BIBLIOGRAPHY ATLEB, MARISA B. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013. Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant
Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in Arabica Coffee at Benguet State
University.Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Julio S. Ligat, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The crude extracts were taken from the existing plant species with or in between
the Arabica coffee trees at the main campus Benguet State University in La Trinidad,
Benguet. The source of Coffee Ringspot Virus-infected sample was the existing Arabica
coffee tree at the main campus. At Benguet State University (BSU), the Arabica coffee
are planted with or in between different tree species which includes agoho , pine, fern,
eucalyptus and others.
Results showed that the Phaseolus vulgaris which was sprayed with crude extract
from all the different plant species, 2 days before inoculation of Coffee Ringspot Virus,
had mild virus infection (1-10%), it could be said that the mixture extracts from different
plant species found growing with Arabica coffee trees in BSU Main campus have antiviral
properties against the virus. The untreated plants had moderate virus infection of 11-25%.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Plant Extracts Against
Coffee Ringspot Virus
One day after inoculation with Coffee Ringspot Virus, it was observed in the
Phaseolus vulgaris that except for agoho extract which had a rating of 1.11 which is
equivalent to 1-10% infection, all the treatments had had no virus infection. The untreated
plant had the highest virus infection rating of 1.56 rating or 1-10% infection.
Two days after virus inoculation, the plants which were sprayed with crude sap
from bamboo, citrus and nappier grass, had no virus infection. The untreated plant had the
highest virus infection. (3.44 rating scale or 11-25% infection).
Three days after virus inoculation, the plants which were sprayed with crude sap
from Alnus, Caliandra, Bamboo, Agoho, citrus, passion fruit and bottle brush had 11-25%
virus infection. The untreated plant had the highest virus infection of 26-50%.
Foreign countries reported that citrus contains citronella oil which is popular as a
natural insect repellent. Its mosquito repellent qualities have been proved including
effectiveness in repelling mosquito causing dengue fever. This shows that the insect vectors
of Coffee Ringspot Virus were prevented from introducing the disease to Arabica coffee.
Alnus, ipi-ipil and caliandra have nitrogen-fixing capacity that enhanced the growth
of Arabica coffee and resisted the detrimental effect of Coffee Ringspot virus. The
holocellulose and alpha cellulose contents of bamboo had enhance the photosynthetic
capacity of Arabica coffee and produced the necessary inhibitory aromatic compounds
against the disease.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Rating of Coffee Rings Virus spot infection as affected by different crude plant
extract in Phaseolus vulgaris (test plant)
DAYS AFTER INOCULATION
_____________________________________________
SOURCE OF EXTRACT DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
________________________________________________________________________
Untreated
1.56
3.44
7.00
Alnus
0.89
1.56
5.78
Caliandra
0.67
1.78
5.78
Bamboo
0.89
0.89
5.33
Agoho
1.11
1.33
5.78
Citrus
0.89
0.89
5.33
Passion fruit
0.67
1.33
5.78
Bottle brush
0.99
1.11
5.78
Pine tree
0.89
1.56
6.00
Ipil-ipil
0.69
1.33
6.00
Cypress
0.67
1.33
6.00
Nappier grass
0.67
0.67
6.00
All the treated plants had mild infection (1-10%) of Coffee Ringspot Virus
infection (Table 2). The untreated plant shows moderate virus infection (4.0 rating scale
or 11-25%).
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
8
7
6
cale 5
g s
tin 4
ra
ase 3
e
is
d 2
1
0
day1
day 2
day 3
untreated
alnus
caliandra
bamboo
agoho
citrus
passsion fruit
bottle brush
pine tree
ipil-ipil
cypress
nappier grass
Figure 1.Effect of crude plant extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in Phaseolus
vulgaris
The plants which were sprayed with crude extract from citrus had mild infection
(rating scale of 2.44) of Coffee Ringspot Virus. The untreated had moderate virus infection
(rating scale of 4.00).
The plant samples as sources of crude extracts were the existing different plant
species with or in between the Arabica coffee trees at Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, and Benguet.
The source of Coffee Ringspot Virus-infected sample was the existing Arabica
coffee tree at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The plant which was sprayed from crude extract of bamboo had mild infection
(rating scale of 2.37) of Coffee Ringspot Virus. The untreated had moderate virus infection
(rating scale of 4.00).
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Mottling (Figure 3 and 5), leafdistortion (Figure 3 and 5), and vein clearing (Figure
6) were the symptoms observed shown by the test plant.
Figure 2. Symptom of Coffee Ringspot Virus
Figure 3. Symptom of mottling, leaf distortion and vein clearing
in un innoculated test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Figure 4. No viral symptom in test plant sprayed with bamboo extract
Figure 5. Symptom of mottling and leaf distortion in test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. Symptom of vein clearing in test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Eleven of crude extracts were from different plant species planted with or in
between the Arabica coffee trees at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet were
evaluated against the Coffee Ringspot Virus of Arabica coffee. CoRSV infected samples
were collected from existing Arabica coffee tree at Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
All the treated plants had mild (1-10%) Coffee Ringspot Virus infection. The
untreated plant had moderate virus infection of 4.0 (11-25%).
Result showed that one day after inoculation of coffee ring spot virus, the test plants
sprayed with crude extract from caliandra, passion fruit, cypress and nappier grass had the
lowest disease infection while the untreated had the highest virus infection. Two days after
inoculation of the virus it was observed that the test plant sprayed crude extracts from
nappier has the lowest while untreated had the highest virus infection. Three days after
virus inoculation the test plant which was sprayed with extract from bamboo had the lowest
virus infection and untreated had the highest infection rate.
Conclusions
Since the Phaseolus vulgaris which was sprayed with crude extract from all the
different plant species, 2 days before inoculation of Coffee Ringspot Virus, had mild virus
infection (1-10%), it could be said that all the evaluated crude extracts from the different
plant species have antiviral properties against Coffee Ringspot Virus (CoRSV). The
untreated had moderate virus infection of 4.0 or 11-25%.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
The best extract sprayed was bamboo extracts which had shown no visual symptom
having mild infection on the test plant (Figure 3).The holocellulose and alpha cellulose
contents of bamboo had enhance the phosynthetic capacity of Arabica coffee and produced
the necessary inhibitory aromatic compounds against the disease.
Recommendations
A comprehensive study on the antiviral properties of the plant extracts evaluated
should be done. As most of these plants are found in or in between coffee trees. More
should be planted in between the Arabica coffee at the main campus of Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology, 4thed.Academic Press limited. 24-28 Oval
Road, London NWI 7DX, UK, Pp. 375-377.
ANGADOL, P. P. and LIGAT J. S. 1983. A survey on the incidence of virus symptoms on
important flowers in Benguet unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
LaTrinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15-16.
BANISA, R.L. and J.S. LIGAT.2008. A Preliminary Survey on the Incidence of Coffee
Ringspot Virus-like Disease in Arabica Coffee at the Benguet State University.BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.1-20.
CAGA, R. 2012. Isolation and evaluation of indigenous biological agent’s against coffee
leaf rust disease on organic Arabica coffee. Benguet State University. Unpublished
Thesis. P. 1.
CASTILLO P.C. 1969. Postsward trends in the Production, Consumption and Price of
Coffee. Unpublished M.S Thesis. UPCA. P. 2.
DAGUIO, C.T. and J.S. LIGAT.2000. Incidence of Coffee in Bantay, Tabuk, Kalinga. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4-7.
PENTDERGRAST, M.2009. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.Retreived December 29, 2009
from http:// en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/coffee.
SINGH, R, S, 1978.Plant Disease.4th Edition. Oxford and New Delhi CBH Publishing Co.
Pp. 453-456.
TARR, A. J. S. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology. London. The Mc Millan Press. Pp. 43-
47.
WALKER, M.N.1969.Seed Transmission of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Spinach.
Retrieved 26th of October 2009 from http//www.Apset.org/phyto PDF/1997 /
070410R.PDF.
WELLMAN. F, L.1961. Coffee Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. New York:
Interference Publishers Inc. Pp. 253-257.
ZIDA, E.P., P. SEREME, V. LETH and P. SANKARA, 2008. Effect of aqueous extracts
of Acacia gourmaensis A. Chev and Eclipta Alba (L.) hassk. On seed health
seedling vigor and grain yield of sorghum and pearl millet. Asian J. PlantPathol,
2:Pp. 40-47.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013. Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant
Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in Arabica Coffee at Benguet State
University.Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Julio S. Ligat, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The crude extracts were taken from the existing plant species with or in between
the Arabica coffee trees at the main campus Benguet State University in La Trinidad,
Benguet. The source of Coffee Ringspot Virus-infected sample was the existing Arabica
coffee tree at the main campus. At Benguet State University (BSU), the Arabica coffee
are planted with or in between different tree species which includes agoho , pine, fern,
eucalyptus and others.
Results showed that the Phaseolus vulgaris which was sprayed with crude extract
from all the different plant species, 2 days before inoculation of Coffee Ringspot Virus,
had mild virus infection (1-10%), it could be said that the mixture extracts from different
plant species found growing with Arabica coffee trees in BSU Main campus have antiviral
properties against the virus. The untreated plants had moderate virus infection of 11-25%.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Plant Extracts Against
Coffee Ringspot Virus
One day after inoculation with Coffee Ringspot Virus, it was observed in the
Phaseolus vulgaris that except for agoho extract which had a rating of 1.11 which is
equivalent to 1-10% infection, all the treatments had had no virus infection. The untreated
plant had the highest virus infection rating of 1.56 rating or 1-10% infection.
Two days after virus inoculation, the plants which were sprayed with crude sap
from bamboo, citrus and nappier grass, had no virus infection. The untreated plant had the
highest virus infection. (3.44 rating scale or 11-25% infection).
Three days after virus inoculation, the plants which were sprayed with crude sap
from Alnus, Caliandra, Bamboo, Agoho, citrus, passion fruit and bottle brush had 11-25%
virus infection. The untreated plant had the highest virus infection of 26-50%.
Foreign countries reported that citrus contains citronella oil which is popular as a
natural insect repellent. Its mosquito repellent qualities have been proved including
effectiveness in repelling mosquito causing dengue fever. This shows that the insect vectors
of Coffee Ringspot Virus were prevented from introducing the disease to Arabica coffee.
Alnus, ipi-ipil and caliandra have nitrogen-fixing capacity that enhanced the growth
of Arabica coffee and resisted the detrimental effect of Coffee Ringspot virus. The
holocellulose and alpha cellulose contents of bamboo had enhance the photosynthetic
capacity of Arabica coffee and produced the necessary inhibitory aromatic compounds
against the disease.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Rating of Coffee Rings Virus spot infection as affected by different crude plant
extract in Phaseolus vulgaris (test plant)
DAYS AFTER INOCULATION
_____________________________________________
SOURCE OF EXTRACT DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3
________________________________________________________________________
Untreated
1.56
3.44
7.00
Alnus
0.89
1.56
5.78
Caliandra
0.67
1.78
5.78
Bamboo
0.89
0.89
5.33
Agoho
1.11
1.33
5.78
Citrus
0.89
0.89
5.33
Passion fruit
0.67
1.33
5.78
Bottle brush
0.99
1.11
5.78
Pine tree
0.89
1.56
6.00
Ipil-ipil
0.69
1.33
6.00
Cypress
0.67
1.33
6.00
Nappier grass
0.67
0.67
6.00
All the treated plants had mild infection (1-10%) of Coffee Ringspot Virus
infection (Table 2). The untreated plant shows moderate virus infection (4.0 rating scale
or 11-25%).
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
8
7
6
cale 5
g s
tin 4
ra
ase 3
e
is
d 2
1
0
day1
day 2
day 3
untreated
alnus
caliandra
bamboo
agoho
citrus
passsion fruit
bottle brush
pine tree
ipil-ipil
cypress
nappier grass
Figure 1.Effect of crude plant extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in Phaseolus
vulgaris
The plants which were sprayed with crude extract from citrus had mild infection
(rating scale of 2.44) of Coffee Ringspot Virus. The untreated had moderate virus infection
(rating scale of 4.00).
The plant samples as sources of crude extracts were the existing different plant
species with or in between the Arabica coffee trees at Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, and Benguet.
The source of Coffee Ringspot Virus-infected sample was the existing Arabica
coffee tree at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The plant which was sprayed from crude extract of bamboo had mild infection
(rating scale of 2.37) of Coffee Ringspot Virus. The untreated had moderate virus infection
(rating scale of 4.00).
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Mottling (Figure 3 and 5), leafdistortion (Figure 3 and 5), and vein clearing (Figure
6) were the symptoms observed shown by the test plant.
Figure 2. Symptom of Coffee Ringspot Virus
Figure 3. Symptom of mottling, leaf distortion and vein clearing
in un innoculated test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Figure 4. No viral symptom in test plant sprayed with bamboo extract
Figure 5. Symptom of mottling and leaf distortion in test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. Symptom of vein clearing in test plant
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Eleven of crude extracts were from different plant species planted with or in
between the Arabica coffee trees at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet were
evaluated against the Coffee Ringspot Virus of Arabica coffee. CoRSV infected samples
were collected from existing Arabica coffee tree at Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
All the treated plants had mild (1-10%) Coffee Ringspot Virus infection. The
untreated plant had moderate virus infection of 4.0 (11-25%).
Result showed that one day after inoculation of coffee ring spot virus, the test plants
sprayed with crude extract from caliandra, passion fruit, cypress and nappier grass had the
lowest disease infection while the untreated had the highest virus infection. Two days after
inoculation of the virus it was observed that the test plant sprayed crude extracts from
nappier has the lowest while untreated had the highest virus infection. Three days after
virus inoculation the test plant which was sprayed with extract from bamboo had the lowest
virus infection and untreated had the highest infection rate.
Conclusions
Since the Phaseolus vulgaris which was sprayed with crude extract from all the
different plant species, 2 days before inoculation of Coffee Ringspot Virus, had mild virus
infection (1-10%), it could be said that all the evaluated crude extracts from the different
plant species have antiviral properties against Coffee Ringspot Virus (CoRSV). The
untreated had moderate virus infection of 4.0 or 11-25%.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
The best extract sprayed was bamboo extracts which had shown no visual symptom
having mild infection on the test plant (Figure 3).The holocellulose and alpha cellulose
contents of bamboo had enhance the phosynthetic capacity of Arabica coffee and produced
the necessary inhibitory aromatic compounds against the disease.
Recommendations
A comprehensive study on the antiviral properties of the plant extracts evaluated
should be done. As most of these plants are found in or in between coffee trees. More
should be planted in between the Arabica coffee at the main campus of Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology, 4thed.Academic Press limited. 24-28 Oval
Road, London NWI 7DX, UK, Pp. 375-377.
ANGADOL, P. P. and LIGAT J. S. 1983. A survey on the incidence of virus symptoms on
important flowers in Benguet unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
LaTrinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15-16.
BANISA, R.L. and J.S. LIGAT.2008. A Preliminary Survey on the Incidence of Coffee
Ringspot Virus-like Disease in Arabica Coffee at the Benguet State University.BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.1-20.
CAGA, R. 2012. Isolation and evaluation of indigenous biological agent’s against coffee
leaf rust disease on organic Arabica coffee. Benguet State University. Unpublished
Thesis. P. 1.
CASTILLO P.C. 1969. Postsward trends in the Production, Consumption and Price of
Coffee. Unpublished M.S Thesis. UPCA. P. 2.
DAGUIO, C.T. and J.S. LIGAT.2000. Incidence of Coffee in Bantay, Tabuk, Kalinga. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4-7.
PENTDERGRAST, M.2009. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.Retreived December 29, 2009
from http:// en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/coffee.
SINGH, R, S, 1978.Plant Disease.4th Edition. Oxford and New Delhi CBH Publishing Co.
Pp. 453-456.
TARR, A. J. S. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology. London. The Mc Millan Press. Pp. 43-
47.
WALKER, M.N.1969.Seed Transmission of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Spinach.
Retrieved 26th of October 2009 from http//www.Apset.org/phyto PDF/1997 /
070410R.PDF.
WELLMAN. F, L.1961. Coffee Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. New York:
Interference Publishers Inc. Pp. 253-257.
ZIDA, E.P., P. SEREME, V. LETH and P. SANKARA, 2008. Effect of aqueous extracts
of Acacia gourmaensis A. Chev and Eclipta Alba (L.) hassk. On seed health
seedling vigor and grain yield of sorghum and pearl millet. Asian J. PlantPathol,
2:Pp. 40-47.
Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Plant Extracts against Coffee Ringspot Virus in
Arabica Coffee at Benguet State University | ATLEB, MARISA B. APRIL 2013