolium.
ALI and FLETCHER. 1979. Hormonal Regulator of Dominance in Soybean. Ian. J. Bot.
48: 1948-1989.
AMLOS, B. B. 1989. Influence of Alpha-Naphthalene Acetic Acid and gibberllic acid on
root development and initial growth of tea stem cuttings. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
ANDERSON, D. C. and F. B. ELLISON. 1969. Root initiation of stem tip cuttings of
asparagus plants. Hort. Sci. 90- 140.
.
BAUTISTA, O. K, H. L. VALMAYOR, P. C. TABORA, Jr. and R. R. C. ESPINO.
1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB. College, Los Banos, Laguna.
P.134.
BAYENG, B. 1999. Personal interview with the author. February 1998.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture. London. The
Mc Millan Press, Ltd. P. 1.
BUTCHER, D. B. and E. D. STREET. 1960. The effect of gibberellins on the light
sensitivity of roots. J. exp’l. Bat. 206. P. 12.
GONZALES, F. R. 1980. Comparative effect of growth regulator hormones on the
rooting of rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. BS Thesis. MSAC La Trinidad, Benguet.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Horticulture. New York, Mc Grew Hill.
Pp. 371-373.
HARTMANN, H. T. and D. P. KESTER. 1968. Plant Propagation. Principles and
Practices: Englewoods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc. Pp.305-307.
HARTMANN, H. T. and D. P. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation. Principles and
Practices: New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc. Pp. 273-276.
INGLES, J. E. 1994. Ornamental Horticulture Science, Operations and Management.
Delmar Publishers, Inc. Pp. 49, 53-54.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
22
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticulture Science. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. Pp. 346-
351.
LEOPOLD and KRIEDMAN. 1975. An introduction to Plant Biology. New York. John
Willey and sons Inc. P. 389.
RELLIOTA, A. 1982. Effects of NAA on the Rooting of Dona Aurora stem cuttings.
Hort. Abstract. MPCA. P. 51.
WEAVER, R. J. 1972. Plant growth substances in Agriculture. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman and Com. Pp. 120-127.
WILKINS, M. B. 1969. Plant physiology of plant growth and development. New Delhi,
India: Mc Grew Hill Pub. Co. Lt. P. 289.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
23
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
26
23
25
30
104
26
500 ppm
23
21
23
25
92
23
750 ppm
25
27
25
30
107
27
1000 ppm
27
27
28
28
110
28
1 hour
0 ppm
26
25
25
28
104
26
500 ppm
22
24
25
26
97
24
750 ppm
23
25
30
28
106
27
1000 ppm
23
26
28
30
107
27
TOTAL
195
198
209
225
827
208
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
69.094
23.031
Factor A
1
0.031
0.031
0.01ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
57.594
19.198
7.58**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
4.344
1.448
0.57ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
53.156
2.531
TOTAL
31
184.219
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.16%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
24
Appendix Table 2. Average number of root per cutting
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
6
1
2
7
16
4
500 ppm
5
8
8
9
30
8
750 ppm
5
6
5
6
22
6
1000 ppm
5
6
10
5
26
7
1 hour
0 ppm
6
2
2
7
17
4
500 ppm
4
7
3
10
24
6
750 ppm
5
4
5
4
18
5
1000 ppm
2
4
7
8
21
5
TOTAL
38
38
51
56
194
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
23.375
9.125
Factor A
1
6.125
6.125
1.28ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
30.625
10.208
2.14**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
3.625
1.208
0.25ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
100.125
4.768
TOTAL
31
167.875
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 40.16
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
25
Appendix Table 3. Percentage Survival
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
60
70
80
70
280
70
500 ppm
80
80
70
80
310
78
750 ppm
70
60
70
70
270
68
1000 ppm
70
70
80
70
290
72
1 hour
0 ppm
60
60
70
80
270
68
500 ppm
70
80
70
80
300
75
750 ppm
70
70
70
70
280
70
1000 ppm
70
70
60
60
260
65
TOTAL
550
560
570
580
2240
562
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
62.500
20.833
Factor A
1
50.000
50.000
1.25ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
337.500
112.2
2.82ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
100.000
33.333
0.83ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
837.500
39.881
TOTAL
31
1387.500
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.94%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
26
Table 4. Percentage of rooted cuttings
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
50
40
40
60
190
48
500 ppm
50
70
50
50
220
55
750 ppm
40
50
50
50
190
48
1000 ppm
40
50
50
50
180
45
1 hour
0 ppm
40
40
40
60
180
45
500 ppm
60
60
50
40
210
53
750 ppm
40
30
80
50
200
50
1000 ppm
50
50
50
50
200
50
TOTAL
380
390
400
410
1570
394
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
109.375
36.459
Factor A
1
3.125
3.125
0.02ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
259.375
86.458
0.69ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
84.375
28.125
0.22ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
2615
124.554
TOTAL
31
3071.875
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 22.75
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
27
Appendix Table 5. Average root length
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
0.7
0.21
0.25
1.3
1.82
0.46
500 ppm
0.35
1.4
1.3
1.3
4.35
1.09
750 ppm
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.35
1.65
0.41
1000 ppm
0.4
0.25
0.75
0.06
1.46
0.37
1 hour
0 ppm
0.06
0.15
0.2
0.75
1.75
0.44
500 ppm
0.25
1.4
1.4
0.9
3.95
0.99
750 ppm
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.45
1.2
0.30
1000 ppm
0.4
0.25
0.35
0.1
1.2
0.30
TOTAL
2.14
4.3
5.05
5.21
17.38
4.36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
0.943
0.314
Factor A
1
0.043
0.043
0.36ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
2.663
0.88
7.66**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
0.011
0.004
0.03ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
2.432
0.116
TOTAL
31
6.092
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 62.62%
** = significant
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
28
Appendix Table 6. Average shoot length
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
12.25 12.65 11.95 13.65
50.5
12.63
500 ppm
12.75 12.85 13.75 12.85
52.20
13.05
750 ppm
12.15 13.35
10.6
13.65
49.75
12.44
1000 ppm
11.75
13.5
13.05 11.85
50.15
12.54
1 hour
0 ppm
11.75
12.5
12.8
3.1
49.80
11.99
500 ppm
13.8
13.25
14.1
12.25
53.45
13.36
750 ppm
11.5
12.00
11.2
13.25
47.95
12.45
1000 ppm
11.75 12.065 13.3
12.9
50.60
12.65
TOTAL
97.7
102.4 100.8 103.5
397.95
101.11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
2.338
0.796
Factor A
1
0.020
0.020
0.03ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
4.128
1.376
1.94ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
0.667
0.222
0.31ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
14.897
0.709
TOTAL
31
22.100
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.66%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009. Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and Different ANAA Concentrations.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the effect of duration and different concentrations
of ANAA on the rooting of Blueberry Shoot tip cuttings and to evaluate the best concentration of
ANAA that would enhance faster and uniform rooting of cuttings
Results on duration showed that there were no significant effect on the number of days to
visible root formation, average number of roots produce per cutting, percentage survival,
percentage of rooted cuttings, average root length and average shoot length.
Dipping of blueberry shoot tip cuttings with 500 ppm ANAA promoted higher percentage
of survival, promoted the production of longer root and shoot length.
The interactions between duration and the different concentrations of ANAA were not
significantly different in all parameters gathered.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Rooting Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Hormone Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Rooting in the Relation to Plant Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Misting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
MATERIALS AND METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Average Number of Rooted Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Percentage Survival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Average Root Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Average Shoot Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . ..
19
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusions . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
INTRODUCTION
Blueberries are flowering plants belonging to genus Vaccinium. The species are
native only to North America. The crop is considered as shrub in size varying from 10 cm
to 4 m tall. The smaller species are known as “low bush blueberries”. The leaves can be
deciduous or ever green, ovate to lanceolate and from 1-8 cm long and 0.5 to 9 3.5 cm
wide. The flowers are bell-shaped, whiter, pale pink, or red, sometimes tinged with green.
The fruit is a false berry 5 to 16 mm diameter with a flaved “crown” at the end; they are
pale greenish at first then reddish purple and finally indigo at ripening. It has a sweet
taste when matured with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruits from
May to October in the Northern Hemisphere; “blueberry season” in July which is
National Blueberry Month in United States.
For centuries, blueberries were gathered from the forest and bogs by the Native
Americans and these are usually consumed fresh and also it can be preserved. The
Northeast Native American Tribes revered blueberries and much folklore developed
around them. The blossom ends of each berry, the calyx, forms a shaped of a perfect five-
pointed star. Parts of the blueberry plant were also used as medicine for coughs and good
for the circulation of the blood. Not only for medicine, the juice can also be made as an
excellent dye for baskets and cloth. It can also used in other food preparation. Example,
the dried berries were also crushed into a powder and a flavoring for meat; it can be
processed into products such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins and snack foods.
For the early colonists, blueberries were probably one of the first familiar foods
discovered on the North American continent, since they were similar to other berry
varieties found in Europe. Their abundance, natural sweetness and visibility immediately
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
2
welcome addition at a time when fresh food was in short supply, and sugar was scarce
and expensive. Blueberry were canned and shipped to union troops during the civil war in
the 1860’s.
Blueberries have gained increasing recognition from health professionals for their
very high antioxidant properties. Studies of the anthocyanin and phytochemicals found in
the blueberries have shown that they provide a wide range of benefits, including reducing
eye strain, counteracting environmental carcinogens, promoting urinary tract health,
calories, low in fat and have no cholesterol, in addition to being a good source of dietary
fiber and is packed with other vitamins (A, C, E) and minerals (potassium, manganese
and magnesium).
Blueberries have the potential of being grown commercially in the locality.
However, mass production of planting materials could become a problem under high
demand because it takes time to produce seedlings from seeds. It is therefore imperative
to conduct this study to be able to determine the best soaking duration and concentration
of ANAA on blueberry that provides the shoot tip cuttings, the stimulus for earlier and
uniform rooting; and reduces the longer duration and intervals of waiting time leading to
higher percentage of survival of the seedlings; and to be able to grow or to produce more
blueberries in our community for economic, medicinal and food purposes. The results of
this study will provide baseline information to researchers interested to work on
blueberry production and to encourage more farmers to produce blueberry that is
considered as having medicinal properties and has great potential in the market as a fresh
fruit or in processed form.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
3
The study was conducted to determine the best soaking duration of ANAA
concentration rooting of blueberry shoot tip cuttings; and to determine the best
concentration of ANAA that will enhance faster and uniform rooting of blueberry shoot
tip cuttings.
The study was conducted at the nursery of the Pomology Project, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2008 to February 2009.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rooting Hormone
Hartmann and Kester (1968) reported that the application of growth regulators to
cuttings is important for the quality of roots formed and the stimulating of rooting period
of cuttings.
Wilkins (1969) also mentioned that the most common plant growth regulators are
gibberillic acid, napthalene acetic acid, indole butyric acid, cytokinins and abscissic acid.
The absence of deficiency or indolence in the supply these hormones, therefore, creates
the necessity of applying them to plants exogenously for faster growth and development.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) recommended that the use of ANAA and IAA for
general use in rooting stem cuttings for the majority of plant species. Several
investigations had demonstrated the use of these materials in stimulating root formation
of cuttings.
Hormone Concentration
Adriance and Brison (1955) mentioned that root formation in cuttings is not only
affected by hormones alone but also by other factors like environment, rooting medium,
chemical treatments, mechanical treatments as well as plant itself as a factor. For
instances, cuttings from younger stems usually are more active in the synthesis of food
and cell development.
Weaver (1972) mentioned that high concentration of growth regulators do not
produce abnormalities in root formation necrosis on tissues.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
5
Janick (1972) stated that the natural auxins produced in younger leaves and buds
move naturally down the plant and accumulated at the cut base along with the sugars and
other food materials. Auxins level is closely associated with adventitious rooting in the
stem. This normal rooting of the stem appears to be triggered by the accumulation of
auxin at the base of the cuttings.
Bleasedale (1973) stated that hormones may be used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting cuttings but also can inhibit the growth of the cuttings
if applied in accurate concentration. Although hormones are known to promote rooting in
various kinds of cuttings, it is also necessary that these are applied at specific
concentration just below the toxic level. Furthermore, Halfacre and Barden (1979) stated
that high concentrations may injure or kill cuttings and too much concentration may be
ineffective.
Furthermore, Anderson and Ellison (1969) mentioned that stem cuttings from
asparagus cultured aseptically initiated roots on a range of ANAA and IBA and that he
optimum amount of ANAA was 5mg/l and 10mg/l of IBA.
Gonzales (1980) recommended 1000 ppm ANAA for hastening root inhibition of
rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. It was further observed that cuttings treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA produced the highest number of roots, had rapid root elongation and earliest root
formation. Likewise, Amlos (1989) recommended 1000 ppm ANAA in enhancing root
initiation of the stem cuttings as shown in the findings of Gonzales (1980).
In the study of Bayeng (1999) he found that one-half strength of ANAA was more
effective in promoting root initiation in mum cuttings than full strength ANAA.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
6
Indolebuteric acid solution in full strength ANAA accelerated production of more roots
but initiated root elongation.
Rooting in the Relation to Plant Age
Ali and Fletcher (1979) stated that the effectiveness of any of the growth regulator
applied on promoting growth is independent on the stage of plant growth. Likewise,
Leopold and Kriedman (1975) claimed that with increasing root growth rate very lens
calinari roots give small positive growth response while older roots age not stimulated to
added auxins.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) reported that root initials, which developed roots
primordial that later developed into an adventitious roots in younger plants, originated
deeper often near the vascular cambium. They also added the naturally occurring auxins
as a controlling factor for rooting is synthesize in apical buds and younger leaves.
Furthermore, they stated that cuttings from young seedling plant roots much more readily
than those taken from old mature plants. This was confirmed by Ingles (1994) and called
as the juvenility factor”. The main advantage of propagation from cuttings is the relative
simplicity of the operations. Therefore, it is a method of propagation which is highly
practical and economic importance of plants is economically propagated by vegetative
means.
Apnoyan (1981) stated that propagation by cuttings has the advantage in
producing plant genetically identical to the mother plant in contrast to the wide genetic
variations found in seeds.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
7
Misting
Bautista et al., (1983) for instance stated that in the propagation of plants by
cuttings, the main problem is to keep the cuttings from decaying or until the missing
organs are regenerated resulting into new individual plants. Cuttings can absorb small
amounts of water through its cut ends. The amounts absorbed are not enough to replace
the amount normally lost through the process of transpiration. Thus, transpiration has to
be slowed down by keeping the relative humidity high in the vicinity which can be
increased by misting or with the application of water through sprinkling
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were the following: blueberry shoot tip cuttings 20cm,
distilled water, ANAA, containers, measuring and labeling materials, pruning shear,
cutter, graduated cylinder, sandy soil, PEP bags (2.5 x 4).
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experimental was laid out following
the Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and seven
sample cuttings per treatment.
The treatments will be as follows:
Factor A Time Duration
T1 30 minutes
T2 60minutes
Factor B ANAA Concentration (ppm)
C1 0 (control)
C2 500
C3 750
C4 1000
Preparation of cuttings. The shoot tips cutting of the blueberry with a length of
20cm were taken from existing mother plants. The cuttings were cleaned and only the
four upper leaves were retained per cuttings. The stem ends of the samples were cut into
a slanting manner before dipping in a 250ml plastic containing 100ml of the different
rooting solution concentrations. After the soaking treatment, the cuttings were rooted to a
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
9
depth of 2.5 cm in a sandy loam soil previously placed on individual polyethylene plastic
for rooting.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the following;
1. Number of days to visible root formation. This was taken by counting the number
days from sticking the cuttings to visible root formation.
2. Average number of root produce per cutting. This was taken by counting all the
roots produce in each individual stem two months from sticking the cuttings.
Average Number of Roots = Total Number of Roots
x 100
Total Number of roots per Cutting
3. Percentage Survival (%). This was determined by using the formula:
Survival (%) = Cuttings Survival x 100
Total Number of Cutting
4. Percentage of rooted cuttings (%). This was obtained one month after sticking of
the cuttings in the rooting media using the formula:
% of Rooted Cuttings= Number of Rooted Cuttings x 100
Total Number of Cuttings
5. Average length of shoots (cm). This was done by measuring the base of the plant to
the shoot tip after two months.
6. Average length of root (cm). This was taken by measuring all the roots developed
two months from sticking of cuttings.
7. Documentation. This was taken through pictures of the study.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days to Visible Root Formation
Effect of soaking duration. The effect of duration on the number of days to
visible root formation is shown in table 1. Results shows that the dipping of blueberry
shoot tip cuttings in different duration such as 30 minutes soaking and 1 hour soaking
shows the same mean which is 26 days.
Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
TREATMENT
DAYS TO ROOT FORMATION
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30 minutes
26
60 minutes
26
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
O
26ab
500
24b
750
27a
1000
27a
T x C
ns
CV (%)
6.16
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
11
Effect of ANAA concentration. The number of days to visible root formation is
presented in table 1. Results shows that the blueberry shoot tip cuttings treated with
500ppm ANAA initiated roots earlier followed by cuttings treated with 750 ppm with a
mean of 26 days. Longer days to root formation were noted in cuttings treated with 1000
ppm and control.
.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects observed on the
number of days to visible root formation of blueberry shoot tip cuttings as affected by
duration of soaking and ANAA concentrations
Average Number of Roots per Cutting
Effect of soaking duration. Table 2 presents the average number of roots
produced per cutting as affected by the different soaking duration used. Results show that
30 minutes soaking time promoted the production of more roots in blueberry shoot tip
cutting with a mean of 6.0 roots per cutting, compared to 60 minutes soaking time which
produced a lower number of roots of 5.0 roots per cutting.
Effect of ANAA concentration. The influence of different ANAA concentration
used on the number of roots produced per cutting is shown in Table 2.
Shoot tip cutting of blueberry treated with 500 ppm ANAA produced the highest number
of roots with a mean of 7.0 roots per cutting followed by those treated with 1000 ppm
ANAA with a mean of 6.0 roots per cutting, while shoot tip cutting of blueberry treated
with 750 ppm produced fewer roots on all treated cuttings with a mean of only 5.0 roots
per cutting.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
12
Table 2. Average number of roots produced per cutting
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF ROOTS
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
6a
60
5a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
4b
500
7a
750
5a
1000
6a
T x C
ns
CV (%)
40.16
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Interaction effects. Results show that there were no significant interactions on the
average number of roots per cuttings s affected by soaking durations and ANAA
concentrations.
Percentage Survival
Effect of soaking duration. Table 3 shows the effect of duration on the percentage
survival of shoot tip cuttings of blueberry.
Result shows that the shoot tip cuttings that were dipped for 30 minutes in ANAA
showed the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 72%, compared to 60 minutes
soaking showing time a percentage of survival with a mean of 69%.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
13
Effect of ANAA concentration. The effect of ANAA concentration on the
percentage survival of blueberry shoot tip cuttings rooted is shown in Table 3.
Results show that blueberry shoot tip cuttings treated with 500 ppm ANAA had
the highest percentage of survival with a mean of 76 % followed by those applied with
750 ppm and 1000 ppm both having the same means of 69%.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects of soaking
duration and different ANAA concentrations on the percentage of survival of blueberry
shoot tip cuttings recorded 60 days from sticking in the rooting media.
Table 3. Percentage survival
SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
(%)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
72a
60
69a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
68b
500
76a
750
69b
1000
69b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
8.94
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
14
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings
Effect of soaking duration. The effect of duration on the percentage of rooted
blueberry shoot tip cuttings is shown in table 4. Result show that there were no
significant differences on the percentage of survival. It shows that cuttings treated with
30 minutes soaking and 1hour shows the same mean which is 49%.
Effect of ANAA concentration. The table shows that there were significant
differences observed on the effect of different ANAA concentrations applied before
planting on the percentage of rooted blueberry shoot tip cuttings two months from
sticking on the rooting media. It was observed that the highest percentage of rooted
cuttings was obtained from those soaked in 500ppm ANAA concentration which
promoted the production of longer roots produced with means of 54% followed by those
Table 4. Percentage of rooted cuttings
ROOTED CUTTINGS
TREATMENT
(%)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
49a
60
49a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
46b
500
54a
750
49b
1000
48b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
22.75
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
15
treated with 750 ppm, 1000 ppm ANAA, and control with a mean of 49%, 48%, and 46%
respect.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the combined effects of soaking duration and ANAA concentrations on the percentage of
rooted cuttings in blueberry.
Average Root Length
Effect of soaking duration. Table 5 represents the effects of soaking duration on
the average root length in blueberry shoot tip cuttings. Results show that there were no
significant statistical differences on the length of roots. However, numerical figures
reveals that 30 minutes soaking time promoted the production of slightly longer root with
Table 5. Average root length
ROOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
0.58a
60
0.51a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
0.30b
500
1.04a
750
0.36b
1000
0.33b
T x C
ns
CV (%)
62.62
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
16
a mean of 0. 58 cm root length, compared to 60 minutes soaking time that showed shorter
roots with a mean of 0.51 cm root length two months from the sticking in the media.
Effect of ANAA concentration. There were slight significant differences observed
on the average number of roots after sticking on the rooting media as affected by
different concentrations of ANAA used on blueberry shoot tip cuttings
Shoot tip cuttings of blueberry treated with 500 ppm ANAA produced the highest
number of roots with a mean of 1.04 cm roots per cutting two months from sticking in the
rooting media followed by those treated with 750 ppm ANAA with mean of 0.36 roots
per cutting while shoot tip cuttings of blueberry treated with 1000 ppm ANAA produced
significantly fewer roots with a mean of 0.33 cm roots per cutting. The lowest number of
roots was obtained in the untreated cuttings with a mean of 0.30 roots per cutting.
Table 6. Average shoot length
SHOOT LENGTH
TREATMENT
(cm)
Soaking Duration (minutes)
30
12.66a
60
12.61a
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
0
11.54a
500
13.21a
750
12.21a
1000
12.59
T x C
ns
CV (%)
6.66
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
17
These findings corroborate with the statement of Devlin (1977) as cited by
Relliota (1982), that auxins are very effective in initiating root formation in many plant
species. Hormones may be used to overcome the inherent difficulties encountered in
rooting of cuttings but many also inhibit the growth of the cuttings if applied at the wrong
concentrations (Bleasedale 1973).
Interaction effect. The combined effects of duration and ANAA concentrations
did not significantly affect roots produced by the blueberry cuttings two months after
sticking.
Average Shoots Length (cm)
Effect of duration. The average shoot length as affected by different durations and
concentration of rooting hormone is presented in Table 6.
Result show that dipping the cuttings for 30 minutes has the highest shoot length
with a mean of 12.66 cm while 1hour soaking had the shortest shoot length with a mean
of 12.61 cm. However, both treatments are statistically comparable with each other.
Effect of ANAA concentration. Results show that there were no significant
differences on the length of shoots produced as affected by different ANAA
concentrations measured 60 days from treatment. Nevertheless, dipping of cutting in 500
ppm ANAA prior to rooting produced the longest shoot with a mean of 13.21 cm, while
the untreated cuttings had the shortest shoots of 11.54 cm.
These findings conform with the earlier study by Amlos (1989), wherein the
application of ANAA at lower rates effected no significant differences on the number of
days from sticking of cuttings to opening lateral buds, final length of shoots, leaf number
of rooted cuttings.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
18
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effects obtained between
the duration and different ANAA concentration with regards to the average shoot length.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the Pomology Project, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from January 2009 to March 2009 to determine the effects of soaking
duration and ANAA concentrations applied on the root development and initial growth of
blueberry shoot tip cuttings and the best concentrations of ANAA to promote root
initiation of blueberry shoot tip cuttings.
Effect of soaking duration. Result shows that there were no significant differences
observed on the number of days to visible root formation, average number of roots per
cutting, percentage survival, percentage of rooted cuttings, average of root length, and
average of shoot length as affected by the different soaking durations of blueberry
cuttings in ANAA solutions.
Effect of ANAA concentration. Treating of blueberry cuttings with a rooting
hormone at concentrations to 500 ppm, generally promoted earlier callus formation.
Likewise, the application of 500 ppm ANAA was more effective in promoting faster
roots formation. Cuttings treated with this concentration produced higher number of
roots, had higher percentage of survival and had longer roots and shoots.
Interaction effect. The interaction between soaking duration and concentrations
were not significant in all the parameters gathered.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
20
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, it is concluded that on duration, it was observe
that there were no significant different effects on the number of days to visible root
formation, average number of roots per cutting, percentage survival, percentage of rooted
cuttings, average root length and average shoot length but in terms of concentration, basal
ends treated with 500ppm ANAA concentration can be used to enhance faster rooting
producing longer roots and higher percentage of rooted cuttings.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended that treatment of basal stem ends with
500 ppm ANAA for 30 minutes can be used for blueberry shoot tip cuttings because it
was observed to promote higher percentage of survival, rooting and root length.
However, a follow up study is recommended with treatment modifications to really
establish the effects of ANAA on the rooting of blueberry cuttings
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
21
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE and BRISON 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. Mc Grew Hill Book
Co., New York. Pp. 119-131
APNOYAN, P. S. 1981. Influence of different sexual propagation techniques on the per-
entage survival and root initiation of hard to root Chrysanthemum morifolium.
ALI and FLETCHER. 1979. Hormonal Regulator of Dominance in Soybean. Ian. J. Bot.
48: 1948-1989.
AMLOS, B. B. 1989. Influence of Alpha-Naphthalene Acetic Acid and gibberllic acid on
root development and initial growth of tea stem cuttings. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
ANDERSON, D. C. and F. B. ELLISON. 1969. Root initiation of stem tip cuttings of
asparagus plants. Hort. Sci. 90- 140.
.
BAUTISTA, O. K, H. L. VALMAYOR, P. C. TABORA, Jr. and R. R. C. ESPINO.
1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB. College, Los Banos, Laguna.
P.134.
BAYENG, B. 1999. Personal interview with the author. February 1998.
BLEASEDALE, J. K. 1973. Plant Physiology in Relation to Horticulture. London. The
Mc Millan Press, Ltd. P. 1.
BUTCHER, D. B. and E. D. STREET. 1960. The effect of gibberellins on the light
sensitivity of roots. J. exp’l. Bat. 206. P. 12.
GONZALES, F. R. 1980. Comparative effect of growth regulator hormones on the
rooting of rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. BS Thesis. MSAC La Trinidad, Benguet.
HALFACRE, R. G. and J. A. BARDEN. 1979. Horticulture. New York, Mc Grew Hill.
Pp. 371-373.
HARTMANN, H. T. and D. P. KESTER. 1968. Plant Propagation. Principles and
Practices: Englewoods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc. Pp.305-307.
HARTMANN, H. T. and D. P. KESTER. 1975. Plant Propagation. Principles and
Practices: New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Inc. Pp. 273-276.
INGLES, J. E. 1994. Ornamental Horticulture Science, Operations and Management.
Delmar Publishers, Inc. Pp. 49, 53-54.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
22
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticulture Science. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. Pp. 346-
351.
LEOPOLD and KRIEDMAN. 1975. An introduction to Plant Biology. New York. John
Willey and sons Inc. P. 389.
RELLIOTA, A. 1982. Effects of NAA on the Rooting of Dona Aurora stem cuttings.
Hort. Abstract. MPCA. P. 51.
WEAVER, R. J. 1972. Plant growth substances in Agriculture. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman and Com. Pp. 120-127.
WILKINS, M. B. 1969. Plant physiology of plant growth and development. New Delhi,
India: Mc Grew Hill Pub. Co. Lt. P. 289.
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
23
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to visible root formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
26
23
25
30
104
26
500 ppm
23
21
23
25
92
23
750 ppm
25
27
25
30
107
27
1000 ppm
27
27
28
28
110
28
1 hour
0 ppm
26
25
25
28
104
26
500 ppm
22
24
25
26
97
24
750 ppm
23
25
30
28
106
27
1000 ppm
23
26
28
30
107
27
TOTAL
195
198
209
225
827
208
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
69.094
23.031
Factor A
1
0.031
0.031
0.01ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
57.594
19.198
7.58**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
4.344
1.448
0.57ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
53.156
2.531
TOTAL
31
184.219
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.16%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
24
Appendix Table 2. Average number of root per cutting
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
6
1
2
7
16
4
500 ppm
5
8
8
9
30
8
750 ppm
5
6
5
6
22
6
1000 ppm
5
6
10
5
26
7
1 hour
0 ppm
6
2
2
7
17
4
500 ppm
4
7
3
10
24
6
750 ppm
5
4
5
4
18
5
1000 ppm
2
4
7
8
21
5
TOTAL
38
38
51
56
194
41
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
23.375
9.125
Factor A
1
6.125
6.125
1.28ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
30.625
10.208
2.14**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
3.625
1.208
0.25ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
100.125
4.768
TOTAL
31
167.875
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 40.16
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
25
Appendix Table 3. Percentage Survival
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
60
70
80
70
280
70
500 ppm
80
80
70
80
310
78
750 ppm
70
60
70
70
270
68
1000 ppm
70
70
80
70
290
72
1 hour
0 ppm
60
60
70
80
270
68
500 ppm
70
80
70
80
300
75
750 ppm
70
70
70
70
280
70
1000 ppm
70
70
60
60
260
65
TOTAL
550
560
570
580
2240
562
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
62.500
20.833
Factor A
1
50.000
50.000
1.25ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
337.500
112.2
2.82ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
100.000
33.333
0.83ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
837.500
39.881
TOTAL
31
1387.500
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.94%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
26
Table 4. Percentage of rooted cuttings
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
50
40
40
60
190
48
500 ppm
50
70
50
50
220
55
750 ppm
40
50
50
50
190
48
1000 ppm
40
50
50
50
180
45
1 hour
0 ppm
40
40
40
60
180
45
500 ppm
60
60
50
40
210
53
750 ppm
40
30
80
50
200
50
1000 ppm
50
50
50
50
200
50
TOTAL
380
390
400
410
1570
394
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
109.375
36.459
Factor A
1
3.125
3.125
0.02ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
259.375
86.458
0.69ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
84.375
28.125
0.22ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
2615
124.554
TOTAL
31
3071.875
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 22.75
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
27
Appendix Table 5. Average root length
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
0.7
0.21
0.25
1.3
1.82
0.46
500 ppm
0.35
1.4
1.3
1.3
4.35
1.09
750 ppm
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.35
1.65
0.41
1000 ppm
0.4
0.25
0.75
0.06
1.46
0.37
1 hour
0 ppm
0.06
0.15
0.2
0.75
1.75
0.44
500 ppm
0.25
1.4
1.4
0.9
3.95
0.99
750 ppm
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.45
1.2
0.30
1000 ppm
0.4
0.25
0.35
0.1
1.2
0.30
TOTAL
2.14
4.3
5.05
5.21
17.38
4.36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
0.943
0.314
Factor A
1
0.043
0.043
0.36ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
2.663
0.88
7.66**
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
0.011
0.004
0.03ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
2.432
0.116
TOTAL
31
6.092
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 62.62%
** = significant
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
28
Appendix Table 6. Average shoot length
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
30 minutes
0 ppm
12.25 12.65 11.95 13.65
50.5
12.63
500 ppm
12.75 12.85 13.75 12.85
52.20
13.05
750 ppm
12.15 13.35
10.6
13.65
49.75
12.44
1000 ppm
11.75
13.5
13.05 11.85
50.15
12.54
1 hour
0 ppm
11.75
12.5
12.8
3.1
49.80
11.99
500 ppm
13.8
13.25
14.1
12.25
53.45
13.36
750 ppm
11.5
12.00
11.2
13.25
47.95
12.45
1000 ppm
11.75 12.065 13.3
12.9
50.60
12.65
TOTAL
97.7
102.4 100.8 103.5
397.95
101.11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCEOF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Replication
3
2.338
0.796
Factor A
1
0.020
0.020
0.03ns
4.32
8.02
Factor B
3
4.128
1.376
1.94ns
3.07
4.87
A x B
3
0.667
0.222
0.31ns
3.07
4.87
Error
21
14.897
0.709
TOTAL
31
22.100
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 6.66%
Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and
Different ANAA Concentrations. RUFINO, NOVERNITZ, B. OCTOBER 2009
Document Outline
- Rooting of Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)Shoot Tip Cuttings as Affected by Soaking Duration and Different ANAA Concentrations
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES