BIBLIOGRAPHY CUEBES, DINAH T. OCTOBER 2007. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CUEBES, DINAH T. OCTOBER 2007. Effect of Conditioning Treatments on
the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily (Lilium philippenensis)
Cutflowers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest
Laboratory Room, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet and at the Benguet State University Postharvest Facilities and Trading Center
from May to June 2007.
Cutflowers of Benguet lily harvested at tight bud stage were conditioned with 3
tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3 tbsp vinegar (4%), and 1 m Clorox per liter and pulsed for 15
minutes, 30 minutes, I hour and 2 hours to determine the effect of pulsing on the
postharvest characteristics of cold stored Benguet lily cutflowers.
Results revealed that cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes had the longest
vaselife while cutflower held in tap water were the latest to attain full flower opening and
showed better leaf and stem quality during the study.
Cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife and were the
latest to attain full flower opening, moreover, cutflowers pulsed in warm solution were
earliest to attain full flower opening and showed higher degree of stem browning, wilting
of petals and yellowing of leaves.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Quality of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Deterioration of Cutflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Pulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Methods to Prolong PostHarvest of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Longevity of the Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Use of Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Days from Holding to 100% Anthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Stem Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Flower Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Leaf Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
iii
INTRODUCTION
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliaceae that are herbaceous perennial plants.
It is relative to the equally popular Raster lily (Lilium longiform). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are, the leaves and flowers of the Benguet Lily are narrower
than those of the Easter lily and the can be propagated through bulbs, seeds or bulblets.
The Benguet or mountain lilies are seldom used since they produce one or two
flowers per plant and flowering is seasonal due to the absence of technologies in their
production management. It was introduced to be the flower of Benguet, described as
having round bulbs, erect stems, linear shaped leaves and profusely flowering during the
months of July and August. The flowers measure 5-7 cm long with either one or two
blossoms on a stalk. The seeds are born on the seed pod, which develops after the
flowers had wilted.
Benguet lily plants became endangered species due to continued collection of the
plant from its native habitat and lack of local domestication efforts. It is considered a
very delicate flower and said to die if it is taken from its natural habitat. Postharvest
studies on this delicate flower moreover were not yet available, hence, this study.
This study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest Service
Laboratory and Postharvest Facilities and Trading Center, College of Agriculture,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from May to June 2007 to determine the
post harvest characteristics of Benguet lily as affected by duration of conditioning after
cold storage and determine the temperature of conditioning solution on the postharvest
characteristics of Benguet lily.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Quality of Cutflowers
Quality refers to all the attributes that make a commodity what it is. These
attributes are ascribed to the commodity relative to standard of excellence and which has
significance in determining the acceptability of the user (Bautista, 1983 ). Aspects
quality are appearance, texture, flavor, nutritional, and safety factors. Appearance
includes size, shape, form and freedom from damage caused by pests or adverse
environmental conditions.
Waters (1966) concluded that proper storage methods, and postharvest procedures
can extend vaselife, but if not used correctly they may reduce vaselife.
Deterioration of Cutflower
Deterioration of cut flowers includes wilting of the cut flowers and senescence.
The main reason for the failure of cut flowers to develop and survive as intact flower is
lack of sufficient carbohydrates and water absorption due to stem blockage (Halevy and
Mayak, 1974). Stem blockages in cut flowers has attributed by many workers as
physiological and microbial-induced (Rogers,1973).
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene, and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Hornet (1998) stated that microbial activities cause rotting and deterioration of the
stem ends are active in solution that provides food for them.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
3
Pulsing
Pulsing is a process by which cut flowers absorb sugar for about 24 hours through
their stem ends. Sugar for pulsing is several times higher than those used in preservative
formulations. Pulsing provides the flower with sufficient nourishment to last them for
their entire vase life, even when they are later held in the holding solution (Bautista,
1983).
The chemical solution and environment conditions used for bud opening are
identical with those of pulsing, but since the time required for opening is much longer
(several days) than that of pulsing. The sugar concentration for pulsing and the optimal
temperature maybe somewhat lower. Too high concentrations may cause desiccation of
tender foliage like that of chrysanthemum, because of accumulation in the free space
(Halevy and Mayak, 1974). Similarly, Farnham (1979) found pulsing at too high
temperature may damage the flowers or leaves.
Holding solution containing sugar provides substrate for respiration and an
acidifying agent which help minimize microbial build up. Sucrose is known to enhance
the water capacity of the tissues as well as provides additional nutrient necessary for
further flower ginning (Alacyang, 1998).
Methods to Prolong Postharvest
of Cutflowers
Handling the cut flowers carefully can avid breakage and bruising injury (Whealy,
1992). Physiological disorder acquired during handling affects quality of cutflowers
(Janick, I972). Injury results in deterioration of quality and appearance. In preparing
lined-up by inverting stems and bunching heads on the surface, smashing the cutflowers
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
4
must be avoided. Re-cutting the stems and placing the ethylene absorbent in the package
to maintain and prolong quality is recommended (Whealy, 1992).
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene, and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Kofranek and Halevey (1972) stated that proper storage method and postharvest
procedure can extend vaselife. Although the storage life of freshly harvested cutflowers
is usually prolonged at temperature near 00C, many horticultural crops of tropical and
subtropical in origin are sensitive to chilling and are injured if held at non-freezing
temperature below 120C.
Longevity of the Cutflowers
It is correlated with carbohydrate level in the flowers at various development
stages. The bud stage is preferred harvesting stage due to convenience in handling and
less susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions like high temperatures and
ethylene (Rogers, 1973).
Whealy (1992) stated that 33-340F, good air circulation and high relative humidity
(90-95%) during storage and shipping reduces the production of ethylene, rate of
senescence is reduced. At low temperature, open flowers can be stored within a
maximum of 2-3 weeks.
Fungal spores are relatively inactive at about 60C but once temperature become
favorable, these multiply rapidly. Fungal spores germinate readily in the presence of free
water on plant surfaces. Thus relative humidity and temperature need to be controlled
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
5
(Rimando,1996).
Use of Preservatives
Preservatives are chemicals use to prolong the post harvest life of cut flowers and
maintain the aesthetic value and quality of cut flowers for a longer period (Rimando,
1982).
It is important in maintaining water uptake in longer time preventing wilting and
desiccation on the stems before the flower is fully opened (Rogers, 1973). Hans et al.
(1992) added that preservatives also help in further development and opening of flower
buds.
Special handling techniques are needed to improve cutflower visual quality and
postharvest at selling time. These are conditioning, opening and pulsing (Rimando,
1996).
Rogers (1973) observed that chemical preservatives were used to maintain flower
quality and extend vaselife of cutflowers. They were also used as opening solutions for
flowers at immature stage but excess chemicals added to the vase solutions may lead to
early deterioration.
Conditioning
Conditioning refers to the practice of the rehydration of the tissues resulting in a
faster recovery from wilting. It is done by either re-cutting the stem ends by about 3-4
cm or by placing them in the preservatives or warm water for at least 2 hours before
arranging in a vase.
Conditioning of cutflowers with silver thiosulfate treatment and sucrose reduced
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
6
fungal and bacterial infections. Fungal and bacterial contaminations reduces uptake due
to the plugging of the vascular system (Whealy, 1992).
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials in the study were cutflowers of Benguet Lily harvested at 50%
anthesis, catsup bottles, distilled water, sucrose (table sugar), pruning shear, thermometer,
foot rule, graduated cylinder, Chlorox, vinegar, and cold room.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in factorial
completely randomized design (CRD) with duration of conditioning as factor A and the
temperature of conditioning solution as factor B with three samples per replicate
replicated three times. The different treatments were as follows:
Factor A
Duration of Conditioning
P1
Control
P2
15 minutes
P3
30 minutes
P4
1 hour
P5
2 hours
Factor B
Temperature of Pulsing Solution
T1
Ambient (200C)
T2
Lukewarm (300C)
T3
Warm (450C)
Benguet lily cutflowers were harvested at close-bud stage and was brought
immediately to the Horticulture Laboratory Room at the College of Agriculture Complex,
Benguet State University for the conduct of the study.
8
Before the cold storage treatment, the leaves at the lower 1/3 of the stem of the
Benguet lily cutflowers were removed. All cut flowers have a uniform length of 40 cm.
The cutflowers were cold stored (dry-pack condition) for 2 weeks at 20C before
conditioning treatments was done where the stem-end of the cut flowers were re-cut (2.5
cm) in a slanting manner. The conditioning solution was 3 tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3
tbsp vinegar ( 4%) and 1 ml Chlorox per liter solution.
The data that was gathered and was subjected to variance analysis and mean
separation test by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) were as follows:
1. Vaselife. This was obtained by number of days covering the period from
holding of the cut flowers in the solution up to the termination of the aesthetic value of
the flower.
2. Number of days from holding to full flower opening (100% anthesis). This
was done by recording the number of days from holding to full flower opening.
3. Visual quality rating(VQR). It was taken daily until the onset of senescence.
a. Stern quality
Index
Description
1
No browning
2
Up to 2.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
3
Up to 4.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
4
Up to 6.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
b. Flower quality
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
9
Index
Description
1
Excellent, field fresh, no
defects
2
1 petal wilted
3
2 petals wilted
4
3 petals wilted
5
4 petals wilted
c. Leaf quality
Index
Description
1
Excellent, field fresh, no
defects
2
Yellowing of 2 leaves
3
Yellowing of 3 leaves
4
Yellowing of 4 leaves
5
Yellowing of 5 leaves
4. Documentation by pictures.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife
Effect of conditioning duration. Significant differences were observed on the
vaselife of cutflowers conditioning durations (Table 1). Results showed that cutflowers
conditioned for 30 minutes had significantly the longest vaselife with a mean of 11.04
days although comparable with those cutflowers held for 15 minutes and 1 hour while the
shortest vaselife were observed on the cutflowers that were conditioned for 2 hours with a
mean of 8.00 days. It was further observed that longer duration of conditioning tended to
shorten vaselife.
Kofranek and Halevy (1972) stated that proper storage method and postharvest
procedure can extend vaselife. Although the storage life of freshly harvested cutflowers
is usually prolonged at temperature near 00C, many horticultural crops of tropical and
subtropical in origin are sensitive to chilling and are injured if held at non-freezing
temperature below 120C.
Table 1. Vaselife
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MEAN (days)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
9.67b
15 minutes
10.07ab
30 minutes
11.04a
1 hour
9.78ab
2 hours
8.00b
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
9.78b
Lukewarm (300C)
11.55a
Warm (450C)
8.40c
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
11
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. Temperature of pulsing solution
significantly affected the vaselife of cutf1owers as shown in Table 1. It was observed
that the cutflowers pulsed with lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife with a mean of
11.55 days, while the shortest vaselife were the cutflowers pulsed with warm solution
with a mean of 8.40 days. Warm solution could have damaged the stem-end of the
cutflowers that may prevent absorption of conditioning solution that leads to shorter
vaselife.
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Waters (1966) concluded that proper storage, methods and postharvest procedures
can extend vaselife, but if not used correctly they may reduce vaselife.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effect between conditioning
duration and pulsing solution temperature on the vaselife of Benguet lily cutflowers. (Fig.
2). Cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes and pulsed in lukewarm solution had the
longest vaselife of 11.04 days while those conditioned in control (tap water), 15 minutes,
1 hour and 2 hours and pulsed in ambient and warm solution had the shortest vaselife of
8.00 and 8.40 days, respectively.
Days from Holding to 100% Anthesis
Effect of conditioning duration. Statistical analysis showed significant
differences on the number of days from holding to full flower opening as affected by the
conditioning duration used as presented in Table 2. Results show that cutflowers held in
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
12
tap water only had the longest duration of flower opening with a mean of 6.52 days
compared to cutflowers
Table 2. Days from holding to 100% anthesis
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MEAN (days)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
6.52a
15 minutes
4.00ab
30 minutes
5.89a
1 hour
4.22b
2 hours
3.78b
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
5.20a
Lukewarm (300C)
6.20a
Warm (450C)
3.85b
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
conditioned for 2 hours which attained flower opening after 3.78 days. It was further
observed that longer duration of conditioning tended to enhance faster flower opening of
Benguet lily cutflowers.
Holding solution containing sugar provides substrates for respiration and
acidifying agent which minimize microbial build up. Sucrose is known to enhance the
water capacity of the tissues as well as provides additional nutrient necessary for further
flower opening (Alacyang, 1998).
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. Table 2 shows that cutflowers pulsed in
warm solution had the fastest flower opening with a mean of 3.85 days as compared to
cutflowers that were pulsed in lukewarm solution which had the longest flower opening
having a mean of 6.20 days. Results showed that cutflowers held in lukewarm
conditioning solution had significantly longer flower opening of 6.20 days although
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
14
comparable with those cutflowers pulsed with ambient solution while those cutflowers
held in warm conditioning solution and significantly earlier flower opening after 3.85
days. It was noted that warm conditioning solutions tended to enhance flower opening of
Benguet lily cutflowers.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effect between conditioning
duration and pulsing solution temperature. With regards to number of days from holding
to full flower opening, cutflowers held in tap water which was the control had the longest
duration of flower opening and those pulsed in warm solution were the earliest to attain
100% flower opening (Fig. 3).
Stem Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Table 3 shows that there were no significant
differences observed on the effect of conditioning duration on the stem quality rating of
Benguet lily cutflowers which means that from day 1 to day 10, stem quality in all
treatments were comparable. Unconditioned cutflowers or control obtained lesser degree
of stem damage.
Table 3. Stem quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
─────────────────
9
10
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
1.78a
2.30a
15 minutes
2.60a
2.78a
30 minutes
2.30a
2.60a
1 hour
2.18a
2.44a
2 hours
2.60a
2.78a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
15
Ambient (200C)
2.33a
2.18a
Lukewarm (300C)
2.36a
2.53a
Warm (450C)
2.18a
2.40a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
The stem browning was caused by the gradual blockage of the xylem elements by
microorganisms (Rimando, 1980). These results were due to the presence of
microorganisms causing rotting and injury of the stem.
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. No significant differences were observed
from day 1 to day 10 with regards to the effect of pulsing solution temperature on the
stem quality rating (Table 3). However, results show that cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm
had the higher degree of stem browning as compared to those pulsed in ambient and
lukewarm solution on which had lesser degree of stem browning.
Hornet (1998) stated that microbial activities cause rotting and deterioration of the
stem ends are active in solution that provides food for them.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effects between conditioning
duration and temperature of pulsing solution on the stem quality of Benguet lily
cutflowers throughout the study. However, with regards to the effect of pulsing solution
temperature, cutflowers that were pulsed in warm solution obtained the higher degree of
stem browning as compared to those pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution.
Flower Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Table 4 shows that there were no significant
differences on the flower quality on day 1, 9, 10 and 11. However, on day 8 and 12
cutflower conditioned for 15 minutes had lesser petals wilted with a mean of 2.00 while
those conditioned for 1 hour had poorer quality of petals wilted with a mean of 5.00.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
17
Result further show that the shorter the duration of conditioning tended to have better
flower quality than those conditioned with longer duration of conditioning.
Table 4. Flower quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
──────────────────────────────────
8
9 10
11 12
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
2.07b 2.33a 2.15a
2.26a
3.56b
15 minutes
2.00b 2.15a 2.69a
2.70a
3.37b
30 minutes
2.78a 2.39a 2.17a
2.67a
4.67a
1 hour
2.93a 2.82a 3.00a
3.50a
5.00a
2 hours
1.97a 2.88a 3.15a
3.83a
4.63a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
2.80a 2.36a 2.55a
2.80a
3.98a
Lukewarm (300C)
1.78b 2.49a 1.88a
2.00a
3.98a
Warm (450C)
3.18a 2.70a 2.78a
3.17a
4.78a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Conditioning of cutflowers with silver thiosulfate treatment and sucrose reduced
fungal and bacterial infections. Fungal and bacterial contaminations reduces uptake due
to the plugging of the vascular system (Whealy, 1992).
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. There were no significant differences
observed on Benguet lily cutflowers with regards to flower quality as affected by pulsing
solution temperature on 9th, l0th, 11th and 12th day of observation. However, on the 8th
day of observation cutflowers pulsed in warm solution obtained the highest degree of
petals wilted as compared to cutflowers pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution. This
implies that cutflowers that were pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution had better
flower quality.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
18
(Rogers, 1973) observed that chemical preservatives were used to maintain flower
quality and extend vaselife of cutflowers. They were also used as opening solutions for
flowers at immature stage but excess chemicals added to the vase solutions may lead to
early deterioration.
Interaction effect. Figs. 4-6 showed that cutflowers conditioned for 15 minutes in
lukewarm solution, on day 8 obtained less petals wilted as compared to the other duration
of conditioning, on the other hand, cutflowers pulsed in warm solution conditioned for 1
hour had the highest degree of petals wilted while those that pulsed with lukewarm and
ambient solution obtained least degree of petals wilted.
Leaf Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Significant differences were observed on the leaf
quality of Benguet lily cutflowers as affected by conditioning duration (Table 5).
Cutflowers that were not conditioned or the control showed better leaf quality on the 3rd
day of observation with a mean rating of 1.26 days as compared to the other duration of
conditioning. On the last day of observation the degree of leaf yellowing was almost
similar on those 6 and 8 days. It was observed that tap water (control) enhances better
leaf quality
Table 5. Leaf quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
──────────────────────────────────
3
4 6
8
10
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
1.26a 1.96a 2.05a
2.31a
1.91b
15 minutes
1.70ab 2.72a 2.24a
2.65a
3.02ab
30 minutes
2.37a 1.94a 2.39a
2.54a
3.60a
1 hour
1.74b 1.69a 2.28a
2.39a
1.76b
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
19
2 hours
1.44b 2.04a 2.02a
3.22a
3.85a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
1.49a 1.77a 2.28a
2.52a
2.87a
Lukewarm (300C)
1.96a 2.50a 2.73a
2.83a
2.87a
Warm (450C)
1.67a 1.95a 2.18a
2.51a
2.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
of the cutflowers.
Marousky (1969) mentioned that sucrose induces moisture stress in cutflowers by
decreasing the aperture size of leaf stomata. This finding has proven that sucrose
solution had also shown to increase cutflowers fresh weight and longevity.
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. There were no significant differences
observed on the leaf yellowing as affected by pulsing solution temperature. However, on
the 3rd day and 4th day of observations, cutflowers pulsed in ambient solution showed
lesser yellowing of leaves while those pulsed in lukewarm and warm solution showed
higher degree of yellowing. It was noted that cutflowers pulsed in ambient solution
showed better leaf quality of Benguet lily cutflowers.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
conditioning duration and pulsing solution temperature on the leaf quality rating.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Benguet lily cutflowers was harvested at close-bud stage. The stem ends were
recut in a slanting manner and had a stem length of 40 cm, before the cold storage
treatment. The cutflowers were cold stored (dry-pack condition) for 2 weeks at 20C. The
stem end of the cutflowers were recut (2.5 cm) in a slanting manner before conditioning
treatments and the conditioning solution were 3 tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3 tbsp (4%)
vinegar and 1 ml Chlorox per liter solution.
Results show that cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes had the longest vaselife.
The number of days from holding to full flower opening was delayed in cutflowers held
in tap water (control). Unconditioned cutflowers showed better leaf and stem quality
rating. On the other hand, cutflowers that were conditioned for 15 minutes obtained least
petals wilted.
Benguet lily cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife
while those pulsed in ambient and warm solution obtained the shortest vaselife. The
number of days from holding to full flower opening was faster in cutflowers pulsed in
warm solution as compared to those pulsed in lukewarm solution which were the latest to
attain 100% anthesis flower opening. Cutf1owers pulsed in warm solution showed
higher degree of stem browning, wilting of petals and yellowing of leaves was notably
observed.
Conclusion
In order to attain longer vaselife of Benguet lily cutflowers must be conditioned
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
24
for 30 minutes and pulsed with lukewarm solution. For the number of days from holding
to full flower opening it is better to use tap water for conditioning and ambient solution
for pulsing. Cutflowers conditioned for 15 minutes and pulsed in lukewarm solution had
better flower quality rating, those conditioned in tap water and pulsed in ambient solution
obtained better stem and leaf quality rating.
Recommendation
Based on the findings, to prolong vaselife of cold storage Benguet lily cutflowers
should be conditioned for 30 minutes and pulsed with lukewarm solution. It is further
recommended that cutflowers be conditioned with tap water and pulsed in ambient
condition to have longer opening, with better stem and leaf quality rating while 15
minutes conditioning and pulsed in lukewarm solution is recommended for better flower
quality rating.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ALACYANG, J.K. 1998. Influence of different holding solution on the postharvest life of
carnation cvs. Desic and Orange. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 8.
APOS, W.C. 2003. Postharvest characteristic of cut spray mums: cv Cleopatra as affected
by pulsing duration and storage techniques. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1-9.
BAUTISTA, O.K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, Los Baños, Laguna.
P. 348.
FARNHAM, D.S. BURME, T.C. MAROUSKY, D.J. DURKIN, R.R. THOMPSON, J.F. and
A.F. KOFRAWEK, 1979. Comparison of conditioning, pre-cooling, transit
method, and use of a floral preservative on cutflower quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
Pp. 485-490.
HALEVY, A.H. and S. MAYAK. 1974. Improvement of cutflower, quality, opening, and
longevity by pre-shipment treatments. Acta Hortic. Pp. 335-347.
HAN, S.S. A.H. HALEVY and M.S. REID. 1990. Postharvest handling of brodinla flowers.
Horti. Sci. Pp. 1268-1270.
HORNET, E.F. 1998. Cutflowers and foliage. Coding requirements and temperature
management. http//hyperlink “http//www.hornet.conz/publications/hortfacts/.
JANICK, J. 1972. HortjcuJture Science. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. Pp. 206-208.
KOFRANEK, A.M. and A.H. HALEVY. 1972. Conditions for opening of chrysanthemum
buds. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 97:578-584.
MAROUSKY, F.J. 1969. Vascular blockage water absorption, stomatal opening and
respiration and respiration of cut ‘Better Time’ roses treated with 8-hydroxy
quinoline citrate and sucrose. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Soc. 74:223-226.
RIMANDO, T.J. 1980. Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Ornamental. Paper given
at Don Severino Agric. Col. Indang, Cavite. P. 15.
ROGERS, M.N. 1973. A historical and critical review of postharvest physiology research
on cutflowers. Hort. Sci. Pp. 189-194.
WHEALY. A.C. 1972. Carnation: Introduction to Floriculture. New York: Academic Press
Pp. 43-46.
WATERS, W.E. 1966. The influence of postharvest handling technique on vaselife of
gladiolus flowers. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 79:452-456.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Vaselife (days)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
8.67
11.67
10.00
30.34
10.11
P2T1
12.33
12.33
10.67
35.33
11.78
P3T1
12.00
8.00
8.33
28.33
9.44
P4T1
7.00
7.00
10.33
24.33
8.11
P5T1
9.00
10.00
9.33
28.33
9.44
P1T2
11.00
12.33
11.33
34.66
11.55
P2T2
11.00
10.00
9.67
30.67
10.22
P3T2
18.00
17.33
13.33
48.66
16.22
P4T2
11.00
11.67
12.67
35.34
11.78
P5T2
6.30
8.33
9.33
23.96
7.99
P1T3
7.67
7.33
7.00
22.00
7.33
P2T3
9.33
7.00
8.33
24.66
8.22
P3T3
8.67
6.33
7.33
22.33
7.44
P4T3
9.67
9.33
9.33
28.33
9.44
P5T3
9.33
10.00
9.33
28.66
9.55
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2
75.002 37.501 22.03** 3.32
5.39
Factor B
4
19.878 4.969 2.92*
2.69
4.02
AB
8
123.930 15.491 9.10** 2.27
3.17
Error
30
51.078 1.703
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
44
269.887
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
* = Significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.17%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
27
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from holding to full flower opening
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
4.67
11.00
5.33
21.00
7.00
P2T1
7.33
8.33
6.67
22.33
7.44
P3T1
7.33
3.67
2.33
13.33
4.44
P4T1
2.67
2.67
4.33
9.67
3.22
P5T1
5.00
3.67
3.00
11.67
3.89
P1T2
7.00
8.33
6.33
21.66
7.22
P2T2
5.33
3.00
3.33
11.66
3.89
P3T2
9.00
12.00
11.00
32.00
10.66
P4T2
4.33
6.00
7.33
17.66
5.89
P5T2
4.00
2.00
4.00
10.00
3.33
P1T3
7.00
6.33
2.67
16.00
5.33
P2T3
4.67
2.00
4.33
11.00
3.67
P3T3
3.67
2.00
2.00
7.67
2.56
P4T3
3.33
4.00
3.33
10.66
3.55
P5T3
4.67
4.67
3.00
12.34
4.11
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 41.878 20.939 7.94**
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 46.428 11.607 4.40**
2.69
4.02
AB 8 113.146 14.143 5.36**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 79.133 2.638
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 280.584
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 31.96%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
28
Appendix Table 3. Stem quality rating (day 9)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P2T1
2.00
2.33
2.67
7.00
2.33
P3T1
1.33
2.33
2.67
6.33
2.11
P4T1
3.00
4.00
2.33
9.33
3.11
P5T1
2.33
3.67
2.00
8.00
2.67
P1T2
2.00
1.33
1.33
4.66
1.55
P2T2
2.33
3.00
2.67
8.00
2.67
P3T2
3.33
2.00
3.00
8.33
2.78
P4T2
1.67
1.33
3.33
6.33
2.11
P5T2
2.33
2.67
3.00
8.00
2.66
P1T3
2.33
2.67
2.00
7.00
2.33
P2T3
2.00
3.00
3.33
8.33
2.78
P3T3
4.00
1.00
1.00
6.00
2.00
P4T3
1.00
1.00
2.00
4.00
1.33
P5T3
3.67
2.33
1.33
7.33
2.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 0.281 0.141 0.22ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.106 1.026 1.61ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 7.364 0.920 1.45ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 19.077 0.636
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 30.827
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 34.85%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
29
Appendix Table 4. Stem quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
4.00
1.67
1.00
6.67
2.22
P2T1
2.33
2.67
2.67
7.67
2.56
P3T1
2.00
2.67
3.00
7.67
2.56
P4T1
3.67
4.33
2.67
10.67
3.56
P5T1
3.00
4.33
2.00
9.33
3.11
P1T2
2.33
1.67
1.67
5.67
1.89
P2T2
2.67
3.00
2.67
8.34
2.78
P3T2
3.33
2.33
3.33
8.99
3.00
P4T2
1.67
1.67
3.33
6.67
2.22
P5T2
2.33
3.00
3.00
8.33
2.78
P1T3
3.00
2.67
2.67
8.34
2.78
P2T3
2.33
3.33
3.33
8.99
3.00
P3T3
4.00
1.00
1.67
6.67
2.22
P4T3
1.33
1.00
2.33
4.66
1.55
P5T3
3.00
3.00
1.33
7.33
2.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.252 0.626 0.88ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 1.583 0.396 0.56ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 8.060 1.008 1.41ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 21.368 0.712
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 32.265
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 32.74%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
30
Appendix Table 5. Flower quality rating (day 8)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
2.33
2.33
1.00
5.66
1.89
P2T1
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P3T1
2.33
3.67
3.67
9.67
3.22
P4T1
3.67
5.00
3.67
12.34
4.11
P5T1
3.67
3.67
4.00
11.34
3.78
P1T2
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
P2T2
2.00
1.00
2.00
5.00
1.67
P3T2
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P4T2
1.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
1.67
P5T2
4.00
4.00
2.33
10.33
3.44
P1T3
2.33
3.67
3.67
9.67
3.22
P2T3
3.00
4.70
2.33
10.03
3.34
P3T3
3.33
5.00
4.00
12.33
4.11
P4T3
2.67
2.67
3.67
9.01
3.00
P5T3
2.33
2.00
2.33
6.66
2.22
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 15.793 7.896 17.91** 3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 9.644 2.411 5.47** 2.69
4.02
AB 8 28.260 3.532 8.01**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 13.228 0.441
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 66.924
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 25.68%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
31
Appendix Table 6. Flower quality rating (day 9)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
3.00
3.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P2T1
1.33
1.33
3.00
5.66
1.89
P3T1
1.50
1.00
2.33
4.83
1.61
P4T1
1.67
5.00
3.00
9.67
3.22
P5T1
1.50
3.00
3.00
7.50
2.50
P1T2
2.00
1.33
3.00
6.33
2.11
P2T2
2.33
2.67
4.00
9.00
3.00
P3T2
3.00
3.00
1.33
7.33
2.44
P4T2
1.67
3.00
2.67
7.34
2.45
P5T2
1.33
3.00
3.00
7.33
2.44
P1T3
1.00
3.00
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T3
2.00
1.67
1.00
4.67
1.56
P3T3
2.67
5.00
1.67
9.34
3.11
P4T3
1.67
4.00
2.67
8.34
2.78
P5T3
4.70
2.67
3.67
11.04
3.68
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 0.866 0.433 0.40ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 3.635 0.909 0.84ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 10.104 1.263 1.16ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 32.527 1.084
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 47.132
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 41.45%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
32
Appendix Table 7. Flower quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.00
3.00
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T1
2.00
2.67
1.33
6.00
2.00
P3T1
1.00
1.67
1.50
4.17
1.39
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
1.33
3.00
1.67
6.00
2.00
P1T2
2.33
1.33
1.00
4.66
1.55
P2T2
3.33
4.00
1.50
8.83
2.94
P3T2
1.33
1.00
2.00
4.33
1.44
P4T2
2.33
1.67
1.33
5.33
1.78
P5T2
1.67
1.67
1.67
5.01
1.67
P1T3
1.67
3.00
3.00
7.67
2.55
P2T3
3.00
5.00
1.33
9.33
3.11
P3T3
1.00
5.00
5.00
11.00
3.67
P4T3
2.00
3.00
1.67
6.67
2.22
P5T3
1.67
2.00
3.00
6.67
2.22
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 6.310 3.155 3.03ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 6.736 1.684 1.62ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 26.398 3.300 3.17**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 31.227 1.041
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 70.671
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 42.64%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
33
Appendix Table 8. Flower quality rating (day 11)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
1.33
1.00
3.66
1.22
P2T1
3.00
1.33
1.67
6.00
2.00
P3T1
1.00
5.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
1.67
3.00
5.00
9.67
3.22
P1T2
3.00
3.00
2.67
8.67
2.89
P2T2
2.00
5.00
1.33
8.33
2.78
P3T2
1.33
1.00
2.33
4.66
1.55
P4T2
4.33
2.00
2.00
8.33
2.78
P5T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T3
2.00
3.00
3.00
8.00
2.67
P2T3
3.00
5.00
2.00
10.00
3.33
P3T3
1.67
5.00
5.00
11.67
3.89
P4T3
1.50
1.67
5.00
8.17
2.72
P5T3
5.00
3.33
1.50
9.83
3.28
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.073 0.536 0.29ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 15.233 3.808 2.06ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 31.053 3.882 2.10ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 55.364 1.845
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 102.722
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 45.40%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
34
Appendix Table 9. Flower quality rating (day 12)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
5.00
3.33
10.00
3.33
P2T1
3.33
2.00
2.33
7.66
2.55
P3T1
2.00
5.00
5.00
12.00
4.00
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T2
2.00
3.33
1.67
7.00
2.33
P2T2
1.00
5.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P3T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P4T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P2T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P3T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P4T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T3
5.00
5.00
1.67
11.67
3.89
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 6.405 3.203 3.14ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 19.233 4.808 4.71**
2.69
4.02
AB 8 20.904 2.613 2.56*
2.27
3.17
Error 30 30.620 1.021
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 77.162
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant;
* = Significant;
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 23.80%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
35
Appendix Table 10. Leaf quality rating (day 3)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
P2T1
1.00
1.00
2.67
4.67
1.56
P3T1
1.00
2.33
2.33
5.66
1.89
P4T1
2.33
2.00
1.00
5.33
1.78
P5T1
1.00
1.33
1.00
3.33
1.11
P1T2
2.00
1.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
P2T2
1.00
2.33
2.67
6.00
2.00
P3T2
1.33
3.00
4.00
8.33
2.78
P4T2
1.00
1.67
2.67
5.34
1.78
P5T2
1.33
2.33
2.00
5.66
1.89
P1T3
1.00
2.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
P2T3
1.00
2.00
1.67
4.67
1.56
P3T3
3.33
1.67
2.33
7.33
2.44
P4T3
1.33
1.00
2.67
5.00
1.67
P5T3
1.33
1.67
1.00
4.00
1.33
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.668 0.834 1.53ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 6.386 1.596 2.94*
2.69
4.02
AB 8 1.022 0.128 0.23ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 16.311 0.544
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 25.386
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
43.29%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
36
Appendix Table 11. Leaf quality rating (day 4)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P2T1
2.33
2.33
3.67
8.33
2.78
P3T1
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P4T1
1.50
2.33
1.00
4.83
1.61
P5T1
1.00
2.67
2.33
6.00
2.00
P1T2
2.33
3.67
2.33
8.33
2.78
P2T2
2.33
1.50
3.00
6.83
2.28
P3T2
1.67
3.00
4.00
8.67
2.89
P4T2
2.00
2.67
1.33
6.00
2.00
P5T2
2.00
3.33
2.33
7.66
2.55
P1T3
1.33
2.67
1.00
5.00
1.67
P2T3
2.67
4.33
2.33
9.33
3.11
P3T3
2.33
2.00
1.50
5.83
1.94
P4T3
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P5T3
1.33
2.33
1.00
4.66
1.55
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 4.383 2.192 4.02*
3.32
5.39
Factor B
4 5.401 1.350 2.48ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 7.071 0.884 1.62ns 2.27
3.17
Error 30 16.335 0.545
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 33.190
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
35.65%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
37
Appendix Table 12. Leaf quality rating (day 6)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
2.33
2.33
1.67
6.33
2.11
P2T1
2.00
1.50
1.33
4.83
1.61
P3T1
3.00
1.67
2.67
7.34
2.45
P4T1
1.00
2.00
2.67
5.67
1.89
P5T1
4.00
2.67
3.33
10.00
3.33
P1T2
3.67
1.33
1.50
6.50
2.17
P2T2
2.33
3.33
1.67
7.33
2.44
P3T2
2.00
2.00
5.00
9.00
3.00
P4T2
3.67
2.33
3.00
9.00
3.00
P5T2
3.33
4.33
1.50
9.16
3.05
P1T3
3.33
1.00
1.33
5.66
1.89
P2T3
1.00
5.00
2.00
8.00
2.67
P3T3
1.00
2.67
1.50
5.17
1.72
P4T3
1.67
2.67
1.50
5.84
1.95
P5T3
3.00
3.33
1.67
8.00
2.67
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 2.622 1.311 1.12ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.872 1.218 1.04ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 4.847 0.606 0.55ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 35.267 1.176
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 47.608
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 45.25%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
38
Appendix Table 13. Leaf quality rating (day 8)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
2.67
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T1
3.00
2.67
1.67
7.34
2.45
P3T1
2.00
3.33
1.33
6.66
2.22
P4T1
2.33
1.50
3.00
6.83
2.28
P5T1
1.67
3.33
5.00
10.00
3.33
P1T2
1.33
5.00
1.50
7.83
2.61
P2T2
1.67
5.00
2.33
9.00
3.00
P3T2
2.33
3.00
5.00
10.33
3.44
P4T2
2.67
2.67
1.33
6.67
2.22
P5T2
4.33
3.00
1.33
8.66
2.89
P1T3
2.33
1.67
2.00
6.00
2.00
P2T3
1.00
5.00
1.50
7.50
2.50
P3T3
1.67
2.67
1.50
5.84
1.95
P4T3
3.67
3.00
1.33
8.00
2.67
P5T3
3.00
5.00
2.33
10.33
3.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 0.999 0.500 0.28ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.643 1.161 0.66ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 4.804 0.600 0.34ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 52.927 1.764
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 63.373
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 50.66%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
39
Appendix Table 14. Leaf quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.00
1.00
2.67
4.67
1.56
P2T1
1.50
1.67
5.00
8.17
2.72
P3T1
3.33
5.00
2.33
10.66
3.55
P4T1
1.33
1.67
1.50
4.50
1.50
P5T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T2
1.33
5.00
1.00
7.33
2.44
P2T2
5.00
5.00
1.00
11.00
3.67
P3T2
1.00
5.00
5.00
11.00
3.67
P4T2
1.67
1.33
1.67
4.67
1.56
P5T2
1.67
5.00
2.33
9.00
3.00
P1T3
1.33
2.33
1.50
5.16
1.72
P2T3
1.67
5.00
1.33
8.00
2.67
P3T3
5.00
4.00
1.67
10.67
3.56
P4T3
3.33
1.67
1.67
6.67
2.22
P5T3
3.00
5.00
2.67
10.67
3.56
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 0.149 0.074 0.03ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 32.931 8.233 3.50*
2.69
4.02
AB 8 10.469 1.309 0.56ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 70.486 2.350
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 114.034
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation = 54.24%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
CUEBES, DINAH T. OCTOBER 2007. Effect of Conditioning Treatments on
the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily (Lilium philippenensis)
Cutflowers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest
Laboratory Room, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet and at the Benguet State University Postharvest Facilities and Trading Center
from May to June 2007.
Cutflowers of Benguet lily harvested at tight bud stage were conditioned with 3
tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3 tbsp vinegar (4%), and 1 m Clorox per liter and pulsed for 15
minutes, 30 minutes, I hour and 2 hours to determine the effect of pulsing on the
postharvest characteristics of cold stored Benguet lily cutflowers.
Results revealed that cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes had the longest
vaselife while cutflower held in tap water were the latest to attain full flower opening and
showed better leaf and stem quality during the study.
Cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife and were the
latest to attain full flower opening, moreover, cutflowers pulsed in warm solution were
earliest to attain full flower opening and showed higher degree of stem browning, wilting
of petals and yellowing of leaves.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Quality of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Deterioration of Cutflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Pulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Methods to Prolong PostHarvest of Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Longevity of the Cutflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Use of Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Days from Holding to 100% Anthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Stem Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Flower Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Leaf Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
iii
INTRODUCTION
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliaceae that are herbaceous perennial plants.
It is relative to the equally popular Raster lily (Lilium longiform). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are, the leaves and flowers of the Benguet Lily are narrower
than those of the Easter lily and the can be propagated through bulbs, seeds or bulblets.
The Benguet or mountain lilies are seldom used since they produce one or two
flowers per plant and flowering is seasonal due to the absence of technologies in their
production management. It was introduced to be the flower of Benguet, described as
having round bulbs, erect stems, linear shaped leaves and profusely flowering during the
months of July and August. The flowers measure 5-7 cm long with either one or two
blossoms on a stalk. The seeds are born on the seed pod, which develops after the
flowers had wilted.
Benguet lily plants became endangered species due to continued collection of the
plant from its native habitat and lack of local domestication efforts. It is considered a
very delicate flower and said to die if it is taken from its natural habitat. Postharvest
studies on this delicate flower moreover were not yet available, hence, this study.
This study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest Service
Laboratory and Postharvest Facilities and Trading Center, College of Agriculture,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from May to June 2007 to determine the
post harvest characteristics of Benguet lily as affected by duration of conditioning after
cold storage and determine the temperature of conditioning solution on the postharvest
characteristics of Benguet lily.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Quality of Cutflowers
Quality refers to all the attributes that make a commodity what it is. These
attributes are ascribed to the commodity relative to standard of excellence and which has
significance in determining the acceptability of the user (Bautista, 1983 ). Aspects
quality are appearance, texture, flavor, nutritional, and safety factors. Appearance
includes size, shape, form and freedom from damage caused by pests or adverse
environmental conditions.
Waters (1966) concluded that proper storage methods, and postharvest procedures
can extend vaselife, but if not used correctly they may reduce vaselife.
Deterioration of Cutflower
Deterioration of cut flowers includes wilting of the cut flowers and senescence.
The main reason for the failure of cut flowers to develop and survive as intact flower is
lack of sufficient carbohydrates and water absorption due to stem blockage (Halevy and
Mayak, 1974). Stem blockages in cut flowers has attributed by many workers as
physiological and microbial-induced (Rogers,1973).
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene, and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Hornet (1998) stated that microbial activities cause rotting and deterioration of the
stem ends are active in solution that provides food for them.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
3
Pulsing
Pulsing is a process by which cut flowers absorb sugar for about 24 hours through
their stem ends. Sugar for pulsing is several times higher than those used in preservative
formulations. Pulsing provides the flower with sufficient nourishment to last them for
their entire vase life, even when they are later held in the holding solution (Bautista,
1983).
The chemical solution and environment conditions used for bud opening are
identical with those of pulsing, but since the time required for opening is much longer
(several days) than that of pulsing. The sugar concentration for pulsing and the optimal
temperature maybe somewhat lower. Too high concentrations may cause desiccation of
tender foliage like that of chrysanthemum, because of accumulation in the free space
(Halevy and Mayak, 1974). Similarly, Farnham (1979) found pulsing at too high
temperature may damage the flowers or leaves.
Holding solution containing sugar provides substrate for respiration and an
acidifying agent which help minimize microbial build up. Sucrose is known to enhance
the water capacity of the tissues as well as provides additional nutrient necessary for
further flower ginning (Alacyang, 1998).
Methods to Prolong Postharvest
of Cutflowers
Handling the cut flowers carefully can avid breakage and bruising injury (Whealy,
1992). Physiological disorder acquired during handling affects quality of cutflowers
(Janick, I972). Injury results in deterioration of quality and appearance. In preparing
lined-up by inverting stems and bunching heads on the surface, smashing the cutflowers
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
4
must be avoided. Re-cutting the stems and placing the ethylene absorbent in the package
to maintain and prolong quality is recommended (Whealy, 1992).
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene, and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Kofranek and Halevey (1972) stated that proper storage method and postharvest
procedure can extend vaselife. Although the storage life of freshly harvested cutflowers
is usually prolonged at temperature near 00C, many horticultural crops of tropical and
subtropical in origin are sensitive to chilling and are injured if held at non-freezing
temperature below 120C.
Longevity of the Cutflowers
It is correlated with carbohydrate level in the flowers at various development
stages. The bud stage is preferred harvesting stage due to convenience in handling and
less susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions like high temperatures and
ethylene (Rogers, 1973).
Whealy (1992) stated that 33-340F, good air circulation and high relative humidity
(90-95%) during storage and shipping reduces the production of ethylene, rate of
senescence is reduced. At low temperature, open flowers can be stored within a
maximum of 2-3 weeks.
Fungal spores are relatively inactive at about 60C but once temperature become
favorable, these multiply rapidly. Fungal spores germinate readily in the presence of free
water on plant surfaces. Thus relative humidity and temperature need to be controlled
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
5
(Rimando,1996).
Use of Preservatives
Preservatives are chemicals use to prolong the post harvest life of cut flowers and
maintain the aesthetic value and quality of cut flowers for a longer period (Rimando,
1982).
It is important in maintaining water uptake in longer time preventing wilting and
desiccation on the stems before the flower is fully opened (Rogers, 1973). Hans et al.
(1992) added that preservatives also help in further development and opening of flower
buds.
Special handling techniques are needed to improve cutflower visual quality and
postharvest at selling time. These are conditioning, opening and pulsing (Rimando,
1996).
Rogers (1973) observed that chemical preservatives were used to maintain flower
quality and extend vaselife of cutflowers. They were also used as opening solutions for
flowers at immature stage but excess chemicals added to the vase solutions may lead to
early deterioration.
Conditioning
Conditioning refers to the practice of the rehydration of the tissues resulting in a
faster recovery from wilting. It is done by either re-cutting the stem ends by about 3-4
cm or by placing them in the preservatives or warm water for at least 2 hours before
arranging in a vase.
Conditioning of cutflowers with silver thiosulfate treatment and sucrose reduced
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
6
fungal and bacterial infections. Fungal and bacterial contaminations reduces uptake due
to the plugging of the vascular system (Whealy, 1992).
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials in the study were cutflowers of Benguet Lily harvested at 50%
anthesis, catsup bottles, distilled water, sucrose (table sugar), pruning shear, thermometer,
foot rule, graduated cylinder, Chlorox, vinegar, and cold room.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in factorial
completely randomized design (CRD) with duration of conditioning as factor A and the
temperature of conditioning solution as factor B with three samples per replicate
replicated three times. The different treatments were as follows:
Factor A
Duration of Conditioning
P1
Control
P2
15 minutes
P3
30 minutes
P4
1 hour
P5
2 hours
Factor B
Temperature of Pulsing Solution
T1
Ambient (200C)
T2
Lukewarm (300C)
T3
Warm (450C)
Benguet lily cutflowers were harvested at close-bud stage and was brought
immediately to the Horticulture Laboratory Room at the College of Agriculture Complex,
Benguet State University for the conduct of the study.
8
Before the cold storage treatment, the leaves at the lower 1/3 of the stem of the
Benguet lily cutflowers were removed. All cut flowers have a uniform length of 40 cm.
The cutflowers were cold stored (dry-pack condition) for 2 weeks at 20C before
conditioning treatments was done where the stem-end of the cut flowers were re-cut (2.5
cm) in a slanting manner. The conditioning solution was 3 tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3
tbsp vinegar ( 4%) and 1 ml Chlorox per liter solution.
The data that was gathered and was subjected to variance analysis and mean
separation test by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) were as follows:
1. Vaselife. This was obtained by number of days covering the period from
holding of the cut flowers in the solution up to the termination of the aesthetic value of
the flower.
2. Number of days from holding to full flower opening (100% anthesis). This
was done by recording the number of days from holding to full flower opening.
3. Visual quality rating(VQR). It was taken daily until the onset of senescence.
a. Stern quality
Index
Description
1
No browning
2
Up to 2.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
3
Up to 4.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
4
Up to 6.0 cm browning from
the base of the stem
b. Flower quality
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
9
Index
Description
1
Excellent, field fresh, no
defects
2
1 petal wilted
3
2 petals wilted
4
3 petals wilted
5
4 petals wilted
c. Leaf quality
Index
Description
1
Excellent, field fresh, no
defects
2
Yellowing of 2 leaves
3
Yellowing of 3 leaves
4
Yellowing of 4 leaves
5
Yellowing of 5 leaves
4. Documentation by pictures.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vaselife
Effect of conditioning duration. Significant differences were observed on the
vaselife of cutflowers conditioning durations (Table 1). Results showed that cutflowers
conditioned for 30 minutes had significantly the longest vaselife with a mean of 11.04
days although comparable with those cutflowers held for 15 minutes and 1 hour while the
shortest vaselife were observed on the cutflowers that were conditioned for 2 hours with a
mean of 8.00 days. It was further observed that longer duration of conditioning tended to
shorten vaselife.
Kofranek and Halevy (1972) stated that proper storage method and postharvest
procedure can extend vaselife. Although the storage life of freshly harvested cutflowers
is usually prolonged at temperature near 00C, many horticultural crops of tropical and
subtropical in origin are sensitive to chilling and are injured if held at non-freezing
temperature below 120C.
Table 1. Vaselife
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MEAN (days)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
9.67b
15 minutes
10.07ab
30 minutes
11.04a
1 hour
9.78ab
2 hours
8.00b
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
9.78b
Lukewarm (300C)
11.55a
Warm (450C)
8.40c
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
11
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. Temperature of pulsing solution
significantly affected the vaselife of cutf1owers as shown in Table 1. It was observed
that the cutflowers pulsed with lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife with a mean of
11.55 days, while the shortest vaselife were the cutflowers pulsed with warm solution
with a mean of 8.40 days. Warm solution could have damaged the stem-end of the
cutflowers that may prevent absorption of conditioning solution that leads to shorter
vaselife.
Rimando (1980) stated that the loss of turgidity, exposure to ethylene and
shortage respirable substances are the most decisive factor, which may trigger the onset
of senescence of cutflower at any stage of their development whether they are still
attached or already detached from the plant.
Waters (1966) concluded that proper storage, methods and postharvest procedures
can extend vaselife, but if not used correctly they may reduce vaselife.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effect between conditioning
duration and pulsing solution temperature on the vaselife of Benguet lily cutflowers. (Fig.
2). Cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes and pulsed in lukewarm solution had the
longest vaselife of 11.04 days while those conditioned in control (tap water), 15 minutes,
1 hour and 2 hours and pulsed in ambient and warm solution had the shortest vaselife of
8.00 and 8.40 days, respectively.
Days from Holding to 100% Anthesis
Effect of conditioning duration. Statistical analysis showed significant
differences on the number of days from holding to full flower opening as affected by the
conditioning duration used as presented in Table 2. Results show that cutflowers held in
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
12
tap water only had the longest duration of flower opening with a mean of 6.52 days
compared to cutflowers
Table 2. Days from holding to 100% anthesis
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MEAN (days)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
6.52a
15 minutes
4.00ab
30 minutes
5.89a
1 hour
4.22b
2 hours
3.78b
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
5.20a
Lukewarm (300C)
6.20a
Warm (450C)
3.85b
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
conditioned for 2 hours which attained flower opening after 3.78 days. It was further
observed that longer duration of conditioning tended to enhance faster flower opening of
Benguet lily cutflowers.
Holding solution containing sugar provides substrates for respiration and
acidifying agent which minimize microbial build up. Sucrose is known to enhance the
water capacity of the tissues as well as provides additional nutrient necessary for further
flower opening (Alacyang, 1998).
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. Table 2 shows that cutflowers pulsed in
warm solution had the fastest flower opening with a mean of 3.85 days as compared to
cutflowers that were pulsed in lukewarm solution which had the longest flower opening
having a mean of 6.20 days. Results showed that cutflowers held in lukewarm
conditioning solution had significantly longer flower opening of 6.20 days although
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
14
comparable with those cutflowers pulsed with ambient solution while those cutflowers
held in warm conditioning solution and significantly earlier flower opening after 3.85
days. It was noted that warm conditioning solutions tended to enhance flower opening of
Benguet lily cutflowers.
Interaction effect. There were significant interaction effect between conditioning
duration and pulsing solution temperature. With regards to number of days from holding
to full flower opening, cutflowers held in tap water which was the control had the longest
duration of flower opening and those pulsed in warm solution were the earliest to attain
100% flower opening (Fig. 3).
Stem Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Table 3 shows that there were no significant
differences observed on the effect of conditioning duration on the stem quality rating of
Benguet lily cutflowers which means that from day 1 to day 10, stem quality in all
treatments were comparable. Unconditioned cutflowers or control obtained lesser degree
of stem damage.
Table 3. Stem quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
─────────────────
9
10
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
1.78a
2.30a
15 minutes
2.60a
2.78a
30 minutes
2.30a
2.60a
1 hour
2.18a
2.44a
2 hours
2.60a
2.78a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
15
Ambient (200C)
2.33a
2.18a
Lukewarm (300C)
2.36a
2.53a
Warm (450C)
2.18a
2.40a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
The stem browning was caused by the gradual blockage of the xylem elements by
microorganisms (Rimando, 1980). These results were due to the presence of
microorganisms causing rotting and injury of the stem.
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. No significant differences were observed
from day 1 to day 10 with regards to the effect of pulsing solution temperature on the
stem quality rating (Table 3). However, results show that cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm
had the higher degree of stem browning as compared to those pulsed in ambient and
lukewarm solution on which had lesser degree of stem browning.
Hornet (1998) stated that microbial activities cause rotting and deterioration of the
stem ends are active in solution that provides food for them.
Interaction effect. There were no significant effects between conditioning
duration and temperature of pulsing solution on the stem quality of Benguet lily
cutflowers throughout the study. However, with regards to the effect of pulsing solution
temperature, cutflowers that were pulsed in warm solution obtained the higher degree of
stem browning as compared to those pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution.
Flower Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Table 4 shows that there were no significant
differences on the flower quality on day 1, 9, 10 and 11. However, on day 8 and 12
cutflower conditioned for 15 minutes had lesser petals wilted with a mean of 2.00 while
those conditioned for 1 hour had poorer quality of petals wilted with a mean of 5.00.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
17
Result further show that the shorter the duration of conditioning tended to have better
flower quality than those conditioned with longer duration of conditioning.
Table 4. Flower quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
──────────────────────────────────
8
9 10
11 12
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
2.07b 2.33a 2.15a
2.26a
3.56b
15 minutes
2.00b 2.15a 2.69a
2.70a
3.37b
30 minutes
2.78a 2.39a 2.17a
2.67a
4.67a
1 hour
2.93a 2.82a 3.00a
3.50a
5.00a
2 hours
1.97a 2.88a 3.15a
3.83a
4.63a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
2.80a 2.36a 2.55a
2.80a
3.98a
Lukewarm (300C)
1.78b 2.49a 1.88a
2.00a
3.98a
Warm (450C)
3.18a 2.70a 2.78a
3.17a
4.78a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Conditioning of cutflowers with silver thiosulfate treatment and sucrose reduced
fungal and bacterial infections. Fungal and bacterial contaminations reduces uptake due
to the plugging of the vascular system (Whealy, 1992).
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. There were no significant differences
observed on Benguet lily cutflowers with regards to flower quality as affected by pulsing
solution temperature on 9th, l0th, 11th and 12th day of observation. However, on the 8th
day of observation cutflowers pulsed in warm solution obtained the highest degree of
petals wilted as compared to cutflowers pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution. This
implies that cutflowers that were pulsed in ambient and lukewarm solution had better
flower quality.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
18
(Rogers, 1973) observed that chemical preservatives were used to maintain flower
quality and extend vaselife of cutflowers. They were also used as opening solutions for
flowers at immature stage but excess chemicals added to the vase solutions may lead to
early deterioration.
Interaction effect. Figs. 4-6 showed that cutflowers conditioned for 15 minutes in
lukewarm solution, on day 8 obtained less petals wilted as compared to the other duration
of conditioning, on the other hand, cutflowers pulsed in warm solution conditioned for 1
hour had the highest degree of petals wilted while those that pulsed with lukewarm and
ambient solution obtained least degree of petals wilted.
Leaf Quality
Effect of conditioning duration. Significant differences were observed on the leaf
quality of Benguet lily cutflowers as affected by conditioning duration (Table 5).
Cutflowers that were not conditioned or the control showed better leaf quality on the 3rd
day of observation with a mean rating of 1.26 days as compared to the other duration of
conditioning. On the last day of observation the degree of leaf yellowing was almost
similar on those 6 and 8 days. It was observed that tap water (control) enhances better
leaf quality
Table 5. Leaf quality rating
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS
TREATMENT
──────────────────────────────────
3
4 6
8
10
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Duration of Conditioning
Control
1.26a 1.96a 2.05a
2.31a
1.91b
15 minutes
1.70ab 2.72a 2.24a
2.65a
3.02ab
30 minutes
2.37a 1.94a 2.39a
2.54a
3.60a
1 hour
1.74b 1.69a 2.28a
2.39a
1.76b
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
19
2 hours
1.44b 2.04a 2.02a
3.22a
3.85a
Temperature of Pulsing solution
Ambient (200C)
1.49a 1.77a 2.28a
2.52a
2.87a
Lukewarm (300C)
1.96a 2.50a 2.73a
2.83a
2.87a
Warm (450C)
1.67a 1.95a 2.18a
2.51a
2.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
of the cutflowers.
Marousky (1969) mentioned that sucrose induces moisture stress in cutflowers by
decreasing the aperture size of leaf stomata. This finding has proven that sucrose
solution had also shown to increase cutflowers fresh weight and longevity.
Effect of pulsing solution temperature. There were no significant differences
observed on the leaf yellowing as affected by pulsing solution temperature. However, on
the 3rd day and 4th day of observations, cutflowers pulsed in ambient solution showed
lesser yellowing of leaves while those pulsed in lukewarm and warm solution showed
higher degree of yellowing. It was noted that cutflowers pulsed in ambient solution
showed better leaf quality of Benguet lily cutflowers.
Interaction effect. There were no significant interaction effect between the
conditioning duration and pulsing solution temperature on the leaf quality rating.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Benguet lily cutflowers was harvested at close-bud stage. The stem ends were
recut in a slanting manner and had a stem length of 40 cm, before the cold storage
treatment. The cutflowers were cold stored (dry-pack condition) for 2 weeks at 20C. The
stem end of the cutflowers were recut (2.5 cm) in a slanting manner before conditioning
treatments and the conditioning solution were 3 tbsp (30 g) brown sugar, 3 tbsp (4%)
vinegar and 1 ml Chlorox per liter solution.
Results show that cutflowers conditioned for 30 minutes had the longest vaselife.
The number of days from holding to full flower opening was delayed in cutflowers held
in tap water (control). Unconditioned cutflowers showed better leaf and stem quality
rating. On the other hand, cutflowers that were conditioned for 15 minutes obtained least
petals wilted.
Benguet lily cutflowers pulsed in lukewarm solution had the longest vaselife
while those pulsed in ambient and warm solution obtained the shortest vaselife. The
number of days from holding to full flower opening was faster in cutflowers pulsed in
warm solution as compared to those pulsed in lukewarm solution which were the latest to
attain 100% anthesis flower opening. Cutf1owers pulsed in warm solution showed
higher degree of stem browning, wilting of petals and yellowing of leaves was notably
observed.
Conclusion
In order to attain longer vaselife of Benguet lily cutflowers must be conditioned
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
24
for 30 minutes and pulsed with lukewarm solution. For the number of days from holding
to full flower opening it is better to use tap water for conditioning and ambient solution
for pulsing. Cutflowers conditioned for 15 minutes and pulsed in lukewarm solution had
better flower quality rating, those conditioned in tap water and pulsed in ambient solution
obtained better stem and leaf quality rating.
Recommendation
Based on the findings, to prolong vaselife of cold storage Benguet lily cutflowers
should be conditioned for 30 minutes and pulsed with lukewarm solution. It is further
recommended that cutflowers be conditioned with tap water and pulsed in ambient
condition to have longer opening, with better stem and leaf quality rating while 15
minutes conditioning and pulsed in lukewarm solution is recommended for better flower
quality rating.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet
Lily (Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ALACYANG, J.K. 1998. Influence of different holding solution on the postharvest life of
carnation cvs. Desic and Orange. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 8.
APOS, W.C. 2003. Postharvest characteristic of cut spray mums: cv Cleopatra as affected
by pulsing duration and storage techniques. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1-9.
BAUTISTA, O.K. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, Los Baños, Laguna.
P. 348.
FARNHAM, D.S. BURME, T.C. MAROUSKY, D.J. DURKIN, R.R. THOMPSON, J.F. and
A.F. KOFRAWEK, 1979. Comparison of conditioning, pre-cooling, transit
method, and use of a floral preservative on cutflower quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
Pp. 485-490.
HALEVY, A.H. and S. MAYAK. 1974. Improvement of cutflower, quality, opening, and
longevity by pre-shipment treatments. Acta Hortic. Pp. 335-347.
HAN, S.S. A.H. HALEVY and M.S. REID. 1990. Postharvest handling of brodinla flowers.
Horti. Sci. Pp. 1268-1270.
HORNET, E.F. 1998. Cutflowers and foliage. Coding requirements and temperature
management. http//hyperlink “http//www.hornet.conz/publications/hortfacts/.
JANICK, J. 1972. HortjcuJture Science. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. Pp. 206-208.
KOFRANEK, A.M. and A.H. HALEVY. 1972. Conditions for opening of chrysanthemum
buds. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 97:578-584.
MAROUSKY, F.J. 1969. Vascular blockage water absorption, stomatal opening and
respiration and respiration of cut ‘Better Time’ roses treated with 8-hydroxy
quinoline citrate and sucrose. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Soc. 74:223-226.
RIMANDO, T.J. 1980. Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Ornamental. Paper given
at Don Severino Agric. Col. Indang, Cavite. P. 15.
ROGERS, M.N. 1973. A historical and critical review of postharvest physiology research
on cutflowers. Hort. Sci. Pp. 189-194.
WHEALY. A.C. 1972. Carnation: Introduction to Floriculture. New York: Academic Press
Pp. 43-46.
WATERS, W.E. 1966. The influence of postharvest handling technique on vaselife of
gladiolus flowers. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 79:452-456.
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Vaselife (days)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
8.67
11.67
10.00
30.34
10.11
P2T1
12.33
12.33
10.67
35.33
11.78
P3T1
12.00
8.00
8.33
28.33
9.44
P4T1
7.00
7.00
10.33
24.33
8.11
P5T1
9.00
10.00
9.33
28.33
9.44
P1T2
11.00
12.33
11.33
34.66
11.55
P2T2
11.00
10.00
9.67
30.67
10.22
P3T2
18.00
17.33
13.33
48.66
16.22
P4T2
11.00
11.67
12.67
35.34
11.78
P5T2
6.30
8.33
9.33
23.96
7.99
P1T3
7.67
7.33
7.00
22.00
7.33
P2T3
9.33
7.00
8.33
24.66
8.22
P3T3
8.67
6.33
7.33
22.33
7.44
P4T3
9.67
9.33
9.33
28.33
9.44
P5T3
9.33
10.00
9.33
28.66
9.55
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2
75.002 37.501 22.03** 3.32
5.39
Factor B
4
19.878 4.969 2.92*
2.69
4.02
AB
8
123.930 15.491 9.10** 2.27
3.17
Error
30
51.078 1.703
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
44
269.887
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
* = Significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.17%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
27
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from holding to full flower opening
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
4.67
11.00
5.33
21.00
7.00
P2T1
7.33
8.33
6.67
22.33
7.44
P3T1
7.33
3.67
2.33
13.33
4.44
P4T1
2.67
2.67
4.33
9.67
3.22
P5T1
5.00
3.67
3.00
11.67
3.89
P1T2
7.00
8.33
6.33
21.66
7.22
P2T2
5.33
3.00
3.33
11.66
3.89
P3T2
9.00
12.00
11.00
32.00
10.66
P4T2
4.33
6.00
7.33
17.66
5.89
P5T2
4.00
2.00
4.00
10.00
3.33
P1T3
7.00
6.33
2.67
16.00
5.33
P2T3
4.67
2.00
4.33
11.00
3.67
P3T3
3.67
2.00
2.00
7.67
2.56
P4T3
3.33
4.00
3.33
10.66
3.55
P5T3
4.67
4.67
3.00
12.34
4.11
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 41.878 20.939 7.94**
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 46.428 11.607 4.40**
2.69
4.02
AB 8 113.146 14.143 5.36**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 79.133 2.638
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 280.584
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 31.96%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
28
Appendix Table 3. Stem quality rating (day 9)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P2T1
2.00
2.33
2.67
7.00
2.33
P3T1
1.33
2.33
2.67
6.33
2.11
P4T1
3.00
4.00
2.33
9.33
3.11
P5T1
2.33
3.67
2.00
8.00
2.67
P1T2
2.00
1.33
1.33
4.66
1.55
P2T2
2.33
3.00
2.67
8.00
2.67
P3T2
3.33
2.00
3.00
8.33
2.78
P4T2
1.67
1.33
3.33
6.33
2.11
P5T2
2.33
2.67
3.00
8.00
2.66
P1T3
2.33
2.67
2.00
7.00
2.33
P2T3
2.00
3.00
3.33
8.33
2.78
P3T3
4.00
1.00
1.00
6.00
2.00
P4T3
1.00
1.00
2.00
4.00
1.33
P5T3
3.67
2.33
1.33
7.33
2.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 0.281 0.141 0.22ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.106 1.026 1.61ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 7.364 0.920 1.45ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 19.077 0.636
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 30.827
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 34.85%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
29
Appendix Table 4. Stem quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
4.00
1.67
1.00
6.67
2.22
P2T1
2.33
2.67
2.67
7.67
2.56
P3T1
2.00
2.67
3.00
7.67
2.56
P4T1
3.67
4.33
2.67
10.67
3.56
P5T1
3.00
4.33
2.00
9.33
3.11
P1T2
2.33
1.67
1.67
5.67
1.89
P2T2
2.67
3.00
2.67
8.34
2.78
P3T2
3.33
2.33
3.33
8.99
3.00
P4T2
1.67
1.67
3.33
6.67
2.22
P5T2
2.33
3.00
3.00
8.33
2.78
P1T3
3.00
2.67
2.67
8.34
2.78
P2T3
2.33
3.33
3.33
8.99
3.00
P3T3
4.00
1.00
1.67
6.67
2.22
P4T3
1.33
1.00
2.33
4.66
1.55
P5T3
3.00
3.00
1.33
7.33
2.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.252 0.626 0.88ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 1.583 0.396 0.56ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 8.060 1.008 1.41ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 21.368 0.712
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 32.265
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 32.74%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
30
Appendix Table 5. Flower quality rating (day 8)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
2.33
2.33
1.00
5.66
1.89
P2T1
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P3T1
2.33
3.67
3.67
9.67
3.22
P4T1
3.67
5.00
3.67
12.34
4.11
P5T1
3.67
3.67
4.00
11.34
3.78
P1T2
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
P2T2
2.00
1.00
2.00
5.00
1.67
P3T2
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P4T2
1.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
1.67
P5T2
4.00
4.00
2.33
10.33
3.44
P1T3
2.33
3.67
3.67
9.67
3.22
P2T3
3.00
4.70
2.33
10.03
3.34
P3T3
3.33
5.00
4.00
12.33
4.11
P4T3
2.67
2.67
3.67
9.01
3.00
P5T3
2.33
2.00
2.33
6.66
2.22
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 15.793 7.896 17.91** 3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 9.644 2.411 5.47** 2.69
4.02
AB 8 28.260 3.532 8.01**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 13.228 0.441
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 66.924
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 25.68%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
31
Appendix Table 6. Flower quality rating (day 9)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
3.00
3.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P2T1
1.33
1.33
3.00
5.66
1.89
P3T1
1.50
1.00
2.33
4.83
1.61
P4T1
1.67
5.00
3.00
9.67
3.22
P5T1
1.50
3.00
3.00
7.50
2.50
P1T2
2.00
1.33
3.00
6.33
2.11
P2T2
2.33
2.67
4.00
9.00
3.00
P3T2
3.00
3.00
1.33
7.33
2.44
P4T2
1.67
3.00
2.67
7.34
2.45
P5T2
1.33
3.00
3.00
7.33
2.44
P1T3
1.00
3.00
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T3
2.00
1.67
1.00
4.67
1.56
P3T3
2.67
5.00
1.67
9.34
3.11
P4T3
1.67
4.00
2.67
8.34
2.78
P5T3
4.70
2.67
3.67
11.04
3.68
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 0.866 0.433 0.40ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 3.635 0.909 0.84ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 10.104 1.263 1.16ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 32.527 1.084
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 47.132
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 41.45%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
32
Appendix Table 7. Flower quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.00
3.00
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T1
2.00
2.67
1.33
6.00
2.00
P3T1
1.00
1.67
1.50
4.17
1.39
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
1.33
3.00
1.67
6.00
2.00
P1T2
2.33
1.33
1.00
4.66
1.55
P2T2
3.33
4.00
1.50
8.83
2.94
P3T2
1.33
1.00
2.00
4.33
1.44
P4T2
2.33
1.67
1.33
5.33
1.78
P5T2
1.67
1.67
1.67
5.01
1.67
P1T3
1.67
3.00
3.00
7.67
2.55
P2T3
3.00
5.00
1.33
9.33
3.11
P3T3
1.00
5.00
5.00
11.00
3.67
P4T3
2.00
3.00
1.67
6.67
2.22
P5T3
1.67
2.00
3.00
6.67
2.22
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 6.310 3.155 3.03ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 6.736 1.684 1.62ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 26.398 3.300 3.17**
2.27
3.17
Error 30 31.227 1.041
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 70.671
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; ** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 42.64%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
33
Appendix Table 8. Flower quality rating (day 11)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
1.33
1.00
3.66
1.22
P2T1
3.00
1.33
1.67
6.00
2.00
P3T1
1.00
5.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
1.67
3.00
5.00
9.67
3.22
P1T2
3.00
3.00
2.67
8.67
2.89
P2T2
2.00
5.00
1.33
8.33
2.78
P3T2
1.33
1.00
2.33
4.66
1.55
P4T2
4.33
2.00
2.00
8.33
2.78
P5T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T3
2.00
3.00
3.00
8.00
2.67
P2T3
3.00
5.00
2.00
10.00
3.33
P3T3
1.67
5.00
5.00
11.67
3.89
P4T3
1.50
1.67
5.00
8.17
2.72
P5T3
5.00
3.33
1.50
9.83
3.28
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.073 0.536 0.29ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 15.233 3.808 2.06ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 31.053 3.882 2.10ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 55.364 1.845
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 102.722
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 45.40%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
34
Appendix Table 9. Flower quality rating (day 12)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
5.00
3.33
10.00
3.33
P2T1
3.33
2.00
2.33
7.66
2.55
P3T1
2.00
5.00
5.00
12.00
4.00
P4T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T2
2.00
3.33
1.67
7.00
2.33
P2T2
1.00
5.00
1.67
7.67
2.56
P3T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P4T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T2
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P2T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P3T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P4T3
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P5T3
5.00
5.00
1.67
11.67
3.89
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 6.405 3.203 3.14ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 19.233 4.808 4.71**
2.69
4.02
AB 8 20.904 2.613 2.56*
2.27
3.17
Error 30 30.620 1.021
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 77.162
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant;
* = Significant;
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 23.80%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
35
Appendix Table 10. Leaf quality rating (day 3)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
1.00
1.00
3.33
1.11
P2T1
1.00
1.00
2.67
4.67
1.56
P3T1
1.00
2.33
2.33
5.66
1.89
P4T1
2.33
2.00
1.00
5.33
1.78
P5T1
1.00
1.33
1.00
3.33
1.11
P1T2
2.00
1.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
P2T2
1.00
2.33
2.67
6.00
2.00
P3T2
1.33
3.00
4.00
8.33
2.78
P4T2
1.00
1.67
2.67
5.34
1.78
P5T2
1.33
2.33
2.00
5.66
1.89
P1T3
1.00
2.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
P2T3
1.00
2.00
1.67
4.67
1.56
P3T3
3.33
1.67
2.33
7.33
2.44
P4T3
1.33
1.00
2.67
5.00
1.67
P5T3
1.33
1.67
1.00
4.00
1.33
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 1.668 0.834 1.53ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 6.386 1.596 2.94*
2.69
4.02
AB 8 1.022 0.128 0.23ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 16.311 0.544
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 25.386
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
43.29%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
36
Appendix Table 11. Leaf quality rating (day 4)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P2T1
2.33
2.33
3.67
8.33
2.78
P3T1
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
P4T1
1.50
2.33
1.00
4.83
1.61
P5T1
1.00
2.67
2.33
6.00
2.00
P1T2
2.33
3.67
2.33
8.33
2.78
P2T2
2.33
1.50
3.00
6.83
2.28
P3T2
1.67
3.00
4.00
8.67
2.89
P4T2
2.00
2.67
1.33
6.00
2.00
P5T2
2.00
3.33
2.33
7.66
2.55
P1T3
1.33
2.67
1.00
5.00
1.67
P2T3
2.67
4.33
2.33
9.33
3.11
P3T3
2.33
2.00
1.50
5.83
1.94
P4T3
1.67
1.67
1.00
4.34
1.45
P5T3
1.33
2.33
1.00
4.66
1.55
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A
2 4.383 2.192 4.02*
3.32
5.39
Factor B
4 5.401 1.350 2.48ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 7.071 0.884 1.62ns 2.27
3.17
Error 30 16.335 0.545
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 33.190
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
35.65%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
37
Appendix Table 12. Leaf quality rating (day 6)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
2.33
2.33
1.67
6.33
2.11
P2T1
2.00
1.50
1.33
4.83
1.61
P3T1
3.00
1.67
2.67
7.34
2.45
P4T1
1.00
2.00
2.67
5.67
1.89
P5T1
4.00
2.67
3.33
10.00
3.33
P1T2
3.67
1.33
1.50
6.50
2.17
P2T2
2.33
3.33
1.67
7.33
2.44
P3T2
2.00
2.00
5.00
9.00
3.00
P4T2
3.67
2.33
3.00
9.00
3.00
P5T2
3.33
4.33
1.50
9.16
3.05
P1T3
3.33
1.00
1.33
5.66
1.89
P2T3
1.00
5.00
2.00
8.00
2.67
P3T3
1.00
2.67
1.50
5.17
1.72
P4T3
1.67
2.67
1.50
5.84
1.95
P5T3
3.00
3.33
1.67
8.00
2.67
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 2.622 1.311 1.12ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.872 1.218 1.04ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 4.847 0.606 0.55ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 35.267 1.176
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 47.608
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 45.25%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
38
Appendix Table 13. Leaf quality rating (day 8)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.33
2.67
3.00
7.00
2.33
P2T1
3.00
2.67
1.67
7.34
2.45
P3T1
2.00
3.33
1.33
6.66
2.22
P4T1
2.33
1.50
3.00
6.83
2.28
P5T1
1.67
3.33
5.00
10.00
3.33
P1T2
1.33
5.00
1.50
7.83
2.61
P2T2
1.67
5.00
2.33
9.00
3.00
P3T2
2.33
3.00
5.00
10.33
3.44
P4T2
2.67
2.67
1.33
6.67
2.22
P5T2
4.33
3.00
1.33
8.66
2.89
P1T3
2.33
1.67
2.00
6.00
2.00
P2T3
1.00
5.00
1.50
7.50
2.50
P3T3
1.67
2.67
1.50
5.84
1.95
P4T3
3.67
3.00
1.33
8.00
2.67
P5T3
3.00
5.00
2.33
10.33
3.44
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 0.999 0.500 0.28ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 4.643 1.161 0.66ns
2.69
4.02
AB 8 4.804 0.600 0.34ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 52.927 1.764
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 63.373
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of
variation = 50.66%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
39
Appendix Table 14. Leaf quality rating (day 10)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ───────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P1T1
1.00
1.00
2.67
4.67
1.56
P2T1
1.50
1.67
5.00
8.17
2.72
P3T1
3.33
5.00
2.33
10.66
3.55
P4T1
1.33
1.67
1.50
4.50
1.50
P5T1
5.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
P1T2
1.33
5.00
1.00
7.33
2.44
P2T2
5.00
5.00
1.00
11.00
3.67
P3T2
1.00
5.00
5.00
11.00
3.67
P4T2
1.67
1.33
1.67
4.67
1.56
P5T2
1.67
5.00
2.33
9.00
3.00
P1T3
1.33
2.33
1.50
5.16
1.72
P2T3
1.67
5.00
1.33
8.00
2.67
P3T3
5.00
4.00
1.67
10.67
3.56
P4T3
3.33
1.67
1.67
6.67
2.22
P5T3
3.00
5.00
2.67
10.67
3.56
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Factor A 2 0.149 0.074 0.03ns
3.32
5.39
Factor B 4 32.931 8.233 3.50*
2.69
4.02
AB 8 10.469 1.309 0.56ns
2.27
3.17
Error 30 70.486 2.350
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 44 114.034
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant; * = Significant
Coefficient of variation = 54.24%
Effect of Conditioning Treatments on the Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily
(Lilium philippenensis) Cutflowers / Dinah T. Cuebes. 2007
Document Outline
- Effect of Conditioning Treatments onthe Postharvest Characteristics of Cold Stored Benguet Lily (Lilium philippenensis)Cutflowers.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Quality of Cutflowers
- Deterioration of Cutflower
- Pulsing
- Methods to Prolong Postharvestof Cutflowers
- Longevity of the Cutflowers
- Use of Preservatives
- Conditioning
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Vaselife
- Days from Holding to 100% Anthesis
- Stem Quality
- Flower Quality
- Leaf Quality
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES