BIBLIOGRAPHY MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012. Preliminary Study on the Management of
Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
This preliminary study was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology to
determine the effects of a specific foliar fertilizer on the growth and yield of carrots as well
as in controlling powdery mildew infection. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effects
of the foliar fertilizer on disease severity, plant growth and yield quality.
Results showed that the foliar fertilizer has not influenced the growth of carrots. In
the occurrence of powdery mildew, application of the foliar fertilizer compared to the
negative control, Virtuoso, and Mokusaku, the foliar fertilizer rates were insignificant in
terms of percentage efficacy in controlling powdery mildew.
Results imply that while the foliar fertilizer did not effectively control powdery
mildew, the highest rate improved root yield weight and root orange color intensity.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height and Number of Leaves per Plant
The treatments were not significant in terms of plant height and number of leaves
per plant (Table 1). This indicates that all the treatments have the same effect on the height
and number of leaves of the plants. D.I Grow and Mokusaku showed the same effect with
the other treatment since these provide nutrients as well as protection to the plants. Virtuoso
was also the same with the other treatments since it protects the host against the fungus,
thereby favoring the growth of the plants. The negative control was also the same with the
other treatments since it lacks nutrients for the growth and development of the fungus
thereby giving less infection and which allows the plant to grow.
Table 1. Mean plant height (cm) and number of leaves in response to the foliar treatment
dosages
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Plant Height No. of Leaves
T01=Negative Control
27.0000a
7.3330a
T02=Virtuoso
33.2667a
8.6667a
T03=Mokusaku
30.1667a
8.3330a
T1=50ml D.I Grow
29.0000a
7.3330a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
24.6000a
9.0000a
T3=150ml D.I Grow
33.1000a
9.3330a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Percentage Efficacy of Foliar Treatments
As compared to the negative control. Results showed that D.I Grow is not
significant with the negative control. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and the
negative control to control powdery mildew is similar. Since the negative control lacks
nutrients for the fungus, the pathogen population was observed least in this treatment. On
the other hand, D.I Grow did not control powdery mildew infection.
As compared to Virtuoso. Results showed that D.I Grow is not significant with
Virtuoso. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and Virtuoso to control powdery mildew
of carrots is the same. Virtuoso as a biological fungicide protects the plant against powdery
mildew which would allow the host to grow. On the other hand, D.I Grow provides
nutrients for the plants to grow.
As compared to Mokusaku. Results showed that D.I Grow is not significant with
Mokusaku. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and Mokusaku to control powdery
mildew of carrots is the same. Mokusaku has elements that control powdery mildew of
carrots, which in this case was present in minimal amount. D.I Grow, on the other hand,
has seaweed extract component that controls powdery mildew infection.
Table 2. Mean percentage efficacy of foliar treatments
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Negative Control
Virtuoso
Mokusaku
T1=50ml D.I Grow
33.33a
14.33a
6.37a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
26.67a
8.53a
4.67a
T3=150ml D.I Grow
36.67a
7.67a
2.67a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Disease Severity
Final disease severity. Mokusaku and D.I Grow at 80 ml and 150 ml have shown
not significantly different final disease severity rating (Table 3). Since these treatments
supplement nutrients to host, availability of nutrients for the invading pathogen is expected.
The pathogen population was observed high on these treatments.
Except for the negative control as attributed to the nutrient competition, all the
treatments have capability of controlling the fungus. Data gathered shows the efficacy of
Virtuoso and Mokusaku was not significantly different with D.I Grow (Table 2). In
contrast, Virtuoso serves as biological fungicide to control the disease but does not provide
nutrients to the host. On the other hand, D.I Grow and Mokusaku control the disease in
relative less affectivity considering that these contain the controlling elements in minimal
amounts, and as well as provide nutrients to the plant.
Mean disease severity. Mean disease severity is shown in Table 3. Negative control
showed the lowest mean which implies that it has lesser infection as compared with the
other treatments. Since water was the only input used, the host lacks nutrients to support
the invading pathogen. In addition, pathogen population (through the appearance of white
patches) was observed descending as the plants matured.
Fresh Weight and Orange Color Intensity of Roots
D.I Grow at 150ml/16l dosage has the highest fresh weight (Table 4), and attained
the most dark orange root color (Table 5 and Figure 3) as compared with the other dosage
and treatments. This implies that applying D.I Grow at 150ml will increase profit since it
has the characteristics which are preferred by market buyers.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Mean disease severity
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Final Percentage
Average Percentage
T01=Negative Control
11.0000c
15.3330c
T02=Virtuoso
23.3300bc
23.3330ab
T03=Mokusaku
38.3300ab
27.3330ab
T1=50ml D.I Grow
52.0000a
42.6667a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
40.0000ab
36.6667ab
T3=150ml D.I Grow
43.0000ab
36.6667a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Table 4. Mean fresh weight of roots
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T01=Negative Control
22.13ab
T02=Virtuoso
23.67ab
T03=Mokusaku
19.17bc
T1=50ml D.I Grow
16.57c
T2=80ml D.I Grow
15.67c
T3=150ml D.I Grow
26.77a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Root color intensity
TREATMENTS
COLOR
T01=Negative Control
most light orange root
T02=Virtuoso
more light orange root
T03=Mokusaku
more dark orange root
T1=50ml D.I Grow
light orange root
T2=80ml D.I Grow
dark orange root
T3=150ml D.I Grow
most dark orange root
Figure 3. Orange root color intensity
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology Greenhouse from
November 2011 to March 2012 to determine the effect of a specific foliar fertilizer on the
growth and yield of carrots as well as in controlling powdery mildew infection. It aimed to
determine the effect of the foliar fertilizer on disease severity, plant growth and yield
quality.
Results showed that carrots sprayed with 150ml/16l D.I Grow had darker orange
color of roots as compared to the carrots which are sprayed with 50 ml/16l and the
recommended rate at 80ml/16l. Plants sprayed with D.I Grow showed high disease
infection but the increased rate (150 ml/16l) had better result in terms of root weight and
quality. In terms of disease severity, negative control had the lowest mean but produced
poor quality and lightest orange root color. Virtuoso, Mokusaku and the negative control
are not significant to D.I Grow in terms of their efficacy to control powdery mildew of
carrots.
Significant findings of the study includes: foliar fertilization did not improve plant
heights and number of leaves that emerged, the efficacy of foliar fertilizer in controlling
powdery mildew did not differ from Virtuoso, Mokusaku and the negative control, foliar
fertilizer did not differ from Virtuoso and Mokusaku in terms of disease severity. The
negative control had less severity due to lack of nutrients for pathogen development, and
the foliar fertilizer at 150 ml/16l lad the heaviest fresh weight and darkest orange root color.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
The foliar fertilizer alone could not control powdery mildew of carrots but it
improves root fresh weight and orange color intensity when used at 150ml/16l.
Recommendation
Further study is recommended to be conducted under field condition to evaluate the
effect of D.I Grow on the severity of powdery mildew and yield of carrots. The study would
rather be designed to combine Virtuoso or Mokusaku with the foliar fertilizer treatments.
Virtuoso and Mokusaku are recommended to be combined with the foliar fertilizer
treatment in order for the plant to have protection against carrot powdery mildew. On the
other hand, D.I Grow will provide the nutrients needed by the plant for growth.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, Inc. 4th Edition. San Diego,
California. Pp. 295.
BAGNAL, L. 2009. Aussie Organic Gardening. Powdery Mildew. Retrieved August 9,
2011 from http://aussieorganicgardening.com/?p=613
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 2006. Department of Agriculture.
Situationer on Carrots. Quezon Ave., Quezon City: DA-BAS, Vol.3. No. 2
CARANDANG, E.G. 1979. Culture of Vegetables. Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources. BAI. Manila.
DAVIS, R.M. and J. NUŇEZ. 2007. General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease
Management. Integrated Approaches for Carrot Pest and Disease Management. The
Netherlands. Pp. 158.
DAVIS, R.M., GUBLER, W.D. and S.T. KOIKE. 2008. Powdery Mildew on Vegetables.
UC Cooperative Extension, Monterey County.
GLAWE, D.A., PELTER, G.Q. and L.J. Du TOIT. 2005. First Report of Powdery Mildew
of Carrot and Parseley Caused by Erysiphe heraclei in Washington State. Online.
Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2005-0114-01-HN. Retrieved August 9,
2011 from http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/brief/2005/carrot/
NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY. 2001. Carrot Production
Technology.
Retrieved
August
9,
2011
from
http://www.neda.gov.ph/knowledgeemporium/DATA/Car/Carrot%20Production
%20Technology.pdf
TAKAICHI, M. and K. OEDA. 2000. Plant Science. Transgenic Carrots with Enhanced
Resistance Against Two Major Pathogens. Vol.153. Issue 2. Pp.135-14.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012. Preliminary Study on the Management of
Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using Organic Foliar Fertilizer. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
This preliminary study was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology to
determine the effects of a specific foliar fertilizer on the growth and yield of carrots as well
as in controlling powdery mildew infection. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effects
of the foliar fertilizer on disease severity, plant growth and yield quality.
Results showed that the foliar fertilizer has not influenced the growth of carrots. In
the occurrence of powdery mildew, application of the foliar fertilizer compared to the
negative control, Virtuoso, and Mokusaku, the foliar fertilizer rates were insignificant in
terms of percentage efficacy in controlling powdery mildew.
Results imply that while the foliar fertilizer did not effectively control powdery
mildew, the highest rate improved root yield weight and root orange color intensity.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant Height and Number of Leaves per Plant
The treatments were not significant in terms of plant height and number of leaves
per plant (Table 1). This indicates that all the treatments have the same effect on the height
and number of leaves of the plants. D.I Grow and Mokusaku showed the same effect with
the other treatment since these provide nutrients as well as protection to the plants. Virtuoso
was also the same with the other treatments since it protects the host against the fungus,
thereby favoring the growth of the plants. The negative control was also the same with the
other treatments since it lacks nutrients for the growth and development of the fungus
thereby giving less infection and which allows the plant to grow.
Table 1. Mean plant height (cm) and number of leaves in response to the foliar treatment
dosages
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Plant Height No. of Leaves
T01=Negative Control
27.0000a
7.3330a
T02=Virtuoso
33.2667a
8.6667a
T03=Mokusaku
30.1667a
8.3330a
T1=50ml D.I Grow
29.0000a
7.3330a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
24.6000a
9.0000a
T3=150ml D.I Grow
33.1000a
9.3330a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Percentage Efficacy of Foliar Treatments
As compared to the negative control. Results showed that D.I Grow is not
significant with the negative control. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and the
negative control to control powdery mildew is similar. Since the negative control lacks
nutrients for the fungus, the pathogen population was observed least in this treatment. On
the other hand, D.I Grow did not control powdery mildew infection.
As compared to Virtuoso. Results showed that D.I Grow is not significant with
Virtuoso. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and Virtuoso to control powdery mildew
of carrots is the same. Virtuoso as a biological fungicide protects the plant against powdery
mildew which would allow the host to grow. On the other hand, D.I Grow provides
nutrients for the plants to grow.
As compared to Mokusaku. Results showed that D.I Grow is not significant with
Mokusaku. This implies that the effect of D.I Grow and Mokusaku to control powdery
mildew of carrots is the same. Mokusaku has elements that control powdery mildew of
carrots, which in this case was present in minimal amount. D.I Grow, on the other hand,
has seaweed extract component that controls powdery mildew infection.
Table 2. Mean percentage efficacy of foliar treatments
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Negative Control
Virtuoso
Mokusaku
T1=50ml D.I Grow
33.33a
14.33a
6.37a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
26.67a
8.53a
4.67a
T3=150ml D.I Grow
36.67a
7.67a
2.67a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Disease Severity
Final disease severity. Mokusaku and D.I Grow at 80 ml and 150 ml have shown
not significantly different final disease severity rating (Table 3). Since these treatments
supplement nutrients to host, availability of nutrients for the invading pathogen is expected.
The pathogen population was observed high on these treatments.
Except for the negative control as attributed to the nutrient competition, all the
treatments have capability of controlling the fungus. Data gathered shows the efficacy of
Virtuoso and Mokusaku was not significantly different with D.I Grow (Table 2). In
contrast, Virtuoso serves as biological fungicide to control the disease but does not provide
nutrients to the host. On the other hand, D.I Grow and Mokusaku control the disease in
relative less affectivity considering that these contain the controlling elements in minimal
amounts, and as well as provide nutrients to the plant.
Mean disease severity. Mean disease severity is shown in Table 3. Negative control
showed the lowest mean which implies that it has lesser infection as compared with the
other treatments. Since water was the only input used, the host lacks nutrients to support
the invading pathogen. In addition, pathogen population (through the appearance of white
patches) was observed descending as the plants matured.
Fresh Weight and Orange Color Intensity of Roots
D.I Grow at 150ml/16l dosage has the highest fresh weight (Table 4), and attained
the most dark orange root color (Table 5 and Figure 3) as compared with the other dosage
and treatments. This implies that applying D.I Grow at 150ml will increase profit since it
has the characteristics which are preferred by market buyers.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Mean disease severity
TREATMENTS
MEAN
Final Percentage
Average Percentage
T01=Negative Control
11.0000c
15.3330c
T02=Virtuoso
23.3300bc
23.3330ab
T03=Mokusaku
38.3300ab
27.3330ab
T1=50ml D.I Grow
52.0000a
42.6667a
T2=80ml D.I Grow
40.0000ab
36.6667ab
T3=150ml D.I Grow
43.0000ab
36.6667a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Table 4. Mean fresh weight of roots
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T01=Negative Control
22.13ab
T02=Virtuoso
23.67ab
T03=Mokusaku
19.17bc
T1=50ml D.I Grow
16.57c
T2=80ml D.I Grow
15.67c
T3=150ml D.I Grow
26.77a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level using DMRT
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Root color intensity
TREATMENTS
COLOR
T01=Negative Control
most light orange root
T02=Virtuoso
more light orange root
T03=Mokusaku
more dark orange root
T1=50ml D.I Grow
light orange root
T2=80ml D.I Grow
dark orange root
T3=150ml D.I Grow
most dark orange root
Figure 3. Orange root color intensity
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology Greenhouse from
November 2011 to March 2012 to determine the effect of a specific foliar fertilizer on the
growth and yield of carrots as well as in controlling powdery mildew infection. It aimed to
determine the effect of the foliar fertilizer on disease severity, plant growth and yield
quality.
Results showed that carrots sprayed with 150ml/16l D.I Grow had darker orange
color of roots as compared to the carrots which are sprayed with 50 ml/16l and the
recommended rate at 80ml/16l. Plants sprayed with D.I Grow showed high disease
infection but the increased rate (150 ml/16l) had better result in terms of root weight and
quality. In terms of disease severity, negative control had the lowest mean but produced
poor quality and lightest orange root color. Virtuoso, Mokusaku and the negative control
are not significant to D.I Grow in terms of their efficacy to control powdery mildew of
carrots.
Significant findings of the study includes: foliar fertilization did not improve plant
heights and number of leaves that emerged, the efficacy of foliar fertilizer in controlling
powdery mildew did not differ from Virtuoso, Mokusaku and the negative control, foliar
fertilizer did not differ from Virtuoso and Mokusaku in terms of disease severity. The
negative control had less severity due to lack of nutrients for pathogen development, and
the foliar fertilizer at 150 ml/16l lad the heaviest fresh weight and darkest orange root color.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
Conclusion
The foliar fertilizer alone could not control powdery mildew of carrots but it
improves root fresh weight and orange color intensity when used at 150ml/16l.
Recommendation
Further study is recommended to be conducted under field condition to evaluate the
effect of D.I Grow on the severity of powdery mildew and yield of carrots. The study would
rather be designed to combine Virtuoso or Mokusaku with the foliar fertilizer treatments.
Virtuoso and Mokusaku are recommended to be combined with the foliar fertilizer
treatment in order for the plant to have protection against carrot powdery mildew. On the
other hand, D.I Grow will provide the nutrients needed by the plant for growth.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, Inc. 4th Edition. San Diego,
California. Pp. 295.
BAGNAL, L. 2009. Aussie Organic Gardening. Powdery Mildew. Retrieved August 9,
2011 from http://aussieorganicgardening.com/?p=613
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 2006. Department of Agriculture.
Situationer on Carrots. Quezon Ave., Quezon City: DA-BAS, Vol.3. No. 2
CARANDANG, E.G. 1979. Culture of Vegetables. Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources. BAI. Manila.
DAVIS, R.M. and J. NUŇEZ. 2007. General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease
Management. Integrated Approaches for Carrot Pest and Disease Management. The
Netherlands. Pp. 158.
DAVIS, R.M., GUBLER, W.D. and S.T. KOIKE. 2008. Powdery Mildew on Vegetables.
UC Cooperative Extension, Monterey County.
GLAWE, D.A., PELTER, G.Q. and L.J. Du TOIT. 2005. First Report of Powdery Mildew
of Carrot and Parseley Caused by Erysiphe heraclei in Washington State. Online.
Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2005-0114-01-HN. Retrieved August 9,
2011 from http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/brief/2005/carrot/
NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY. 2001. Carrot Production
Technology.
Retrieved
August
9,
2011
from
http://www.neda.gov.ph/knowledgeemporium/DATA/Car/Carrot%20Production
%20Technology.pdf
TAKAICHI, M. and K. OEDA. 2000. Plant Science. Transgenic Carrots with Enhanced
Resistance Against Two Major Pathogens. Vol.153. Issue 2. Pp.135-14.
Preliminary Study on the Management of Carrot Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) Using
Organic Foliar Fertilizer | MICLAT, REYJONES P. APRIL 2012