BIBILIOGRAPHY
VALENTINO L. MACANES. November 2006. Assessment on the Occurrence
and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet
Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to identify and document the different plant diseases
closely associated with two Arabica coffee varieties namely Typica (Coffea Arabica var.
Arabica) and Red Bourbon (Coffea arabica var. bourbon) widely cultivated on Benguet
Province; assess the occurrence and severity of these plant diseases and to correlate the
effects of the environment particularly elevation, relative humidity and temperature on
the severity of the diseases.

The results of the study found four plant diseases closely associated with Arabica
coffee varieties Typica and Red Bourbon. These are coffee rust (Hemeleia vastatrix B.
and Br.), sooty mold (Capnodium sp.), Brown-eye leaf spot or berry rot (Cercospora
coffeicola) and leaf blight, also called stem/twig blight or berry rot (Colletotrichum
coffeanum). Coffee rust and sooty mold were observed to severely infect Typica. On the
other hand, Red Bourbon was highly infected with brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight.
Coffee rust and sooty mold were seen to give minimal infection to this variety.

Results of the study also revealed that the degree of severity of the identified
coffee diseases varied from the different municipalities. These municipalities were

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clustered into four groups using the Complete Linkage Method of statistical analysis of
which the degree of disease severity was determined ranging from severe, moderately
sever and slightly infected.

Finally, the study discovered that the existing elevation, relative humidity and
temperature in the different municipalities had no significant correlation on the severity
of coffee rust and sooty mold to Arabica coffee var. Typica. Likewise, these
environmental conditions had no significant correlation to the severity of sooty mold,
brown-eye leafspot and leaf blight to Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon. However,
relative humidity had a positive significant correlation to the severity of coffee rust to
Red Bourbon. Favorable atmospheric moisture during warm season increases the
uredospore germination, spread and severity of this disease.

ii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS









Page

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
iii


INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Time and Place of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Overview and Opportunities for

Arabica Coffee Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7

Importance of Plant Disease

Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8

Diseases of Coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9



MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Disease Collection Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Data Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Collection of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17

iii

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Pathogens Associated to the Two

Arabica Coffee Strains in the Eight

Growing Areas of Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17

Caliking, Atok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Ampusongan, Bakun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Poblacion, Buguias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Lomon, Kapangan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Sagpat, Kibungan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
BSU-IHFSA, Puguis, La Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Banangan, Sablan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Poblacion, Tublay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Assessment of Leaf Severity of the Diseases

Associated with Two Arabica Coffee Varieties

Grown in Eight Municipalities of Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30

Arabica Coffee Variety Typica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30

Arabica Coffee Variety Red Bourbon . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31

Assessment of Whole Plant Severity of the

Diseases Associated with Two Arabica Coffee

Varieties in the Eight Municipalities of Benguet . . . . . . . .
33

Correlation Between Plant Disease Severity

to Elevation, Relative Humidity and Temperature

Existing in the Eight Arabica Coffee Growing

Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38

Cluster Analysis of Plant Disease Severity of

the Two Arabica Coffee Varieties Grown in the

Different Municipalities of Benguet Used as

Sample Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43

Cluster classification of plant disease severity

to Arabica coffee var. Typica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43

iv

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Biplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Coffee Rust Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
Sooty Mold Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Cluster Classification of Plant Disease Severity

to Arabica Coffee var. Red Bourbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48

Biplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Coffee Rust Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Sooty Mold Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Brown-eye Leaf Spot Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Leaf Blight Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . 55


Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62

v

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INTRODUCTION


Background of the Study


The most well-known story of the discovery of the coffee plant
is that concerning Kaldi, a goatherd tending his flock in the hills around a
monastery on the banks of the Red Sea in the Middle East. He noticed that his
goats, after chewing berries from the bushes growing there started to prance
about excitedly. A monk from the monastery observed their behaviour, took
some of the berries then back to the monastery, roasted and brewed them and
tried out the beverage on his brethren. As a result they were kept more alert
during their long prayers at night (Smith as cited by Willson and Clifford,
1985).
The wild coffee plant (Coffea arabica) is indigenous to Ethiopia, where
it was discovered in about AD850 growing under forest trees. It was cultivated
in the Arabian colony of Anan. If then spread to Mecca, from whence it was
taken home by pilgrims to other parts of the world. Coffee was introduce to
the Philippines in 1740 by the Franciscan friars.
Today, Coffee is the second universal drink next to water and is also the
second most traded commodity next to oil (ICOCA, 2000).

Presently, there are four commercial coffee varieties traded worldwide.
These are Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica), Robusta coffee (Coffea robusta or
Coffea canephora), Excelsa coffee (Coffea excelsa) and Liberica coffee
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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(Coffea liberica). Of these varieties, Arabica coffee is of the highest market
value having the best cup quality with excellent flavor and aroma. It is
commonly used by coffee processors for flavoring the other coffee varieties.

Aside from its commercial value, Arabica coffee has medicinal values.
An article published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer in November 2005 stated
that a Japanese Medical Research Team discovered that drinking two cups of
coffee a day lowers high blood pressure. The Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research and Resources Development (1976) found that coffee
stimulates respiration, gastric and renal activities and digestion. It also serves
as a palliative in spasmodic asthma, whooping cough, hysterical affections and
as a remedy for diarrhea, typhoid fever and vomiting after surgical operations.
In addition, it was reported in the Reader’s Digest (March 2002) that coffee
prevents Parkinson’s disease.

In the Philippines, Arabica coffee is found to grow favorably in the
cool areas of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) particularly in
Benguet and Mountain Province. The Coffee Foundation Institute of the
Philippines recognized that green beans of Arabica coffee from these areas
have excellent crop quality and comparable to the world class coffee of South
America (Bagao, 2000). Presently, Arabica coffee is listed as one of the top
five high value crops in the region with Benguet Province as the forefront for
the production of this valuable crop.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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The green bean yield, however, of Arabica coffee in Benguet is very
low. The Department of Agriculture-CAR survey report in 2002 found that an
average of only 300 kilograms green beans is produced per hectare. This is far
below the yield of 2-3 tons green beans per hectare by the Arabica coffee-
exporting countries of South America. Thus, local production could not match
domestic demand which is continuously increasing at 2.25% or 1.65 metric
tons green beans per year (Mojica, 2000). The DA-CAR report further stated
that one foremost cause for low production is the occurrence of plant diseases
which infect the crop.

Initial surveys conducted by Macanes and Basalong (2001) in some
Arabica coffee-producing areas in the Cordilleras particularly in Benguet and
Mountain Province revealed that the rust fungi, Hemeliea vastatrix B. and Br.
Is the most common disease affecting the coffee plants. However, there is a
need for more comprehensive identification and severity studies of all the other
economically important Arabica coffee diseases, hence this study.

Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted to:

1. Collect, identify and document the different plant diseases
associated with two Arabica coffee varieties namely Typica (Coffea Arabica
var. arabica) and Red Bourbon (Coffea Arabica var. bourbon) grown in
Benguet Province from July to October 2006.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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2. Assess the occurrence of the different coffee diseases in the different
locations.
3. Assess the severity of the diseases observed in the different
municipalities, and
4. Correlate the effects of the environment particularly elevation,
relative humidity and temperature on the severity of the identified diseases.

Importance of the Study

Arabica coffee which is known locally as “native coffee” or “Benguet
coffee” is now widely promoted by experts as alternative source of income for
the costly and declining vegetable industry of Benguet Province. In addition,
this crop is vigorously promoted by both government and non-government
agencies as a primary Agroforestry crop in the province to check the over-
exploitation of the forest covers. Furthermore, the demand for Arabica coffee
in the country has increased. The Philippine Daily Inquirer in its July 2004
issue stated that domestic consumption of coffee per year is 55,000 metric tons
compared to a production of 35,000 metric tons. Thus, there is a shortage of
20,000 metric tons per year.

The recent report of Ananayo (2006) revealed that there is increase in
land area for the production of Arabica coffee in the Cordillera Administrative
Region from 6,192 hectares in 2001 to 6,452 hectares in 2002 particularly in
Benguet Province. This is due to the demand of this coffee variety by both
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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local and international coffee shops which continue to proliferate in the
country.

This study is conducted to generate data to contribute for the
formulation of an integrated management strategy for the prevention and
control of Arabica coffee diseases in Benguet considering the scenario of
increasing land area for Arabica coffee production. Although there are several
publications of diseases affecting coffee these are mostly generalized and not
specific to Arabica coffee. Furthermore, the conditions described are far
different from those prevailing in Benguet Province.

Time and Place of Study

The study was conducted in the major Arabica coffee-growing areas of
Benguet Province namely: Caliking, Atok; Ampusongan, Bakun; Poblacion,
Buguias; Lomon, Kapangan; Sagpat, Kibungan; BSU-Agroforestry Project,
Puguis, La Trinidad; Banangan, Sablan and Old Poblacion, Tublay. The study
was done from July to October 2006.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Overview and Opportunities for Arabica
Coffee Production


The recent inclusion of Arabica coffee as one the priority commodities
of the Department of Agriculture-Cordillera Administrative Region under the
High Value Crops Program is a welcome move. This is in-line with the
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act’s objective of enhancing profits
and income in agriculture, particularly that of the small farmers by promoting
high value crops, value-added processing and agribusiness activities (CIARC-
DA-CAR, 2001).

Highland Agricultural Research Center (1987), emphasized that coffee
production, particularly of the Arabica variety, is being eyed as a source of
additional income for Benguet and the rest of the mountain provinces.

The local demand for coffee, particularly the Arabica type, has
dramatically increased from 2.25% per annum in the early 1990’s to 3.0% per
annum in the late 1990’s. This is because of the needs of local coffee shops
looking for gourmet coffee (Torrejon, 2000).

The gist of all the papers presented during the First National Coffee
Congress held in Baguio City in December 2000 stated that high quality green
coffee beans will always find their way to the local and international markets
more so if it is the Arabica coffee which is highly demanded by the gourmet
and specialty coffee shops (DA-CAR, 2000).
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Importance of Plant Disease Identification

Manion (1991) stated that plant disease involves disturbance in the
normal physiologic functioning of a plant, has many causes, and exhibits an
array of appearances. He also stated that the plant pathologist can often readily
recognize the presence of a specific pathogen based on symptoms alone. The
symptoms of plant diseases are expressions of disturbed or abnormal
physiology of the host plant.

The identity of plant disease causal agents may be established for some
classes of organisms on the basis of morphology but this approach may not
give sufficient information on its own. However, with more sophisticated
molecular techniques now available, race identification without resorting to
inoculation experiments which are time-consuming has become a possibility.
Meanwhile, the survey of plant disease and its effects on crop yield, quality
and value are crucial both for the establishment of priorities for control and for
evaluation of any control measures that may be instituted (Strange, 1993).

Agrios (1997) emphasized that when a pathogen is found on diseased
plants, the pathogen is identified by reference to special manuals. If the
pathogen is known to cause such a disease and the diagnostician is confident
that no other causal agents are involved, the disease diagnosis is considered
completed. If however, the pathogen found seems to be the cause of the
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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disease but no previous reports exist to support this, then the Koch’s rules or
postulates are applied.

Diseases of Coffee

Wellman (1961) stated that the classic coffee rust variously called leaf
disease, orange rust, common rust and orient rust is by far the most important,
the most dangerous and the most feared coffee disease in the world.

In the Philippines, a severe epidemic of coffee rust started in Batangas
in 1965. Five years later, the coffee rust disease had all but ruined the coffee
industry in the province. Today, it still breaks out occasionally in some places
causing severe damage to coffee plantations (Anonymous, 1967).

Ocfemia (1954) said that Arabica coffee in Guinobatan, Albay and its
vicinity were heavily infected with the rust fungus. He also mentioned that
coffee rust commonly infects the Arabica coffee variety and is the most serious
coffee disease in the world.

The study of Nicanor (2003) at the Benguet State University
Agroforestry Project in La Trinidad, Benguet found five fungal diseases
associated with Arabica coffee. These were coffee rust, leaf spot, Berry
blotch, Fusarium sp. and Pestalotia sp.

Basalong (2006) reported that coffee rust is the most common disease
affecting Arabica coffee in the different cropping systems at the Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Disease Collection Areas

The collections of diseased Arabica coffee plants or plant parts were
done in most of the major Arabica growing areas in the municipalities of
Benguet (Figure 1). These were the following:

Barangay
Municipality
Caliking Atok
Poblacion
Bakun
Poblacion
Buguias
Lomon
Kapangan
Sagpat
Kibungan
BSU Agroforestry Project
Puguis
La
Trinidad

Bangangan
Sablan
Poblacion
Tublay


These places were some of the important areas in the region identified
by the Regional Coffee Task Force of the DA-CAR in 2000 as major Arabica
coffee centers. They were previously visited by the researcher during his
lectures and trainings to farmers on Arabica coffee production management.

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Figure 1. Map of Benguet province showing the different sample
municipalities
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Data Gathering

Actual farm visits for the identified areas for disease-collection were
done. The farmers were consulted and so with the local government units
concerned.

The average temperature and relative humidity of the sample sites were
taken using the thermometer and hygrometer, respectively. Likewise, the
elevation readings of the sample areas were done using the Bushnell Digital
Altimeter.

Collection of Samples

Collections of disease samples were done in all the identified sampling
sites. Focus was done on Coffea Arabica var. arabica (Typica) and Coffea
Arabica var. bourbon (Red Bourdon). These Arabica coffee varieties were
commonly grown in all the study areas.

Suspected diseased leaves, berries, twigs and branches were collected
from representative Arabica coffee trees. These were put in individual plastic
bags, sealed and properly labeled. Afterwards, these were brought to the Crop
Protection Laboratory of the Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
for disease diagnosis.




Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Data Gathered

The data gathered were:

1. Disease identification. Samples of the disease infected coffee plant
parts were prepared and mounted under the microscope for examination and
identification. Identification was done based on symptoms and reproductive
structures of the causal micro-organism. Further verification was done by
comparing the symptoms with existing reference books and manuals for coffee
diseases.

2. Percent disease severity on leaves (%). The percentage of disease
severity on the coffee leaves were visually assessed for each Arabica coffee
varieties of Typica and Red bourbon. Assessments were done from 10 sample
leaves taken at random from every tree of the 10 sample trees of the respective
Arabica coffee varieties. The following 9-point field scale as suggested by
Subba Rao, et al. (1991) as cited by the UNDP-ESCAP (1999) was modified
and used for all the leaf diseases:
Percent
Leaf

Description

Infection


0% No disease observed on leaves

1-25%
Slight disease incidence
26-50%
Moderate disease incidence
51-75%
Less severe disease incidence
76-100%
Severe disease incidence
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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3. Percent disease severity on the whole tree (%). Disease infection on
the whole coffee tree was visually assessed for disease severity. 10 sample
trees for each of the Typica and Red Bourbon Arabica coffee varieties were
used. The following 9-point field scale of Suba Rao, et al. (1999) was
modified and utilized:

Percent Plant

Infection
Description

0%
No disease observed

1-5%
Lesions sparsely distributed on lower leaves.

6-10%
Many lesions on lower leaves, necrosis evident,
very few lesions present on middle leaves.

11-20%
Numerous lesions present on lower and middle
leaves, severe necrosis on lower leaves.

21-30%
Severe necrosis of lower and middle leaves.
Lesions may be present on top leaves but less
severe.

31-40%
Extensive damage to lower leaves. Lesions
densely present on top leaves.

41-60%
Severe damage on lower and middle leaves,
lesions densely distributed on top leaves.

61-80%
100% damage to lower and middle leaves, lesions
present on top leaves with severe necrosis.

81-100%
Almost all leaves withering, bare stems present.


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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4. Environmental conditions prevailing in the area. The environmental
conditions for disease development particularly the elevation, relative humidity
and temperature were taken in the different sample sites.

Data Analysis

The study basically employed descriptive statistics involving
percentage, mean correlation and cluster analysis using the complete linkage
method.



Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Pathogens Associated to the Two Arabica Coffee
Varieties in the Eight Growing Areas
of Benguet


The study found that there were four (4) fungal pathogens generally
associated with the Arabica coffee grown in all the selected sample sites of
Benguet Province namely: Atok, Bakun, Buguias, Kapangan, Kibungan, La
Trinidad, Sablan and Tublay. These pathogens were Hemeleia vastatrix B. and
Br. (coffee rust), Capnodium sp. (sooty mold), Cercospora coffeicola (brown-
eye leaf spot or berry blotch) and Colletotrichum coffeanum (leaf blight,
stem/twig blight or berry rot).

The study further found that coffee rust infection was confined to the
leaves while sooty mold affected the leaves, berries, shoots, stems and twigs.
On the other hand, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight primarily attacked the
leaves but could infect the berries, stems and twigs.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Table 1. Symptoms of the fungal diseases exhibited by the infected
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)


DISEASE LEAF
STEM/TWIG
BERRY

Coffee Rust
Bright orange
Dieback Small-sized
(Hemileia
powdery mass
mature berries.

vastatrix)
under the leaves.
Pre-mature
Yellow-orange
ripening
color on leaf
surface. Lesions
have dark-brown
color when
mature.

Sooty mold
Black mold
Black mold
Black mold
(Capnodium sp.)
covers the upper covers stem and covers ripe or un-
and lower leaf twigs and shoots. ripe berries.
surface hindering
light penetration
for
photosynthesis.
Presence of
mealy bugs and
scale insects on
shoots. Ants are
all over the plant.

Brown-eye
Circular spots on Dieback. Irregular
leafspot of berry leaf surface with
browning of
blotch
distinct reddish to
mature berries.

(Cercospora
purple borders.

Berry pulp
coffeicola)
Center of spot
appears to be
soon becomes
burned.
gray and drops
out leaving a hole
(“shoot hole”).
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Table 1. Continued . . .

DISEASE LEAF
STEM/TWIG
BERRY

Leaf blight stem blight Infected leaf have Dieback. Berry
or berry rot
large, irregular spots
pulp have
(Colletotrichum
arising from the leaf
circular,
coffeanum)
margin. The spots
watery,
have light brown or
dark
reddish brown color.

sunken
Advance leaf infection
lesions.
have large, gray center
on leaf surface.









Plate 1. Uredospores of Hemeliea vastatrix (coffee rust) at 400x

magnification

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Plate 2. Arabica coffee leaf infected with coffee rust (Hemeleia vastatrix)




Plate 3. Structure of sooty mold (Capnodium sp.) at 400x magnification
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Plate 4. Arabica coffee tree infected mainly with sooty mold






Plate 5. Conidiogenous cells of Cercospora coffeicola at 400x
magnification
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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Plate 6. Brown-eye leafspot caused by Cercospora coffeicola






Plate 7. Colletotrichum coffeanum conidia from leaf blight at 400x
magnification

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Plate 8. Arabica coffee berries infected with Colletotrichum coffeanum (leaf
blight)


Caliking, Atok


The Arabica coffee var. Typica cultivated in this area was mostly
infected with coffee rust and sooty mold. On the other hand, var. Red Bourbon
was infected with coffee rust, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight. Coffee rust
infection to this variety was slight.

Ampusongan, Bakun


The disease observed associated with Arabica coffee variety Typica in
this site were coffee rust and sooty mold. The Red Bourbon variety was
attacked by coffee rust, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight. Coffee rust
infection to this variety was minimal.

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Plate 9. Arabica coffee leaf blight in Atok





Plate 10. Initial infection of Arabica coffee leaf blight in Bakun

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Poblacion, Buguias


Coffee rust and sooty mold were the diseases found infecting Arabica
coffee var. Typica grown in this locality. Meanwhile, variety Red Bourbon
was infected with coffee rust, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight. Coffee rust
attacked to this variety was slight.

Lomon, Kapangan


The Arabica coffee var. Typica raised in this barangay was found
affected with coffee rust and sooty mold. On the other hand, variety Red
Bourbon was less infected with coffee rust. Brown-eye leaf spot and leaf
blight were found to attack this coffee variety.

Sagpat, Kibungan


Coffee rust and sooty mold were the diseases found associated to the
Arabica coffee var. Typica grown in this locality. Meanwhile, variety Red
Bourbon was infected with brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight.

BSU-IHFSA, Puguis, La Trinidad


The Arabica coffee var. Typica cultivated in this locality was mainly
infected with coffee rust and sooty mold. Meanwhile, the Red Bourbon coffee
variety was infected with brown-eye leaf spot and leaf
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Plate 11. Initial infection of brown-eye leaf spot (Cercospora coffeicola) in
Buguias



Plate 12. Arabica coffee berries infected with Colletotrichum coffeanum
in Kapangan
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Plate 13. Initial infection of coffee rust in leaves of Arabica coffee in
Kibungan



Plate 14. Leaf blight infection of Arabica coffee in BSU-IHFSA, La
Trinidad
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26
blight. In addition, there was a minimal infection of sooty mold to this variety.

Banangan, Sablan


Coffee rust and sooty mold were found attacking the Arabica coffee
var. Typica planted in this place. On the other hand, the Red Bourbon variety
was infected with sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight.

Poblacion, Tublay


The diseases identified infecting the Arabica coffee var. Typica in this
locality were coffee rust and sooty mold. For the var. Red Bourbon, the
identified diseases were sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight.
Plate 15. Arabica coffee leaves attacked by coffee rust in Sablan

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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27
Plate 16. Damage of leaf blight in Arabica coffee in Tublay

Assessment of Leaf Severity of the Diseases Associated
with Two Arabica Coffee Varieties Grown
in Eight Municipalities of Benguet


Arabica Coffee Var. Typica


Table 2 shows the average percentage leaf severity of the coffee rust
and sooty mold diseases associated with Arabica coffee variety Typica grown
in the selected sampling areas of Benguet.
Coffee
rust. Results as shown in Table 2 revealed that there was a
severe coffee rust infection in the leaves of the variety Typica planted in
Kapangan, La Trinidad and Sablan. Average leaf severity in these places
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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ranged from 77-90%. Meanwhile, there was a less severe coffee rust incidence
of 74% in the leaf infection of the variety Typica grown in Tublay.

On the other hand, a moderate coffee rust infection of 47.5% was
observed in the leaves of variety Typica cultivated in Kibungan.

Table 2. Mean percent severity of diseased leaves affecting Arabica coffee
var. Typica in eight growing areas of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY
DISEASE



Kapa-
Kibu-
La


Atok
Bakun
Buguias
ngan
ngan
Trinidad
Sablan
Tublay
Coffee








rust (%)
9.00
14.00
18.00
77.50
47.50
90.00
90.00
74.00

Sooty
17.00 24.00 68.50 80.00 10.00 15.50 78.00 83.00
mold (%)



Finally, a slight coffee rust incidence ranging from 9-18% were
observed in variety Typica plants grown in Atok, Bakun and Buguias.
Sooty mold. Table 2 further shows that severe sooty mold leaf
incidence was observed in Arabica coffee variety Typica planted in Sablan,
Kapangan and Tublay. Leaf severity in these areas ranged from 78-83%. On
the other hand, less severe sooty mold incidence of
68.5% were noted in the Typica trees grown in Buguias. Meanwhile, slight
sooty mold infection were observed in the leaves of the Typica coffee trees
cultivated in Kibungan (10%), La Trinidad (15.5%), Atok (17%) and Bakun
(24%).

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Arabica Coffee Variety Red Bourbon


Table 3 reveals the mean leaf severity percentage of the diseases
associated with Arabica coffee variety Red Bourbon cultivated in the eight
growing areas of Benguet.
Coffee
rust. Table 3 shows that there was a very slight coffee rust
infection ranging from 0.2-0.7% in the leaves of Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon grown in Atok, Bakun and Buguias. The Red Bourbon coffee trees
cultivated in the other sampling municipalities exhibited no coffee rust leaf
infection of zero percent. This confirms with the recommendation of the
Coffee Technoguide for the Highlands published in 1987 by the
Highland Agricultural Research Center
Table 3. Mean percent severity of diseased leaves affecting Arabica
coffee Red Bourbon in eight growing areas of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY
DISEASE



Kapa-
Kibu-
La


Atok
Bakun
Buguias
ngan
Ngan
Trinidad
Sablan
Tublay
Coffee








rust (%)
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.6
0
0
0
0

Sooty








mold (%)
0
0
0
0
0
15.2
3.6
15.2


Brown-








eye leaf







spot
8.0
3.5
5.0
6.0
5.1
16.5
8.5
7.0

Leaf








blight
11.5
9.0
7.5
14.0
4.0
7.0
9.0
8.5


(HARC), Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet that Red Bourbon is
a resistant Arabica coffee to coffee rust.
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30
Sooty
mold. Table 3 further shows that slight sooty mold incidence
were encountered in variety Red Bourbon trees grown in Sablan, La Trinidad
and Tublay. Leaf severity ranged from 3.6% to 15.2%.

All the other areas showed no sooty mold leaf infection.

Brown-eye Leaf spot. As shown in Table 3, there was a slight
incidence of brown-eye leaf spot infecting the leaves of variety Red Bourbon
cultivated in all the eight sampling municipalities of Benguet Province. Leaf
infection percentage ranged from 3.5%-16.5%.
Leaf
blight. Table 3 further reveals that there was also a slight
incidence of leaf blight in the leaves of variety Red Bourbon in all the selected
municipalities. Leaf infection incidence ranged from 4%-14%.

Assessment of Whole Plant Severity of the Diseases
Associated with Two Arabica Coffee Varieties
in the Eight Municipalities of Benguet


Arabica Coffee Var. Typica


Table 4 shows the average whole plant infection percentage of coffee
rust and sooty mold to Arabica coffee variety Typica in the eight growing areas
of Benguet Province.
Coffee
rust. Results showed that Typica Arabica coffee grown in
Tublay, Kibungan, Sablan and BSU-IHFSA, La Trinidad had 100% coffee rust
damage to the lower and middle leaves. It was also found that lesions were
present on top leaves with severe necrosis. Whole plant infection ranged from
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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31
65%-76%. On the other hand, there was extensive damage of this disease to
coffee trees grown in Kapangan. Lesions were also densely present on top
leaves. Whole plant disease infection rating was 38.50%.

Meanwhile, the Typica trees in Bakun and Buguias were observed to
have many rust lesions on the lower leaves with evident necrosis. Very few
lesions were also present in the middle leaves. The

Table 4. Mean whole plant disease severity affecting Arabica coffee
Var. Typica Bourbon in eight growing areas of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY
DISEASE



Kapa-
Kibu-
La


Atok
Bakun
Buguias
ngan
ngan
Trinidad
Sablan
Tublay

Coffee








rust (%)
9.0
15.0
18.5
38.5
72.0
76.0
74.0
65.0


Sooty








mold (%)
10.0
19.5
19.5
54.0
6.50
1.70
68.0
77.0


average whole plant infection of this disease in Bakun was 15% while Buguias
had 18.5%. Finally, the coffee trees in Atok were found to have many lesions
on the lower leaves with evident necrosis. However,
there were very few lesions present on the middle leaves. The infection
percentage was 9%.
Sooty
mold. Arabica coffee var. Typica trees grown in Tublay and
Sablan gave 77% and 68% whole plant infection to sooty mold, respectively.
There was 100% damage to the upper and middle leaves. The molds covered
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32
the leaves, berries, branches and twigs of the whole plant. The fungi was also
present on the lower leaves. Meanwhile, the coffee trees in Kapangan and
Buguias exhibited severe damage to sooty mold on the upper and middle
leaves. The sooty mold infection was densely distributed in the lower leaves.
Whole plant infection rating was 54% and 51.5%, respectively.

On the other hand, Typica coffee trees cultivated in Atok had 10%
while Bakun 19.5% mean whole plant infection. The disease was present in
the upper and middle leaves. Severe infection was also found in the upper
leaves.

Finally, the coffee trees grown in BSU-IHFSA, La Trinidad had the
lowest whole plant incidence of sooty mold with 1.7%. The mold fungi was
sparsely distributed in the upper leaves.

Arabica Coffee Var. Red Bourbon

Table 5 shows the mean whole plant infection percentage of coffee
rust, sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight to Arabica coffee variety
Red Bourbon.
Coffee
rust. Infection of this disease to Arabica coffee variety Red
Bourbon was observed in the municipalities of Atok, Bakun, Buguias and
Kapangan but was very minimal. Whole plant infection ranged from 0.4 –
0.7%.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Sooty
mold. The Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon grown in Tublay
gave the highest mean whole plant infection of 21.2% for sooty mold. It was
observed that this disease exhibited numerous black mold covers on the upper
and middle leaves. Furthermore, the fungi was present on the lower leaves but
was less severe.


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Table 5. Mean whole plant disease severity affecting Arabica coffee Red
Bourbon in eight growing areas of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY




Kapa-
Kibu-
La


DISEASE
Atok
Bakun
Buguias
ngan
ngan
Trinidad
Sablan
Tublay

Coffee








rust (%)
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.6
0
0
0
0

Sooty








mold(%)
0
0
0
0
0
5.2
21.2
21.2

Brown-








eye leaf







spot (%)
22.5
1.5
5.0
10.0
10.0
18.0
0.5
0.5

Leaf








blight (%)
11.5
10.0
5.0
6.0
0.50
9.5
12.5
12.5


This disease was also noticed infecting the Red Bourbon Arabica
coffee trees in Sablan and La Trinidad. However, the overall whole plant
infection was very minimal at 2.1% and 5.2%, respectively.
Brown-eye leaf spot. The highest percentage whole plant infection of
22.5% of brown-eye leaf spot was obtained from the Red Bourbon Arabica
coffee grown in Atok. There was severe necrosis on the lower and middle
leaves while lesions were present on top leaves although less severe. On the
other hand, the Red Bourbon coffee trees cultivated in BSA-IHFSA, La
Trinidad gave 18% mean whole plant infection. There were numerous lesions
present on the lower and middle leaves with severe necrosis observed on the
lower leaves. Meanwhile, the coffee trees grown in Tublay, Kibungan and
Kapangan exhibited a respective 6.5% and 10% average whole plant infection
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35
for this disease. There were lesions present in the lower leaves with evident
necrosis. However, very few lesions were present on the middle leaves.

Finally, the Arabica coffee variety Red Bourbon raised in Sablan,
Buguias and Bakun had the lowest average whole plant infection for brown-
eye leaf spot. The disease infection for these areas ranged from 0.5% to 1.5%
Leaf
blight. The Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon cultivated in Tublay
and Atok were observed to have the highest average whole plant infection for
leaf blight of 12.5% and 11.5%, respectively. It was observed that numerous
blight lesions were present in the lower and middle leaves with severe necrosis
on the lower leaves. On the other hand, Red Bourbon coffee plants grown in
Bakun had 1.0% whole plant infection while BSU-IHFSA, La Trinidad gave
9.5% whole plant infection. The coffee trees assessed in these places had
many blight lesions in the lower leaves with evident necrosis. Furthermore,
there were few lesions present in the middle leaves. Meanwhile, low whole
plant infection for this disease was taken from the Red Bourbon trees planted
in Kapangan with 6%, Sablan 5.5% and Buguias 10%. The coffee trees were
observed to have many lesions in the lower leaves with evident necrosis but
very few lesions were present in the middle leaves.

The least percentage of whole plant infection for leaf blight were
exhibited by Red Bourbon coffee trees planted in Kibungan with 0.5%. It was
noticed that there were very few lesions were present and sparsely distributed
in the lower leaves of the coffee plant.
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Correlation Between Plant Disease Severity to Elevation, Relative Humidity
and Temperature Existing in the Eight
Arabica Coffee Growing Areas


Table 6 shows the elevation, relative humidity and temperature of the
eight Arabica sample municipalities cultivating Arabica coffee.
Statistical analysis was done to determine the correlation of the whole
coffee plant infection to the elevation, relative humidity and temperature.

Correlation of Arabica Coffee Var. Typica

Table 7 and Table 8 revealed that elevation, relative humidity and
temperature of the study areas had no significant effect on the severity of
coffee rust and sooty mold to Arabica coffee strain Typica. This could confirm
the findings of Van der Vossen as cited by Clifford and Willson (1985) that
besides the environment, breeding and selection contribute to the susceptibility
or resistance of a certain plant to certain diseases.

Table 6. Elevation, relative humidity and temperature prevailing in the
different study areas


ELEVATION
RELATIVE

MUNICIPALITY/
(Meters above HUMIDITY TEMPERATURE
BARANGAY
sea level)
(%)
(OC)

Atok (Caliking)
1,650
69
24

Bakun



(Ampusongan)
1,230
58
24

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Buguias (Poblacion)



1.350
77
25

Kapangan (Lomon)
930
68
26

Kibungan (Sagpat)
1,355
62
24

La Trinidad (BSU-



IHFSA)
1,380
62
24

Sablan (Banangan)
1,110
58
27

Tublay (Poblacion)
1,175
55
24


Table 7. Correlation between whole plant infection of Arabica coffee var.
Typica to coffee rust on elevation, relative humidity and
temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE

Elevation -0.303
0.463
ns

Relative Humidity
-0.565
0.141
ns

Temperature 0.176
0.677
ns

ns = not significant
Table 8. Correlation between whole plant infection of Arabica coffee var.
Typica to sooty mold on elevation, relative humidity and
temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE

Elevation -0.655
0.078
Ns

Relative Humidity
-0.125
0.767
Ns

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Temperature 0.604
0.113
Ns

ns = not significant


Correlation of Arabica Coffee Var. Red Bourbon
Elevation, relative humidity and temperature of the disease collection
sites had no significant effect to the severity of sooty mold, brown-eye leaf
spot and leaf blight to Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon. This is shown by
Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12. However, Table 9 reveals that relative
humidity had positive significant correlation on the severity of coffee rust to
this Arabica coffee variety. High atmospheric moisture increases coffee rust
infection. This upholds the discovery of Walter as cited by Clifford and
Willson (1985) that spores of coffee rust dispersed by wind coupled with
favorable atmospheric moisture is suitable for spore germination of this
disease. He further stated that rainfall increases the spread and development of
this disease in warm,






Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Table 9. Correlation between plant infection of Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon to coffee rust on elevation, relative humidity and
temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE
Elevation 0.122
0.774
ns

Relative Humidity
0.801
0.017
s*

Temperature 0.067
0.874
ns

ns = not significant
*s = significant



Table 10. Correlation between plant infection of Arabica coffee var.
Red Bourbon to sooty mold on elevation, relative humidity
and temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE
Elevation -0.167
0.692
ns

Relative Humidity
-0.542
0.165
ns

Temperature 0.251
0.549
ns

ns = not significant
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Table 11. Correlation between plant infection of Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon to brown-eye leaf spot on elevation, relative humidity
and temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE
Elevation 0.628
0.096
ns

Relative Humidity
0.258
0.537
ns

Temperature -0.325
0.432
ns

ns = not significant



Table 12. Correlation between plant infection of Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon to leaf blight on elevation, relative humidity and
temperature


PARAMETER
VARIABLE
Correlation

STATISTICAL
Coefficient
Probability
SIGNIFICANCE
Elevation 0.199
0.637
ns

Relative Humidity
-0.276
0.509
ns

Temperature -0.363
0.377
ns

ns = not significant
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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41
dry season. He emphasized that irrigation of coffee should be regulated during
warm temperatures.

Cluster Analysis of Plant Disease Severity of the Two Arabica Coffee
Varieties Grown in the Different Municipalities of Benguet
Used as Sample Areas


Cluster analysis was done to observe the data patterns of the
municipalities having similar plant disease severity to the two Arabica coffee
varieties Typica and Red Bourbon. The disease severity percentage was based
on the whole plant infection observed in the different municipalities of
Benguet that were used in this study.

Cluster Classification of Plant Disease
Severity to Arabica Coffee var. Typica

Statistical
analysis
using the Complete Linkage Method grouped the
municipalities that have similar disease severity of coffee rust and sooty mold
to Arabica coffee variety Typica. Results revealed four clusters (Figure 2).
These were cluster 1: Atok, Bakun and Buguias; Cluster 2: Kibungan and La
Trinidad; Cluster 3: Kapangan; and cluster 4: Sablan and Tublay.

Biplot


The Biplot (Figure 3) graphically shows that the Typica coffee trees
grown in Kibungan and La Trinidad (Cluster 2) were severely
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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42
Dendrogram for _cl_1 cluster analysis
80
e
ur 60
as
e
i
t
y

m
i
l
ar
40
i
s
s
i
m
d
L2
20
0 Atok Bakun Buguias KibunganLaTrinidadKapangan Sablan Tublay

Figure 2. Dendrogram of Complete Linkage Method showing the cluster of
municipalities of Benguet that have similar disease severity of
coffee rust and sooty mold on Arabica coffee var. Typica
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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43
Biplot
Cof eeRust
6
6
5
4
2
s
i
o
n
2
0
e
n
7
m
Di
1
3
-2
2
8
4
-4
SootyMold
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Dimension 1
Variables
Observations


Legend: 1 – Atok



5 – Kibungan

2 – Bakun


6 – La Trinidad

3 – Buguias

7 – Sablan
4 – Kapangan


8 – Tublay




Figure 3. Biplot of coffee rust and sooty mold severity to Arabica coffee
var. Typica grown in the different municipalities of Benguet
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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44
infected with coffee rust. On the other hand, severe infection of sooty mold
were observed in coffee trees planted in Sablan and Tublay (Cluster 4); and
Kapangan (Cluster 3). The areas of Atok, Bakun and Buguias (Cluster 1 were
less infected with rust and sooty mold

Coffee Rust Severity


Analysis by the Bonferroni one-way cluster shows significant
differences of the four clustered municipalities to coffee rust disease severity
(Table 13). The Typica coffee cultivated in Cluster 2: Kibungan and La
Trinidad were severely infected with coffee rust followed by the coffee plants
grown in Cluster 4: Sablan and Tublay. On the other
hand, the Typica coffee in Cluster 3: Kapangan, had moderate disease severity
while those raised in Cluster 1: Atok, Bakun and Buguias were

Table 13. Bonferroni tabulate of coffee rust disease severity on Arabica
coffee var. Typica

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
14.17c
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
74.0a
3 = Kapangan
38.5c
4 = Sablan, Tublay
69.5b
Means with common letters are not significantly different.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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45
slightly infected. However, There were no significant differences of coffee
rust severity between Cluster 1 and Cluster 3.

Sooty Mold Severity


Table 14 shows significant differences among clusters to sooty mold
infection according to the Bonferroni one-way cluster analysis. The Typica
coffee grown in Cluster 4 (Sablan and Tublay) were highly infected with sooty
mold while those planted in Cluster 3 (Kapangan) were moderately attacked.
On the other hand, the Typica raised in Cluster 1 (Atok, Bakun and Buguias)
were slightly infected. Less infection was observed in Typica cultivated in
Cluster 2 (Kibungan and La Trinidad). However, there were no significant
differences to sooty mold infection of the Typica coffee grown in Cluster 1 and
Cluster 2.

Table 14. Bonferroni tabulate of sooty mold disease severity on
Arabica coffee var. Typica

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
16.33c
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
4.10c
3 = Kapangan
54.0b
4 = Sablan, Tublay
72.5a
Means with common letters are not significantly different.


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
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Cluster Classification of Plant Disease
Severity to Arabica Coffee
Variety Red Bourbon


The Complete Linkage Method gave four clusters of the municipalities
of Benguet used in this study that have similar severity infection of coffee rust,
sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight to Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon (Figure 4). Cluster 1 composed of Atok and La Trinidad while
Cluster 2 consisted of Bakun. Cluster 3 consisted of Buguias, Kapangan and
Kibungan while Cluster 4 were Sablan and Tublay.

Biplot


The Biplot (Figure 5) reveals the severity of the plant diseases
associated with Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon grown in the different
municipalities.

The Red Bourbon coffee planted in Sablan and Tublay (Cluster 4) were
severely infected with sooty mold and leaf blight while those planted in Atok
and La Trinidad (Cluster 1) were susceptible to brown-eye leaf spot. The Red
Bourbon coffee grown in the other sample areas (Cluster 2 and Cluster 3) had
minimal infection to coffee rust, sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf
blight as further shown by the Biplot.


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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47
Dendrogram for _cl_1 cluster analysis
30
e
ur
as 20
e
i
l
a
r
i
t
y
m
i
s
s
i
m
d 10
L2
0 Atok LaTrinidad Bakun Buguias Kapangan Kibungan Sablan Tublay



Figure 4. Dendrogram of Complete Linkage Method of the clustered
municipalities of Benguet that have similar disease severity to
coffee rust sooty mold, brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight to
Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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48
Biplot
4
2
2
3
5
4
CoffeeRust
0
7
8
s
i
on 2
en
i
m
LeafBlight
-2
6
D
SootyMold
1
LeafSpot
-4
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Dimension 1
Variables
Observations


Figure 5. Biplot of the plant diseases severity to Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon cultivated in the different municipalities of Benguet


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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49
Coffee Rust Severity


The Bonferroni one-way cluster analysis showed no significant
differences on the severity of coffee rust infection on the Red Bourbon coffee
grown in the different cluster municipalities of Benguet. The areas have zero
to very slight coffee rust infection.

Sooty Mold Severity


Statistical analysis found that there was a significant difference of sooty
mold infection to Red Bourbon coffee cultivated on the different municipal
cluster (Table 16). Cluster 4 (Sablan and Tublay) gave the highest severe
infection to sooty mold disease compared to the other areas. The coffee trees
of one municipality (La Trinidad) in Cluster 1 had slight infection but the
severity were not significantly different to

Table 15. Bonferroni tabulate of coffee rust disease severity on
Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
0.30
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
0.40
3 = Kapangan
0.43
4 = Sablan, Tublay
0
Means with common letters are not significantly different.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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50
Table 16. Bonferroni tabulate of sooty mold disease severity on
Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
2.59b
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
0b
3 = Kapangan
0b
4 = Sablan, Tublay
21.2a
Means with common letters are not significantly different.

those exhibited by Red Bourbon coffee grown in Atok (Cluster 1), Bakun
(Cluster 2), Buguias, Kapangan and Kibungan (Cluster 3).

Brown-eye Leaf Spot Severity


Comparison of brown-eye leaf spot severity (Table 17) to Red bourbon
coffee among the different clusters found significant differences. Leaf spot
severely infected the Red Bourbon coffee planted in Cluster 1 (Atok and La
Trinidad) while moderate infection were observed in Cluster 3 (Buguias,
Kapangan, Kibungan). Slight infection was seen on coffee trees found in
Cluster 2 (Bakun) and Cluster 4 (Sablan and Tublay). However, further
analysis revealed no significant differences of brown-eye leaf spot infection to
the Red Bourbon trees grown in Cluster 2, Cluster 3 and Cluster 4.

Table 17. Bonferroni tabulate of brown-eye leaf spot severity on
Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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51

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
20.25a
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
1.50b
3 = Kapangan
8.33b
4 = Sablan, Tublay
0.50b
Means with common letters are not significantly different.


Leaf Blight Severity


Statistical analysis on the severity of leaf blight disease to Arabica
coffee variety Red Bourbon gave significant differences among the cluster
municipalities (Table 18). The Red Bourbon planted in Cluster 4 (Sablan and
Tublay) were highly infected with leaf blight. This was followed by the coffee
trees grown in Cluster 1 (Atok and La Trinidad) and Cluster 2 (Bakun).
However, no significant differences in the severity between these two clusters.
On the other hand, the Red Bourbon coffee plants found in Cluster 3 (Buguias,
Kapangan and Kibungan) were slightly infected by leaf blight.

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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52
Table 18. Bonferroni tabulate of leaf blight severity on Arabica
coffee var. Red Bourbon

CLUSTER/
MEAN
MUNICIPALITY
PERCENT SEVERITY

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
10.50ab
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
10.00ab
3 = Kapangan
3.83b
4 = Sablan, Tublay
12.50a
Means with common letters are not significantly different.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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53
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary


The study was conducted in eight major Arabica coffee-growing
municipalities of Benguet namely: Atok, Bakun, Buguias, Kapangan,
Kibungan, La Trinidad, Sablan and Tublay. The study was conducted from
July to October, 2006. The laboratory part was done at the Crop Protection
Laboratory of the Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

The study had the following objectives:



1. Collect, identify and document the different plant diseases
associated with two Arabica coffee varieties namely Typica and Red Bourbon
grown in Benguet Province.
2. Assess the incidence of the different coffee diseases, and,
3. Assess the severity of the diseases observed in the provinces,
and
4. Correlate the effects of the environment particularly elevation,
relative humidity and temperature to the coffee plant infection.
The study found that there were four diseases infecting the two Arabica
coffee varieties Typica and Red Bourbon planted in these municipalities.
These diseases were coffee rust (Hemeliea vastatrix B. and Br.), sooty mold
(Capnodium sp.), brown-eye leaf spot or berry blotch (Cercospora coffeicola),
leaf blight or berry rot (Colletotrichum coffeanum).
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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54
The study further revealed that the most prevalent disease associated
with Arabica coffee variety Typica were coffee rust and sooty mold. On the
other hand, the Arabica coffee variety Red Bourbon were dominantly affected
by brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight. These diseases were found in all the
municipalities where the study was conducted. These diseases were observed
infecting the leaves, berries, stems and twigs. Sooty mold and coffee rust were
also seen to attack this coffee variety but infection was minimal.
The research also discovered that the degree of percent leaf infection to
these diseases did not necessarily indicate the degree of whole plant infection.
In addition, the disease occurrence and severity to the coffee plants varied from
the different municipalities of collection and these places could be clustered
into four groups using the Complete Linkage Method of statistical analysis.
Plant disease severity was classified into severe, moderately sever and slightly
infected.
Finally, the study found that the elevation, relative humidity and
temperature in the municipalities concerned had no significant effect on the
infection of these diseases to Arabica coffee variety Typica and variety Red
Bourbon. However, it was observed that relative humidity had a positive
significant correlation to coffee rust infection on Red Bourbon. The
germination of the uredospores of this disease was favored by atmospheric
moisture existing in the locality.

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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55
Conclusions

The findings of this study revealed that Arabica coffee var. Typica was
susceptible to the diseases, coffee rust and sooty mold but was not affected by
brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight. On the other hand, Arabica coffee var.
Red Bourbon was favored by brown-eye leaf spot and leaf blight diseases.
However, slight infection to coffee rust and sooty mold were observed in this
strain.
Finally, elevation, relative humidity and temperature existing in the
different study areas had no significant effect on the development of these
diseases to Typica. On the other hand, relative humidity significantly affected
the infection of coffee rust to Red Bourbon.

Recommendations


Based on the informations obtained by this study, the following are
recommended:

1. A year-round similar research should be done to capture the over-all
disease assessment in Benguet Province. Included in the data to be collected
will be rainfall, wind direction and speed, seed source and soil pH.

2. For purposes of field diagnosis, symptomatology can be used as
basis for management since the symptoms of the Arabica coffee diseases had
been confirmed in this study. However, further laboratory examinations and
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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56
tests should be done to the primary causal pathogen of the disease considering
the disease complex in the field.

3. There is an urgent need for collection, breeding or selection on field
trials of other Arabica coffee varieties resistant or tolerant to the identified
plant diseases. Collection of other Arabica coffee varieties could be done
locally or internationally.

4. This researcher has always emphasized during his lectures, trainings
and seminars on Arabica coffee production and post-production, coupled by
his long experience working on Arabica coffee that the following crop
protection strategies could be adopted: 1) seed selection and use of disease-
free planting materials; 2) rejuvenation of more than 10 years old coffee trees
which are susceptible to pests and diseases; 3) proper cultural methods like
correct planting distance and hole preparation, brush weeding, prompt pruning
of infected coffee trees or tree parts, fertilization and irrigation; 4) planting of
Arabica coffee to higher elevations at 1,000 – 1,800 meters above sea level
with temperatures of 17oC - 24oC. This was found unfavorable for coffee rust
disease; 5) practice of Agroforestry to promote biodiversity which increases
natural enemies of pests and diseases; and 6) certification of accreditation of
Arabica coffee nurseries by the Bureau of Plant Industry. Recommending
pesticide application to prevent or control Arabica coffee diseases to local
farmers is very expensive and not environment-friendly considering also the
trend to organic farming.
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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57

5. Concerned agencies both government and non-government should
continue to provide needed support to Arabica coffee farmers. These are in
terms of technology development for Arabica coffee crop protection; seminars,
trainings and lectures in integrated pest management; provision of disease-free
planting materials and other necessary assistance to local farmers.







Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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58
LITERATURE CITED


AGRIOS, G. M. 1997. Plant Pathology, 4th ed. Academic Press. San Diego,
California, U.S.A. Pp. 39-40.

ANANAYO, P. 2006. Investment Opportunities for Arabica Coffee in the
CAR. DA-CAR-AMAD Report for the Baguio Coffee Festival,
August, 2006. Baguio City. 21 pp.

BAGAO, R. 2000. First National Coffee Congress, December, 2000. Baguio
City.

BASALONG, A. B. 2006. Crop Protection Studies for Arabica Coffee. BSU
Agency In-House Review Report, La Trinidad, Benguet. 5 pp.

CIARC-DA-CAR SURVEY. 2001. DA-CAR, Baguio City. 8 pp.

DA-CAR. 2000. Congress Outputs. First National Coffee Congress, Baguio
City. 5 pp.

HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER (HARC). 1987.
Coffee Technoguide for the Highland-HARC, BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1 and 7.

ICOCA REPORT. 2000. ICOCA-Philippines. Manila. 21 pp.

MACANES, V. L. and A.B. BASALONG 2001. Ten-Year Arabica Coffee
Research and Development Program in Benguet and Mountain
Province. BSU Agency In-House Review Report, La Trinidad,
Benguet. 12 pp.

MANION, P. D. 1991. Tree Disease Concepts, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Career
and Technology. New jersey, U.S.A. P. 9.

MOJICA, A. D. 2000. Bringing Back the Glory of Philippine Coffee. P. 1.

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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59
NICANOR, J. C. 2003. Identification of Fungal Pathogens Infecting Coffee
Arabica Under Difference Cropping Systems at the BSU Agroforestry
Project. Unpublished Undergraduate thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 12.

OCFEMIA, G. O. 1954. Notes on Coffee Rust and Abaca Mosaic Incidence
in Guinobatan, Albay. Philippines Agri 37(a):550.

PCARRD. 1976. The Philippine Recommends for Coffee. Pp. 3-48.

READERS DIGEST. March, 2002. The Readers Digest Asia, Singapore. P.
42.

STRANGE, R. N. 1993. Plant Disease Control Towards Environmentally
Acceptable Methods. Chapman and Hall, University Press.

Cambridge, Great Britain. P. 44.

THE PHILIPPINE DAILY INQUIRER. July, 2004. Manila, Philippines. P.
A42.

THE PHILIPPINE DAILY INQUIRER. November, 2005. Manila,
Philippines. P. A21.

TORREJON, M. 2000. Prospects of the Coffee Industry in the Philippines.
First National Coffee Congress. Baguio City. 3p.

WILLSON, K. C. and M. H. CLIFFORD. 1985. Coffee: Botany,
Biochemistry and production of beans and Beverage. Avi Publishing
Co. Wesport, Connecticut, U.S.A. Pp. 48-50, 319-225.


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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60

APPENDICES


APPENDIX TABLE 1. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Caliking, Atok, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
5
10
5
10
10
10
15
10
10
5
90
9.0













Whole Plant
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
90
9.0
Sooty Mold

























Leaf
0
0
50
0
10
10
0
0
10
0
170
17.0













Whole Plant
0
0
25
0
25
0
0
0
50
0
100
10.0

Elevation
: 1,650 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 69%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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61

APPENDIX TABLE 2. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon in Caliking, Atok, Benguet


TREE SAMPLE


DISEASE SEVERITY
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN
(%)

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2.00
0.20













Whole Plant
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
6.00
0.60

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
5
5
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
8.00
8.00













Whole Plant
25
20
10
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
2.25
22.50

Leaf Blight

























Leaf
5
20
20
5
5
10
10
10
10
20
11.50
11.50













Whole Plant
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
25
10
10
11.50
11.50

Elevation
: 1,650 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 69%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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62

APPENDIX TABLE 3. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Ampusongan, Bakun, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
50
10
25
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
140
14.0













Whole Plant
25
10
25
10
5
5
5
20
25
20
150
15.0



Sooty Mold

























Leaf
50
50
25
5
5
5
25
50
25
5
240
24.0













Whole Plant
50
25
10
5
5
10
10
25
50
5
195
19.5

Elevation
: 1,230 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 58%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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63

APPENDIX TABLE 4. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon in Ampusongan, Bakun, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3.0
0.30













Whole Plant
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4.0
0.40

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
5
5
5
5
0
5
0
5
0
35.0
3.50













Whole Plant
5
1
1
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
15.0
1.50
Leaf Blight

























Leaf
5
10
10
10
5
30
5
5
5
5
90.0
9.00













Whole Plant
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10.0
10.0

Elevation
: 1,230 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 58%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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64

APPENDIX TABLE 5. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Poblacion, Buguias, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
10
20
10
35
10
20
35
10
10
20
180
18.00













Whole Plant
20
20
20
20
10
20
25
10
20
20
185
18.50

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
100
100
50
10
50
100
100
100
25
50
685
68.50













Whole Plant
50
50
50
5
50
50
80
80
50
50
515
51.50


Elevation
: 1,350 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 77%
Temperature
: 25oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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65

APPENDIX TABLE 6. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon grown in Poblacion, Buguias, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
7.0
0.70













Whole Plant
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
7.0
0.70
Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15.0
1.50













Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
50.0
5.00
Leaf Blight

























Leaf
5
10
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
75.0
7.50













Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
50.0
5.00

Elevation
: 1,350 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 77%
Temperature
: 25oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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66

APPENDIX TABLE 7. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Lomon, Kapangan, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
50
50
100
50
100
75
100
50
100
100
77.5
77.5













Whole Plant
25
50
25
15
20
25
50
75
50
50
38.5
38.5
Sooty Mold

























Leaf
100
100
100
100
75
100
80
25
50
100
800.0
54.0













Whole Plant
80
80
50
50
80
50
25
25
50
50
540.0
54.0

Elevation
: 930 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 68%
Temperature
: 26oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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67

APPENDIX TABLE 8. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon grown in Lomon, Kapangan, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
6.0
0.60













Whole Plant
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
6.0
0.60

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
60.0
6.00













Whole Plant
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100.0
10.00

Leaf Blight

























Leaf
5
5
20
10
5
10
20
20
20
25
140.0
14.00













Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
10
5
10.0
1.00

Elevation
: 930 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 68%
Temperature
: 26oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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68

APPENDIX TABLE 9. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Sagpat, Kibungan, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
75
50
75
20
50
50
75
20
10
50
475.0
47.50













Whole Plant
50
80
80
50
75
75
75
80
75
80
720.0
72.00
Sooty Mold

























Leaf
25
10
10
0
0
25
10
0
10
10
100.0
10.00













Whole Plant
10
10
10
0
0
10
10
0
10
5
65.0
6.50

Elevation
: 1,355 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 62%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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69

APPENDIX TABLE 10. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee
Var. Red Bourbon grown in Sagpat, Kibungan, Benguet


DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0













Whole Plant
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
51.00
5.10













Whole Plant
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100.0
10.0

Leaf Blight

























Leaf
5
5
0
5
0
0
0
20
5
5
5.00
0.50













Whole Plant
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1.50
0.50

Elevation
: 1,355meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 62%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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70

APPENDIX TABLE 11. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee
Var. Typica grown in BSU-IHFSA, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
100
100
100
75
100
75
100
100
50
100
900
90.0













Whole Plant
80
80
80
80
80
75
75
80
50
80
760
76.0

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
50
50
0
0
1
50
0
0
1
0
13.2
13.2













Whole Plant
5
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
0
17.0
1.70

Elevation
: 1,380 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 62%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

71

APPENDIX TABLE 12. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee
var. Red Bourbon grown in BSU-IHFSA, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN
Coffee Rust

























Leaf
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Whole Plant
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Brown Eye Leafspot

























Leaf
25
10
25
10
5
5
10
25
25
25
165
1605
Whole Plant
25
25
25
25
25
10
5
5
5
25
180
18.0


Leaf Blight

























Leaf
25
5
5
10
5
2
5
10
10
10
70
7.0
Whole Plant
25
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
95
9.5

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
5
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
152
15.2
Whole Plant
10
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
52
5.2
Elevation
: 1,380meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 62%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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72

APPENDIX TABLE 13. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Typica
grown in Banangan, Sablan, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
100
100
75
100
75
50
100
100
100
100
900
90.0













Whole Plant
80
80
80
80
80
80
50
80
50
80
740
74.0

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
100
100
100
75
85
100
50
50
75
50
785
78.5













Whole Plant
80
80
80
80
50
50
80
80
50
80
680
68.0

Elevation
: 1,380 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 62%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

73

APPENDIX TABLE 14. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon
grown in Banangan, Sablan, Benguet

DISEASESEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN
Coffee Rust

























Leaf
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Whole Plant
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Brown Eye Leafspot

























Leaf
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
85
8.5
Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
50
5.0

Leaf Blight

























Leaf
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
90
9.0
Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
55
5.5


Sooty Mold

























Leaf
25
0
0
0
0
1
10
0
0
0
36
3.6
Whole Plant
10
0
0
0
0
1
10
0
0
0
21
2.1
Elevation
: 1,110meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 58%
Temperature
: 27oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

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74

APPENDIX TABLE 15. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var.
Typica grown in Poblacion, Tublay, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1
TOTAL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MEAN

Coffee Rust

























Leaf
100
50
50
100
85
100
100
85
50
75
745
74.5













Whole Plant
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
50
50
650
65.0

Sooty Mold

























Leaf
100
50
100
100
100
50
80
50
100
100
830
83.0













Whole Plant
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
50
80
80
770
77.0

Elevation
: 1,175 meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 55%
Temperature
: 24oC
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

75

APPENDIX TABLE 16. Leaf and whole plant severity percentages of diseases observed in Arabica coffee var. Red
Bourbon grown in Poblacion, Tublay, Benguet

DISEASE SEVERITY
TREE SAMPLE


(%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TOTAL
10
MEAN

Coffee Rust












Leaf












Whole Plant
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Brown Eye Leafspot












Leaf












Whole Plant
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
5
10
5
70
7.00

5
10
10
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
65
6.50
Leaf Blight












Leaf












Whole Plant
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
85
8.50

15
20
10
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
125
12.50
Sooty Mold












Leaf












Whole Plant
80
50
0
0
0
1
50
0
0
0
152
15.20
80
80
0
0
0
1
50
0
0
0
212
21.20
Elevation
: 1,175meters above sea level
Relative Humidity
: 55%
Temperature
: 24oC


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

APPENDIX TABLE 17. Biplot of coffee rust and sooty mold severity to
Arabica coffee var. Typica grown in the eight municipalities of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY
DIM 1
DIM 2
Atok
-4.40
-1.54
Bakun
-3.22
-1.78
Buguias
-2.97
-1.46
Kapangan
1.19
-2.51
Kibungan
-0.14
4.49
La Trinidad
0.23
5.25
Sablan
4.85
-0.44
Tublay
4.91
-2.00
DISEASE
DIM 1
DIM 2
Coffee rust
6.3133
5.9949
Sooty mold
6.9183
-5.4706

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77
APPENDIX TABLE 18. One-way coffee rust severity cluster, Bonferroni
tabulate for Arabica coffee var. Typica

CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1=Atok, Bakun, Buguias
14.16
4.80
3
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
74.0
2.83
2
3 = Kapangan
38.5
0
1
4 = Sablan, Tublay
69.50
6.36
2



ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F

Between groups
5.768.83
3
1922.94
81.25 0.0005
Within groups
94.66
4
23.66
TOTAL 5863.5
7
837.64



Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

78
APPENDIX TABLE 19. One-way sooty mold severity cluster,
Bonferroni tabulate for Arabica coffee var.
Typica

CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1=Atok, Bakun, Buguias
16.33
5.48
3
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
4.10
3.39
2
3 = Kapangan
54.00
0
1
4 = Sablan, Tublay
72.50
6.36
2


ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F
Between groups
6057.65 3 2019.22
71.99 0.0006
Within groups
4
28.0466
TOTAL 112.19
7




Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

79
APPENDIX TABLE 20. Manova of coffee rust and sooty mold severity
cluster for Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon







CLUSTER
STAT
F
F
F
Prob>F
(df1)
(df2)

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
0.0003
6.0
6.0
55.07
0.0001
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
1.9627
6.0
8.0
70.16
0.0000
3 = Kapangan
115.2659
6.0
4.0
38.42
0.0017
4 = Sablan, Tublay
74.7834
3.0
4.0
99.71
0.0003

Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

80
APPENDIX TABLE 21. Biplot of plant diseases severity to Arabica coffee
var. Red Bourbon cultivated in the different
municipalities of Benguet


MUNICIPALITY
DIM 1
DIM 2
Atok
-2.21
-2.29
Bakun
-0.08
1.88
Buguias
-0.63
1.66
Kapangan
-1.11
0.61
Kibungan
-1.32
1.11
La Trinidad
-1.06
-1.84
Sablan
3.21
-0.57
Tublay
3.21
-0.57
DISEASE
DIM 1
DIM 2
Coffee rust
-0.08
0.0531
Sooty mold
4.36
-1.96
Leaf spot
-3.11
-3.31
Leaf blight
3.20
-1.55
Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

81
APPENDIX TABLE 22. One-way coffee rust severity cluster, Bonferroni
tabulate for Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon


CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
.300
.424
2
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
.400
0
1
3 = Kapangan
.433
.378
3
4 = Sablan, Tublay
0
0
2


ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F
Between groups
.242
3
.806
0.69 0.6032
Within groups
.466
4
.116
TOTAL .287
7
.101



Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

82
APPENDIX TABLE 23. One-way sooty mold severity cluster, Bonferroni
tabulate for Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon


CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
2.59
3.68
2
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
0
0
1
3 = Kapangan
0
0
3
4 = Sablan, Tublay
21.20
0
2



ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F
Between groups
629.18
3
209.73
62.05 0.0008
Within groups
13.52
4
3.38
TOTAL 642.70
7
91.81


Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

83
APPENDIX TABLE 24. One-way severity cluster, Bonferroni tabulate for
Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon


CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
20.25
3.18
2
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
1.50
0
1
3 = Kapangan
8.33
2.88
3
4 = Sablan, Tublay
.50
0
2



ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F
Between groups
453.21
3
151.06
22.55 0.0057
Within groups
26.79
4
6.69
TOTAL 480
7
68.57



Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

84
APPENDIX TABLE 25. One-way leaf blight severity cluster, Bonferroni
tabulate for Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon

CLUSTER MEAN
STANDARD
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
10.5
1.41
2
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
10
0
1
3 = Kapangan
3.83
2.93
3
4 = Sablan, Tublay
12.5
0
2
TOTAL 8.44
4.25
8



ANOVA TABLE


SOURCE OF VARIANCE
SS
Df
MS
F
Prob F
Between groups
107.55
3
35.85
7.48 0.0407
Within groups
19.16
4
4.79
TOTAL 126.72
7
18.10



Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

85
APPENDIX TABLE 26. Manova of sooty mold, leaf spot, leaf blight severity
cluster for Arabica coffee var. Red Bourbon







CLUSTER
STAT
F
F
F
Prob>F
(df1)
(df2)

1 = Atok, Bakun, Buguias
0.0002
9.0
5.0
17.22
0.0029
2 = Kibungan, La Trinidad
2.5757
9.0
12.0
8.09
0.0007
3 = Kapangan
110.1852
9.0
2.0
8.16
0.1139
4 = Sablan, Tublay
91.8935
3.0
4.0
122.47
0.0002




Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee
(Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province / Valentino L. Macanes. 2006

---

Document Outline

• Assessment on the Occurrence and Severity of Diseases Infecting Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Benguet Province.
  • BIBILIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
    • Background of the Study
    • Objectives of the Study
    • Importance of the Study
    • Time and Place of Study
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • Overview and Opportunities for ArabicaCoffee Production
    • Importance of Plant Disease Identification
    • Diseases of Coffee
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • Disease Collection Areas
    • Data Gathering
    • Collection of Samples
    • Data Gathered
    • Data Analysis
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • Pathogens Associated to the Two Arabica CoffeeVarieties in the Eight Growing Areasof Benguet
    • Assessment of Leaf Severity of the Diseases Associatedwith Two Arabica Coffee Varieties Grownin Eight Municipalities of Benguet
    • Assessment of Whole Plant Severity of the DiseasesAssociated with Two Arabica Coffee Varietiesin the Eight Municipalities of Benguet
    • Correlation Between Plant Disease Severity to Elevation, Relative Humidityand Temperature Existing in the EightArabica Coffee Growing Areas
    • Cluster Analysis of Plant Disease Severity of the Two Arabica CoffeeVarieties Grown in the Different Municipalities of BenguetUsed as Sample Areas
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • Summary
    • Conclusions
    • Recommendations
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

---