BIBLIOGRAPHY SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012. Preliminary Study on the
Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Organic Foliar
Fertilizer. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to manage clubroot using organic foliar fertilizer on
cabbage. Results showed that the initial soil pH (5.42) was favorable for the growth and
multiplication of Plasmodiophora brassicae to cause infection on cabbage. There were
insignificant increases in the final soil pH of 0.15 for the control, 0.44 for Mokusaku( 10
ml/L water), 0.32 for D.I. GROW GREEN (5ml/L water), 0.22 for D.I. GROW
GREEN(6.25ml/L water) and 0.32 for D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water).
Results revealed that with the use of organic foliar fertilizer, more number of leaves
have emerged and had darker green color compared to the control plants which were given
plain water.
In terms of clubroot severity, the foliar fertilizer did not control the clubbing but
promoted the development of secondary roots that enabled the cabbage to recover and start
to develop small heads which would have fully developed when given longer duration of
time. Cabbages treated with foliar fertilizer were taller than the control plants given plain
water.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Plants treated with D.I. GROW in all concentrations were taller than control plants.
This could be attributed to the nutritional contents of the foliar fertilizer.
Table 1. Mean plant height as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water)
18.54b
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
24.16a
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
28.03a
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
28.55a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
28.05a
Plant Color
The D.I. GROW GEEN treatments had dark green color of leaves because of its
nitrogen content. On the other hand Mokusaku at 10 ml/L water had a light green leaves.
Plants given plain water had a pale green leaves.
Number of Leaves
Results showed that plants treated with D.I. GROW GREEN at 6.25 ml/L had the
most number of leaves with a mean of 12.89. Plants given plain water had the least number
of leaves with a mean of 7.33. Statistical analysis revealed that all treatments are highly
significant.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Color of leaves as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT LEAF COLOR
T0= Control (Plain water) pale green
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
light green
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
dark green
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
dark green
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
dark green
Table 3. Mean number of leaves as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water) 7.33c
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
10.33b
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
11.78ab
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
12.89a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
12.78a
Clubroot Severity
The clubroot severity ratings of plants given different treatments are shown in Table
4. All plants were uprooted at harvest had slight clubbing on the minor to major lateral
roots of the cabbage. Enlargement of the root system are visible.
The root system of the sample plants showed clubbing ranging from 2.11 to 4.11.
Plants treated with D.I. GROW GREEN had the highest mean of 4.11 whereas plants
treated with Mokusaku had the lowest mean of 2.11. This indicates that Mokusaku
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
controlled the maturation by P. brassicae while D.I. GROW at the high concentrations
promoted P. brassicae growth. At the least concentration, D.I. GROW controlled infection.
Table 4. Mean clubroot severity rating as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water) 3.11b
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
2.11c
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
2.33bc
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
4.11a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
3.22ab
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T
2
T2
Figure 1. Cabbage sample plants of different treatments
Soil pH
There was uniform initial soil pH in all the soil used. The highest soil pH was
recorded with Mokusaku with a mean of 5.86. Plants with plain water had the lowest mean
of 5.57. Nevertheless the final soil pH was insignificant.
Table 5. Soil pH
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
TREATMENT INITIAL FINAL pH INCREASE
T0= Control (Plain water) 5.42 5.57 0.15
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
5.42 5.86 0.44
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
5.42 5.74 0.32
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water) 5.42 5.64 0.22
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water) 5.42
5.74
0.32
2
2
3
R Roots deep in wa
oot clubbing of pla ter
nts
Mokusaku (
R
10 ml
oot clubbing
/L)
of pla
D.
nts
I
R. GROW GREEN
oot clubbing
(5ml/
of plants
given plain water
given protection of
given D.I. GROW-
Mokusaku (10ml /L
GREEN (5ml/L water)
water)
Root clubbing of plants
Root clubbing of plants
given D.I. GROW-
5
given D.I. GROW-
GREEN (6.25ml/L
GREEN (7.8125ml/L
water)
water)
4
Figure 2. Clubbing symptom of sample plants from the different treatments
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilizers in controlling
cabbage clubroot at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011
to March 2012.
Results showed that the application of different treatments namely Mokusaku (10
ml/L water) served as protection for the root clubbing of the plants, D.I. GROW GREEN
at high concentration (7.8125 ml/L water) promoted P. brassicae growth. Based on the
number of leaves emerged the highest number was obtained in plants treated with D.I.
GROW GREEN at 6.25 ml/L water. The D.I. GROW GREEN of different rate of (5, 6.25
and 7.8125) had a dark leaves because of its nitrogen content.
Conclusion
The use of organic foliar fertilizer in different rates of application did not control
the clubbing but was observed to help in the enhancement of secondary roots. The
secondary roots helped the plant in the uptake of nutrients as way of coping up for the galls.
At long time duration the cabbage plants would develop heads.
Recommendation
In the conduct of future studies, the following shall be considered:
1. Mokusaku combined with D.I. GROW GREEN for the protection of the roots of
the plant and supply of nutrients as well.
2. The increase in the amount of mokusaku for protection can be evaluated.
3. The addition of lime to balance soil pH is a must.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G. N. I997. Plant Pathology. 4th Ed. Academic Press, New York. P. 263.
ALEXOPOULUS, C. J. 1997. Introductory Mycology. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York. P. 127.
ANONYMOUS. 1997. Environmental Degradation due to Cabbage Production.
Retrieved September 10, 2011 from http://www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/
Publications/CARPub/encar.pdf.
BAATEN, A.L. 1992. Effects of Cabbage Seedling and Root System Injury on Clubroot.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
BOUCHER, J. 2000. Integrated Pest Management. University of Connecticut, Storrs,
Retrieved September 9, 2011 from http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/
english/crops/facts/clubroot.html.
CHAPUT, J. 1999. Clubroot Diseases in Onario, Canada. Retrieved September 9, 2011
from http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/English/crops/facts/clubroot.html.
CUEVAS, V.C. and M.S. BUL-ONG, 2009. Yield, Production Cost and Incidence of
Clubroot Disease of Crucifers Under Soil Fertility Management Practices using
Various Combinations of Soil Additives.
DONALD, C. and PORTER, I. 1997. Asian Vegetables Newsletter. Clubroot, The Curse
of the Crucifer Industry: A concern for growers of Asian Vegetables, Retrieved
September 9, 2011 from http://www.nre.vic.gov.ar/trade/ 13/html.
KLASSE, H.J. 1996. Calcium Cyanamide- An effective tool to control clubroot- A
review. Acta Hort. 407: 403-409.
MAGSINO, G.L. 2011. DYNAPHARM Unit 1202 and 1207 Robinsons- Equitable
Tower, ADB Ave. cor. Poveda St., Ortigas Center, Pasig City. P. 8
MURAKAMI, H., TSUSIMA S., AKIMOTO T., MURAKAMI, K., GOTO, I., and Y.
SHISHIDO. 2000. Effect of growing leafy Daikon (Raphanos sativus) on
population of P. brassicae. Plant Pathology. (5) (49). 584.
ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE , FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS
(OMAFRA) 2000. Vegetable production
recommendations.Publ.363. Queen’s
Printer for Ontario, Toronto.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
PASIGON, E. 1998. Management of clubroot (P. brassicae) on cabbage using alnus
compost as conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
PARTRIDGE, J.E. 1998. Clubroot of crucifers, University of Nebraska- Lincoln Retrieved
September 10, 2011 from http:// www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/html.
PLANT PROTECTION FACTSHEET. 1999. Managing clubroot. Retrieved September
11, 2011 fromhttp://www.gov,nfi,ca/agric/pubfact/clubroot.html.
PORTH, G., F. MANGAN, R. WICK and W. AUTIO. 2003. Education of management
strategies for clubroot disease of brassicas crops. University of Masssachustts,
Amhers MA. Vegetable notes. (25) (13). Retrieved September 11, 2011 from
http://www.umassvegetable.org/newsletter/archive/vegenotes0203.html.
SINUMLAG, A.B. 2011. Tublay Mitigates Agricultural Effects of Climate Change.
Retrieved July 24, 2011 from nordis. nethttp://www.nordis.net/?p=10114.
SOME, A.M., J. MANZANARES, FLAURENS, F. BARON, G. THOMAS and F.
ROUXEL.1996. Variation for virulence on Brassica napus L. among
Plasmodiophora brassicae. Collection from France and derived single-spore
isolates. Plant pathology. 45: 432-439.
TAD-AWAN, B.S. 1986. Survey, Pathogenicity and Chemical Control of Clubroot
(Plasmodiophora brassicae wor.) on Chinese cabbage. M. S. Thesis Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 57.
THE PHILLIPINE AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST. 2011. Retrieved September 11,
2011from http://journals.uplb.edu.ph/index.php/PAS/article/viewFile/585/pdf_24.
VOORIPS, R.E.1996. Plasmodiophora brassicae aspects of pathogenesis and resistance
in Brassica oleracea. Euphytica 83: 139-146.
WATT, B. 1995.Clubroot of Crucifers.Pest Management. University of Maine
Cooperative Extension. Retrieved September 9, 2011 from http//www.pmo.vmet.
edu/factsht/ clubroot.html.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012. Preliminary Study on the
Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Organic Foliar
Fertilizer. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to manage clubroot using organic foliar fertilizer on
cabbage. Results showed that the initial soil pH (5.42) was favorable for the growth and
multiplication of Plasmodiophora brassicae to cause infection on cabbage. There were
insignificant increases in the final soil pH of 0.15 for the control, 0.44 for Mokusaku( 10
ml/L water), 0.32 for D.I. GROW GREEN (5ml/L water), 0.22 for D.I. GROW
GREEN(6.25ml/L water) and 0.32 for D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water).
Results revealed that with the use of organic foliar fertilizer, more number of leaves
have emerged and had darker green color compared to the control plants which were given
plain water.
In terms of clubroot severity, the foliar fertilizer did not control the clubbing but
promoted the development of secondary roots that enabled the cabbage to recover and start
to develop small heads which would have fully developed when given longer duration of
time. Cabbages treated with foliar fertilizer were taller than the control plants given plain
water.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height
Plants treated with D.I. GROW in all concentrations were taller than control plants.
This could be attributed to the nutritional contents of the foliar fertilizer.
Table 1. Mean plant height as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water)
18.54b
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
24.16a
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
28.03a
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
28.55a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
28.05a
Plant Color
The D.I. GROW GEEN treatments had dark green color of leaves because of its
nitrogen content. On the other hand Mokusaku at 10 ml/L water had a light green leaves.
Plants given plain water had a pale green leaves.
Number of Leaves
Results showed that plants treated with D.I. GROW GREEN at 6.25 ml/L had the
most number of leaves with a mean of 12.89. Plants given plain water had the least number
of leaves with a mean of 7.33. Statistical analysis revealed that all treatments are highly
significant.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Color of leaves as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT LEAF COLOR
T0= Control (Plain water) pale green
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
light green
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
dark green
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
dark green
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
dark green
Table 3. Mean number of leaves as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water) 7.33c
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
10.33b
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
11.78ab
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
12.89a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
12.78a
Clubroot Severity
The clubroot severity ratings of plants given different treatments are shown in Table
4. All plants were uprooted at harvest had slight clubbing on the minor to major lateral
roots of the cabbage. Enlargement of the root system are visible.
The root system of the sample plants showed clubbing ranging from 2.11 to 4.11.
Plants treated with D.I. GROW GREEN had the highest mean of 4.11 whereas plants
treated with Mokusaku had the lowest mean of 2.11. This indicates that Mokusaku
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
controlled the maturation by P. brassicae while D.I. GROW at the high concentrations
promoted P. brassicae growth. At the least concentration, D.I. GROW controlled infection.
Table 4. Mean clubroot severity rating as affected by different treatment
TREATMENT MEAN
T0= Control (Plain water) 3.11b
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
2.11c
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
2.33bc
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water)
4.11a
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water)
3.22ab
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T
2
T2
Figure 1. Cabbage sample plants of different treatments
Soil pH
There was uniform initial soil pH in all the soil used. The highest soil pH was
recorded with Mokusaku with a mean of 5.86. Plants with plain water had the lowest mean
of 5.57. Nevertheless the final soil pH was insignificant.
Table 5. Soil pH
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
TREATMENT INITIAL FINAL pH INCREASE
T0= Control (Plain water) 5.42 5.57 0.15
T1= Mokusaku (10 ml/L water)
5.42 5.86 0.44
T2= D.I. GROW GREEN (5 ml/L water)
5.42 5.74 0.32
T3= D.I. GROW GREEN (6.25 ml/L water) 5.42 5.64 0.22
T4= D.I. GROW GREEN (7.8125 ml/L water) 5.42
5.74
0.32
2
2
3
R Roots deep in wa
oot clubbing of pla ter
nts
Mokusaku (
R
10 ml
oot clubbing
/L)
of pla
D.
nts
I
R. GROW GREEN
oot clubbing
(5ml/
of plants
given plain water
given protection of
given D.I. GROW-
Mokusaku (10ml /L
GREEN (5ml/L water)
water)
Root clubbing of plants
Root clubbing of plants
given D.I. GROW-
5
given D.I. GROW-
GREEN (6.25ml/L
GREEN (7.8125ml/L
water)
water)
4
Figure 2. Clubbing symptom of sample plants from the different treatments
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilizers in controlling
cabbage clubroot at Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2011
to March 2012.
Results showed that the application of different treatments namely Mokusaku (10
ml/L water) served as protection for the root clubbing of the plants, D.I. GROW GREEN
at high concentration (7.8125 ml/L water) promoted P. brassicae growth. Based on the
number of leaves emerged the highest number was obtained in plants treated with D.I.
GROW GREEN at 6.25 ml/L water. The D.I. GROW GREEN of different rate of (5, 6.25
and 7.8125) had a dark leaves because of its nitrogen content.
Conclusion
The use of organic foliar fertilizer in different rates of application did not control
the clubbing but was observed to help in the enhancement of secondary roots. The
secondary roots helped the plant in the uptake of nutrients as way of coping up for the galls.
At long time duration the cabbage plants would develop heads.
Recommendation
In the conduct of future studies, the following shall be considered:
1. Mokusaku combined with D.I. GROW GREEN for the protection of the roots of
the plant and supply of nutrients as well.
2. The increase in the amount of mokusaku for protection can be evaluated.
3. The addition of lime to balance soil pH is a must.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G. N. I997. Plant Pathology. 4th Ed. Academic Press, New York. P. 263.
ALEXOPOULUS, C. J. 1997. Introductory Mycology. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York. P. 127.
ANONYMOUS. 1997. Environmental Degradation due to Cabbage Production.
Retrieved September 10, 2011 from http://www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/
Publications/CARPub/encar.pdf.
BAATEN, A.L. 1992. Effects of Cabbage Seedling and Root System Injury on Clubroot.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
BOUCHER, J. 2000. Integrated Pest Management. University of Connecticut, Storrs,
Retrieved September 9, 2011 from http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/
english/crops/facts/clubroot.html.
CHAPUT, J. 1999. Clubroot Diseases in Onario, Canada. Retrieved September 9, 2011
from http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/English/crops/facts/clubroot.html.
CUEVAS, V.C. and M.S. BUL-ONG, 2009. Yield, Production Cost and Incidence of
Clubroot Disease of Crucifers Under Soil Fertility Management Practices using
Various Combinations of Soil Additives.
DONALD, C. and PORTER, I. 1997. Asian Vegetables Newsletter. Clubroot, The Curse
of the Crucifer Industry: A concern for growers of Asian Vegetables, Retrieved
September 9, 2011 from http://www.nre.vic.gov.ar/trade/ 13/html.
KLASSE, H.J. 1996. Calcium Cyanamide- An effective tool to control clubroot- A
review. Acta Hort. 407: 403-409.
MAGSINO, G.L. 2011. DYNAPHARM Unit 1202 and 1207 Robinsons- Equitable
Tower, ADB Ave. cor. Poveda St., Ortigas Center, Pasig City. P. 8
MURAKAMI, H., TSUSIMA S., AKIMOTO T., MURAKAMI, K., GOTO, I., and Y.
SHISHIDO. 2000. Effect of growing leafy Daikon (Raphanos sativus) on
population of P. brassicae. Plant Pathology. (5) (49). 584.
ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE , FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS
(OMAFRA) 2000. Vegetable production
recommendations.Publ.363. Queen’s
Printer for Ontario, Toronto.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012
PASIGON, E. 1998. Management of clubroot (P. brassicae) on cabbage using alnus
compost as conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
PARTRIDGE, J.E. 1998. Clubroot of crucifers, University of Nebraska- Lincoln Retrieved
September 10, 2011 from http:// www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/html.
PLANT PROTECTION FACTSHEET. 1999. Managing clubroot. Retrieved September
11, 2011 fromhttp://www.gov,nfi,ca/agric/pubfact/clubroot.html.
PORTH, G., F. MANGAN, R. WICK and W. AUTIO. 2003. Education of management
strategies for clubroot disease of brassicas crops. University of Masssachustts,
Amhers MA. Vegetable notes. (25) (13). Retrieved September 11, 2011 from
http://www.umassvegetable.org/newsletter/archive/vegenotes0203.html.
SINUMLAG, A.B. 2011. Tublay Mitigates Agricultural Effects of Climate Change.
Retrieved July 24, 2011 from nordis. nethttp://www.nordis.net/?p=10114.
SOME, A.M., J. MANZANARES, FLAURENS, F. BARON, G. THOMAS and F.
ROUXEL.1996. Variation for virulence on Brassica napus L. among
Plasmodiophora brassicae. Collection from France and derived single-spore
isolates. Plant pathology. 45: 432-439.
TAD-AWAN, B.S. 1986. Survey, Pathogenicity and Chemical Control of Clubroot
(Plasmodiophora brassicae wor.) on Chinese cabbage. M. S. Thesis Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 57.
THE PHILLIPINE AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIST. 2011. Retrieved September 11,
2011from http://journals.uplb.edu.ph/index.php/PAS/article/viewFile/585/pdf_24.
VOORIPS, R.E.1996. Plasmodiophora brassicae aspects of pathogenesis and resistance
in Brassica oleracea. Euphytica 83: 139-146.
WATT, B. 1995.Clubroot of Crucifers.Pest Management. University of Maine
Cooperative Extension. Retrieved September 9, 2011 from http//www.pmo.vmet.
edu/factsht/ clubroot.html.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Cabbage Clubroot (Plasmodiophora
brassicae) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer | SALIONG, JAMES BRENT T. APRIL 2012