BIBLIOGRAPHY ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012. Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties
of Different Organically Grown Vegetables. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jocelyn C. Perez MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the disease resistance of varieties of different
organically grown vegetables.
New varieties of vegetables like tomato, Chinese cabbage and garden pea were
evaluated at different agro ecological zones.
Fungal pathogens found related to these crops, leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae),
white rust (Albugo candida) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) in Chinese cabbage,
powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) in garden pea and late blight (Phytophthora
infestans) in tomato.
Results revealed that Summer Star and Baguio Star varieties of Chinese cabbage,
TM 26, TM 42 and TM 43 in tomatoes, CGP 13 and Betag varieties in garden pea were
resistant to major fungal diseases affecting these crops.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The weather during the entire duration of the experiment is shown in Table 1.
Apparently, the environmental conditions during the conduct of the study favored the
development of many diseases. The minimum temperature ranged from 13.5 to 21.7%
while the maximum temperature ranged from 21.8 to 27.9%. On the other hand, the relative
humidity was also within the range that favors late blight development and other disease
(86 to 102.5%). The oomycetes grows and sporulates most abundantly at a relative
humidity near 100% and at temperatures between 15 and 25% (Agrios, 2005).
Table 1. Mean air temperature (0C ), relative humidity ( % ) and rainfall
RELATIVE
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE ( % )
HUMIDITY( % )
RAINFALL
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
OCTOBER
26.5 17.6
98
11.2
NOVEMBER
23.3 15.6
87
2.2
DECEMBER
23.1 14.5
87
0.6
JANUARY
27.9 21.7
102.5
1.4
FEBRUARY
21.8 13.5
86
-
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Diseases of Chinese cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)
Leaf Spot disease (Alternaria brassicae)
Table 2 shows the mean percentage leaf spot disease of Chinese cabbage in
Cattubo, Tulodan, Atok (2,230 masl), Nan-agto, Natubleng, Buguias (2,280 masl) and BSU
Balili, La Trinidad (1,332 masl). Results revealed that the lowest leaf spot infection was
recorded in the variety Baguio Star planted in the higher elevation (Tulodan and Natubleng)
but had a higher infection at low elevation (La Trinidad). Results further showed that the
leaf spot infection as shown in Figure 1 (a) and (b) was found at Tulodan, Atok and Balili,
La Trinidad. Difference among treatments however was not significant.
Table 2. Mean percentage of leaf spot infection on different varieties of Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
TRINIDAD
(Mid elevation)
BUGUIAS
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl
(High elevation)
1,332 masl
2,280 masl
Zao Xin Bai
45.00
47.50
17.50
Baguio star
35.00
3.00
4.00
Dou Kang 4
17.50
57.50
12.50
Summer star
42.50
27.50
6.50
Green cool (ck)
62.50
35.00
1.00
CV
13.24%
34.09%
28.73%
Among the varieties evaluated, Baguio Star exhibited moderate susceptibility to
(51-75%) leaf spot at lower elevation (Trinidad, 1,332 masl) but resistant reaction at higher
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
elevation (Tuludan, 2,230 masl) and Natubleng (2,280 masl) with (1-25% infection). The
check variety Green Cool was very susceptible to leaf spot at lower elevation (Trinidad)
and moderately resistant and resistant in higher elevation (Natubleng). Except for Zao Xin
Bai and Dou Kang 4, all varieties were resistant (1-25% infection) to leaf spot disease in
Chinese cabbage planted at Tulodan, Atok (high elevation). Table 3 shows the reaction of
different varieties of Chinese cabbage in leaf spot disease.
Table 3. Resistant reaction different Chinese cabbage to leaf spot disease infection
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETY
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Moderately
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
susceptible
Baguio star
Moderately
Resistance
Resistance
susceptible
Dou Kang 4
Resistance
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
Summer star
Moderately
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
resistance
Green cool (ck)
Very susceptible
Moderately
Resistance
resistance
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
a
Figure 1a. Leaf spot disease occurred in Tulodan, Atok.
b
Figure 1b. Leaf spot disease occurred in Balili, La Trinidad.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Leaf spot disease found at three agro ecological zones was caused by Alternaria
brassicae.
White Rust (Albugo candida)
Aside from leaf spot disease, white rust also occurred in three agro ecological zones.
Table 4 shows the mean percentage infection of white rust infection planted in three agro
ecological zones. Figure 2a shows the symptom exhibited in the leaves and Figure 2b
shows the structures of white rust under the microscope. No infection of white rust was
recorded in Natubleng, Buguias while minimal infection was recorded in Balili and
Tulodan, However, among the different varieties, highest infection of 22.50% was recorded
in variety Summer Star in Balili and 25% in Dou Kang 4 variety planted in
Table 4. Mean percentage infection of white rust disease in Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETY
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
1.50
12.50
0.00
Baguio star
3.00
2.00
0.00
Dou Kang 4
3.50
25.00
0.00
Summer star
22.50
1.50
0.00
Green cool
7.50
3.50
0.00
CV
40.56%
38.51%
0
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Tulodan Atok. Difference among treatments however was not significant. In Natubleng,
all varieties were highly resistant to white rust because no entry was infected with white
rust while Zao Xin Bai, Baguio Star had similar reactions as the check variety Green Cool
(resistant = 1 – 20%).
Table 5.Disease reaction of new varieties of Chinese cabbage in white rust disease
VARIETIES
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Baguio star
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Dou Kang 4
Resistant
Moderately
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Summer star
Moderately
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Green cool (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
b
a
c
Figure 2(a). Symptoms White rust of Chinese cabbage; (b-c). Structure of white rust
caused by Albugo candida (400x)
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp)
Among the entries, Zao Xin Bai and Dou Kang 4 had the highest infection of
powdery mildew at 10% in Tulodan (high elevation) while there was no infection recorded
in Natubleng, Buguias as shown in Table 6 and 7.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 6. Mean percentage of powdery mildew in new varieties of Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
VARIETY
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
0.00
10.00
0.00
Baguio star
0.00
2.50
0.00
Dou Kang 4
1.22
10.00
0.00
Summer star
2.80
2.00
0.00
Green cool (ck)
2.80
1.00
0.00
CV
60.52%
67.64% 0
Table 7.Disease reaction of Chinese cabbage to powdery mildew
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
BALILI, LA
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
TULODAN, ATOK
TRINIDAD
BUGUIAS
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
(High elevation)
2,230 masl)
1,332 masl
2,280 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Baguio star
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Dou Kang 4
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Summer star
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Green cool (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Mean percentage and disease reaction of different entries of Chinese cabbage to
powdery mildew disease shows in Table 6 and 7. No occurrence of powdery mildew was
recorded in Natubleng, Buguias. Powdery mildew disease in Chinese cabbage is not
common. Infection may have occurred because the garden pea plants are near the planting
site of Chinese cabbage were infected. Spores of the pathogen may have been disseminated
and blown by the wind.
Among the Chinese cabbage varieties, Dou Kang 4 had the highest yield of 3.64
kilograms (3,640 g) followed by Summer Star at 2.79 kilograms (2790 g), Baguio Star at
2.51 kilograms (2510 g), Green Cool check variety at 2.43 kilograms (2,430g) and Zao Xin
Bai at 2.50 kilograms (2500g).
Table 8. Total yield per plot of Chinese cabbage (kg)
ENTRY
MEAN
Cc 01 – Baguio Star
2.51
Cc 03 – Doukang 4
3.64
Green cool (ck)
2.43
Cc 06 – summer star
2.79
Cc 07 – Zao xin bai
2.30
CV
24%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Diseases of Garden pea (Pisum sativum)
Leaf Spot of Garden Pea
The mean percentage infection of leaf spot disease on garden pea in Cattubo,
Tulodan, Atok (2,230 masl), Bonglo, Atok and BSU Balili, La Trinidad (1,332 masl) is
shown in Table 9. Results revealed that the highest leaf spot infection was recorded in the
variety CGP 59 with 12.50% in Bonglo, Atok (mid elevation) but had lower infection with
3.00% at lower elevation (La Trinidad). Difference among treatments however was not
significant. However, results showed that leaf spot infection decreased as entries were
planted at low elevation.
Leaf spot ( Cercospora sp)
Table 9.Mean percentage of leaf spot disease in garden pea
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETIES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
3.00
12.50
5.00
CHINESE
1.00
3.50
5.00
(ck)
BETAG
1.00
1.00
5.00
CGP 34
7.50
10.00
7.50
CGP 13
0.00
4.00
5.00
CV
90.33%
33.64%
28.75%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
The resistance rating of leaf spot disease in new varieties of garden pea shows in
Table 10. Based from Table 9 (mean percentage), resistance rating evaluated and it
revealed the corresponding remarks of new varieties in garden pea and varieties were all
resistant to leaf spot. Leaf spot disease of garden pea caused by Cercospora sp as shown
in Figure 3.
Table 10. Disease reaction of garden pea to leaf spot
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
BETAG
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CGP 34
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CGP 13
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Figure 3. Leaf spot disease of garden pea.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Powdery Mildew ( Oidium sp.)
Powdery mildew is also a disease in garden pea. Table shows the mean percentage
powdery mildew infection in garden pea planted in three agro ecological zones and Table
12 shows disease reaction of new varieties of garden pea in powdery mildew disease based
on the mean percentage in Table. Figure 4 shows the structure of powdery mildew under
the microscope. Result revealed that powdery mildew did not occur in Bonglo, Atok but
infection of 12.50% was recorded in Tulodan Atok is variety CGP 34 showed with highest
infection of 12.50% in variety CGP 34. Difference among treatments however was not
significant.
Table 11. Mean percentage of powdery mildew infection in garden pea
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETIES
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
3.50
0.00
10.00
CHINESE (ck)
0.50
0.00
1.00
BETAG
0.50
0.00
4.00
CGP 34
0.50
0.00
12.50
CGP 13
1.50
0.00
3.50
CV
48.65%
0
33.64%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
In terms of disease reaction, entries which were not infected in Tulodan Atok
were adjudged as highly resistant. Entries with powdery mildew infection ratings of 1-
25% were classified as resistant (all entries planted in Natubleng).
Table 12. Disease reaction of garden pea in powdery mildew
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
BETAG
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CGP 34
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CGP 13
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Figure 4. Structure of the causal organism of Powdery mildew in garden pea
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Leaf Miner Incidence (Liriomyza huidobrensis)
Mean percentage leaf miner damage and reaction of garden pea planted at BSU
Balili, La Trinidad is shown in Table 13. Results revealed that very low damage was
recorded in all varieties as infestation only ranged from from 1.00 (no damage) to 3.50 (26-
50% ) damage. Minimal damage was observed because other host plants of leaf miner were
not present in the field resulting to low population of the insect.
Table 13. Mean percentage and resistant rating of garden pea in leaf miner disease
VARIETY
MEAN
REMARKS
CGP 59
2.50
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
1.00
Highly Resistant
BETAG
3.50
Moderately Resistant
CGP 34
2.00
Resistant
CGP 13
1.00
Highly Resistant
CV= 40.31%
Yield of Garden Pea
Table 14. Reaction of different garden pea entries to leaf miner infestation
ENTRY
MEAN
BETAG
0.33b
CGP 13
0.30b
CGP 34
0.29b
CGP59
0.82a
CHINESE (ck)
0.22b
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
CV
22.11
Among the entries, CGP 59 gave the highest yield of 0.82 kg followed by Betag
with 0.330 kg and CGP 13 at 300 grams 0.300 kg, CGP 34 at 0.290 kg and the Chinese
variety (check) had the lowest yield of 0.220 kg as shown in Table 14.
Disease of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum)
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans was the most severe disease in tomato
varieties planted at Balili, La Trinidad. The disease almost destroys the whole plant. Three
ratings were done to evaluate the infection of late blight in tomato. Table 15 shows the
mean percentage late blight infection of tomato. Results revealed significant differences
among in infection among the entries where the lowest late blight infection was recorded
in CLN 2264 S3 (5%), CLN 2264 S1 (5%) and TM 10486 (15%). The highest mean
infection ranged from 80% to 95 % which was recorded in the 20-05, Hong Bao Shi S2,
Black Cherry, Native, Hong Bao Shi S1, TM 10491, TM 10487, CH 157, 10393, HBS,
Hong Bao Shi B, CLN 1558 and TM 10485.
The disease reaction of tomato to late blight disease is shown in Table 16. Among
the 24 entries, only a few entries were resistant to late blight. Variety TM 10486 was
highly resistant on the first rating , resistant in the second and final rating. Varieties CLN
2264 S1 and CLN 2264 S3 exhibited resistant reaction from first to the last rating. Variety
CLN 2264 B exhibited high resistance in the first rating, resistant in the second rating and
moderately resistant in the last rating.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 15. Mean percentage of tomato in late blight disease
MEAN
VARIETY
1st rating
2nd rating
3rd rating
20-05
55.00a
70.00abc
92.50
TM 10492
15.00cde
25.00efghi
42.50
TM 10486
1.00e
15.00ghi
15.00
CLN 2264 S1
1.50e
5.00i
5.00
HONG BAO SHI S2
20.00bcd
70.00abc
82.50
BLACK CHERRY
3.00e
55.00bcde
95.00
NATIVE
15.00cde
30.00defghi
82.50
HONG BAO SHI S1
25.00bc
45.00bcdefg
92.50
CLN 2264 S3
5.00e
5.00i
5.00
TM 10491
30.00b
90.00a
95.00
TM 10487
12.50cde
72.50ab
82.50
CH 157
12.50cde
65.00abc
90.00
TM 10490
10.00de
17.50ghi
50.00
TM 10494
10.00b
40.00cdefgh
40.00
10393
30.00b
70.00abc
92.50
CLN 2264 B
1.00e
7.50i
30.00
HBS
15.00cde
60.00abcd
95.00
HONG BAO SHI B
7.50de
60.00abcd
95.00
TM 10488
15.00bcd
50.00bcdef
50.00
CLN1558
20.00bcd
55.00bcde
82.50
CLN2264 S2
3.50e
7.50i
37.50
CLN 1555
45.00a
45.00bcdefg
45.00
TM10493
7.50de
22.50fghi
42.50
TM 10485
10.00de
10.00hi
82.50
CV
37.16%
31.79%
90.87%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 16. Disease reaction of different tomato entries to late blight
VARIETY
REACTION
20-05
Very Susceptible
TM 10492
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10486
Resistant
CLN 2264 S1
Resistant
HONG BAO SHI S2
Very Susceptible
BLACK CHERRY
Very Susceptible
NATIVE
Very Susceptible
HONG BAO SHI S1
Very Susceptible
CLN 2264 S3
Resistant
TM 10491
Very Susceptible
TM 10487
Very Susceptible
CH 157
Very Susceptible
TM 10490
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10494
Moderately Susceptible
10393
Very Susceptible
CLN 2264 B
Moderately Resistant
HBS
Very Susceptible
HONG BAO SHI B
Very Susceptible
TM 10488
Moderately Susceptible
CLN1558
Very Susceptible
CLN2264 S2
Moderately Resistant
CLN 1555
Moderately Susceptible
TM10493
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10485
Very Susceptible
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Variety CLN 2264 S2 exhibits resistant reaction on first and second and moderately
resistant on the last rating.Varieties TM 10492, TM 10490, TM 10494, TM10488, CLN
1555, TM 10493 were resistant on first rating,moderately resistant on the second rating and
exhibits moderately susceptible on the last rating. Varieties 20-05, Hong Bao Shi S2, Black
Cherry, Native, Hong Bao Shi S1, TM 10491, TM 10487, CH 157, 10393, HBS, Hong Bao
Shi B, CLN 1558 and TM 10485 were moderately resistant on the first rating, moderately
susceptible on the second rating and turned very susceptible on the last rating.
Late blight infection shows in Figure 5 that the tomato plants were attacked by
Phytophthora infestans. It starts as a water-soaked spots, usually at the edges of the lower
leaves and enlarge rapidly. The structure of the causal organism of late blight is shown in
Figure 6a and Figure 6b. It almost destroyed the whole part of the plants. The photo was
taken at BSU experimental area at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet last December 30, 2011
Figure 5. Symptoms of late blight in tomat
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Figure 6a. Structure of the causal organism of late blight, Phytophthora infestans
(100x)
Figure 6b. The causal organism of late blight, Phytophthora infestans (400x)
Among the tomato entries, significantly higher yield was recorded in TM 26 (TM
10486) at 13,097.50 g/ plot followed by TM 31 at 10,331.50 g/ plot and TM 43 at 8502.00
g/ plot. Entries of tomato like TM 26 (TM 10486), TM 42 (CLN 2264 S3) and TM 43
(CLN 2264 S1) produced highest yields. Based on disease reaction, these three entries
stand out because these varieties were not severely infected to late blight. As such foliage
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
was not heavily damaged, hence, flowers developed into fruits. Unlike heavily infection
where late blight infection was high, the loss of foliage greatly affected the formation of
fruits.
Table 15.Tomato total yield per plot (grams)
ENTRY
MEAN
Tm 06
1282.50 fgh
Tm 12 (ck)
7323.00 bcd
Tm 15
200.00 h
Tm 22
893.50 fgh
Tm 23
2001.50 efgh
Tm 25
4324.00 defg
Tm 26
13097.50 a
Tm 27
3113.50 efgh
Tm 29
2565.00 efgh
Tm 30
2140.00 efgh
Tm 31
10331.50 ab
Tm 32
325.00 gh
Tm 33
5410.00 cde
Tm 34
2310.00 efgh
Tm 36
908.00 fgh
Tm 37
3740.00 defgh
Tm 38
624.50 gh
Tm 39
2966.00 efgh
Tm 40
1682.50 efgh
Tm 42
4932.50 cdef
Tm 43
8502.50 bc
Tm 44
434.50 gh
Tm 45
4300.00 defg
Tm 46
473.00 gh
CV
47.74 %
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Leaf spot disease in Chinese cabbage variety like Zao Xin Bai has least disease
infection in Natubleng, Buguias and higher infection in La Trinidad and Tulodan, Atok.
Variety Baguio Star has least disease infection in Tulodan, Atok and Natubleng, Buguias
and higher infection in La Trinidad. Variety Dou Kang 4 has least disease infection in
Natubleng, Buguias and in La Trinidad and higher infection in Tulodan, Atok. Variety
Summer Star has least disease infection in Natubleng, Buguias and higher disease infection
in La Trinidad. Variety Green Cool has least disease infection in Natubleng, Buguias and
has higher infection in Tulodan, Atok and La Trinidad.
No occurrence of powdery mildew in Natubleng, Buguias.Powdery mildew disease
in Chinese cabbage, varieties like Zao Xin Bai and Baguio Star were no disease infection
in Balili, La Trinidad but occurred in Tulodan, Atok. Varieties Summer Star, Dou Kang
and Green Cool has least disease infection.
No occurrence of white rust disease was recorded in Natubleng, Buguias. Varieties
like Zao Xin Bai and Dou Kang 4 had higher disease infection in Tulodan, Atok but were
least infected in Balili, La Trinidad. Variety Summer Star has higher disease infection in
Balili, La Trinidad but had the least infection in Tulodan.
In garden pea, all varieties were highly resistant to leaf spot and powdery mildew;
were highly resistant to leaf miner infestation in high agro ecological zones.
Among the tomato entries, significantly higher yield was recorded in TM 26 (TM
10486) at 13,097.50 g/ plot followed by TM 31 at 10,331.50 g/ plot and TM 43 at 8502.00
g/ plot. Entries of tomato like TM 26 (TM 10486), TM 42 (CLN 2264 S3) and TM 43
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
(CLN 2264 S1) produced highest yield. Based on disease reaction, these three entries stand
out because these varieties were not severely infected with late blight
Conclusion
Different disease reaction was recorded in varieties of vegetables grown in organic
conditions. Diseases were observed to be more prevalent in warmer area or in lower agro
ecological zone than in cold and high agro ecological zone.
Recommendation
One more field trial should be done to evaluate their resistance to different diseases
at different climatic conditions that occur under organic conditions. In tomato, susceptible
and very susceptible entries should be culled out to lessen the 24 entries for further field
trial.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
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Pathology. College of Agriculture. UPLB. College of Laguna.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. 2nd ed. San Francisco. W. H. Freeman and Co.
JOHNSON, G. I., WEINBERGER, K.,WU, M. H. 2008. The Vegetable Industry in
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http://www.bar.gov.ph/ vegrde/rgm%20varietalselection.htm
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Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012. Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties
of Different Organically Grown Vegetables. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jocelyn C. Perez MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the disease resistance of varieties of different
organically grown vegetables.
New varieties of vegetables like tomato, Chinese cabbage and garden pea were
evaluated at different agro ecological zones.
Fungal pathogens found related to these crops, leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae),
white rust (Albugo candida) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) in Chinese cabbage,
powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) in garden pea and late blight (Phytophthora
infestans) in tomato.
Results revealed that Summer Star and Baguio Star varieties of Chinese cabbage,
TM 26, TM 42 and TM 43 in tomatoes, CGP 13 and Betag varieties in garden pea were
resistant to major fungal diseases affecting these crops.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The weather during the entire duration of the experiment is shown in Table 1.
Apparently, the environmental conditions during the conduct of the study favored the
development of many diseases. The minimum temperature ranged from 13.5 to 21.7%
while the maximum temperature ranged from 21.8 to 27.9%. On the other hand, the relative
humidity was also within the range that favors late blight development and other disease
(86 to 102.5%). The oomycetes grows and sporulates most abundantly at a relative
humidity near 100% and at temperatures between 15 and 25% (Agrios, 2005).
Table 1. Mean air temperature (0C ), relative humidity ( % ) and rainfall
RELATIVE
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE ( % )
HUMIDITY( % )
RAINFALL
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
OCTOBER
26.5 17.6
98
11.2
NOVEMBER
23.3 15.6
87
2.2
DECEMBER
23.1 14.5
87
0.6
JANUARY
27.9 21.7
102.5
1.4
FEBRUARY
21.8 13.5
86
-
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
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Diseases of Chinese cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)
Leaf Spot disease (Alternaria brassicae)
Table 2 shows the mean percentage leaf spot disease of Chinese cabbage in
Cattubo, Tulodan, Atok (2,230 masl), Nan-agto, Natubleng, Buguias (2,280 masl) and BSU
Balili, La Trinidad (1,332 masl). Results revealed that the lowest leaf spot infection was
recorded in the variety Baguio Star planted in the higher elevation (Tulodan and Natubleng)
but had a higher infection at low elevation (La Trinidad). Results further showed that the
leaf spot infection as shown in Figure 1 (a) and (b) was found at Tulodan, Atok and Balili,
La Trinidad. Difference among treatments however was not significant.
Table 2. Mean percentage of leaf spot infection on different varieties of Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
TRINIDAD
(Mid elevation)
BUGUIAS
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl
(High elevation)
1,332 masl
2,280 masl
Zao Xin Bai
45.00
47.50
17.50
Baguio star
35.00
3.00
4.00
Dou Kang 4
17.50
57.50
12.50
Summer star
42.50
27.50
6.50
Green cool (ck)
62.50
35.00
1.00
CV
13.24%
34.09%
28.73%
Among the varieties evaluated, Baguio Star exhibited moderate susceptibility to
(51-75%) leaf spot at lower elevation (Trinidad, 1,332 masl) but resistant reaction at higher
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
elevation (Tuludan, 2,230 masl) and Natubleng (2,280 masl) with (1-25% infection). The
check variety Green Cool was very susceptible to leaf spot at lower elevation (Trinidad)
and moderately resistant and resistant in higher elevation (Natubleng). Except for Zao Xin
Bai and Dou Kang 4, all varieties were resistant (1-25% infection) to leaf spot disease in
Chinese cabbage planted at Tulodan, Atok (high elevation). Table 3 shows the reaction of
different varieties of Chinese cabbage in leaf spot disease.
Table 3. Resistant reaction different Chinese cabbage to leaf spot disease infection
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETY
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Moderately
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
susceptible
Baguio star
Moderately
Resistance
Resistance
susceptible
Dou Kang 4
Resistance
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
Summer star
Moderately
Moderately
Resistance
susceptible
resistance
Green cool (ck)
Very susceptible
Moderately
Resistance
resistance
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
a
Figure 1a. Leaf spot disease occurred in Tulodan, Atok.
b
Figure 1b. Leaf spot disease occurred in Balili, La Trinidad.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Leaf spot disease found at three agro ecological zones was caused by Alternaria
brassicae.
White Rust (Albugo candida)
Aside from leaf spot disease, white rust also occurred in three agro ecological zones.
Table 4 shows the mean percentage infection of white rust infection planted in three agro
ecological zones. Figure 2a shows the symptom exhibited in the leaves and Figure 2b
shows the structures of white rust under the microscope. No infection of white rust was
recorded in Natubleng, Buguias while minimal infection was recorded in Balili and
Tulodan, However, among the different varieties, highest infection of 22.50% was recorded
in variety Summer Star in Balili and 25% in Dou Kang 4 variety planted in
Table 4. Mean percentage infection of white rust disease in Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETY
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
1.50
12.50
0.00
Baguio star
3.00
2.00
0.00
Dou Kang 4
3.50
25.00
0.00
Summer star
22.50
1.50
0.00
Green cool
7.50
3.50
0.00
CV
40.56%
38.51%
0
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Tulodan Atok. Difference among treatments however was not significant. In Natubleng,
all varieties were highly resistant to white rust because no entry was infected with white
rust while Zao Xin Bai, Baguio Star had similar reactions as the check variety Green Cool
(resistant = 1 – 20%).
Table 5.Disease reaction of new varieties of Chinese cabbage in white rust disease
VARIETIES
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Baguio star
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Dou Kang 4
Resistant
Moderately
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Summer star
Moderately
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Green cool (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
b
a
c
Figure 2(a). Symptoms White rust of Chinese cabbage; (b-c). Structure of white rust
caused by Albugo candida (400x)
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp)
Among the entries, Zao Xin Bai and Dou Kang 4 had the highest infection of
powdery mildew at 10% in Tulodan (high elevation) while there was no infection recorded
in Natubleng, Buguias as shown in Table 6 and 7.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 6. Mean percentage of powdery mildew in new varieties of Chinese cabbage
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
VARIETY
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
Zao Xin Bai
0.00
10.00
0.00
Baguio star
0.00
2.50
0.00
Dou Kang 4
1.22
10.00
0.00
Summer star
2.80
2.00
0.00
Green cool (ck)
2.80
1.00
0.00
CV
60.52%
67.64% 0
Table 7.Disease reaction of Chinese cabbage to powdery mildew
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
BALILI, LA
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
TULODAN, ATOK
TRINIDAD
BUGUIAS
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
(High elevation)
2,230 masl)
1,332 masl
2,280 masl
Zao Xin Bai
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Baguio star
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Dou Kang 4
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Summer star
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Green cool (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Highly Resistant
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Mean percentage and disease reaction of different entries of Chinese cabbage to
powdery mildew disease shows in Table 6 and 7. No occurrence of powdery mildew was
recorded in Natubleng, Buguias. Powdery mildew disease in Chinese cabbage is not
common. Infection may have occurred because the garden pea plants are near the planting
site of Chinese cabbage were infected. Spores of the pathogen may have been disseminated
and blown by the wind.
Among the Chinese cabbage varieties, Dou Kang 4 had the highest yield of 3.64
kilograms (3,640 g) followed by Summer Star at 2.79 kilograms (2790 g), Baguio Star at
2.51 kilograms (2510 g), Green Cool check variety at 2.43 kilograms (2,430g) and Zao Xin
Bai at 2.50 kilograms (2500g).
Table 8. Total yield per plot of Chinese cabbage (kg)
ENTRY
MEAN
Cc 01 – Baguio Star
2.51
Cc 03 – Doukang 4
3.64
Green cool (ck)
2.43
Cc 06 – summer star
2.79
Cc 07 – Zao xin bai
2.30
CV
24%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Diseases of Garden pea (Pisum sativum)
Leaf Spot of Garden Pea
The mean percentage infection of leaf spot disease on garden pea in Cattubo,
Tulodan, Atok (2,230 masl), Bonglo, Atok and BSU Balili, La Trinidad (1,332 masl) is
shown in Table 9. Results revealed that the highest leaf spot infection was recorded in the
variety CGP 59 with 12.50% in Bonglo, Atok (mid elevation) but had lower infection with
3.00% at lower elevation (La Trinidad). Difference among treatments however was not
significant. However, results showed that leaf spot infection decreased as entries were
planted at low elevation.
Leaf spot ( Cercospora sp)
Table 9.Mean percentage of leaf spot disease in garden pea
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
VARIETIES
NATUBLENG,
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
3.00
12.50
5.00
CHINESE
1.00
3.50
5.00
(ck)
BETAG
1.00
1.00
5.00
CGP 34
7.50
10.00
7.50
CGP 13
0.00
4.00
5.00
CV
90.33%
33.64%
28.75%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
The resistance rating of leaf spot disease in new varieties of garden pea shows in
Table 10. Based from Table 9 (mean percentage), resistance rating evaluated and it
revealed the corresponding remarks of new varieties in garden pea and varieties were all
resistant to leaf spot. Leaf spot disease of garden pea caused by Cercospora sp as shown
in Figure 3.
Table 10. Disease reaction of garden pea to leaf spot
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
BETAG
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CGP 34
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
CGP 13
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Figure 3. Leaf spot disease of garden pea.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Powdery Mildew ( Oidium sp.)
Powdery mildew is also a disease in garden pea. Table shows the mean percentage
powdery mildew infection in garden pea planted in three agro ecological zones and Table
12 shows disease reaction of new varieties of garden pea in powdery mildew disease based
on the mean percentage in Table. Figure 4 shows the structure of powdery mildew under
the microscope. Result revealed that powdery mildew did not occur in Bonglo, Atok but
infection of 12.50% was recorded in Tulodan Atok is variety CGP 34 showed with highest
infection of 12.50% in variety CGP 34. Difference among treatments however was not
significant.
Table 11. Mean percentage of powdery mildew infection in garden pea
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETIES
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
3.50
0.00
10.00
CHINESE (ck)
0.50
0.00
1.00
BETAG
0.50
0.00
4.00
CGP 34
0.50
0.00
12.50
CGP 13
1.50
0.00
3.50
CV
48.65%
0
33.64%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
In terms of disease reaction, entries which were not infected in Tulodan Atok
were adjudged as highly resistant. Entries with powdery mildew infection ratings of 1-
25% were classified as resistant (all entries planted in Natubleng).
Table 12. Disease reaction of garden pea in powdery mildew
AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES
NATUBLENG,
VARIETY
BALILI, LA
TULODAN, ATOK
BUGUIAS
TRINIDAD
(High elevation)
(High elevation)
(Low elevation)
2,230 masl)
2,280 masl
1,332 masl
CGP 59
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
BETAG
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CGP 34
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
CGP 13
Highly Resistant
Highly Resistant
Resistant
Figure 4. Structure of the causal organism of Powdery mildew in garden pea
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Leaf Miner Incidence (Liriomyza huidobrensis)
Mean percentage leaf miner damage and reaction of garden pea planted at BSU
Balili, La Trinidad is shown in Table 13. Results revealed that very low damage was
recorded in all varieties as infestation only ranged from from 1.00 (no damage) to 3.50 (26-
50% ) damage. Minimal damage was observed because other host plants of leaf miner were
not present in the field resulting to low population of the insect.
Table 13. Mean percentage and resistant rating of garden pea in leaf miner disease
VARIETY
MEAN
REMARKS
CGP 59
2.50
Resistant
CHINESE (ck)
1.00
Highly Resistant
BETAG
3.50
Moderately Resistant
CGP 34
2.00
Resistant
CGP 13
1.00
Highly Resistant
CV= 40.31%
Yield of Garden Pea
Table 14. Reaction of different garden pea entries to leaf miner infestation
ENTRY
MEAN
BETAG
0.33b
CGP 13
0.30b
CGP 34
0.29b
CGP59
0.82a
CHINESE (ck)
0.22b
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
CV
22.11
Among the entries, CGP 59 gave the highest yield of 0.82 kg followed by Betag
with 0.330 kg and CGP 13 at 300 grams 0.300 kg, CGP 34 at 0.290 kg and the Chinese
variety (check) had the lowest yield of 0.220 kg as shown in Table 14.
Disease of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum)
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans was the most severe disease in tomato
varieties planted at Balili, La Trinidad. The disease almost destroys the whole plant. Three
ratings were done to evaluate the infection of late blight in tomato. Table 15 shows the
mean percentage late blight infection of tomato. Results revealed significant differences
among in infection among the entries where the lowest late blight infection was recorded
in CLN 2264 S3 (5%), CLN 2264 S1 (5%) and TM 10486 (15%). The highest mean
infection ranged from 80% to 95 % which was recorded in the 20-05, Hong Bao Shi S2,
Black Cherry, Native, Hong Bao Shi S1, TM 10491, TM 10487, CH 157, 10393, HBS,
Hong Bao Shi B, CLN 1558 and TM 10485.
The disease reaction of tomato to late blight disease is shown in Table 16. Among
the 24 entries, only a few entries were resistant to late blight. Variety TM 10486 was
highly resistant on the first rating , resistant in the second and final rating. Varieties CLN
2264 S1 and CLN 2264 S3 exhibited resistant reaction from first to the last rating. Variety
CLN 2264 B exhibited high resistance in the first rating, resistant in the second rating and
moderately resistant in the last rating.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 15. Mean percentage of tomato in late blight disease
MEAN
VARIETY
1st rating
2nd rating
3rd rating
20-05
55.00a
70.00abc
92.50
TM 10492
15.00cde
25.00efghi
42.50
TM 10486
1.00e
15.00ghi
15.00
CLN 2264 S1
1.50e
5.00i
5.00
HONG BAO SHI S2
20.00bcd
70.00abc
82.50
BLACK CHERRY
3.00e
55.00bcde
95.00
NATIVE
15.00cde
30.00defghi
82.50
HONG BAO SHI S1
25.00bc
45.00bcdefg
92.50
CLN 2264 S3
5.00e
5.00i
5.00
TM 10491
30.00b
90.00a
95.00
TM 10487
12.50cde
72.50ab
82.50
CH 157
12.50cde
65.00abc
90.00
TM 10490
10.00de
17.50ghi
50.00
TM 10494
10.00b
40.00cdefgh
40.00
10393
30.00b
70.00abc
92.50
CLN 2264 B
1.00e
7.50i
30.00
HBS
15.00cde
60.00abcd
95.00
HONG BAO SHI B
7.50de
60.00abcd
95.00
TM 10488
15.00bcd
50.00bcdef
50.00
CLN1558
20.00bcd
55.00bcde
82.50
CLN2264 S2
3.50e
7.50i
37.50
CLN 1555
45.00a
45.00bcdefg
45.00
TM10493
7.50de
22.50fghi
42.50
TM 10485
10.00de
10.00hi
82.50
CV
37.16%
31.79%
90.87%
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Table 16. Disease reaction of different tomato entries to late blight
VARIETY
REACTION
20-05
Very Susceptible
TM 10492
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10486
Resistant
CLN 2264 S1
Resistant
HONG BAO SHI S2
Very Susceptible
BLACK CHERRY
Very Susceptible
NATIVE
Very Susceptible
HONG BAO SHI S1
Very Susceptible
CLN 2264 S3
Resistant
TM 10491
Very Susceptible
TM 10487
Very Susceptible
CH 157
Very Susceptible
TM 10490
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10494
Moderately Susceptible
10393
Very Susceptible
CLN 2264 B
Moderately Resistant
HBS
Very Susceptible
HONG BAO SHI B
Very Susceptible
TM 10488
Moderately Susceptible
CLN1558
Very Susceptible
CLN2264 S2
Moderately Resistant
CLN 1555
Moderately Susceptible
TM10493
Moderately Susceptible
TM 10485
Very Susceptible
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Variety CLN 2264 S2 exhibits resistant reaction on first and second and moderately
resistant on the last rating.Varieties TM 10492, TM 10490, TM 10494, TM10488, CLN
1555, TM 10493 were resistant on first rating,moderately resistant on the second rating and
exhibits moderately susceptible on the last rating. Varieties 20-05, Hong Bao Shi S2, Black
Cherry, Native, Hong Bao Shi S1, TM 10491, TM 10487, CH 157, 10393, HBS, Hong Bao
Shi B, CLN 1558 and TM 10485 were moderately resistant on the first rating, moderately
susceptible on the second rating and turned very susceptible on the last rating.
Late blight infection shows in Figure 5 that the tomato plants were attacked by
Phytophthora infestans. It starts as a water-soaked spots, usually at the edges of the lower
leaves and enlarge rapidly. The structure of the causal organism of late blight is shown in
Figure 6a and Figure 6b. It almost destroyed the whole part of the plants. The photo was
taken at BSU experimental area at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet last December 30, 2011
Figure 5. Symptoms of late blight in tomat
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
Figure 6a. Structure of the causal organism of late blight, Phytophthora infestans
(100x)
Figure 6b. The causal organism of late blight, Phytophthora infestans (400x)
Among the tomato entries, significantly higher yield was recorded in TM 26 (TM
10486) at 13,097.50 g/ plot followed by TM 31 at 10,331.50 g/ plot and TM 43 at 8502.00
g/ plot. Entries of tomato like TM 26 (TM 10486), TM 42 (CLN 2264 S3) and TM 43
(CLN 2264 S1) produced highest yields. Based on disease reaction, these three entries
stand out because these varieties were not severely infected to late blight. As such foliage
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
was not heavily damaged, hence, flowers developed into fruits. Unlike heavily infection
where late blight infection was high, the loss of foliage greatly affected the formation of
fruits.
Table 15.Tomato total yield per plot (grams)
ENTRY
MEAN
Tm 06
1282.50 fgh
Tm 12 (ck)
7323.00 bcd
Tm 15
200.00 h
Tm 22
893.50 fgh
Tm 23
2001.50 efgh
Tm 25
4324.00 defg
Tm 26
13097.50 a
Tm 27
3113.50 efgh
Tm 29
2565.00 efgh
Tm 30
2140.00 efgh
Tm 31
10331.50 ab
Tm 32
325.00 gh
Tm 33
5410.00 cde
Tm 34
2310.00 efgh
Tm 36
908.00 fgh
Tm 37
3740.00 defgh
Tm 38
624.50 gh
Tm 39
2966.00 efgh
Tm 40
1682.50 efgh
Tm 42
4932.50 cdef
Tm 43
8502.50 bc
Tm 44
434.50 gh
Tm 45
4300.00 defg
Tm 46
473.00 gh
CV
47.74 %
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Leaf spot disease in Chinese cabbage variety like Zao Xin Bai has least disease
infection in Natubleng, Buguias and higher infection in La Trinidad and Tulodan, Atok.
Variety Baguio Star has least disease infection in Tulodan, Atok and Natubleng, Buguias
and higher infection in La Trinidad. Variety Dou Kang 4 has least disease infection in
Natubleng, Buguias and in La Trinidad and higher infection in Tulodan, Atok. Variety
Summer Star has least disease infection in Natubleng, Buguias and higher disease infection
in La Trinidad. Variety Green Cool has least disease infection in Natubleng, Buguias and
has higher infection in Tulodan, Atok and La Trinidad.
No occurrence of powdery mildew in Natubleng, Buguias.Powdery mildew disease
in Chinese cabbage, varieties like Zao Xin Bai and Baguio Star were no disease infection
in Balili, La Trinidad but occurred in Tulodan, Atok. Varieties Summer Star, Dou Kang
and Green Cool has least disease infection.
No occurrence of white rust disease was recorded in Natubleng, Buguias. Varieties
like Zao Xin Bai and Dou Kang 4 had higher disease infection in Tulodan, Atok but were
least infected in Balili, La Trinidad. Variety Summer Star has higher disease infection in
Balili, La Trinidad but had the least infection in Tulodan.
In garden pea, all varieties were highly resistant to leaf spot and powdery mildew;
were highly resistant to leaf miner infestation in high agro ecological zones.
Among the tomato entries, significantly higher yield was recorded in TM 26 (TM
10486) at 13,097.50 g/ plot followed by TM 31 at 10,331.50 g/ plot and TM 43 at 8502.00
g/ plot. Entries of tomato like TM 26 (TM 10486), TM 42 (CLN 2264 S3) and TM 43
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
(CLN 2264 S1) produced highest yield. Based on disease reaction, these three entries stand
out because these varieties were not severely infected with late blight
Conclusion
Different disease reaction was recorded in varieties of vegetables grown in organic
conditions. Diseases were observed to be more prevalent in warmer area or in lower agro
ecological zone than in cold and high agro ecological zone.
Recommendation
One more field trial should be done to evaluate their resistance to different diseases
at different climatic conditions that occur under organic conditions. In tomato, susceptible
and very susceptible entries should be culled out to lessen the 24 entries for further field
trial.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance on Varieties of Different Organically Grown Vegetables |
ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012
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ALIÑO, WINNIE V. APRIL 2012