BIBLIOGRAPHY ALABAT, JOHN MARK ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012. Packaging Practices at La
Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity of the Postharvest
Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis). Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Aurora F. Piñon, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at La Trinidad Trading Post, La Trinidad Benguet from
December to March 2012, to evaluate the effect of the packaging practices at La Trinidad
Trading Post on the incidence and severity of soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum).
Specifically, it aimed to identify the postharvest diseases associated with the packaging
practices.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of disease incidence and severity on the packaging materials which
were polyethylene plastic bag without holes and polyethylene plastic bag with holes and
also the unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap practice being done on cabbage for tranceport.
It indicates that both polyethylene plastic without holes and polyethylene plastic with holes
could be used as packaging materials of on cabbage.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Survey was also done to evaluate and identify the existing packaging materials at
La Trinidad, Trading Post. The identified existing packaging materials were polyethylene
plastic bag and red bag. The produce were being wrap with newspaper either half wrap and
whole wrap before they pack it on the polyethylene plastics or red bag.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Survey
There were 40 cabbage farmers who were interviewed and filled-up the survey
questionnaire distributed. Data is presented on table form.
Age. The age of the respondent ranged from 19 to 65 years. Table 1 shows that
thirty five percent and 22.5 percent belonged to the 41-50 and 31-40 age bracket. This
shows that the respondents were generally middle aged. Of the remaining 20 %, 10% and
7.5 % fell under 51-60; 21-30; and 20 and below age brackets. Only 5 percent fall under
61 and above years.
Table 1. Age of 40 farmers
AGE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
20 and below
3
7.5
21 – 30
4
10
31 – 40
9
22.5
41 – 50
14
35
51 – 60
8
20
61 and above
2
5
TOTAL
40
100
Gender. As shown in Table 2; 82.5 percent of the respondents were males and 17.5
percent were females.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Gender
GENDER
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Male
33
82.5
Female
7
17.5
TOTAL
40
100
Years in Cabbage Production. Table 3 shows that 55 percent of the respondents
were engaged in cabbage production for more than 16 years; 17.5% for 11-15 years; 15%
for 5-10 years and 12.5% for less than 5 years.
Table 3. Number of years in cabbage production
YEAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less than 5 years
5
12.5
5 – 10 years
6
15
11 – 15 years
7
17.5
Above 16 years
22
55
TOTAL
40
100
Area of Cabbage Production. Table 4 showed the area of cabbage production being
managed by the 40 farmers. 40 percent of the respondents have an area of 1000-5000 square
meter; 27.5% on 5000-10 000 m2; 22.5% on more than 10 000 m2 or 1 ha and only 10% on
less than 1000 m2.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Area in cabbage production
AREA in square meter (m2)
F
REQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Below 1000 m2
4
10
1000 – 5000 m2
16
40
5000 – 10 000 m2
11
27.5
Above 10 000 m2
9
22.5
TOTAL
40
100
Bio-physical Characteristic of the Area. Table 5 shows that of the 40 farmers, 55
percent of them had been planting on slopping area; 35% on flat and 10 % on hilly.
Table 5. Biophysical characteristics of the area
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Flat
14
35
Slopping
22
55
Hilly
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Other crops planted. Table 6 showed that among the 40 respondents, 27percent said
that they are planting potato other than their main crop which is cabbage. 21.90% and
18.98% were planting carrot and Chinese cabbage. 11.68% planting radish; 5.11% planting
lettuce; 3.65% planting beans; 1.46% for pechay and garden pea; 2.19 for broccoli, onion
leeks and pepper and 0.73% planting cucumber and strawberry
Table 6. Other crop grown
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
CROP/S
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Chinese cabbage
26
18.98
Potato
37
27.01
Carrot
30
21.9
Radish
16
11.68
Lettuce
7
5.11
Garden pea
2
1.46
Celery
1
0.73
Pechay
2
1.46
Cucumber
1
0.73
Beans
5
3.65
Broccoli
3
2.19
Onion leeks
3
2.19
Strawberry
1
0.73
Pepper
3
2.19
TOTAL
137
100.01
Diseases. As shown in Table 7, from the 40 respondent farmers, 37.23 percent
answered that clubroot is the most rampant disease infecting their cabbage; 29.79%
answered that leaf spot infects their cabbage; 19.15% answered soft rot; 12.77% answered
black rot and only 1.06 answered damping off infecting their cabbage specially at the
seedlings or at the young stage of the crop.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Diseases infecting cabbage
DISEASE/S
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Club root
35
37.23
Soft rot
18
19.15
Black rot
12
12.77
Leaf spot
28
29.79
Dumping off
1
1.06
TOTAL
94
100
Disease Management. Table 8 showed that 22 respondents with a percentage of
52.38 were using fungicide such as Dithane, Brassicol, Curzate, Bondozeb, Manager,
Saprol and Score in managing the disease/s of their cabbage. There were 11 respondent
with 26.19% said that they were using lime against clubroot and other diseases, 9.52% is
applying crop rotation, 7.15% applying eradication of infected part or the whole part of the
cabbage and 4.76% is using fertilizer.
Table 8. Disease management
Management
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Fungicide
22
52.38
Crop rotation
4
9.52
Eradication
3
7.15
Fertilizer
2
4.76
Lime
11
26.19
TOTAL
42
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Type of Vehicle used in Transporting Cabbage. Table 9 showed that 87.5% of the
respondents were using truck (elf) in transporting their cabbage from their farm to La
Trinidad trading post while 14% were using jeep (FordFiera). There were 2 of the
respondents that is using van and Tamaraw Fx.
Table 9. Type of vehicle used in transporting cabbage from farm to trading post
VEHICLE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Truck (elf)
35
71.43
Jeep (Fordfiera)
14
28.57
TOTAL
49
100
Distance of the Farm to the Nearest Road. As shown in Table 10; 62.5 percent of
the respondents planted on areas which are less than 500 meter away from the nearest road;
27.5% in areas which is 500 m to 1000 m and 10% of them planted in areas which are
above 1000 m.
Table 10. Distance of the farm to the nearest road
DISTANCE in meter (m)
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less than 500 meter
25
62.5
500 – 1 000 meter
11
27.5
Above 1 000 meter
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Protection Practices for Cabbage inside the Vehicle. Table 11 shows that among
the 40 farmers, 85 percent of them are not using any protection practice or material for the
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
cabbage inside the vehicle, only 10% is using banana leaves and 2.5% is using newspaper
and cartoon.
Table 11. Protection practices for cabbage inside the vehicle
PRACTICE/MATERIAL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
None
34
85
Cartoon
1
2.5
Newspaper
1
2.5
Banana Leaves/Trunk
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Person who Determines the Purchase Price. As shown in Table 12; 52.5 percent of
the 40 traders answered that buyers are the one who determines the price of the produce,
30% answered that the Growers is the one who determines/decides for the price and 17.5%
answered both of the buyer and the grower decides/determines the price.
Table 12. Person who determines the purchase price
PERSON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Grower
12
30
Buyer
21
52.5
Both
7
17.5
TOTAL
40
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Factors Considered in Pricing. Table 13 shows that 43.75 percent of the 40
respondent answered that the volume is the main factor in giving price for the cabbage,
39.58% is because of the quality of the product, 14.58% is considering the size and 2.13%
is because of the prevailing market prize.
Table 13. Factors considered in pricing
FACTORS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Size
7
14.58
Volume
21
43.75
Quality
19
39.58
Prevailing Market Price
1
2.13
TOTAL
48
100
Source of technical information in packaging. As shown on table 14 the sources of
technical information is from the buyers only.
Table 14. Source of technical information in packaging
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Supplier/Farmers
0
0
Trader
0
0
Buyer/s
40
100
BSU Technicians
0
0
DA Technicians
0
0
MAO Technicians
0
0
Total
40
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Harvesting. According to the 40 respondents they were harvesting their cabbage
early in the morning between 5 a.m to 8 a.m or 7 t0 10 a.m depending on the size of their
farm and those who will carry the harvested cabbage from the farm to the nearest road.
Their reasons is to catch up for the good or high price in the market, the crop will be
transported earlier in order to avoid high temperature that may lead to the increase in
respiration rate.
Quality Specification for Cabbage. The quality of the crop is based on its color and
physical appearance. First class is with green color (Fig.1a) while trimmed cabbage which
is white in color, without disease and insect damaged is considered at the second class
(Fig.1b) and the third class is very white in color, smaller in size and with holes caused by
insects.
a
b
Figure 1a is first class and figure 1b is the second class.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Trimming . For the first class, 1-2 leaves of the crop that is with insect or handling
a
damage are being removed after the transportation from the farm to Trading post. Diseased
and insect damaged leaves are being trimmed with 4-6 leaves and this tends to lower the
class and the price of the crop (Fig. 2a-b.)
a
b
Figure 2 (a-b). Trimming practice at LT Trading Post
Packaging. The most common packaging material being used in Trading post is
polyethylene plastic bag and red bag. Polyethylene plastic bags and unwrap or half
wrapped with newspaper are being used for short destination or it is for provincial routes
while red bag and whole wrapped with newspaper are being used in far destination or
longer transportation (Figure 3a-b-c).
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
Figure 3(a-b-c) a) Polyethylene plastic bags and unwrap cabbage
b) Polyethylene plastic bags and Half wrap cabbage
c) Red bag “tapal-tapal or whole wrap”
Storage. Most of the respondents answered that they are not storing their cabbage
because they wait until it will be disposed. But some of them let their disposer with storage
room store it in less than 12 hours if not disposed in the day.
Laboratory Study
Postharvest Disease Identification
The disease was identified as bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium
carotovorum. The first symptom of the disease at the base or cut stem of the cabbage is the
tissue starts to decay and turns into soft, slimy, foul-smelling odor (Fig. 4a). The organism
was isolated in an artificial media and it appears to be creamy, and also produces foul odor
’’one day old culture’’ (Fig. 4b). In the leaves, the symptom starts as a black, soft, watery
decay and also produces a foul smell (Fig. 4c). From the advancing lesion 1-2 mm was cut
and soak in water placed in a slide with cover slip, it was observed that the bacterium oozes
from the cut section (Fig. 4d).
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
d
Figure 4(a). Base of the Cabbage showing the symptom of soft rot;
(b). Isolate of Pectobacterium carotovorum;
(c) Leaves showing symptom of soft rot;
(d) Oozing Pectobacterium carotovorum (40x)
Effect of Packaging Materials
on Postharvest Disease Incidence
The effect of plastic materials such as polyethylene films as packaging materials
can affect the quality of the cabbage. This can cause high respiration rate and can enhance
the development of postharvest diseases such as bacterial soft rot caused by
Pectobacterium carotovorum. One by product of rapid respiration is water and heat. Plastic
materials that were sealed restricts the carbon dioxide and vapor transfer or movement.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
The use of newspaper in wrapping can reduce moisture accumulation in the
surface of the products.
Disease Severity
The assessment of bacterial soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum) on cabbage
packed on polyethylene plastic bags without holes is presented in Figure 5. The half
wrapped cabbage had the highest infection rate with a mean of 2.17% (1-5% infection)
followed by unwrapped and whole wrapped with a means of 2.06% (1-5% infection) and
1.67% (1-5 % infection) respectively.
The assessment of bacterial soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum) on cabbage
packed on polyethylene plastic bags with holes was presented in Figure 5. The half
wrapped cabbage had the highest infection rate with a mean of 1.72% (1-5 % infection)
followed by unwrapped at 1.67% (1-5 % infection). Whole wrapped cabbage had the least
infection at 1.61% (1-5 % infection).
The whole wrapped cabbage packed in the polyethylene plastic bags with holes
gave the lowest mean of 1.61% (1-5 % infection) while the half wrapped packed in the
polyethylene plastic bags without holes gave the highest mean. This indicates that it is
better to use whole wrapped packed in the polyethylene plastic bag with holes. However,
statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the treatment means as shown
in Figure 5.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
T1
2.06
PERCENT INFECTION
T2
2.17
2.5
T3
1.67
2.06
2.17
T4 G
2
1.67
N
I
1.67
1.67
1.72
T5 TA
1.72
1.61
R 1.5
T6
1.61
N
O
I
T
1
C
E
F
MEAN
N
I 0.5
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TREATMENT
Figure 5: Percent Infection
Transportation to Urdaneta
Cabbage were packed by 15 kilograms per treatment with three replicate and
transported from La Trinidad Trading Post to Urdaneta. The travel time was 4 hours. It was
observed that there is no occurrence of any postharvest disease after the travel but the crop
was damaged or “bruised” due to improper handling.
It was also observed that the “kargadors” were not aware of proper postharvest
handling practices when they carried and fixed the crop in the cart and vehicle because they
threw, stepped on it and they piled it forcefully. In their own perspective, it is a way of
minimizing spaces but these practices favors the development of the disease.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Documentation of the Postharvest Losses,
Incidence and Severity in Using Red Bag
(Trading Post Practice)
The use of red bag is one packaging practice being done at La Trinidad Trading
Post for cabbage and other crops such as Chinese cabbage, carrot and potato. This is
commonly used for longer transportation to far places (Fig. 6a-b).
a
b
Figure 6(a-b). Use of Red bag as a packaging practice at LT Trading Post
Table 15 shows the Cabbage weight loss in Red bag after 3 days and 7 days. The
weight loss after 3 days is 36.51% and 48.68% after 7 days. It was observed that there is a
high weight loss in using red bag as packaging material for cabbage because of postharvest
diseases, insects and water loss.
Table 15. Weight loss using red bag
Replicate
Initial
After 3 days
After 7 days
weight
FW %WL
FW %WL
R1
4800g
2650g
44.79%
2500g
47.92%
R2
4950g
3060g
38.18%
2850g
42.42%
R3
5400g
2550g
52.78%
2450g
54.63%
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 16 shows that the incidence after 3 days and 7 days are both 50% with a mean
16.67%. The severity after 3 days and 7 days are both 3.50% with a mean 1.67%. This
indicates that using Red bag can minimize the growth of postharvest diseases.
Table 16. Incidence and severity of red bag
Replicate
After 3 days
After 7 days
Incidence (%)
Severity (%)
Incidence (%)
Severity (%)
1
33.33
1.33
33.33
1.33
2
16.67
1.17
0
1
3
0
1
16.67
1.17
Total
50
3.5
50
3.5
Mean
16.67
1.67
16.67
1.67
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
Summary
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of packaging practices at La Trinidad
Trading Post on the disease incidence and severity of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.
pekinensis) and to identify the postharvest diseases associated with these packaging
practices.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of disease severity on the packaging materials which were the
polyethylene plastic bag without holes and polyethylene plastic without holes and also the
unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap practice being done on cabbage at La Trinidad trading
post.
The postharvest diseases observed associated with the packaging practices was
bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. This indicates that the very
rampant or common disease of cabbage is soft rot due to accumulation of moisture in the
polyethylene plastic bag and also due to insect damage and improper handling.
Conclusion
Based on the results, both plastic without and with holes can be used in packaging
the Cabbage and also both unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap can be used in wrapping the
crop.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Recommendation
In relation to packaging, it is recommended that polyethylene plastic bag without
and with holes could be used to contain the product. It is also recommended to use half
wrap and whole wrap in wrapping the cabbage with newspaper.
It is recommended further that studies will be conducted on the evaluation of
wrapping the cabbage.
.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAWANG, F.T. Sr. 2006. Production and Postharvest Technologies of Vegetables in the
Mid- Elevation and High Altitude Tropics. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Pp. 121 and 128.
BAUTISTA, O.K. and A. L. ACEDO Jr. 1987.Postharvest Handling of Fruits and
Vegetables. Published by National Book Store, Inc. Metro Manila, Philippines. Pp. 16.
CHENG, C.L. 1991. Pesticides and its Hazardous Effects on the Benguet Vegetable
Farmers.
Baguio City, Philippines. Pp. 2.
DELA CRUZ, A.M. and O.K. BAUTISTA. 1988. Cabbage Production in the Philippines.
Pp. 1.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REGIONAL FIELD UNIT. 2000. Cordillera
Administrative Region and Bureau of Agricultural Statistics – CAR. Guisad,
Baguio City Regional Agricultural Profile.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REGIONAL FIELD UNIT. 2001. Annual Report,
Cordillera Administrative Region – CAR. Guisad, Baguio City.
DRIS, R., R. NISKANEN and S.M. JAIN. 2003. Crop Management and Postharvest
Handling
of Horticultural Products. Volume II – Fruits and Vegetables Science
Publisher, Inc.
Enfield (NH), USA and Plymouth, UK. Pp. 99.
FRANCISCO, H.G. 1990. As Cited by IIBC – CABI. 1996 Technology Assessment for
Cabbage
in Benguet and Mountain Province. PCARRD.
IIBC – CABI. 1996. Integrated Pest Management for Highland Vegetables. Guisad, Baguio
City.
Philippines. Final TA Report. Volume 1. Pp. 74,134.
MENEHEY, J.C. and M.E. STRANGHELLINI. 1972. Occurrence and Significance of
Soft rotting bacteria in Healthy Vegetables. Phytopathology 62:778
PANTASTICO, E.B. 1975. Post, Physiology and Handling, and Utilization of Tropical and
Sub Tropical Fruits and Vegetables. Westport, Connecticut: The AVL Pub. Company
Incorporation. Pp. 243 – 326
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT . 1997. The Cabbage Industry. Department of Science and
Technology. Los Baños, Laguna.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
PEKAS, B.T. 2001. Inflow and Outflow of major Highland Vegetables in Baguio City.
Department of Agriculture – Cordillera Administrative Region, Baguio City.
RYALL, A.L. and L. WERNER. 1979. 2nd Ed – Vol. 1. Handling, Transportation and
Storage of
Fruits and Vegetables. AVL Publishing Company, Inc. Westport,
Connecticut.
THOMPSON, H.C. and Kelly. 1958. Vegetable Crops. 5th Edition. New Delhi: Tata Mc
Grow- Hill Publishing Company Ltd. P. 168
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012. Packaging Practices at La
Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity of the Postharvest
Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis). Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Aurora F. Piñon, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at La Trinidad Trading Post, La Trinidad Benguet from
December to March 2012, to evaluate the effect of the packaging practices at La Trinidad
Trading Post on the incidence and severity of soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum).
Specifically, it aimed to identify the postharvest diseases associated with the packaging
practices.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of disease incidence and severity on the packaging materials which
were polyethylene plastic bag without holes and polyethylene plastic bag with holes and
also the unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap practice being done on cabbage for tranceport.
It indicates that both polyethylene plastic without holes and polyethylene plastic with holes
could be used as packaging materials of on cabbage.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Survey was also done to evaluate and identify the existing packaging materials at
La Trinidad, Trading Post. The identified existing packaging materials were polyethylene
plastic bag and red bag. The produce were being wrap with newspaper either half wrap and
whole wrap before they pack it on the polyethylene plastics or red bag.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Survey
There were 40 cabbage farmers who were interviewed and filled-up the survey
questionnaire distributed. Data is presented on table form.
Age. The age of the respondent ranged from 19 to 65 years. Table 1 shows that
thirty five percent and 22.5 percent belonged to the 41-50 and 31-40 age bracket. This
shows that the respondents were generally middle aged. Of the remaining 20 %, 10% and
7.5 % fell under 51-60; 21-30; and 20 and below age brackets. Only 5 percent fall under
61 and above years.
Table 1. Age of 40 farmers
AGE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
20 and below
3
7.5
21 – 30
4
10
31 – 40
9
22.5
41 – 50
14
35
51 – 60
8
20
61 and above
2
5
TOTAL
40
100
Gender. As shown in Table 2; 82.5 percent of the respondents were males and 17.5
percent were females.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Gender
GENDER
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Male
33
82.5
Female
7
17.5
TOTAL
40
100
Years in Cabbage Production. Table 3 shows that 55 percent of the respondents
were engaged in cabbage production for more than 16 years; 17.5% for 11-15 years; 15%
for 5-10 years and 12.5% for less than 5 years.
Table 3. Number of years in cabbage production
YEAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less than 5 years
5
12.5
5 – 10 years
6
15
11 – 15 years
7
17.5
Above 16 years
22
55
TOTAL
40
100
Area of Cabbage Production. Table 4 showed the area of cabbage production being
managed by the 40 farmers. 40 percent of the respondents have an area of 1000-5000 square
meter; 27.5% on 5000-10 000 m2; 22.5% on more than 10 000 m2 or 1 ha and only 10% on
less than 1000 m2.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 4. Area in cabbage production
AREA in square meter (m2)
F
REQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Below 1000 m2
4
10
1000 – 5000 m2
16
40
5000 – 10 000 m2
11
27.5
Above 10 000 m2
9
22.5
TOTAL
40
100
Bio-physical Characteristic of the Area. Table 5 shows that of the 40 farmers, 55
percent of them had been planting on slopping area; 35% on flat and 10 % on hilly.
Table 5. Biophysical characteristics of the area
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Flat
14
35
Slopping
22
55
Hilly
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Other crops planted. Table 6 showed that among the 40 respondents, 27percent said
that they are planting potato other than their main crop which is cabbage. 21.90% and
18.98% were planting carrot and Chinese cabbage. 11.68% planting radish; 5.11% planting
lettuce; 3.65% planting beans; 1.46% for pechay and garden pea; 2.19 for broccoli, onion
leeks and pepper and 0.73% planting cucumber and strawberry
Table 6. Other crop grown
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
CROP/S
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Chinese cabbage
26
18.98
Potato
37
27.01
Carrot
30
21.9
Radish
16
11.68
Lettuce
7
5.11
Garden pea
2
1.46
Celery
1
0.73
Pechay
2
1.46
Cucumber
1
0.73
Beans
5
3.65
Broccoli
3
2.19
Onion leeks
3
2.19
Strawberry
1
0.73
Pepper
3
2.19
TOTAL
137
100.01
Diseases. As shown in Table 7, from the 40 respondent farmers, 37.23 percent
answered that clubroot is the most rampant disease infecting their cabbage; 29.79%
answered that leaf spot infects their cabbage; 19.15% answered soft rot; 12.77% answered
black rot and only 1.06 answered damping off infecting their cabbage specially at the
seedlings or at the young stage of the crop.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Diseases infecting cabbage
DISEASE/S
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Club root
35
37.23
Soft rot
18
19.15
Black rot
12
12.77
Leaf spot
28
29.79
Dumping off
1
1.06
TOTAL
94
100
Disease Management. Table 8 showed that 22 respondents with a percentage of
52.38 were using fungicide such as Dithane, Brassicol, Curzate, Bondozeb, Manager,
Saprol and Score in managing the disease/s of their cabbage. There were 11 respondent
with 26.19% said that they were using lime against clubroot and other diseases, 9.52% is
applying crop rotation, 7.15% applying eradication of infected part or the whole part of the
cabbage and 4.76% is using fertilizer.
Table 8. Disease management
Management
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Fungicide
22
52.38
Crop rotation
4
9.52
Eradication
3
7.15
Fertilizer
2
4.76
Lime
11
26.19
TOTAL
42
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Type of Vehicle used in Transporting Cabbage. Table 9 showed that 87.5% of the
respondents were using truck (elf) in transporting their cabbage from their farm to La
Trinidad trading post while 14% were using jeep (FordFiera). There were 2 of the
respondents that is using van and Tamaraw Fx.
Table 9. Type of vehicle used in transporting cabbage from farm to trading post
VEHICLE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Truck (elf)
35
71.43
Jeep (Fordfiera)
14
28.57
TOTAL
49
100
Distance of the Farm to the Nearest Road. As shown in Table 10; 62.5 percent of
the respondents planted on areas which are less than 500 meter away from the nearest road;
27.5% in areas which is 500 m to 1000 m and 10% of them planted in areas which are
above 1000 m.
Table 10. Distance of the farm to the nearest road
DISTANCE in meter (m)
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less than 500 meter
25
62.5
500 – 1 000 meter
11
27.5
Above 1 000 meter
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Protection Practices for Cabbage inside the Vehicle. Table 11 shows that among
the 40 farmers, 85 percent of them are not using any protection practice or material for the
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
cabbage inside the vehicle, only 10% is using banana leaves and 2.5% is using newspaper
and cartoon.
Table 11. Protection practices for cabbage inside the vehicle
PRACTICE/MATERIAL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
None
34
85
Cartoon
1
2.5
Newspaper
1
2.5
Banana Leaves/Trunk
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
Person who Determines the Purchase Price. As shown in Table 12; 52.5 percent of
the 40 traders answered that buyers are the one who determines the price of the produce,
30% answered that the Growers is the one who determines/decides for the price and 17.5%
answered both of the buyer and the grower decides/determines the price.
Table 12. Person who determines the purchase price
PERSON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Grower
12
30
Buyer
21
52.5
Both
7
17.5
TOTAL
40
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Factors Considered in Pricing. Table 13 shows that 43.75 percent of the 40
respondent answered that the volume is the main factor in giving price for the cabbage,
39.58% is because of the quality of the product, 14.58% is considering the size and 2.13%
is because of the prevailing market prize.
Table 13. Factors considered in pricing
FACTORS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Size
7
14.58
Volume
21
43.75
Quality
19
39.58
Prevailing Market Price
1
2.13
TOTAL
48
100
Source of technical information in packaging. As shown on table 14 the sources of
technical information is from the buyers only.
Table 14. Source of technical information in packaging
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Supplier/Farmers
0
0
Trader
0
0
Buyer/s
40
100
BSU Technicians
0
0
DA Technicians
0
0
MAO Technicians
0
0
Total
40
100
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Harvesting. According to the 40 respondents they were harvesting their cabbage
early in the morning between 5 a.m to 8 a.m or 7 t0 10 a.m depending on the size of their
farm and those who will carry the harvested cabbage from the farm to the nearest road.
Their reasons is to catch up for the good or high price in the market, the crop will be
transported earlier in order to avoid high temperature that may lead to the increase in
respiration rate.
Quality Specification for Cabbage. The quality of the crop is based on its color and
physical appearance. First class is with green color (Fig.1a) while trimmed cabbage which
is white in color, without disease and insect damaged is considered at the second class
(Fig.1b) and the third class is very white in color, smaller in size and with holes caused by
insects.
a
b
Figure 1a is first class and figure 1b is the second class.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Trimming . For the first class, 1-2 leaves of the crop that is with insect or handling
a
damage are being removed after the transportation from the farm to Trading post. Diseased
and insect damaged leaves are being trimmed with 4-6 leaves and this tends to lower the
class and the price of the crop (Fig. 2a-b.)
a
b
Figure 2 (a-b). Trimming practice at LT Trading Post
Packaging. The most common packaging material being used in Trading post is
polyethylene plastic bag and red bag. Polyethylene plastic bags and unwrap or half
wrapped with newspaper are being used for short destination or it is for provincial routes
while red bag and whole wrapped with newspaper are being used in far destination or
longer transportation (Figure 3a-b-c).
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
Figure 3(a-b-c) a) Polyethylene plastic bags and unwrap cabbage
b) Polyethylene plastic bags and Half wrap cabbage
c) Red bag “tapal-tapal or whole wrap”
Storage. Most of the respondents answered that they are not storing their cabbage
because they wait until it will be disposed. But some of them let their disposer with storage
room store it in less than 12 hours if not disposed in the day.
Laboratory Study
Postharvest Disease Identification
The disease was identified as bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium
carotovorum. The first symptom of the disease at the base or cut stem of the cabbage is the
tissue starts to decay and turns into soft, slimy, foul-smelling odor (Fig. 4a). The organism
was isolated in an artificial media and it appears to be creamy, and also produces foul odor
’’one day old culture’’ (Fig. 4b). In the leaves, the symptom starts as a black, soft, watery
decay and also produces a foul smell (Fig. 4c). From the advancing lesion 1-2 mm was cut
and soak in water placed in a slide with cover slip, it was observed that the bacterium oozes
from the cut section (Fig. 4d).
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
a
b
c
d
Figure 4(a). Base of the Cabbage showing the symptom of soft rot;
(b). Isolate of Pectobacterium carotovorum;
(c) Leaves showing symptom of soft rot;
(d) Oozing Pectobacterium carotovorum (40x)
Effect of Packaging Materials
on Postharvest Disease Incidence
The effect of plastic materials such as polyethylene films as packaging materials
can affect the quality of the cabbage. This can cause high respiration rate and can enhance
the development of postharvest diseases such as bacterial soft rot caused by
Pectobacterium carotovorum. One by product of rapid respiration is water and heat. Plastic
materials that were sealed restricts the carbon dioxide and vapor transfer or movement.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
The use of newspaper in wrapping can reduce moisture accumulation in the
surface of the products.
Disease Severity
The assessment of bacterial soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum) on cabbage
packed on polyethylene plastic bags without holes is presented in Figure 5. The half
wrapped cabbage had the highest infection rate with a mean of 2.17% (1-5% infection)
followed by unwrapped and whole wrapped with a means of 2.06% (1-5% infection) and
1.67% (1-5 % infection) respectively.
The assessment of bacterial soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum) on cabbage
packed on polyethylene plastic bags with holes was presented in Figure 5. The half
wrapped cabbage had the highest infection rate with a mean of 1.72% (1-5 % infection)
followed by unwrapped at 1.67% (1-5 % infection). Whole wrapped cabbage had the least
infection at 1.61% (1-5 % infection).
The whole wrapped cabbage packed in the polyethylene plastic bags with holes
gave the lowest mean of 1.61% (1-5 % infection) while the half wrapped packed in the
polyethylene plastic bags without holes gave the highest mean. This indicates that it is
better to use whole wrapped packed in the polyethylene plastic bag with holes. However,
statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the treatment means as shown
in Figure 5.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
T1
2.06
PERCENT INFECTION
T2
2.17
2.5
T3
1.67
2.06
2.17
T4 G
2
1.67
N
I
1.67
1.67
1.72
T5 TA
1.72
1.61
R 1.5
T6
1.61
N
O
I
T
1
C
E
F
MEAN
N
I 0.5
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TREATMENT
Figure 5: Percent Infection
Transportation to Urdaneta
Cabbage were packed by 15 kilograms per treatment with three replicate and
transported from La Trinidad Trading Post to Urdaneta. The travel time was 4 hours. It was
observed that there is no occurrence of any postharvest disease after the travel but the crop
was damaged or “bruised” due to improper handling.
It was also observed that the “kargadors” were not aware of proper postharvest
handling practices when they carried and fixed the crop in the cart and vehicle because they
threw, stepped on it and they piled it forcefully. In their own perspective, it is a way of
minimizing spaces but these practices favors the development of the disease.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Documentation of the Postharvest Losses,
Incidence and Severity in Using Red Bag
(Trading Post Practice)
The use of red bag is one packaging practice being done at La Trinidad Trading
Post for cabbage and other crops such as Chinese cabbage, carrot and potato. This is
commonly used for longer transportation to far places (Fig. 6a-b).
a
b
Figure 6(a-b). Use of Red bag as a packaging practice at LT Trading Post
Table 15 shows the Cabbage weight loss in Red bag after 3 days and 7 days. The
weight loss after 3 days is 36.51% and 48.68% after 7 days. It was observed that there is a
high weight loss in using red bag as packaging material for cabbage because of postharvest
diseases, insects and water loss.
Table 15. Weight loss using red bag
Replicate
Initial
After 3 days
After 7 days
weight
FW %WL
FW %WL
R1
4800g
2650g
44.79%
2500g
47.92%
R2
4950g
3060g
38.18%
2850g
42.42%
R3
5400g
2550g
52.78%
2450g
54.63%
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Table 16 shows that the incidence after 3 days and 7 days are both 50% with a mean
16.67%. The severity after 3 days and 7 days are both 3.50% with a mean 1.67%. This
indicates that using Red bag can minimize the growth of postharvest diseases.
Table 16. Incidence and severity of red bag
Replicate
After 3 days
After 7 days
Incidence (%)
Severity (%)
Incidence (%)
Severity (%)
1
33.33
1.33
33.33
1.33
2
16.67
1.17
0
1
3
0
1
16.67
1.17
Total
50
3.5
50
3.5
Mean
16.67
1.67
16.67
1.67
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
Summary
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of packaging practices at La Trinidad
Trading Post on the disease incidence and severity of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.
pekinensis) and to identify the postharvest diseases associated with these packaging
practices.
Results of the study revealed that there were no significant differences between
treatments in terms of disease severity on the packaging materials which were the
polyethylene plastic bag without holes and polyethylene plastic without holes and also the
unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap practice being done on cabbage at La Trinidad trading
post.
The postharvest diseases observed associated with the packaging practices was
bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. This indicates that the very
rampant or common disease of cabbage is soft rot due to accumulation of moisture in the
polyethylene plastic bag and also due to insect damage and improper handling.
Conclusion
Based on the results, both plastic without and with holes can be used in packaging
the Cabbage and also both unwrap, half wrap and whole wrap can be used in wrapping the
crop.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
Recommendation
In relation to packaging, it is recommended that polyethylene plastic bag without
and with holes could be used to contain the product. It is also recommended to use half
wrap and whole wrap in wrapping the cabbage with newspaper.
It is recommended further that studies will be conducted on the evaluation of
wrapping the cabbage.
.
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012
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of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
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Grow- Hill Publishing Company Ltd. P. 168
Packaging Practices at La Trinidad, Trading Post: It’s Effect on the Incidence and Severity
of the Postharvest Diseases of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. pekinensis)|
ALABAT, JOHN MARK LAPICTO. APRIL 2012