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BIBLIOGRAPHY MALINIAS, DEVERLYN ...


BIBLIOGRAPHY
MALINIAS, DEVERLYN DAGANOS. MAY 2011. Effect of Cooking Oils-
Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni Dc.) of Garden Pea
(Pisum sativum L.). Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.

Adviser : Asuncion L. Nagpala , Ph.D.


ABSTACT

Application of different cooking oils, Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) and Topsin-M, at
their different rates of 37.50ml + 4 liters water, 7.5 ml + 4 liter water, 0.25g + 4 liter
water were evaluated to determine their effects against powdery mildew, and their effects
on the yield.
Based on the result, powdery mildew infection appeared in all the sample plants
20 days after germination and before the first spray application.
Plants sprayed with Topsin-M (Fungicide) were the earliest plants to form flowers
and pods 45 and 49 days after planting, while the untreated plants flowered and formed
pods after 48 and 54 days.
At seven days interval, garden pea sprayed with Canola Oil mixture at a rate of
37.50 ml + 4 liters water gave the lowest powdery mildew of 3.65% equivalent to 50%


infection. This was comparable with the 3.53% powdery mildew infection from plants
sprayed with 0.25 g Topsin-M + 4 liters water.
In terms of yield, plants sprayed with Canola Oil mixture gave a total yield of
0.75 tons/ha which is also comparable to the 0.81 tons/ha yield obtained from plants
sprayed with Topsin-M.
Comparing the oil mixtures that was evaluated against powdery mildew Canola
Oil mixture gave the lowest infection with the highest yield.












INTRODUCTION
Most cooking oils proved highly effective in controlling powdery mildew of
cucumber when emulsified with yolk. Northover and Schneider (1996) reported that
canola and soybean oil were effective in controlling powdery mildew of grapes. Ohtsuka
and Nakazawa (1991) reported that mineral oil and canola oil could satisfactorily control
resistant strains of powdery mildew pathogen of cucumber because of their physical
mode of action.

Egg yolk and cooking oil (Eyco) mixture develop by Shim et al (2006 ) is widely
adopted by Korean farmers for the control of powdery mildew of cucumber. Among
various cooking oil, sunflower and rape seed oil (canola) at 0.3% – 0.5% emulsified
with 0.1% egg yolk was the most effective showing over 98.5% control value of powdery
mildew on cucumber. Fungal mycelia and conidia were severely distorted or shrunken
when sprayed with EYCO. Microbial population on the treated cucumber leaf decreased
significantly over a period of seven (7) days. Consequently it was assumed that EYCO
acts directly against fungal pathogen rather than inducing plant resistant on the plants.
Another study on powdery mildew of tomatoes caused by (Oidium
neolycopersici) using cooking oils showed similar results. When tomato leaves were
sprayed with 0.1% eggyolk emulsified canola oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, soybean oil,
and sunflower oil, the severity of tomato powdery mildew caused by (Oidium
neolycopersici) was greatly reduced to 98.0%. Among these edible oil tested, sunflower
oil was the most effective in the control of powdery mildew of tomato. When sprayed
with 0.5% sunflower oil, powdery mildew on tomato leaves was reduced to a negligible
level of 95% (Ko et al., 2003).

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


The prospect of using cooking oils as fungicide is highly appealing because of its
effectiveness, availability, low cost, and simple preparation (Homma et al. 1997; Levene
and Rolf, 1921).

The advantage of using oil to manage disease is that it is attributed to its mode of
action which is the direct killing of the pathogen or coating of the leaf surface of the crop
to prevent germination and penetration of the pathogen resulting in the control of disease,
and also destruction and distortion of mycelia and conidia (Grossman, 1990).
Powdery mildew of garden pea (Erysiphe polygoni Dc.) is one of the most
common, widespread and easily recognizable plant diseases. Powdery mildew appears
first as faint, slightly discolored tiny specks from which powdery spots spread to form
variously sized areas when it infects the stems, leaves, and pods. Underneath the leaf
area, brown or purplish color is apparent, and in severe cases, the leaves are killed and
the infected plants weakens, become stunted with pods that appear sunburned (Singh
1980).
The beneficial effect of oil if used to manage powdery mildew disease is that it
exhibit direct and systemic effect on the mycelia and conidia of the pathogen that results
to distortion or destruction.

Oils are ideal substitute for chemical fungicides in controlling powdery mildew
because it does not cause health problems or harm the environment hence the oil
emulsified with yolk dispersed smoothly in spray solution owing to its hydrophilic and
lipophilic properties and dispersitivity of lecithin.



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


The study was conducted to:
1. Determine the effect of cooking oils-egg yolk formulation against powdery
mildew of garden pea;
2. Determine the effect of cooking oils on the yield

The study was conducted at the STVRDC (Semi Temperate Vegetable Research
Center) green house from January 2011 to April 2011.














Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Description of Garden Pea
Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) belongs to the Leguminacae family with the
characteristics of butterfly-like papilionacae blossoms. It is believe that it originated from
Europe and Asia and it was commonly grown in the garden of Romans and Greeks.
(PCARRD, 1982).
It is a tendril and climbing plants that grows well in cool, moist weather and low
temperature. This crop is one of the common fruit vegetable in the cool areas of Benguet
and Mountain Province (PCARRD, 1982). Garden pea produce well in humus-rich or
volcanic soil and thrives best in areas at least 1000 meters above sea level. It favors a
cool climate with a range of 10-18ºC.The major producer is the Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR) with an average of 94.5%. In 2005, production was 5.8
tons/ha showing a 1.5% reduction from the output of 5.7 tons/ha or 1.4% in 2006. The
area harvested in 2005 was 1.69 ha and went down to 1.67 ha in 2006.
Like most legumes, garden pea has a high nutritional value. Aside from being a
source of protein and vitamins, it is also good source of income to farmers. The fresh
green pods contain about 57 calories, 3.3g protein, 6.3g fat, 13.0 g carbohydrate and 35.0
g minerals (Purseglove, 1972).

Because of its excellent symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen fixing bacteria
(Rhizobium spp.), soil fertility is improved. The ability to fix nitrogen in the air through
the root nodule bacteria provides nitrogen supplement to the soil and therefore lessen the
amount of nitrogen fertilizer application (Purseglove, 1972).

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Management Measures of Powdery Mildew
Cultural Management
Resistant varieties if available such as 'Almoto', 'Aspen', 'Concord', 'Freezer 604',
'Knight', 'Sentry', 'Sounder', 'Super Sugar Melt' (snap pea), and others should be grown.
Garden pea should be grown in sunny areas as much as possible to provide good
air circulation, and avoid applying excess nitrogenous fertilizer. A good alternative is to
use a slow-release fertilizer. Overhead sprinkling may help reduce powdery mildew
because spores are washed off the plant. However, overhead sprinklers are not usually
recommended as a control method in vegetables because their use may contribute to other
pest problems. Clean up plant debris in the garden. Destroy or discard (do not compost)
diseased materials.
Removal of volunteer field peas, which can harbour disease must be practiced.
Avoid sowing field pea crops adjacent to last season’s stubble and incorporate or burn
infected pea stubble soon after harvest.

Use of Cooking Oils

The banana industry of the French West Indies threatened by leaf spot
(Mycosphaerella musicola) in the early 1950’s was controlled by using mineral oil. The
mineral oil has largely replaced conventional fungicides as it is capable of controlling
banana leaf spot at very low dosages. It has excellent spreading and sticking properties on
leaf surfaces. It has low cost and little or no toxicity to humans and animals (Calpouzos,
1996).




Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Canola oil. Canola oil is pressed from tiny canola seeds produced by yellow
flowering plants of the Brassica Family. Canola was bred naturally from its parent
rapeseed in the early 1970’s. Consumers recognize canola oil for its nutritional attributes
as it contains the lowest level of saturated fatty acids. It is high in monounsaturated fatty
acids which have been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels and has moderate levels
of essential poly unsaturated fatty acids. It is also rich source of vitamin E (Barthet,
2008).
Sunflower oil. Sunflower oil has the highest source of polyunsaturated fats that is
found in any type of vegetable oil. It also contains 13% of monounsaturated fatty acids
and only 8% of saturated fatty acids and vitamin E. Due to the presence of these
ingredients in sunflower oil, this oil is said to have various benefits to health of
individuals (McGraw, 2007).
Olive oil. Olive oil is a natural juice which preserve the taste, aroma, vitamins and
properties of the olive fruit. Olive oil is the only vegetable oil that can be consumed as it
is freshly pressed from the fruit. The beneficial health effects of olive oil are due to both
high content of monounsaturated fatty acids and its high content of anti-oxidative
substances. Studies have shown that olive oil offers protection against heart disease by
controlling LDL (bad) cholesterol levels while raising HDL (good) cholesterol levels
(McGee, 2008).

Use of Foliar Fungicides
Crops from flowering onwards should be checked for disease occurrence. Early
detection and early spraying of protectant fungicides will protect the uninfected foliage.

In New York State, some products that can be used to treat powdery mildew are: Bacillus
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


subtilis, neem oil, potassium bicarbonate, sulfur or lime sulphur (Gubler and
Hirschfelt, 1986).
Another fungicides that are locally used to control the disease are: Elosal, Dithane
M-45,Benlate, Zineb and Phaltan (Marthur et al., 1973) as cited by Singh (1973).

Topsin-M has a 70% wettable powdery fungicide, for the control of diseases of
Rice, Tobbaco, Vegetables, Ornamentals and other crops. It also control mites and
nematodes on vegetables, fruits and ornamentals. It has a unique combination of
preventive, curative and systemic fungicidal properties. It improves leaf color and
growth, it can be used as soil drench to systematically control plant diseases, and it is
stable in sunlight and gives longer residual crop protection (Edward et al., 1991).






MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred forty four pots with a surface diameter of 6 inches were filled with 10 kg of
soil. The pots were laid out on Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four
replications. The cooking oil used were: canola, sunflower and olive oil.
The treatments were:
Treatments
Replication
T0 = control
No application

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


T1 = Topsin-M (Fungicide)
0.25g + 4 liters water
T2 = Dishwashing Liquid (Joy)
7.5ml + 4 liters water
T3 = Canola oil

37.50ml + 4 liters water
T4 = Sunflower
37.50ml + 4 liters water
T5 = Olive oil
37.50 ml + 4 liters water


Figure 1 shows the overview of the experiment while Figure 2 shows the
experiment set-up.

Cooking Oil Spray Preparation
The mixture of cooking oil and yolk (COY) was prepared using, 1 egg yolk which
was added in 100 ml water and vigorously blended for 3-4 minutes. Each amount of
cooking oil (37.50 ml) was supplemented into the yolk solution and homogenized for
over 5 minutes using the vortex mixer. The COY mixture was added in distilled water to
bring 20L spray solution. The cooking oil and yolk (COY) mixture was sprayed on the
leaves of garden pea plants when first signs of powdery mildew was observed following a
7-day interval. The control plants were not treated with any.




Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Figure 1. Overview of experimental area at the Semi-Temperate Vegetable
Research Greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet





Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Figure 2. Experiment set-up at the Semi-Temperate Vegetable Research
(STVRDC) Green House at Balili, La Trinidad Benguet 50 Days after
planting



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Data Gathered
1. Number of days from planting to first appearance of powdery mildew
symptoms.
2. Number of days from sowing to appearance of flowers and pods. This was
taken by counting the number of days from sowing until the plants started to develop
flowers and pods.
3. Weekly powdery mildew severity rating. This was done through weekly rating
of 10 sample plants in each treatment marked with colored threads.
Scale
Description
1
healthy leaves/plant or no infection

2
light infection/only few plant parts
infected

3
50% of leaves are infected

4
75% of every plant is affected by
powdery mildew

5
100% of every plant is affected

4. Final powdery mildew severity. This was the final rating before the last
harvest. The ten sample plants in each treatment was used.
5. Crop yield
a. Marketable pods. Refers to good quality pods in terms of size and free
from diseases and insect damage.
b. Non-marketable pods. Pods that are not fitted for market (pods damaged
by insects and pathogen.



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number of Days from Planting
to First Appearance of Powdery
Mildew Symptoms


Table 1 shows the number of days from planting to first appearance of powdery
mildew symptoms. Results shows that powdery mildew infection appeared in all the
sample plants 20 days after germination and before the first spray application.

Number of Days from Planting
to First Appearance of Flowers

Table 2 shows the number of days from planting to flowering. Plants applied with
Fungicide (Topsin-M) were the earliest plants to form flowers (45 days) while those
Untreated plants flowered longer within 48 days.

Table 1. Number of days from planting to first appearance of powdery mildew symptom

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Untreated
19
21
19
22
81
20.25a
Topsin-M (Fungicide)
19
19
21
23
82
20.50a
Dishwashing Liquid
20
22
22
19
83
20.75a
(Joy)
Canola Oil
19
20
20
21
80
20.00a
Sunflower Oil
22
19
19
19
79
19.75a
Olive Oil
19
19
20
20
78
19.50a
CV (%)





9.55

Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Number of Days from Flowering
to Pod Setting

There was no significant difference obtained on the number of days from
flowering to pod formation (Table 2). However, plants applied with Topsin- M after 4
days develop pods followed by plants applied with different oils after 5 days. Untreated
plants formed pods seven days after flowering.

Table 2. Number of days from sowing to flowering and to pod setting


DAYS FROM
DAYS OF PLANTING
FLOWERING TO
TREATMENT
TO FLOWERING
POD FORMATION
Untreated
48.00a
7.00a
Topsin-M (Fungicide)
45.00a
4.00a
Dishwashing Liquid (Joy)
47.00a
6.00a
Canola
46.00a
5.00a
Sunflower oil
46.00a
5.00a
Olive oil
46.00a
5.00a
CV (%)
9.55%
9.55%
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) ( f)

Figure 3. (a) Pods harvested for the untreated garden pea plants; (b) pods sprayed with
0.25ml Topsin-M + 4 L water; (c) Pods harvested from garden pea plants
sprayed with 7.5ml Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) + 4L water; (d) Pods from
garden pea sprayed with 37.50 ml Canola Oil + 4L water; (e) Pods from
garden pea sprayed with 37.50 ml Sunflower Oil + 4 L water ; (f) Pods from
garden pea sprayed with 37.50 ml Olive Oil + 4 L wate
Initial Powdery Rating

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



Powdery mildew infection on the different treatments before the first spray
application were the same (Table 3). Plants in the control had the highest rating of 1.30
compared with powdery mildew infection incurred in plants that were sprayed with
Canola Oil, Sunflower Oil and Olive Oil with means of 1.25 and 1.28. According to
Northover and Scheineder (1993), Oils has its physical mode of action such as direct
killing of the pathogen or coating of the leaf surface to prevent germination and
penetration of the pathogen resulting in the control of the disease.

Table 3. Initial rating of powdery mildew of garden pea
TREATMENT
RATE OF
MEAN SEVERITY RATING
APPLICATION
29 DAP

Untreated
No amendments
1.30a
Topsin- M (Fungicide)
0.25g + 4L water
1.20a
Dishwashing Liquid (Joy)
7.5mL + 4L water
1.22a
Canola Oil
37.50mL + 4L water
1.25a
Sunflower Oil
37.50mL + 4L water
1.28a
Olive Oil
37.50mL + 4L water
1.28a
CV %

5.0%
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level DMR

Weekly Powdery Mildew Severity Rating

Table 4 shows the weekly mean powdery mildew rating on garden pea from first
up to the six week. The rating obtained after the first application of different Oils, on the
untreated plants and those sprayed with Olive Oil differed significantly with me ans of
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


2.28 and 1.90, compared to plants sprayed with Topsin-M at a rate of (0.25g + 4 L water)
and Dishwashing Liquid (Joy)at a rate of (7.5 ml + 4 L water), Canola Oil, and
Sunflower Oil at a rate of 37.50 ml+ 4 L water .
On the second week, plants sprayed with Topsin-M had the lowest powdery mean
infection of 1.48, while the untreated showed the highest powdery mildew infection with
a mean of 2.28.
It was recorded that on the third week, untreated plants had the most severe
infection with a severity rating of 2.60 compared to the lowest rating of 2.20 by the
garden pea plants sprayed with Topsin-M and Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) followed by
Olive Oil, Canola Oil, and Sunflower Oil with severity infection of 2.33, 2.38, and 2.45.
The untreated had a rating of 3.58.
On the other hand, it was observed that at fourth rating powdery mildew infection
became more severe. Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) exhibited the lowest rating of 2.28
followed by Topsin-M with a mean of 2.55 severity rating.
Finally, during the fifth rating, still the untreated had the highest rating of 3.88
while the Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) has the lowest severity rating of 3.25 followed by
those sprayed with Topsin-M with a rating of 3.38. Plants sprayed with Sunflower Oil,
Canola Oil, and Olive Oil with a rating of 3.45 and 3.53.

Table 4. Weekly powdery mildew rating



MEAN SEVERITY RATING
TREATMENT
36 DAP 43 DAP
50 DAP
57 DAP
63 DAP
Untreated
1.68a
2.28a
2.60a
3.58a
3.88a

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Topsin-M
1.35d
1.48d
2.20cd
2.55c
3.38b
Dishwashing Liquid (Joy)
1.38d
1.63cd
2.20cd
2.28c
3.25c
Canola Oil
1.48bc
2.10ab
2.38abc
3.28b
3.53b
Sunflower Oil
1.48b
1.75bcd
2.45ab
3.25b
3.45b
Olive Oil
1.53bc
1.90bc
2.33bcd
3.15b
3.53b
CV%
50%
11.32%
5.82%
3.32%
3.132%
Means with the different letter/s are significantly different at 5% level DMRT


Statistical analysis showed significant differences of powdery mildew infection in
plants sprayed with different Oils, Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) and Topsin-M.

Final Disease Severity Rating Recorded
After Seven Weeks


Final rating of powdery in Table 5 showed that the application of Sunflower Oil,
and Olive Oil to control powdery mildew were similar. Plants sprayed with Topsin-M
had the lowest powdery mildew rating (3.53) followed by Canola Oil (3.65) and
Dishwashing Liquid (Joy) (3.78) compared to untreated which had the highest powdery
mildew rating of 4.22.

Table 5.Final rating of powdery mildew
TREATMENT
RATE OF APPLICATION MEAN SEVERITY RATING
70 DAP
Untreated
No application
4.22a
Topsin-M
0.25 g + 4 liter water
3.53d
Dishwashing Liquid
7.5 ml + 4 liter water
3.78b

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


(Joy)
Canola Oil
37.50 ml +4 liters water
3.65c
Sunflower Oil
37.50 ml + 4 liter water
3.85b
Olive Oil
37.50 ml +4 liter water
3.85b
CV%

2.40
Means with different letter/s are significantly different at 5% level DMRT


This result implies that the different Cooking Oils influenced the marketable yield
of garden pea.
Homas and Garthwaite (1993) stated that Topsin-M is a systemic fungicide which
is absorbed by plants through the roots or the above ground tissues and accumulates in
the veins and at the leaf margins. This will explain why plants applied with Topsin-M
gave the lowest infection and high yield.
Figure 4 shows the powdery mildew infection 63 days after planting while Figure
5 shows the conidia of powdery mildew.




Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



(a) (b) (c)



(d) (e) (f)


Figure 4. Powdery mildew infection 63 days after planting; (a) untreated garden pea
plants; (b) plants sprayed with 0.25g Topsin-M + 4 L water; (c) plants
sprayed with 7.5ml Dishwashing Liquid + 4 L water; (d) plants sprayed with
37.50ml Canola oil + 4 L water; (e) plants sprayed with 37.50ml Sunflower
Oil + 4 L water; (f) plants sprayed with 37.50ml Olive Oil + 4 L water.



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



(a)



(b) (c)

(d)



(e)


(f)
Figure 5. Conidia of powdery mildew from (a) untreated garden pea plants(100x); (b)
conidia sprayed with 0.25g Topsin-M + 4L water (note the distorted conidia
pointed by arrow 400x); (c) conidia sprayed with 7.5ml Dishwashing Liquid
(joy) + 4L water (400x); (d) conidia sprayed with 37.50 ml Canola Oil + 4L
water (note the distorted conidia pointed by arrow (400x); (e) conidia sprayed
with 37.50 ml Sunflower Oil + 4L water (note the distorted conidia pointed by
arrow (400x); (f) conidia sprayed with 37.50 ml Olive Oil (400x).


Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Total Yield (tons/ha)

Table 6 shows a significant difference on the harvested marketable pods. The
highest mean weight of marketable pods was obtained from plants applied with Topsin-M
which was attributed to lower powdery mildew infection than plants applied with
different oils and dishwashing liquid (Joy). The lowest marketable pods were obtained
from untreated plants which could also be attributed to severe powdery mildew infection.
Table 6. Total yield (tons/ha)

TREATMENT
REPLICATION


I
II
III
IV
TOTAL MEAN
Untreated
0.48
0.48
0.60
0.54
2.10
0.53d
Topsin-M (Fungicide)
0.78
0.84
0.78
0.84
3.24
0.81a
Dishwashing Liquid
0.60
0.66
0.72
0.60
2.58
0.65bc
(Joy)
Canola Oil
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.66
3.00
0.75ab
Sunflower Oil
0.78
0.78
0.66
0.66
2.88
0.72abc
Olive Oil
0.72
0.78
0.66
0.60
2.76
0.69bc
CV%





9.17%
Means with the same letter/s are significantly different at 5% level DM

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

Field experiment was conducted at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to
April 2011 to determine the effect of cooking oils combined with eggyolk in controlling
powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni Dc.) of garden pea and compare the effect of
cooking oils with that of Topsin-M.

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



In terms of flower and pod formation, plants applied with Thopsin-M were the
first plants to form flowers and pods.

On the appearance of symptom, plants applied with Olive Oil showed the earliest
plants to develop powdery mildew after 19-20 days.
On the disease severity powdery mildew on garden pea showed that the untreated
plants had the highest mean disease severity compared to plants applied with different
cooking oils, Topsin-M, and Dishwashing Liquid (Joy).

Among the treatments used, application of Topsin-M gave the highest weight of
marketable pods. However, yields that are comparable to those applied with Topsin-M
were obtained from plants applied with different oils and Dishwashing Liquid (Joy). The
untreated plants registered the lowest yield.

Conclusion

Based from the result, cooking oils – egg yolk formulation can provide protection
against powdery mildew, although Topsin-M gave better results.


Recommendation

Cooking oil and yolk mixture can be used as alternative to fungicide, this is
because of its effectiveness, availability, simple preparation, edible and environment
friendly. Its effectiveness as fungicide can help promote organic production not only in
small scale gardening but also for large scale production.



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




















LITERATURE CITED


BARTHET, V.E. 2008. The effect of canola oil on heart lipids and on fatty acid
utilization on rapeseed oil.Canola the Canadian Enyclopedia.Retrieved December
29, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/canola oil.

CALPOUZOS, L. 1996. Action of oil in the control of plant diseases. United States.
Deparment of Agriculture and University of Minneosla.St.Paul, Minnesola,

EDWARD, H. I., WAYLAND, F. J., and GARTHWAITE, F. S. 2011. Fungicides and
related compounds in handbook of pesticides Toxicology.Pp 12-31.


Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


GROSSMAN, J. 1990. Horticultural oils: New summer uses on ornamental plant pest.
The IPM practioener.12:1-10

GUBLER W. D. and H. T. 1986. Pests of the garden and small farm. Retrieved from
(http://gardenline.usask.ca/veg/powdery/html.1986)

HOMMA Y., YAKAHASHI, H., MIZUNO, H. and MISATO, Y, (1997).Effect of
soybean lecithin on cucumber powdery mildew, Sphaerothecafuliginea, at various
growth stages J. Pesticide Sci.2:33-40.

KO, W. H. WANG, S. Y. HSIEN, T. F. and ANN, P. J. 2003. Effects of Sunflower Oil
on Tomato Powdery Mildew caused by Oidiumneolycopersici. J. 151:144-148.

LEVENE, P.A. and I. P. ROLF. 1921. Lecithin lll.Fatty acids of lecithin of the egg yolk.
J. Bol. Chem.46:193-208.

MCGEE D. F.2008. Deceptive olive oil levels on major brands. Retrieved
September 9, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/oliveoil.

MCGRAW S. 2007. Sunflower oil processing for small-scale producers. Retrieved
February 14, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_oil

NORTHOVER J. and K. E. SCHNEIDER, 1996. Physical made of action of petroleum
and plant oils on powdery mildews of grapevines. Plant Dis. 80:544-550.

OHTSUKA N. and Y. NAKAZAWA. 1991. The influence of machine oil on conidia and
hypae of cucumber powdery mildew fungus, Shaerothecafuliginea.
Annu.Phytopatho.Soc. 57-598-602.

PCARRD. 1982. Benguet Technoguide for garden pea. Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources and Development, Laguna p.1.
Pennsylvania State University, College of Agriculture; Identifying Diseases of
Vegetables. A.F. Sherf and A.A. Macnab; Vegetable Diseases and Their Control;
1986.

PURSEGLOVE, J. W. 1972. Tropical Crops: Dicotyledons. London: Longman Group
Limited. pp. 311-315.

REYES M. N. 2007 Soy application on food. Boca Raton:CRCPress.ISBN 0-8493-2981
Retrieved November 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/corn oil.

SHIM E. and SHENOLIKAR L. 1976. SINGH, R. S. 1973.3rd Ed. New Delhi Oxford
IBH publishing Co. P. 194.

SINGH R. S. 1973.Safe use of foliar fungicides to manage crop diseases.3rd Ed. New

Delhi Oxford IBH Publishing Co. P. 194.
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias



SINGH, R. S. 1980. Introduction to principles of plant pathology. New Delhi: Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. pp. 32-33, 205.

YONG CHEN Q. BROWN J.S. and THILL D. C. 2008. Modulation of prostrate cancer
genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids Retrieved January 15, 2008 from
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/soybean oil










APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to first appearance of powdery
mildew symptom
TREATMENT
REPLICATION


TOTAL
MEAN
I II III 1V
Untreated
19
21
19
22
81
20.25a
Topsin-M
19
19
21
23
82
20.50a
Dishwashing
20
22
22
19
83
20.75a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
19
20
20
21
80
20.00a
Sunflower Oil
22
19
19
19
79
19.75a
Olive Oil
19
19
20
20
78
19.50a

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


TOTAL
118
120
121
124
483
120.75


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF
MEAN
F
TABULATED
VARIATION OF
SQUARES SQUARES COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM


0.05% 0.1%
TREATMENT
5
4.38
0.875
0.459854ns
2.77
4.25
Expt. Error
18
34.25
1.902778



TOTAL

23
38.63




ns = Not significant






CV = 9.55%




Appendix Table 2. Number of days from planting to flowering
TREATMENT
REPLICATION


TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
48
48
48
48
192
48a
Topsin-M
45
45
45
45
180
45a
Dishwashing
47
47
47
47
188
47a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
46
46
46
46
184
46a
Sunflower Oil
46
46
46
46
184
46a
Olive Oil
46
46
46
46
184
46a
TOTAL
278
278
278
278
1112
278









Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE







SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN
F
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM
0.05% 0.1%

TREATMENT
5
21.33
4.266
0
2.77
4.25
Expt. Error
18
0.00
0



TOTAL
23
21.33




ns = Not significant






CV = 9.55%




Appendix Table 3. Number of days from flowering to pod setting
TREATMENT
REPLICATION


TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
7
7
7
7
28
7a
Topsin-M
4
4
4
4
16
4a
Dishwashing
6
6
6
6
24
6a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
5
5
5
5
20
5a
Sunflower Oil
5
5
5
5
20
5a
Olive Oil
5
5
5
5
20
5a
TOTAL
32
32
32
32
128
32


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES SUM OF MEAN
F
TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES COMPUTED
F
FREEDOM
0.05% 0.1%
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


TREATMENT
5
21.33
4.266
0
2.77
4.25
Expt. Error
18
0.00




TOTAL
23
21.33




ns= Not significant






CV = 9.55%




Appendix Table 4. Disease severity initial rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
5.2
1.3a
Topsin-M
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
4.8
1.2a
Dishwashing
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
4.9
1.22a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
5
1.25a
Sunflower Oil
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
5.1
1.28a
Olive Oil
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
5.1
1.28a
TOTAL
7.2
7.7
7.8
7.4
30.1
1.25


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Treatment
5
0.03
0.006
1.54ns
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.07
0.003889



TOTAL
23
0.10




ns = Not significant Coefficient of Variation = 5.0%


Appendix Table 5. Disease severity second rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.8
6.7
1.68a
Topsin-M
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
5.4
1.35d
Dishwashing
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
5.5
1.38d
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
5.9
1.48bc
Sunflower Oil
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.5
5.9
1.48b
Olive Oil
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
6.1
1.53bc
TOTAL
8.7
8.8
9
9
35.5
1.48


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
0.27
0.054
8.84
2.77
4.25

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Error
18
0.11
0.006111



TOTAL
23
0.38




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 5.0%


Appendix Table 6. Disease severity third rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.2
9.1
2.275a
Topsin-M
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
5.9
1.475d
Dishwashing
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
6.5
1.625cd
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
1.8
2.8
1.9
1.9
8.4
2.1ab
Sunflower Oil
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.7
7.0
1.75bcd
Olive Oil
1.9
2
1.9
1.8
7.6
1.9bc
TOTAL
10.7
11.9
11.1
10.8
44.5
1.85


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
1.79
0.358
8.16**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.79
0.043889




Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


TOTAL
23
2.58




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 11.32%


Appendix Table 7. Disease severity fourth rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.2
10.4
2.6a
Topsin-M
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
8.8
2.2cd
Dishwashing
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
8.8
2.2cd
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
9.5
2.375abc
Sunflower Oil
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.6
9.8
245ab
Olive Oil
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
9.3
2.325bcd
TOTAL
14.2
14.2
14.1
14.1
56.6
2.36


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5 0.1
Treatment
5
0.48
0.096
5.08**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.34
0.018889



TOTAL
23
0.84




**

- Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 5.82
Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Appendix Table 8. Disease severity fifth rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
3.7
2.6
3.4
3.6
14.3
3.575a
Topsin-M
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.7
10.2
2.55c
Dishwashing
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
9.1
2.275c
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
13.1
3.275b
Sunflower Oil
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
13.0
3.25b
Olive Oil
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.2
12.6
3.15b
TOTAL
17.7
18.2
18
18.4
72.3
3.01


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
4.88
0.98
98**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.19
0.01



TOTAL
23
5.07




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.32%



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Appendix Table 9. Disease severity sixth rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
15.5
3.875a
Topsin-M
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.4
13.5
3.375b
Dishwashing
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
13.0
3.25c
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.5
14.1
3.525d
Sunflower Oil
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.5
13.1
3.45d
Olive Oil
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.5
14.1
3.525d
TOTAL
21.5
20.6
21
20.9
84
3.5


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
0.89
0.178
14.83**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.021
0.012



TOTAL
23
1.10




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 3.32%



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Appendix Table 10. Disease severity final rating

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
16.9
4.225a
Topsin-M
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
14.1
3.525d
Dishwashing
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.7
15.1
3.775b
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
14.6
3.65c
Sunflower Oil
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
15.4
3.85b
Olive Oil
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
15.4
3.85b
TOTAL
22.7
22.9
23
22.9
22.5
3.8125


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
1.14
0.228
27.36**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.15
0.008333



TOTAL
23
1.29




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 2.40%



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias




Appendix Table 11. Marketable pods first harvest

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
24.69
28.21
29.44
29.55
111.89
27.9725c
Topsin-M
28.20
45.96
40.05
36.55
150.76
37.69a
Dishwashing
26.99
38.16
35.74
29.11
130.00
32.5b
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
42.42
45.75
48.81
36.05
173.02
43.255a
Sunflower Oil
40.18
38.18
34.10
35.96
148.42
37.105a
Olive Oil
40.35
41.43
42.01
35.96
160.05
40.0125a
TOTAL
202.83
237.98
230.15
203.18
874.14
36.42


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
593.73
118.746
5.35**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
399.25
22.18



TOTAL
23
992.98




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 12.93%



Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Appendix Table 12. Marketable pods second harvest

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
30.87
32.69
34.94
30.01
128.51
32.1275b
Topsin-M
46.72
52.77
53.63
53.63
205.17
51.2925a
Dishwashing
42.58
44.42
42.50
42.50
174.13
43.5325a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
57.35
54.82
41.44
41.44
197.14
49.285a
Sunflower Oil
52.33
57.40
38.68
38.68
186.42
46.605a
Olive Oil
48.55
52.89
40.63
40.63
181.77
45.4425a
TOTAL
278.40
294.99
246.89
246.89
1073.14
44.71


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
912.37
182.474
5.09**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
644.98
35.83



TOTAL
23
1557.35




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.39%





Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Appendix Table 13. Marketable Pods third harvest

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
24.27
23.63
31.06
28.25
107.21
26.8b
Topsin-M
33.02
34.77
35.72
35.34
138.85
34.71a
Dishwashing
27.56
26.87
38.96
30.47
123.86
30.97a
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
27.28
34.30
33.10
30.44
125.12
31.28a
Sunflower Oil
34.03
34.08
34.16
34.21
136.48
34.12a
Olive Oil
28.47
30.74
29.05
27.70
115.96
28.99b
TOTAL
174.63
184.39
202.05
186.41
747.48
31.145


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
180.52
36.104
3.88*
2.77
4.25
Error
18
167.67
9.315



TOTAL
23
348.19




* - Significant Coefficient of Variation = 9.70

Appendix Table 14. Total yield (g)

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Untreated
79.83
84.53
95.44
87.81
347.61
86.9025d
Topsin-M
132.45
136.35
127.83
135.48
532.10
133.025a
Dishwashing
97.13
109.45
119.33
102.08
427.99
106.9975c
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
127.05
134.86
125.44
107.92
495.27
123.8175ab
Sunflower Oil
126.54
129.66
106.27
108.85
471.32
117.83abc
Olive Oil
117.37
125.36
110.76
104.29
457.78
114.445bc
TOTAL
680.37
720.21
685.06
646.43
2732.07
113.84


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
5025.40
1005.08
11.94**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
1515.76
84.21



TOTAL
23
6541.16




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 8.06%



Appendix Table 15. Total yield (tons/ha)

REPLICATION


TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
Untreated
0.48
0.48
0.60
0.54
2.10
0.54d

Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias


Topsin-M
0.78
0.84
0.78
0.84
3.24
0.81a
Dishwashing
0.60
0.66
0.72
0.60
2.58
0.645bc
Liquid (Joy)
Canola Oil
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.66
3.00
0.75ab
Sunflower Oil
0.78
0.78
0.66
0.66
2.88
0.72abc
Olive Oil
0.72
0.78
0.66
0.60
2.76
0.69bc
TOTAL
4.14
4.32
4.20
3.90
16.56
0.69


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
OF
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM FREEDOM
0.5% 0.1%
Treatment
5
0.19
0.038
9.5**
2.77
4.25
Error
18
0.07
0.004



TOTAL
23
0.26




** - Highly significant Coefficient of Variation = 9.17%




Effect Of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Polygoni
Dc.) Of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L)/Deverlyn D. Malinias

Document Outline

  • Effect of Cooking Oils-Eggyolk Formulation Against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni Dc.) of Garden Pea(Pisum sativum L.)
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • ABSTACT
    • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
    • LITERATURE CITED
    • APPENDICES