BIBLIOGRAPHY


PATERNO, ARLYN C. MAY 2011. Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as
Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Carlito P. Laurean, PhD
ABSTRACT


The study was conducted to determine the: 1) effects of formulated organic liquid
fertilizers on the growth and yield of carrot, 2) the best rate of the formulated organic liquid
fertilizers for the production of carrot, and 3) the effects of the formulated organic liquid
fertilizers on some physical and chemical of the soil.

The effect of the different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers on carrot differed
significantly in terms of the marketable and total yield of carrots. Application of formulated
organic liquid fertilizers at the rate of 70:20:10, 20:70:10 and 10:20:70 during its seedling,
vegetative and root bulking stage, respectively, produced the highest marketable and total yield.
Furthermore, application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers significantly affected the
organic matter and total nitrogen content of the soil wherein the rate 80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10
(VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) resulted to the highest organic matter content of the soil after harvest.

However, the application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers at different rates did not
differ significantly in terms of plant height, insect pest infestation and powdery mildew infection,
soil bulk density, soil pH, available phosphorus content and potassium content.

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INTRODUCTION



The carrot (Daucus carota) belongs to the Umbelliferae family which also includes
celery, parsnips and parsley (Ware, 1975). Furthermore, it has been reported that the carrot with
purple roots was domesticated in Afghanistan and spread to the Mediterranean area under Arab
influence in the tenth to twelfth centuries and to Western Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. In the New World, carrot became popular among the Indians.
Carrot is the third most important crop in the Cordillera and some areas in the country
(Bawang, 2006). It has the highest return on investment (R.O.I.) among the major vegetables in
the industry. Moreover, it was reported that for every 100 grams of edible portion, carrot
contains 18,520 (I.U,) vitamin A, 60 g calcium, 55 calories food energy, 32 mg sodium, 28.3 mg
potassium, 28 mg phosphorus, 12.4 carbohydrates and 9 mg ascorbic acid. Meanwhile,
Thompson and Kelly (1975) reported that carrot is rich not only in carotene, but also in thiamine
and riboflavin and sugar.

Jones (1982) stated that the soil on which plants grow provides a storehouse of mineral,
chemicals, water and air. According to Thompson and Kelly (1975), a yield of 9,072 kilograms
of carrots will remove about 45.36 kilograms of potash, 14.52 kilograms of nitrogen and 8.16
kilograms of phosphorus from the soil used. Brady and Weil (2002) claimed that the removal of
nutrients in crop or timber harvest reduces the soluble ion pool, and it may need to be
replenished with manures or chemical fertilizers to avoid nutrient deficiencies.
However, chemical fertilizers are generally acidifying and aside from this, they are
becoming expensive. It also contributes to the accumulation of toxic materials in the
underground water reserves (Bawang, 2009). It makes crops attractive to pests since chemical
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fertilizers change the quality of plant sap. Moreover, continuous application of chemical
fertilizers affects the conditions of soils.
In 2008, Brady and Weil reported that the worldwide use of fertilizers on farms increased
dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century, accounting for a significant dramatic
increase in crop yields during the same period. PCARRD (2006) reported that most of the
chemical fertilizers used on agricultural crops in the Philippines are imported. Lately, the
government has been encouraging the use of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers
for rice, called the “balanced fertilization” wherein five bags of organic fertilizers are applied
with chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, the application of organic materials is a common
agricultural practice for maintaining nutrient levels and ameliorating soil physical properties to
sustain crop production.
Organic agriculture features the diminishing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in
the production schemes in favor of cheaper and locally abundant agricultural waste products, like
organic fertilizers and materials such as compost to recondition, revitalize and maintain soils
acidic balance, structure stability, desirable chemical properties and plant life sustaining capacity
(Bawang, 2009). However, in using fertilizers, as Parnes (1986) stated, two major questions
confront most people — what specific fertilizer to use and how much should be spread.
According to Sahadevan (1987), more frequent and smaller doses should be applied generally on
a sandy soil as compared to clayey one.
Fertilizers can be applied through the foliage instead of the soil (Poincelot, 1980). Foliar
application is used to deal with special problems that cannot be solved readily through
fertilization of the soil. If a quick response is needed, such as with a sudden deficiency of a
nutrient or a very rapid use of nutrients during a period of intense growth, foliar feeding
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responses are more rapid than conventional soil fertilization. Furthermore, Donahue (1970)
reported that most of the 16 elements essential for plant growth can be absorbed by the leaves
and stems of plants when the elements are sprayed on them. Absorption takes place from both
the upper and the lower surfaces of the leaves. The rate of movement of nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium inside the plant when applied as a spray on the leaves of plants, is approximately
one foot an hour. The movement may be upward to the leaves or downward to the roots.
Phosphorus, for instance, is capable of being utilized by the plant when it is sprayed on the
leaves. One reason is that in most soils only a small percentage of phosphorus is recovered by the
plant; whereas, when phosphorus is sprayed on the leaves, nearly all of it is absorbed.
This study was conducted to determine the:
1. Effects of formulated organic liquid fertilizers on the growth and yield of carrot;
2. Best rate of the formulated organic liquid fertilizers for the production of carrot; and,
3. Effects of the formulated organic liquid fertilizers on some physical and chemical
properties of the soil.

The study was conducted at the Balili Experimental Area, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet from November 2010 to April 2011.


REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Growth and Requirements of Carrots
Michalak and Peterson (1995) stated that ideal soil conditions for carrots are deep,
friable, light soils without stones or other obstructions. Furthermore, the ideal pH is from 5.5-6.8
and the soil should be kept moist until the carrots are up.
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Carrots respond to nitrogen fertilizer (Reiley and Shry, 1991). Tindall (1983) added that
dressing of nitrogen is also frequently beneficial and potassium is often required in the form of
an additional surface dressing when the plants are well established since carrots have a relatively
high demand for this element. Parnes (1986) reported that biennials, including root crops and
perennials have a special need for potassium to synthesize the starches needed to carry the plant
over winter into the following year. Meanwhile, Holttum and Enoch (1991) also mentioned that
it is best to use liquid manure, but the soil should not be recently applied with manure.
Thompson and Kelly (1975) stated that fresh manure should not be applied immediately before
planting carrots. If manure is to be used, it should be applied to the crop preceding carrots, or
only well- rotted or leached manure should be used.

Twisted roots are caused by inadequate thinning while forked or deformed roots results if
the seedbed is not fine enough. On the other hand, the hairy roots are caused by excessive soil
fertility. Splitting of carrots occurs when heavy rain follows a long dry period (Michalak and
Peterson, 1995).
Lorenzo and Maynard (1988) stated that the suggested rates for root crops are 68.0388
kilograms per acre of N, 45.359 kilograms per acre of P2O5 and 113.398 kilograms of K2O per
0.4046 hectares.
Whereas, Parnes (1986) affirmed that the average nutrient requirement for carrot is 1.36
kilograms, 0.408 kilograms and 2.72 kilograms per 92.9 square meters of N, P2O5 and K2O
respectively. Carrots develop a deep, extensive and absorbing root system. During the seedling
stage, the absorbing roots develop rather slowly, but as the edible portion enlarges, it gives rise
to a large number of fine absorbing roots (Ware, 1975).

Important Plant Nutrients
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The principal nutrients added to the soil are nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. The
shortage of nutrient elements in a given soil for a given crop is corrected by the application of
fertilizers.
Nitrogen in the soil. The nitrogen in the soil is derived originally from air, which contains
about 34,000 tons over each area of land (Martin et al., 1976). Soils with sufficient amounts of
available nitrogen in the soil make a thrifty, rapid growth with a healthy deep, green color. Upon
decomposition of the organic matter, some of the nitrogen passes into the air as elemental
nitrogen or ammonia, while the part that remains in the soil is converted into ammonia and
nitrites, and finally into nitrates. The nitrogen supply of the soil may be maintained by growth of
legumes, use of manures and by addition of nitrogen fertilizers. Parnes (1986) stated that
nitrogen accumulates when rainfall absorbs nitrates in the atmosphere. Some nitrogen is fixed by
soil organisms associated with legumes, fixed by organisms associated with non-legumes and
some is fixed by free-living organisms not associated with any plants. Aside from being fixed
with other elements through the activities of soil bacteria, the gaseous nitrogen is also being
fixed artificially.
The nitrogen content of surface mineral soils normally ranges from 0.02 to 0.5%; a value
of about 0.15% being representative for cultivated soils (Brady and Weil, 2002). Thompson and
Troeh (1978) reported that soil rarely contain enough nitrogen for maximum plant growth. The
concentration of nitrogen in igneous rocks is so low that it is negligible for meeting plants needs.
Donahue (1970) stated that there are nearly 12 pounds of nitrogen in the air above every
square foot of the surface of the earth, yet nitrogen is one of the most critical elements for plant
growth. The reason is that plants cannot utilize nitrogen as a gas; it must first be combined into
some stable form such as ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Plants absorb nitrogen either as the
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ammonium or the nitrate ion. The ammonium ions can be held in an exchangeable and available
form on the surface of clay crystals and humus, but bacteria soon transform the ammonium to
nitrates, which are readily leachable. There is no good storehouse for available nitrogen. The
only storehouse of any kind for nitrogen is soil organic matter, which must decompose before the
nitrogen can be absorbed by plants.
Nitrogen in the plant. Nitrogen represents life (Parnes, 1986). It is an ingredient of
proteins and distinguishes them from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are passive, storing energy
or providing support, but protein controls the movement of energy and materials and the growth
of the plant. Brady and Weil (2002) further affirmed that nitrogen is an integral part of amino
acids which are the building blocks of all proteins including enzymes, which control virtually all
biological processes. Other critical nitrogenous plant components include the nucleic acids, in
which hereditary control is vested, and chlorophyll; which is at the heart of photosynthesis.
Moreover, healthy plant foliage generally contains 2.5% to 4.1% nitrogen, depending on the age
of the leaves and whether the plant is a legume. According to Adams et al. (1995), nitrogen
compounds comprise about 50% of the dry matter of protoplasm, the living substance of plant
cells. The higher mobility of nitrogen in the plant to the younger active leaves causes the old
leaves to show symptoms first. Thompson and Troeh (1978) stated that plants absorb nitrogen
whenever they are actively growing but not always at the same rate. The amount of nitrogen
absorbed per day per unit of a plant weight is at a maximum when the plant is young high and
gradually declines with age. Nitrogen therefore, constitutes a larger percentage of the dry weight
of a young plant than of an older plant. Growth cannot get ahead of nitrogen uptake because the
plant must have nitrogen on hand before it can make new cells. Also, plants can absorb extra
nitrogen when it is available and store it to be used later if needed. The maximum rate of
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nitrogen absorption on an absolute basis usually comes during the early stages of vigorous
growth.
Deficiency of nitrogen results in low production due to poor quality plants. An
oversupply of nitrogen in the soil tends to cause lodging, late maturity, poor seed development in
some crops and greater susceptibility to certain diseases. Ample nitrogen has a tendency to
encourage stem and leaf development (Martin et al., 1976).
Organic sources of nitrogen. Almost all soil nitrogen comes from living things, but they
are a secondary source. The primary nitrogen source is the atmosphere. Nitrogen fertilizers may
be either mineral or organic. Organic forms include the application of animal manure and
composts (Thompson and Troeh, 1978). Fish scraps, azolla and wild sunflower are among the
potential sources of nitrogen for plant growth.
Tisdale and Nelson (1975) reported that fish scraps are rich in nitrogen, either acidulated
which contains 5.7% nitrogen as compare to 3% P2O5 or dried which on the other hand contains
9.5% nitrogen and 6% P2O5.
Meanwhile, in a study of Pandosen (1986), it was stated that the chemical analysis of
fresh sunflower revealed that it had a chemical composition of 3.76% nitrogen, 0.007%
phosphorus, 1.90% calcium and 0.395% magnesium. When this was mixed with to produce
sunflower-based compost, it contains 3.22% nitrogen, 0.00449% phosphorus, 0.1884%
potassium, 44.891 me/100g calcium, 9.9536 me/100g magnesium, 39.7 me/100g cation
exchange capacity, 6.108% organic matter and a moisture content of 26%. However, fresh
chopped wild sunflower when applied to snap bean plants it gave better results in terms of
growth and yield, chemical and physical properties and microbial population in the soil and the
nutrient content of the plants than sunflower-based compost. Moreover, Malucay (2008) reported
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that the application of formulated fermented wild sunflower extract can enhance better growth
and development of cabbage. The formulated wild sunflower extract has essential nutrients such
as nitrogen (0.30%), phosphorus (0.12%), potassium (0.92%), calcium (0.20%), magnesium
(0.10%), sodium (0.10%), zinc (2.5 ppm), copper (trace), manganese (37.50 ppm), and iron (95
ppm) and a pH of 7.3 which are very important for the growth and yield of plants.
On the other hand, azolla which belongs to the family Azollaceae and a heterosporous
free-floating fern, is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by a symbiotic mechanism in living
with the blue-green alga (Anabaena azollae) which is almost always present in their leaves
(Khan, 1988). As azolla decomposes, nitrogen is released into the soil and becomes available to
the companion or subsequent crops. Azolla has a desirable mineral nutrient composition in the
plant body: nitrogen 4-5%; phosphorus 0.5- 0.9%; potassium 2-4.5%; calcium 0.4- 1.0%;
magnesium 0.5-0.6%; manganese 0.11- 0.16 and iron 0.06- 0.26%ash 10.5%; crude fat 3-3.6%;
crude protein 24-30%; soluble sugar 3.4.- 3.5%; starch 6.54%; chlorophyll 0.34- 0.55%;. The
fertilizer value of azolla is comparable to that of other commercial organic fertilizer materials
since 10 tons of fresh azolla would provide the fertilizer benefit equivalent to one bag (50 kg) of
urea or two bags of ammonium sulfate. In addition, according to PCARRD (2006), azolla can be
used for green manuring, which could contribute from 20-60 kg/ha per season and it is
considered an efficient scavenger for potassium. Azolla grown as an intercrop with rice can
accumulate from 25-170 kg N ha-1, 40 kg N ha-1 on average (Giller, 2001). Bentrez (1997) in her
study found that the addition of azolla in the grasses, vegetable refuse and sunflower composts in
increasing rates significantly increased the total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents and
the percentage recovery. Increasing the amount of azolla from 10-50% increases the total
nitrogen contents of the compost from 1.19-2.24%. Likewise, the available nitrogen was
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increased ranged from 0.17-0.20%. Meanwhile, Chimicag (1995) also found in her study that the
higher the azolla compost applied, the higher was the yield of celery plants. It was shown that
pure azolla compost had the highest nitrogen content which significantly differed from the
nitrogen content of 75% azolla compost and highly different to the 50% or 25% azolla compost
and without azolla compost.
The organic nitrogen in large, complex molecules is unavailable to higher plants and
would remain so if it were not released by microorganisms (Thompson and Troeh, 1978). The
organic nitrogen can be considered as a reservoir of up to 50% available nitrogen each year
under tropical condition.

The element phosphorus. Next to nitrogen, phosphorus has more widespread influence on
both natural and agricultural ecosystems than any other essential element. In agricultural
ecosystems, phosphorus constraints are much more critical because phosphorus in the harvested
crops is removed from the system, with only limited quantities being returned in crop residues
and animal manures (Brady and Weil, 2002).

Work and Carew (1955) stated that phosphorus content in fertilizers is stated as
phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5.

Phosphorus in the soil. Donahue (1970) reported that the total supply of phosphorus in
most soils is usually low. The total phosphorus in an average arable soil is approximately 0.1
percent. There is no efficient mechanism on clay crystals or on humus particles for holding
exchangeable and available phosphorus. Phosphorus availability is low in strongly acid soils
because of the formation of iron and aluminum phosphates, from which phosphorus is very
slowly available. In alkaline soils, tricalcium phosphate forms readily to reduce the availability
of soil phosphorus.
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Phosphorus can be bound up by soil organisms, by mineral elements (particularly aluminum and
calcium), and by clay minerals containing aluminum or iron.
Consequently, phosphorus does not remain in a free state for long, and any phosphorus
picked up by the roots usually comes from some place no further than a small fraction of an inch
away. As a result, phosphorus is slowly available to plant. Furthermore, in cool weather,
biological activity is slow, and phosphorus availability may be low even though a soil test may
indicate an adequate amount. Phosphorus released by decaying residues is highly available, and
any phosphorus trapped by soil organisms eventually becomes available upon their death and
decay (Parnes, 1986).
Phosphorus in the plant. Adams et.al (1995) affirmed that phosphorus is important in the
production of nucleic acid, and large amounts are concentrated in the meristem. Furthermore,
organic phosphates that are vital for the plant’s respiration are particularly required in active
organs such as root and fruit, while the seed must store adequate levels for germination.
Moreover, Brady and Weil (2002) reported that phosphorus is an essential component of the
organic compound often called the energy currency of the living cell: adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Likewise, it is an essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of
genetic inheritance, and of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which directs protein synthesis in both plants
and animals. Furthermore, for most plant species, the total phosphorus content of healthy leaf
tissue is not high, usually comprising only 0.2 and 0.4% of the dry matter. The nucleus of each
plant cell contains phosphorus; for that reason, cell division and growth are not possible without
adequate phosphorus. Phosphorus is concentrated in cells near the most actively growing part of
both roots and shoots, where cells are dividing rapidly (Donahue, 1970).
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Thompson and Troeh (1978) stated that phosphorus have been called ‘the key to life’
because it is directly involved in most life processes and is a component of every living cell and
tends to be concentrated in seeds and in the growing points of plants. Meanwhile, Parnes (1986)
stated that phosphorus is the Power Broker because it handles all of the energy trapped by
photosynthesis preparatory to storing that energy in sugars. Phosphorus also distributes the
energy given up by sugars and starches.
Lockhart and Wiseman (1978) reported that phosphorus speeds up growth of seedlings;
increases root development and hasten leaf growth and maturity. Root crops are most likely to
suffer from the deficiency of this element.
Seeds contain a large amount of phosphorus. A deficiency of this element may reduce the
number and size of seeds. Phosphorus is a very important as a stimulus to root development.
Root branch out and root hairs form profusely in the vicinity of a source of phosphorus. It is also
a major factor in determining the early growth of a plant and its vigor throughout the season
(Parnes, 1986).



Organic sources of phosphorus. Hignett (1985) stated that the first phosphate fertilizer
was ground bones and was used widely in Europe during the early part of the nineteenth century.
When the supply of animal bones ran short, human bones were gathered from battle fields or
burial places.

Bone meal is the oldest phosphorus fertilizer (Parnes, 1986). At one time, farmers
manufactured their own bone meal by roasting bones in urine or water and allowing them to
ferment. Bones also have been composted by mixing them with wood ashes or quicklime and
covering them with soil for several weeks.
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Tisdale and Nelson (1975) stated that bone meal contains relatively high phosphorus
content, both raw (3.5% N and 22.0% P2O5) or steamed (12.0% N and 28.0% P2O5). Miller and
Jones (1995) on the other hand, mentioned that oyster shells are rich in phosphoric acid (10.38%)
compared to nitrogen (0.36%) and potash (0.09%).

The element potassium. Of all the essential elements, potassium is the third most likely,
after nitrogen and phosphorus, to limit plant productivity. Work and Carew (1955) reported that
potassium is expressed in potash (K2O) wherein the ancient source is the ancient lake deposits in
the southwestern states.

Parnes (1986) stated that potassium’s unique function is as a regulator of metabolic
activities. In some plants, more is required than any other soil nutrient. It is a major antidote to a
nitrogen excess.
Potassium in the soil. Potassium is present in the soil solution only as a positively
charged cation, K+ (Brady and Weil, 2002). Like phosphorus, potassium does not form any gases
that could be lost to the atmosphere. Its behavior in the soil is influenced primarily by soil cation
exchange and mineral weathering, rather than by microbiological processes. However, it causes
no off-site problems when it leaves the soil system. McLaren and Cameron (1994) stated that the
amount of potassium in soil solution at any one time is approximately 0.1-0.2% of the total soil
potassium. Soils generally contain large amounts of total K (0.1-0.4% on a weight basis) but
majority of soil K (90-98%) is found in soil minerals.
Donahue (1970) stated that the amount of total potassium in all soils is sufficient to last
forever yet the money spent for potassium fertilizers is constantly on the increase since most of
the potassium is a part of the molecule of every slowly soluble soil mineral such as orthoclase.
Soils may contain two per cent (2%) total potassium, only one-fifth (1/5) of which is in a readily
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available form at any one time. However, during the growing season, approximately half of the
potassium absorbed by the plant may come from the exchangeable form and the other half from
relatively insoluble minerals which decompose and thereby release their potassium.
Parnes (1986) reported that soil organisms have a much lower requirement for potassium
than plants do. Consequently, as organic residues decompose, most of the potassium is quickly
released, and very little is retained in the soil humus.

Potassium in the plant. Adams et.al (1995) stated that there is relatively large amount of
potassium in plant cells and it acts as an osmotic regulator, and is involved in resistance to
chilling injury, drought and disease. Moreover, potassium has high mobility towards growing
points. Brady and Weil (2002) stated that potassium is a component of plant cytoplasmic
solution and plays a critical role in lowering cellular osmotic water potentials, thereby reducing
the loss of water from leaf stomata and increasing the ability of root cells to take up water from
the soil. The potassium content of normal, healthy leaf tissue can be expected to be in the range
of 1-4% in most plants, similar to that of nitrogen but an order of magnitude greater than that of
phosphorus. Good potassium nutrition is linked to improved drought tolerance, improved winter-
hardiness, and better resistance to certain fungal diseases and greater tolerance to insect pests. It
also enhances the quality of flowers, fruits and vegetables by improving flavor and color and
strengthening stems (thereby reducing lodging). Plants take up very large amounts of potassium,
often 5-10 times as much as for phosphorus and about the same amount as for nitrogen. It
remains in the ionic form (K+) in solution in the cell, or acts as an activator for cellular enzymes.
It is known to activate over 80 different enzymes responsible for such plant and animal processes
as energy metabolism, starch analysis, nitrate reduction, photosynthesis and sugar degradation.
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Potassium is referred to as The Great Regulator (Parnes, 1986). It is active in numerous
enzyme systems which control metabolic reactions, particularly in the synthesis of proteins and
starches. It is not a constituent of the plant tissue, but rather of the fluids which flood the tissue.
Potassium affects the balance in water pressure inside and outside the plant cells. When
potassium is deficient in the plant, water fills the plant cells, and they become flabby. A
potassium deficiency also causes plants to be more sensitive to drought, frost and a high salt
content. Lockhart and Wiseman (1978) affirmed that potatoes, carrots, beans, barley, sugarbeet
suffer from its deficiency.

Organic sources of potassium. Hignett (1985) reported that early sources of potash were
wood ashes, sugar beets and saltpeter. Potash was first mined commercially as carnallite ore.
Miller and Jones (1995) reported that banana skins and stalks ash contains 2.3- 3.25%
phosphoric acid and a very high potassium content of 41.76-50%. Furthermore, citrus wastes
such as lemon skins in ash form contain 6.30% phosphoric acid and 31% potash and orange
skins in ash has 2.90% phosphoric acid and 27.0% potash. In addition, Sangatanan and
Sangatanan (2000) affirmed that the peels of oranges, lemon and other citrus fruits contains
compounds called Limonene and Linalool which over stimulate some insects causing convulsion
and damage to the nervous systems especially leaf-eating caterpillars, potato beetles, aphids and
mites.

Organic Liquid Fertilizer
The most commonly deficient nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by sulfur,
potassium and zinc. Ideally, the application methods and timing maximize the uptake of fertilizer
nutrients by the crop, minimize nutrient losses and reduce the impact of nutrient immobilization
in the soil (Singer and Munns, 2002). Further, foliar spray gives quick response, accurate timing
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and no immobilization in the soil, but only limited amounts can be applied, because the leaf
surfaces hold little water before the surplus drips off, and concentrated solutions damage the
plants. Foth and Turk (1972) defined liquid fertilizer as a solution containing one or more water-
soluble forms of nutrients. Liquid forms of fertilizers are sprayed on the leaves of plants to give a
uniform distribution (Thompson and Troeh, 1973).

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Plant Growth
Organic fertilizers are diverse, but are ultimately derived from plants (Singer and Munns,
2002). Some consist of unprocessed plant materials such as tree leaves, grass clippings, crop
residues and green manure crops. Others have been processed by industry (cannery wastes), by
animals (manure, litter, blood, bone, sewage sludge) or by microbes (from fermentation and
compost). Furthermore, organic fertilizers are likely to contain all the essential plant nutrient
elements but are released slowly as they decay. Brady and Weil (2008) reported that organic
compounds are absorbed by higher plants and that growth promoting compounds such as
vitamin, amino acid, auxins and gibberellins are formed as organic matter decays. These then
stimulate growth and yield in both higher plants and microorganisms.
Organic fertilizers as reported by Martin et al., (1976) are applied to the soil to promote
greater plant growth and better crop quality. Ball and Kourik (1992) stated that a soil well
amended with organic matter fosters a moderate but steady rate of root growth for most plants.
Moreover, uniform growth is a result of the consistent supply of water, air and the nutrients that
the organic amendment supplies to plants. Soils amended with organic fertilizers holds moisture,
which plants can absorb according to their particular needs. Furthermore, the plants are resistant
to insect and disease due to a more active and larger population of beneficial soil microorganism
which control harmful microorganisms. PCARRD (2006) reported that organic matter stimulates
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activity of soil organisms by providing energy and carbon source, and suppresses plant
pathogens through the production of antibiotics.
Bagyan (1980) found out in his study that the heaviest mean marketable yield per plot of
carrots was obtained from weekly application and at 50 kg/ha foliar plus 40 kg/ha soil
application. Meanwhile, Tisdale and Nelson (1970) as cited by Fateg (2003) mentioned that the
most important use of foliar sprays has been in the application of micronutrients. Further, in the
study of Fateg (2003), it was concluded that the application of formulated liquid fertilizer had a
high significant effect on the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage and in some chemical
properties of soil.

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on the Properties of Soil
Chapman and Carter (1976) stated that when a crop producer harvests any plant product,
he is harvesting soil minerals. The supply of these minerals is not exhaustible and sooner or later,
they must be replaced.
The crop plants vary considerably in the nutrients which they absorb from the soil. When
crops are harvested and removed from the soil where they were grown, the soil loses the
nutrients and gradually becomes depleted (Donahue, 1970). Hence, to maintain the productivity
of the soil, the loss of nutrients by plant removal must be replaced either by the slow
decomposition of soil minerals or by manure, lime and fertilizer.
Brady and Weil (2008) reported that the plant nutrients and organic matter are recycled
and returned to the soil. Meanwhile, PCARRD (2006) stated that organic matter is usually used
as an index of soil fertility, and by itself, is a source of other major and secondary nutrient
elements. About 92-94% of soil nitrogen and 15-18% of total phosphorus are released from
organic matter. Organic matter affects the properties of soil.
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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PCARRD (2006) further stated that organic matter promotes granulation of soil
properties into water-stable aggregates, reduces runoff due to high water- holding capacity, and
increases the supply and availability of nutrients since it contains nearly all the essential
elements. Schjonning et al., (2004) reported that organic matter supports life processes from a
wide range of species of microbes and fauna. The decomposition of organic matter yields NH +
4 ,
NO -
3-
2-
3 , PO4 , SO4 , micronutrients and CO2 which provides metabolic energy for soil
microorganism and fauna. It helps in the chelation of metals, buffer in slightly acid and alkaline
soils and cements soil particles into aggregates and contributes to water retention.
Thompson and Troeh (1973) mentioned that fertilizers are sources of plant nutrients that
can be added to soil to supplement its natural fertility.
Lingaling (2006) found in his study that the different organic fertilizers (compost, wild
sunflower, mushroom compost, chicken dung, hog manure and cow manure) increased the pH,
organic matter content, cation- exchange capacity and water- holding capacity of the soil. On the
other hand, the different organic fertilizers significantly decreased the available phosphorus,
exchangeable potassium and bulk density of the soil.




MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used in the study were carrot (var. Kuroda Gold) seeds, fresh sunflower
leaves, fresh azolla, fish scraps, molasses, grass-eating animal bones, shells, citrus wastes,
banana peels, coconut vinegar and molasses. These were the ingredients that were fermented.
Containers, strainers, net and plastic bottles were also used for the fermentation. Wooden
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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planting guide, identifying tags, weighing balance, measuring devices, farm implements and
recording materials were also required.

The study was conducted in a 75 m2 area at the Balili Experimental Area from December
2010 to March 2011. The area was divided into three blocks. Each block was further subdivided
into five plots measuring 1x5 m each. The experimental design used was the simple Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD).
The treatments are the following:

T1- control

T2- 60:30:10 (seedling stage, SS)
30:60:10 (vegetative stage, VS)
10:30:60 (root bulking stage, RB)

T3- 70:20:10 (seedling stage, SS)
20:70:10 (vegetative stage, VS)
10:20:70 (root bulking stage, RB)

T4- 80:10:10 (seedling stage, SS)
10:80:10 (vegetative stage, VS)
10:10:80 (root bulking stage, RB)

T5- 90:5:5 (seedling stage, SS)
5:90:5 (vegetative stage, VS)
5:5:90 (root bulking stage, RB)
The fertilizers were formulated prior to planting. The concoctions were prepared
separately before mixing and arriving at a single organic liquid fertilizer containing either the
highest N, P or K contents based on the source of raw organic materials.
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Preparation of Organic Liquid Nitrogen
Fertilizers (Formulation 1)

The fermentation that was followed in the preparation of liquid nitrogen fertilizer was
derived from the ideas of Lim (2008) and Virlanie Natural Farming School (2009).

Fermentation of azolla. Two kilograms of azolla was gathered early in the morning where
plants have the most nutrients. One kilogram of brown sugar was placed in a container of
appropriate size. A heavy weight (stone) was placed on the top of the mixture to expel the air and
brought the molasses and azolla into close contact. After five hours, the weight was removed and
the container was covered with a clean manila paper and tied with a string. The mixture was
fermented for seven days in a cool dry shaded place, and after which, the liquid was drained and
placed on clean plastic bottles.

Fermentation of sunflower. The procedure in fermenting the sunflower leaves was the
same with the process of fermenting azolla. However, sunflower leaves which were also
gathered early in the morning were chopped into smaller pieces before mixing with the molasses.
Fish Amino Acid. For the preparation of Fish Amino Acid (FAA), two kilograms of fresh
fish wastes such as head, bone and intestines were collected. Brown sugar of the same weight
(1:1 ratio) was added. The container was then covered with its own lid.

In three to four days, the fish started to liquefy through the osmotic pressure generated by
the molasses and underwent fermentation. After 10-15 days, the FAA was extracted and used.

Preparation of Organic Liquid Phosphorus
Fertilizer (Formulation 2)
The preparation of CalPhos followed the procedures of Tinoyan (2006).
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Bones. Animal bones from grass eating animals were gathered. One kilogram of animal
bones was boiled to remove and separate the meat and fats. It was then air-dried, broiled until
black and crushed. The pulverized bones were placed in a plastic container with 10 liters of
coconut vinegar for 30 days and strained.

Shells. Oyster and mussel shells were gathered and the same procedure with CalPhos was
followed.

Preparation of Organic Liquid Potassium
Fertilizer (Formulation 3)

The concoction process that was done was derived from the procedures of preparing
fermented plant juice.
Banana peels. One kilogram of chopped banana peels and 1 kilogram of brown sugar
were mixed. It was placed in a container, and covered with its own lid. It was then fermented in a
cool shaded place.
Citrus wastes. The citrus peels were gathered and the same fermentation process was
followed.

Seed Planting

Prior to planting, the BSU compost was applied as a basal fertilizer at the reduced rate of
five tons per hectare. The recommended rate of organic fertilizer for carrot is ten tons per
hectare.
Seeds were sown with the use of wooden planting guide in order to have equal distance
and number of hills per plot. The pegs of the planting guide were spaced 8 cm x 15 cm between
hills and rows, respectively. Five to eight seeds were dropped in each hill and covered with a thin
layer of soil. The plants were thinned three weeks after emergence. This was done to limit
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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seedlings to one plant per hill and to remove weak and stunted or abnormal seedlings and to
ensure good yield and uniform roots.

Application of NPK Fertilizer

Application of foliar fertilizer was done at an interval of eight days. The application
started 15 days after seedling emergence. For the vegetative stage, applications started at 39
DAP. Meanwhile, the applications for the root bulking stage started at 60 DAP.
To prepare a ratio of 60:30:10, 600 ml of Formulation 1, 300 ml of Formulation 2 and
100 ml of Formulation 3 were mixed to come up with a liter of NPK fertilizer. After which, 2
tablespoon of the formulated organic liquid fertilizer was added in a liter of water and was then
applied to the foliage of carrots. The same preparation was done for the other ratios (Figures 1-
3).


Figure 1. Prepared rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers for the seedling stage



Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Figure 2. Prepared rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers for the vegetative stage





Figure 3. Prepared rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers for the root bulking stage
Statistical Analysis
The data gathered were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA. The significance
between means was analyzed using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Data Gathered
A. Analysis of Formulated Organic Foliar Fertilizers
The different formulations were analyzed at Bureau of Soils and Water Management
(BSWM), Quezon City. Formulation 1 which is composed of fermented azolla, sunflower and
fish amino acid; formulation 2 which is composed of fermented animal bones and shells; and
formulation 3 from fermented citrus wastes and banana were analyzed for their pH, total
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium, total magnesium, sodium, zinc, copper,
manganese, iron and organic carbon contents.
B. Growth and Yield Parameters
1.
Plant height (cm). The heights were taken by measuring 10 samples of the carrot
plants from the base to the tip during its seedling, vegetative and root bulking stages.
2.
Marketable yield (kg). This was taken by weighing all roots harvested per plot
excluding the damaged roots.
3.
Total yield (kg). It was taken by weighing all roots harvested per plot which
includes the marketable and non-marketable roots.


C. Insect Pest Incidence
The plants were observed and the occurrence of insect pests was noted. The insects that
attacked the carrots and the damage caused were monitored and recorded. The arbitrary rating
scale used by Halog and Molina (1981) is shown below.
Scale
Description
1
Sound, leaves with no damage
2
Slight, 1-3 leaves affected
3
Moderate, 4-6 leaves affected
4
Severe, most of the leaves affected
5
Skeletonized, all leaves affected
D. Disease Incidence
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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The plants were observed and the occurrence of diseases was recorded. Diseases such as
powdery mildew, was rated using the arbitrary rating scale used by Lasilas, (2010) is shown
below.
Scale
Description
1
No infection
2
1-25% of the total plant
3
26-50% of the total plant
4
51-75% of the total plant
5
76-100% of the total plant
E. Soil Properties
1.
Soil pH. The initial and final soil pH were determined using the distilled water by
electrometric method.
2.
Bulk density (g/cm3). The core method was used in the determination of the bulk
density wherein a cylindrical core sampler was slowly pressed deep into the soil. Finally, it was
placed in the oven for at least 24 hours at 105°C and weighed after being cooled in the
dessicator. The formula used to compute the bulk density was:
Db= Oven Dry Weight of the Soil (g)
Volume of the Soil (cm3)

3.
Organic matter content (%). The organic matter content was determined using the
Walkley-Black Method.
4.
Total nitrogen content (%). The nitrogen content of the soil was determined using
the formula:
Total N = % OM x 0.05
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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5.
Available phosphorus content (ppm). The spectrophotometer was used in the
determination of phosphorus.
6.
Exchangeable potassium content (ppm). This was determined using the Flame
photometer.
F. Return on cash expense (ROCE, %)
This was determined by recording all the expenses and after which was computed using
the formula:
ROCE (%) = Gross Income – Total expenses x 100
Total expenses





RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical Analysis of the Formulated
Organic Liquid Fertilizers

Chemical analysis of formulated liquid organic fertilizer is presented in Table 1. Results
revealed that the formulated liquid organic fertilizer contains macro and micronutrient elements.

Table 1. Chemical analysis of formulated organic liquid fertilizers (BSWM, 2011)
CONSTITUENTS (CONTENT)
FORMULATIONS

F1
F2
F3
Total Nitrogen (N), %
0.13
0.05
0.04
Total Phosphorus (P2O5), %
0.004
0.07
Trace
Total Potassium (K2O), %
0.17
0.08
0.22
Total Calcium (CaO), %
0.08
0.99
0.02
Total Magnesium (MgO), %
0.05
0.08
0.03
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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pH
3.4
3.9
3.6
Sodium (Na), %
0.006
0.003
0.0003
Zinc (Zn), ppm
1.48
Trace
Trace
Copper (Cu), ppm
Trace
Trace
Trace
Manganese (Mn), ppm
39.07
13.88
5.20
Iron (Fe), ppm
64.79
16.01
12.30
Organic Carbon, %
21.16
1.06
21.81

Formulation 1 (F1) which is composed of fermented azolla, sunflower and fish amino
acid contains 0.13% total N, 0.004 % total P, 0.17 % total K, 0.08 % total Ca, 0.05 % total Mg,
0.006 %Na, 1.48 ppm Zn, Cu (Trace), 39.07 ppm Mn, 64.79 ppm Fe, 21.16% organic carbon and
a pH of 3.4. On the other hand, formulation 2 (F2),which is composed of fermented animal bones
and shells, contains 0.05 % total N, 0.07 % total P, 0.08 % total K, 0.99 % total Ca, 0.08% total
Mg, 0.0003 % Na, Zn and Cu (Trace), 13.88 ppm Mn, 16.01 ppm Fe, 1.06 % organic carbon and
a pH of 3.9. Moreover, formulation 3 (F3) from fermented citrus wastes and banana contains
0.04 % total N, total P (Trace), 0.14 % total K, 0.4 % total Ca, 0.05 % total Mg, 0.0003 % Na,
Zn and Cu (Trace), 24.31 ppm Mn, 27.29 ppm Fe, 12.63 % organic carbon and a pH of 2.9.
It was observed that F1 contains a relatively high total N and K content, F2 has higher
Ca, K and P, and F3 has higher K content.

The principal nutrients added to the soil are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the
shortage of nutrient elements in a given soil affects plant processes. Parnes (1986) stated that
nitrogen represents life, since it is an ingredient of proteins and distinguishes them from
carbohydrates. The potassium, on the other hand, is the Power Broker because it handles all of
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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the energy trapped by photosynthesis preparatory to storing that energy in sugars and phosphorus
distributes the energy given up by sugars and starches; while, the Great Regulator, potassium, is
active in numerous enzyme systems which control metabolic reactions, particularly in protein
and starches synthesis.

Calcium is mainly used by plants to build cell walls and is then needed in the roots and
shoot tips where cells are actively dividing, while magnesium is the essential ingredient in
chlorophyll and aids in the uptake of other elements (Plaster, 1997). Meanwhile, Thompson and
Troeh (1978) reported that sulfur is essential for the action of enzymes involved in nitrate
reduction and it speeds up the formation of all amino acids.
Sodium is thought to be able to substitute potassium in some functions in the plant.
However, the sodium cation cannot substitute K+ in activating enzymes despite other univalent
cations (McLaren and Cameron, 1994). Further, copper is involved in photosynthesis, protein
and carbohydrate metabolism and is a requirement for nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia. Manganese
is also essential in photosynthesis, N metabolism, N assimilation and is involved in oxidation-
reduction processes; Zinc is present in several important enzymes, promotes growth hormones
and starch formation and is involved in seed maturation and production; and, iron is present in
hemoglobin and it is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll.






Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Agronomic Parameters

Plant Height as Influenced by Rates
of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizer

The effect of different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizer on the height of carrot
plants during seedling, vegetable and root bulking stage is shown in Table 2. No significant
differences were noted from the treatments. However, results show that during the seedling and
vegetative stages, the plants applied with a rate of 60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS) had the tallest
plants (11.37 cm and 25.17 cm respectively). Meanwhile, during the root bulking stage, plants
applied with the rate of 5:5:90 (RB) had the highest height of 39.13 cm. Figures 4 and 5 show the
carrot plants during seedling and vegetative stages and seven days before harvesting.

Table 2. Plant height (cm) as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
Initial(24
SS (38
VS (59
RB (87
DAP)
DAP)
DAP)
DAP)
Control
6.87a
10.91a
24.17a
38.14a
60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
6.51a
11.37a
25.17a
37.61a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
6.01a
10.81a
23.09a
37.55a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
6.17a
10.71a
23.90a
35.53a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
6.76a
11.19a
23.84a
39.13a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT



Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Figure 4. Overview of carrot plants during its seedling and vegetative stages


Figure 5. Carrot plants sprayed with different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers 7
days before harvesting
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Computed Total Yield of Carrot in Tons per Hectare
as Influenced by Rates of Formulated
OrganicLiquid Fertilizers
The total yield of carrots as affected by the formulated organic liquid fertilizers is shown
in Figures 6 and 7. It was observed that the application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers
significantly affected the total yield. The highest harvested yield was obtained from plots applied
at the rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB) with a mean of 24.09 tons/ha.
Meanwhile, plants that were not applied with formulated organic liquid fertilizer registered the
lowest yield of 20.50 tons/ha. It is therefore implied that the application of formulated organic
liquid at any rate increases the yield of carrots. This could be attributed to the nutrients from the
organic fertilizers that were released and were used by the plants. Organic fertilizers are likely to
contain all the essential plant nutrient elements (Singer and Munns, 2002). Moreover, Brady and
Weil (2008) reported that organic compounds are absorbed by higher plants and that growth
promoting compounds such as vitamin, amino acid, auxins and gibberellins are formed as
organic matter decays. These then stimulate growth and yield in both higher plants and
microorganisms.

Computed Marketable Yield of Carrot in Tons per
Hectare as Influenced by Rates of Formulated
Organic Liquid Fertilizer

Figure 7 shows that the marketable yield of carrot was enhanced with the application of
formulated organic liquid fertilizers. The application of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70
(RB) rate registered the highest marketable yield of 20.17 tons/ha, followed by the application of
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) rate


Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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T1- control



T2- 60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/
T3- 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/
10:30:60 (RB)



10:20:70 (RB)



T4- 80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/
T5- 90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/
10:10:80 (RB)



5:5:90 (RB)

Figure 6. Yield of carrots sprayed with different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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with a mean of 17.59 tons/ha. The control yielded the lowest with a mean of 15.00 tons/ha. It is
therefore implied that the application of formulated organic liquid at any rate increases the
marketable yield of carrots. This could be attributed to the nutrients released and were absorbed
for photosynthesis. Poincelot (1980) stated that for a quick response, such as a very rapid use of
nutrients during a period of intense growth, foliar feeding responses are used. Furthermore,
Donahue (1970) reported that most of the 16 elements essential for plant growth can be absorbed
by the leaves and stems of plants when the elements are sprayed on them. Phosphorus, for
instance, is capable of being utilized by the plant when it is sprayed on the leaves. One reason is
that in most soils only a small percentage of phosphorus is recovered by the plant; whereas,
when phosphorus is sprayed on the leaves, nearly all of it is absorbed.

30
a
25
ab
bc
bc
)
c
a
20
/
ha
b
b
b
b
(
t
ons 15
Total yield
i
e
l
d
Y 10
Marketable yield
5
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Treatments


Figure 7. Yield of carrot as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by 5 % DMRT

Cutworm Infestation 40 DAP and 50 DAP

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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No significant effect of the formulated organic liquid fertilizer was observed on cutworm
infestation 40 DAP and 50 DAP as presented in Table 3. Highest cutworm infestation rate was
however observed in plants applied with the rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
at 40 DAP with a mean of 1.133. Further, the highest cutworm infestation was observed in
control plots at 50 DAP (Figure 8).



Figure 8. Carrot plant infested with cutworm (Agrotis segetum) during its seedling stage







Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Table 3. Cutworm infestation as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
40 DAP
50 DAP
Control
1.033a
1.100a
60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
1.067a
1.033a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
1.133a
1.033a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
1.033a
1.033a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
1.033a
1.033a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Insect pest infestation rating: 1- Sound, leaves with no damage; 2- Slight, 1-3 leaves affected; 3-
Moderate, 4-6 leaves affected; 4- Severe, most of the leaves affected; 5- Skeletonized, all leaves
affected (Halog and Molina, 1981)


Looper Infestation 50 DAP and 60 DAP

Table 4 presents the infestation of looper in carrot plants at 50 DAP and 60 DAP. It is
shown that there is application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers has no significant effect on
cutworm infestation. However, the highest looper infestation rates at both 50 DAP and 60 DAP
was observed in plots applied with the rate of 60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB),
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) and control plots. Loopers are found in small
numbers throughout the season. Sixty DAP has a higher insect pest infestation because the
loopers increased in population (Figure 9).








Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Table 4. Looper infestation as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
50 DAP
60 DAP
Control
1.067a
1.40a
60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
1.067a
1.40a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
1.000a
1.23a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
1.067a
1.40a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
1.000a
1.37a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Insect pest infestation rating: 1- Sound, leaves with no damage; 2- Slight, 1-3 leaves affected; 3-
Moderate, 4-6 leaves affected; 4- Severe, most of the leaves affected; 5- Skeletonized, all leaves
affected (Halog and Molina, 1981)



Figure 9. Carrot plant infested with looper (Trichoplusia ni)


Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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Semi-looper Infestation 50 DAP and 60 DAP
Semi-looper infestation is presented in Table 5. No significant effect of the application of
formulated organic liquid fertilizers was observed. Application of the rate 80:10:10 (SS)/
10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) however had the highest semi-looper infestation rate.

Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Infection 80 DAP and 87 DAP


Powdery mildew infection at 80 DAP and 87 DAP is presented in Table 6. Results show
that no significant effect of the different rates of organic liquid fertilizer on powdery mildew
infection was observed. It was observed however, that at 80 DAP, plots applied with the rate of
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB) obtained the highest powdery mildew infection and
at 87 DAP, control plots obtained the highest powdery mildew infection rate. The 87 DAP has the
higher rate of powdery mildew infection because the disease affected a wider area of carrot leaves than 80
DAP (Figure 10).



Figure 10. Carrot plants infected with powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Table 5. Semi-looper infestation as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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TREATMENTS
50 DAP
60 DAP
Control
1.100a
1.267a
60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
1.033a
1.300a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
1.000a
1.200a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
1.133a
1.200a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
1.000a
1.400a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Insect pest infestation rating: 1- Sound, leaves with no damage; 2- Slight, 1-3 leaves affected; 3-
Moderate, 4-6 leaves affected; 4- Severe, most of the leaves affected; 5- Skeletonized, all leaves
affected (Halog and Molina, 1981)


Table 6. Powdery mildew infection as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS

80 DAP
87 DAP
Control

1.87a
2.27a
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)

1.67a
1.87a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)

1.90a
1.90a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)

1.63a
1.80a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)

1.83a
1.90a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Powdery mildew infection rating: 1-No infection; 2- 1 to 25% of the total plant was infected; 3-
26 to 50% of the total plant was infected; 4- 51 to 75% of the total plant was infected; 5 - 76 to
100% of the total plant was infected (Lasilas, 2010)


Return on Cash Expenses


Highest return on cash expense was noted from the application of 70:20:10 (SS),
20:70:10 (VS), 10:20:70 (RB) with a value of 149.05% which was due to higher marketable
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

yield (Table 7). This means that for every peso spent to produce a kilogram of carrot, it
generated a net income of 149.05. Whereas, the lowest return on cash expense was obtained from
the control plots which was due to lower marketable yield. It is however presented that there is
no significant difference on the return on cash expenses of plots applied with different rates of
formulated organic liquid fertilizer. Carrot is the third most important crop in the Cordillera and
some areas in the country (Bawang, 2006). It has the highest return on investment (R.O.I.)
among the major vegetables in the industry. The average selling price of carrot is Php 80.00
basing on organic price in the market for the month of March 2011. Furthermore, the average
price of the organic liquid fertilizers is Php 100.00 per liter.

Table 7. Return on cash expense of carrots as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid
fertilizers

TREATMENTS
ROCE
(%)
Control
105.55a
60:30:10 (SS)/ 30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
108.95a
70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
149.05a
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
117.49a
90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
109.94a
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Soil Properties
Bulk Density of the Soil as Influenced
by Rates of Formulated Organic
Liquid Fertilizers
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Table 8 shows that the bulk density of the soil was not significantly affected by the rates
of formulated organic liquid fertilizers. However, the lowest bulk density was obtained from the
soil applied with the rate of 60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB) with a mean of 1.06 g/
cm3. The highest so far was obtained from the control plots with a mean of 1.13 g/cm3. It was
noted that the bulk density of soils at a range of 1.06 to 1.08 decreased from the initial value of
1.65 g/cm3. This indicates that application of the formulated organic liquid fertilizers and the
presence of crop improves the soil bulk density. Plaster (1997) stated that tillage temporarily
loosens the surface soil and that roots penetrate the soil by pushing their way into pores.

Table 8. Bulk density (Db) of the soil after harvest as influenced by rates of formulated organic
liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
Db OF THE SOIL
g/cm3
Control
1.13a
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
1.06a

70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
1.09a

80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
1.08a

90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
1.08a

Initial
1.65
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT

Soil pH as Influenced by Rates of Formulated
Organic Liquid Fertilizers

The soil pH was not significantly affected by the application of formulated organic liquid
fertilizers (Table 9). Plots applied with the rate of 60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
however, registered the highest soil pH of 5.86. The lowest was obtained from the control plots.
Further, the pH of the soil as compared to the initial of 5.10 increased with the application of
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

organic liquid fertilizers. Therefore, it is implied that organic liquid fertilizers improves the soil
pH as the plants were provided with nutrients through their foliage which minimizes the removal
of basic ions from the soil.

Table 9. Soil pH after harvest as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
SOIL pH

Control
5.83a
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
5.86a

70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
5.78a

80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
5.83a

90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
5.78a

Initial
5.10
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT








Organic Matter Content of the Soil as Influenced
by Rates of Formulated Organic
Liquid Fertilizers

Application of different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers significantly affected
the organic matter content of the soil (Figure 11). The highest soil organic matter was obtained
from the plots applied with 80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) with a mean of 3.67%
followed by plots applied with 60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB) (3.65%). Further,
the organic matter content of plots applied with formulated organic liquid fertilizer increased
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

when compared to the initial of 2.24%. This could be attributed to the basal application of 5
tons/ha organic fertilizers in the plots prior to planting. Organic fertilizers are likely to contain all
the essential plant nutrient elements but are released slowly as they decay. Brady and Weil
(2008) reported that the plant nutrients and organic matter are recycled and returned to the soil.


l

3.8
3.7

s
oi
ab
a
abc
3.6

t
he

of
3.5
abcd
e
nt
3.4
) 3.3
(
% 3.2
d
a
t
t
e
r

c
ont
3.1
c

m
3
ni
2.9
r
ga
2.8
O
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Treatments

Figure 11. Organic matter content of the soil as influenced by rates of formulated organic liquid
fertilizers
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by 5% DMRT
Total Nitrogen Content of the Soil as Influenced
by Rates of Formulated Organic
Liquid Fertilizers
The total nitrogen content of the soil as affected by the rates of formulated organic liquid
fertilizers is presented in Table 10. Results showed significant differences on the total nitrogen
content of the soil as affected by the application of different rates of organic liquid fertilizers.
The rate 80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) has the highest nitrogen content. This
could be due to the higher organic matter content of the soil. Organic matter is usually used as an
index of soil fertility, and by itself, is a source of other major and secondary nutrient elements.
Organic matter is a source of other major and secondary nutrient elements (PCARRD, 2006).
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

About 92-94 % of soil nitrogen and 15-18 % of total phosphorus are released from organic
matter.

Table 10. Total nitrogen content of the soil after harvest as influenced by rates of formulated
organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
TOTAL N
(%)
Control
0.1553daaaaa
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
0.1827abaaaa

70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
0.1815abcaa

80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
0.1835aaaaa

90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
0.1707abcd

Initial
0.1120000
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by 5% DMRT




Available Phosphorus Content of the Soil
as Influenced by Rates of Formulated
Organic Liquid Fertilizers

Available phosphorus content of the soil did not differ significantly as affected by the
application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers as shown in Table 11. The application of
80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB) however, registered the highest mean of 511.24
ppm and the lowest was from plots applied with 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB).
Further, the available phosphorus content of the soil compared to the initial of 488.49 ppm
increased with the application of organic liquid fertilizers. It is implied therefore that, organic
liquid fertilizers and the presence of a crop improves the available phosphorus content of the soil
as the case with the control plots.
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Table 11. Available phosphorus content of the soil after harvest as influenced by rates of
formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
AVAILABLE P
(ppm)
Control
499.03a
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
491.70a

70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
495.30a

80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
511.24a

90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
506.36a

Initial
488.49
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT






Exchangeable Potassium Content of the Soil
as Influenced by Rates of Formulated
Organic Liquid Fertilizers

The different rates of formulated organic liquid fertilizers applied did not differ
significantly on the potassium content of the soil. Table 12 shows however that the potassium
content of the soil increased considerably as compared from the initial of 220 ppm. Furthermore,
the plots applied with the rate 60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB) registered the highest
potassium content, while plots applied with the rate 90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
registered the lowest potassium content.



Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Table 12. Exchangeable potassium content of the soil after harvest as influenced by rates of
formulated organic liquid fertilizers

TREATMENTS
K CONTENT
(ppm)
Control
353.11a
60:30:10 (SS)/30:60:10 (VS)/ 10:30:60 (RB)
530.66a

70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
504.00a

80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB)
395.56a

90:5:5 (SS)/ 5:90:5 (VS)/ 5:5:90 (RB)
352.89a

Initial
220.00
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different by DMRT




SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary

The study was conducted at the Balili Experimental Area from December 2010 to March
2011 to determine the: 1) effects of formulated organic liquid fertilizers on the growth and yield
of carrot, 2) the best rate of the formulated organic liquid fertilizers for the production of carrot,
and (3) the effects of the formulated organic liquid fertilizers on some physical and chemical
properties of the soil.
Results showed that the application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers differed
significantly on the total and marketable yield of carrot. Results showed that the control plots has
the lowest total and marketable yield mean which is 20.5 tons/ha and 15 tons/ha, respectively.
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Meanwhile, the plots applied with a rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB)
registered the highest total and marketable yield mean of 24.09 and 20.17.
Application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers at the rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10
(VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB) had the highest return on cash expense.
Similarly, the application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers at different rates differed
significantly effect on the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content of the soil. Results
revealed that the highest organic matter and total nitrogen content of the soil were obtained from
plots applied with the rate of 80:10:10 (SS)/ 10:80:10 (VS)/ 10:10:80 (RB).





Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn from the results and findings:
1. The application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers enhanced better growth and
development of carrot. Higher marketable yield of carrot was obtained from application of
formulated organic liquid fertilizers at the rate 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB).
2. The organic matter and total nitrogen content of the soil were improved by the
application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers.
3. Application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers at the rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/
20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB) had the highest return on cash expense.

Recommendations

It is therefore recommended that the application of formulated organic liquid fertilizers at
the rate of 70:20:10 (SS)/ 20:70:10 (VS)/ 10:20:70 (RB) can be applied to improve soil
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

properties and gain higher yield of carrot. A follow-up study using the formulated organic liquid
fertilizers at different rates is recommended to verify results and findings.

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Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

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APPENDECIS

Appendix Table 2. Plant height 38 DAP (cm)


REPLICATION .


I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
11.02
9.59
12.12
32.73
10.91
T2
11.35
11.36
11.41
34.12
11.37
T3
11.16
11.30
9.97
32.43
10.81
T4
10.49
11.05
10.58
32.12
10.71
T5
11.18
11.57
10.83
33.58
11.19
TOTAL
55.20
54.87
54.91
164.98

MEAN




11.00









ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.01
0.003
0.005ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.92
0.230
0.390ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
4.73
0.590



TOTAL
14
5.66




ns = Not significant






CV = 6.98%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 3. Plant height 59 DAP (cm)


REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
24.39
22.52
25.59
72.50
24.17
T2
23.17
26.02
26.31
75.50
25.17
T3
22.73
24.07
22.47
69.27
23.09
T4
22.88
24.46
24.36
71.70
23.90
T5
23.72
23.93
23.88
71.53
23.84
TOTAL
116.89
121.00
122.61
360.50

MEAN




24.03






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
3.48
1.74
1.34ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
6.73
1.68
1.29ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
10.40
1.30



TOTAL
14
20.61




ns = Not significant






CV = 4.74%

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 4. Final plant height 87 DAP (cm)


REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
35.05
38.00
41.38
114.43
38.14
T2
34.58
38.75
39.50
112.83
37.61
T3
37.65
40.00
35.00
112.65
37.55
T4
33.90
35.00
37.70
106.60
35.53
T5
38.35
36.00
42.25
117.40
39.13
TOTAL
179.53
188.55
195.83
563.91

MEAN




37.59






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
26.67
13.34
2.46ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
20.76
5.19
0.96ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
43.38
5.43



TOTAL
14
90.81




ns = Not significant






CV = 6.20%

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 5. Computed total yield of carrot (tons/ha)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
20.00
19.50
22.00
61.50
20.50
T2
23.76
21.76
23.76
69.28
23.09
T3
23.00
23.76
25.50
72.26
24.09
T4
23.50
21.00
21.76
66.26
22.09
T5
22.00
21.26
22.00
65.26
21.75
TOTAL
112.26
107.28
115.02
334.56

MEAN




22.31









ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
6.1551
3.0775
3.5439ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
22.2175
5.5544
6.3961*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
6.9468
0.8684



TOTAL
14
35.3194




* = Significant







CV = 4.18%

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 6. Computed marketable yield of carrot (tons/ha)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
14.00
14.50
16.50
45.00
15.00
T2
19.50
15.26
16.00
50.76
16.92
T3
20.00
18.50
22.00
60.50
20.17
T4
19.00
15.50
18.26
52.76
17.59
T5
17.00
16.00
18.00
51.00
17.00
TOTAL
89.50
79.76
90.76
260.02

MEAN




17.33






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
14.50
7.25
4.07ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
41.46
10.37
5.82*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
14.23
1.78



TOTAL
14
70.19




* = Significant







CV = 7.70 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 7. Cutworm infestation 40 DAP


REPLICATION .


I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.1
1.0
1.0
3.1
1.033
T2
1.0
1.2
1.0
3.2
1.067
T3
1.04
1.0
1.0
3.4
1.133
T4
1.1
1.0
1.0
3.1
1.033
T5
1.1
1.0
1.0
3.1
1.033
TOTAL
5.7
5.2
5.0
15.9

MEAN




1.06








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.052
0.02600
n
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.023
0.00575
0.45ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.102
0.01275



TOTAL
14
0.177




ns = Not Significant






cv = 10.65 %

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 8. Cutworm infestation 50 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.3
1.100
T2
1.0
1.1
1.0
3.1
1.033
T3
1.0
1.0
1.1
3.1
1.033
T4
1.1
1.0
1.0
3.1
1.033
T5
1.0
1.1
1.0
3.1
1.033
TOTAL
5.2
5.3
5.2
15.7

MEAN




1.047








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.0010
0.0005

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.0103
0.0026
0.8ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.0257
0.0032



TOTAL
14
0.0370




ns = Not Significant





CV = 5.41%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 9. Looper infestation 50 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.1
1.0
1.1
3.2
1.067
T2
1.1
1.0
1.1
3.2
1.067
T3
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.000
T4
1.1
1.1
1.0
3.2
1.067
T5
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.000
TOTAL
5.3
5.1
5.2
15.6

MEAN




1.04








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.004
0.002

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.016
0.004
2.0ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.016
0.002



TOTAL
14
0.036




ns = Not Significant





CV = 4.30%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 10. Looper infestation 60 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.5
1.2
1.5
4.2
1.40
T2
1.5
1.2
1.5
4.2
1.40
T3
1.1
1.5
1.1
3.7
1.23
T4
1.4
1.4
1.4
4.2
1.40
T5
1.4
1.3
1.4
4.1
1.37
TOTAL
6.9
6.6
6.9
20.4

MEAN




1.36







ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.0120
0.0060

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.0627
0.0157
0.565ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.2213
0.0277



TOTAL
14
0.2960




ns = Not Significant





CV = 12.24 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 11. Semi-looper infestation 50 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.3
1.100
T2
1.0
1.1
1.0
3.1
1.033
T3
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.000
T4
1.3
1.1
1.0
3.4
1.133
T5
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.000
TOTAL
5.4
5.3
5.1
15.8

MEAN




1.053








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.0090
0.0045

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.0437
0.0109
1.98ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.0443
0.0055



TOTAL
14
0.0970




ns = Not Significant






CV = 7.04 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 12. Semi-looper infestation 60 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.1
1.6
1.1
3.8
1.267
T2
1.2
1.4
1.3
3.9
1.300
T3
1.3
1.1
1.2
3.6
1.200
T4
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.6
1.200
T5
1.3
1.6
1.3
4.2
1.400
TOTAL
6.1
6.9
6.1
19.1

MEAN




1.273








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.086
0.04300

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.083
0.02080
1.0ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.181
0.02263



TOTAL
14
0.350




ns = Not Significant






CV = 11.82 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 13. Powdery mildew infection 80 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.8
2.0
1.8
5.6
1.87
T2
1.6
1.8
1.6
5.0
1.67
T3
2.2
1.8
1.7
5.7
1.90
T4
1.4
1.7
1.8
4.9
1.63
T5
1.9
1.9
1.7
5.5
1.83
TOTAL
8.9
9.2
8.6
26.7

MEAN




1.78



ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.03
0.02

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.17
0.04
1.0ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.28
0.04



TOTAL
14
0.48




ns = Not significant






CV =11.24 %



Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 14. Powdery mildew infection 87 DAP

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
2.0
2.8
2.0
6.8
2.27
T2
1.8
2.0
1.8
5.6
1.87
T3
2.4
1.5
1.8
5.7
1.90
T4
1.5
2.0
1.9
5.4
1.80
T5
2.1
1.9
1.7
5.7
1.90
TOTAL
9.8
10.2
9.2
29.2

MEAN




1.95






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.10
0.05

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.41
0.10
0.83ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.99
0.12



TOTAL
14
1.5




ns = Not significant






CV = 17.7%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 15. Return on cash expenses (%)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
91.85
98.70
126.10
316.65
105.55
T2
140.82
88.45
97.59
326.86
108.95
T3
146.99
128.47
171.69
447.15
149.05
T4
134.64
91.42
125.50
351.56
117.19
T5
109.94
97.59
122.29
329.82
109.94
TOTAL
624.24
504.63
643.17
1772.04

MEAN




118.136








ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
2257.21
1128.61

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
3799.44
949.86
3.398ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2247.74
280.97



TOTAL
14
8304.39




ns = Not Significant






CV = 14.19 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 16. Bulk density of the soil after harvest (g/cm3)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.16
1.09
1.15
3.40
1.13
T2
1.00
1.18
0.99
3.17
1.06
T3
1.10
1.17
1.01
3.28
1.09
T4
1.14
1.14
0.96
3.24
1.08
T5
1.19
1.05
0.99
3.23
1.08
TOTAL
5.59
5.63
5.1
16.32

MEAN




1.09







ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.030
0.020
2.86ns
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.006
0.002
0.29ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.054
0.007



TOTAL
14
0.090




ns = Not significant






CV = 7.68%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 17. Soil pH

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
5.79
5.84
5.87
17.50
5.83
T2
5.76
5.92
5.89
17.57
5.86
T3
5.66
5.71
5.98
17.35
5.78
T4
5.75
5.81
5.93
17.49
5.83
T5
5.76
5.71
5.88
17.35
5.78
TOTAL
28.72
28.99
29.55
87.26

MEAN




5.82






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.07
0.04
8.00*
4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.01
0.003
0.60ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.04
0.005



TOTAL
14
0.12




ns = Not significant






CV = 1.1 7%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 18. Organic matter content of the soil after harvest (%)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
3.07
2.88
3.37
9.32
3.11
T2
3.56
3.73
3.67
10.96
3.65
T3
3.79
3.52
3.58
10.89
3.63
T4
3.78
3.57
3.66
11.01
3.67
T5
3.09
3.45
3.70
10.24
3.41
TOTAL
17.29
17.15
17.98
52.42

MEAN




3.49









ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.08
0.04

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.69
0.17
4.31*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.31
0.04



TOTAL
14
1.08




* = Significant






CV = 5.64%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 19. Total nitrogen content of the soil after harvest (%)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
0.1535
0.1440
0.1685
0.4660
0.1553
T2
0.1780
0.1865
0.1835
0.5480
0.1827
T3
0.1895
0.1760
0.1790
0.5445
0.1815
T4
0.1890
0.1785
0.1830
0.5505
0.1835
T5
0.1545
0.1725
0.1850
0.5120
0.1707
TOTAL
0.8645
0.8575
0.8990
2.6210

MEAN




0.1747









ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
0.00017
0.000087

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
0.00171
0.000430
4.28*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.00080
0.000100



TOTAL
14
0.00268




* = Significant







CV = 5.72 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 20. Available phosphorus content of the soil after harvest (ppm)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
485.02
493.50
518.56
1497.08
499.03
T2
454.18
458.03
562.72
1475.11
491.70
T3
465.74
500.44
519.72
1485.90
495.30
T4
501.22
507.00
525.50
1533.72
511.24
T5
468.44
499.29
551.34
1519.07
506.36
TOTAL
2374.6
2458.26
2678.02
7510.88

MEAN




500.73






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
9823.81
4911.91

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
767.96
191.99
0.41ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3724.72
465.59



TOTAL
14
14316.49




ns = Not significant






CV = 4.31%
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 21. Exchangeable potassium content of the soil after harvest (ppm)

REPLICATION .

I
II
III


TREATMENTS



TOTAL
MEAN
T1
377.33
374.67
307.33
1059.33
353.11
T2
825.33
397.33
369.33
1591.99
530.66
T3
837.33
333.33
341.33
1511.99
504.00
T4
536.00
348.00
302.67
1186.67
395.56
T5
378.67
333.33
346.67
1058.67
352.89
TOTAL
2954.66
1786.66
1667.33
6408.65

MEAN




427.24






ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIATION
OF
SQUARE SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
0.05
0.01
Block
2
202378.81 101189.41

4.46
8.65
Treatment
4
85844.95
21461.24
1.32ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
129801.57
16225.20



TOTAL
14
418025.33




ns = Not significant






CV = 29.81 %
Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Appendix Table 22. Production cost (PhP)

TREATMENT
PARTICULAR
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Production Cost





Seeds
20.76
20.76
20.76
20.76
20.76
Fertilizer (Basal)
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
Fertilizer (Foliar)
0
81.00
81.00
81.00
81.00
Garden Tools





Grub hoe
6.43
6.43
6.43
6.43
6.43
Hose
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
Tractor
29.00
29.00
29.00
29.00
29.00
Labor





Land preparation
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
Fertilizer application (Basal)
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Sowing
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
Thinning
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
Hilling-up
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
Irrigation
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
Weeding
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
Fertilizer application (Foliar)
70.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
Harvesting
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
TOTAL
875.69
971.69
971.69
971.69
971.69
Gross Income
1800.00 2030.40 2420.00 2110.40 2040.00
Net Income
924.31 1058.71 1448.31 1128.31 1068.31
ROCE (%)
105.55
108.95
149.05
116.12
109.94
Rank
5
4
1
2
3

Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production as Influenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
/ ARLYN MAY C. PATERNO, 2011

---

Document Outline

• Organic Carrot (Daucus carota) Production asInfluenced by Rates of Formulated Organic Liquid Fertilizers
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • INTRODUCTION
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • LITERATURE CITED/REFERENCE
  • APPENDECIS

---