BIBLIOGRAPHY TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013. Survey and Morphological
Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee Leaf Rust (Hemileia
vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Asuncion L. Nagpala, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The survey and collection of coffee leaves infected with rust were done in five
Arabica coffee growing areas namely, Bektey, BSU main campus, Buyagan, Cruz, and
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet from April to October 2012.
The study aimed to determine the percent parasitized rust lesions and parasitized
uredospores and to characterize the hyperparasite associated with leaf rust based on
morphological structures.
Survey results showed that rust infection in different sampling sites differed
significantly with Bektey giving the highest mean infection of 89.93. The lowest rust
infection with a mean of 19.00 was recorded from Buyagan. Percent parasitized rust lesions
in all sampled area were comparable although the highest parasitized lesion of 61.72 %
was recorded from sample coming from Buyagan.
The highest parasitized uredospores of 29.15% was recorded from BSU main
campus samples while the lowest with a mean of 7.20% was noted from Buyagan.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
In terms of the morphological structure, the hyperparasite had a conidia that is
hyaline, ellipsoidal in shape and measured 2.86µm x 0.93µm with a conidiophores that is
40.3µm long bearing three to eight phialides measuring 8.9µm.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rust Lesions on Coffee Leaves from Different Sampling Site
Rust lesions. Table 1 shows the mean number of rust lesions recorded on the
infected coffee leaves. Data shows that more number of rust lesions were counted on coffee
leaf grown at Bektey with a mean of 89.93 and is significantly higher than the rust lesions
found in Wangal with a mean of 19.00. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences
of rust lesion on coffee leaves from the different sample sites.
Table1. Mean Rust Lesions of Infected Coffee Leaves
SOURCES OF SAMPLES RUST LESIONS
Bektey 89.93a
BSU main campus 51.67abc
Buyagan 33.67bc
Cruz 67.67ab
Wangal 19.00c
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Percent parasitized rust lesion. Table 2 shows the percent parasitized rust lesion
wherein Wangal has the highest percentage of parasitism of 61.72 but not significantly
different with means of the other sources. From the results, it appears that leaves with the
highest leaf rust did not produce highest parasitized lesions. Figure 2 shows rust lesions
parasitized with Verticillium sp.
Table 2. Mean Percent (%) of Parasitized Lesion.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES PERCENT PARASITIZED LESIONS
(%)
Bektey 23.07
BSU main campus 44.11
Buyagan 55.42
Cruz 36.59
Wangal 61.72
a
b
Figure 2. a and b parasitized rust lesion showing white growth of Verticillium pointed by
arrows
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Microscopic Observation
Microscopic count rust uredospores. Table 3 shows the mean of rust uredospores
counted under the microscope. Results showed that coffee leaves from Wangal with the
lowest rust also gave the lowest count of uredospores of 89.33 from coffee rust lesion. The
highest count of uredospores of 179.67 was recorded from rust lesion collected from
Bektey but did not differ on the number of uredospores from Buyagan, BSU Main campus,
Cruz and Wangal.
Table 3. Mean Number of counted of Rust Uredospores from Rust Lesions Collected from
Different Sites.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES RUST UREDOSPORE
Bektey 179.67
BSU main campus 115.67
Buyagan 177.00
Cruz 172.00
Wangal 89.33
Figure 3. Uredospores of rust seen under the microscope (400X)
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Percent (%) parasitized rust uredospores. Table 4 shows the percent parasitized
uredospore where in the sample collected from BSU-compound had the highest percentage
of uredospore that were parasitized by Verticillium with a mean of 29.15% and
significantly differed other samples from the other area. Further observation revealed that
rust lesions which gave the highest number of uredospores did not give highest percent
parasitized uredospores.
Table 4. Mean Percent (%) of Parasitized Rust Uredospores.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES PARASITIZED RUST UREDOSPORES (%)
Bektey 8.03b
BSU main campus 29.15a
Buyagan 7.20b
Cruz 11.71b
Wangal 12.32b
Means with the letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
a
b
c
d
Figure 4.Microscopic observation of parasitized uredospore. a. conodiophore of
Verticillium sp parasitizing uredospore b. Uredospore c. phialides bearing conidia
(400x)
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Morphological Structure of the Verticillium sp.
Table 5 summarizes the result of the microscopic observations. The conidia of the
hyperparasite are ellipsoidal to cylindrical and hyaline. The conidia measures 2.86 µm x
0.93 µm. Phialide is 8.9 µm while the conidiophore is 3 µm long with three to eight
phialides. The length of the Viegas (1939) identified Verticillium lecanii isolated from
insect to have hyphae that is moderately branched, septate, smooth-walled, hyaline with
1.6-2.4 μm in diam. Conidiophores are tall, erect, septate, bearing phialides singly or in
whorls of 2-8. Phialides is awl-shaped, hyaline, smooth measuring 14.3-22.2 × 1.6-2.4 μm.
Conidia are produced at the tip of phialides, often forming a mucoid false head that are
oval, ellipsoidal to shortly cylindrical measuring 3.2-4.8 × 1.6-2.0 μm. Chlamydospores
are absent and teleomorph is unknown.
Table 5. Morphological Characteristics of the Hyperparasite Verticillium sp
CRITERIA HYPERPARASITE Viegas IDENTIFICATION (1939)
Shape of conidia Ellipsoidal to cylindrical Oval, ellipsoidal to shortly
Cylindrical
Color of Conidia Hyaline Hyaline
Size of Conidia 2.86x.93µm 3.2-4.8(-6.4) × 1.6-2.0 µm
Phialides 8.9 µm 3 to 8 phialides 14.3-22.2x 1.6-2.4 μm
per conidiophores
Conidiophore 40.3 µm, long Tall, erect, septate,
bearing phialides singly or
whorl of 2-8
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
c
b
a
Figure 5. Hyperparasite structure a. phialides b.conidia(stained pink) pointed by an
arrow c. conidiophore attached to the uredospores of coffee rust.
c
a
b
d
Figure 6. Verticillium lecanii a. and b. conidiophores bearing phialides,
c. conidia attached to phialides d. conidia (Viegas, 1939)
using electron microscope.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The survey was conducted in five coffee growing areas in Bektey, BSU main
campus, Buyagan, Cruz, and Wangal at La Trinidad, Benguet from April to October 2012.
The study aimed to determine the distribution of coffee rust lesion, and those parasitized
by the hyperparasite in different sampling sites, determine the parasitized uredospores and
characterize the hyperparasite based on its morphological structures.
The study aimed to determine the percent parasitized rust lesions, parasitized
uredospores and characterized the hyperparasite associated with leaf rust based on
morphological structures.
Survey results showed that rust infection in different sampling sites differed
significantly with Bektey giving the highest mean infection of 89.93. The lowest rust
infection with a mean of 19.00 was recorded from Buyagan. Percent parasitized rust lesions
in all sampled area were comparable although the highest parasitized lesion of 61.72 %
was recorded from sample coming from Buyagan.
The highest parasitized uredospores of 29.15% was recorded from BSU main
campus samples while the lowest with a mean of 7.20% was noted from Buyagan.
In terms of the morphological structure, the hyperparasite has a conidia that is
hyaline, ellipsoidal in shape and measures 2.86 µm x 0.93 µm with a conidiophore that is
40.3 µm long bearing three to eight phialides measuring 8.9 µm.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Conclusions
Coffee rust infection including the percent parasitize lesions differ in different
sampling areas.
The hyperparasite associated with coffee rust based on the characterization is
similar to Verticillium lecanii although measurements of conidia and phialides did not
exactly fall within those characterized by Viegas in 1939.
Recommendations
1. Survey should be done during rainy and dry season and on different varieties to
compare which of the existing varieties show higher parasitism by the hyperparasite
2. Explore an appropriate media for growing Verticillium.Identification of the
species of the hyperparasite using electron microscope should be done.
3.Mass production of the hyperparasite and evaluation in greenhouse experiment
should be done to determine its effectiveness.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th ed. Elsevier Academic Press.
New York, Pp. 576-577.
AGRIOS, G. N. 1997. Plant Pathology, 4th ed. Academic Press limited. 24-28
Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK, Pp. 375-377.
ALLEN, D. J. 1983. Verticilliu lecanii on Bean Rust Fungus, Uromyces
appendiculantus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 79:362-364.
Australian Plant Pathology.
BACCAY , S. 2008. Screening of Arabica Coffee Varieties Against
Fungal Pathogens at the Benguet State University Agroforestry. Benguet State
University.Unpublished Thesis. Pp.1,3.
BARRET, J. H.1966. Insect Pest of Coffea arabica in Papua New Guinea Highlands. Papua
and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 18:83-100.
CAGA, R. 2012. Isolation and Evaluation of Indigenous Biological
Agents Against Coffee Leaf Rust Disease on Organic Arabica Coffee. Benguet
State University. Unpublished Thesis. P.1.
CARRION, G. 2002. Mycoparasites on the Coffee Rust in Mexico.
Fungal Diversity I Departament o Hongos, 2 Departamento de Ecologia
Vegetal, Instituto de Ecologia, A .C., Apdo . 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070,
Mexico. Retrieved June 2012 from http://www.mycoparasites in Mexico .
DAGUIO , C. 2000. Survey of Rust Disease in Bantay Tabuk Kalinga.
Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.Unpublished Thesis.
P. 1.
DA-ATI, 2003. Establishment of a New Coffee Plantation. (Brochure )
DA-ATI, Elliptical Road,diliman, Quezon City.
GAMS, W. 1971. Cephalosporium Artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Guastav
Fischer Verlag: Stttgart. P. 86
GRABSKI, G. C. and MEDGEN, K. 1985. Einsatz von V. lecanii
als Biologisches Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel gegen den Bohnenrostpilze U.
appendiculatusvar. appendiculatus im Feld und im Gewachshaus.
Phytopathologische Zeitschriff 11 3:243-251.
HALL, R. A. 1981. The Fungus Verticillium lecanii as a Microbial Insecticide Against
Aphids and Scales. Australian Plant Pathology Vol. 17 1988. In Microbial Control
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. Academic Press. London. Pp. 483-498.
PEGG, G. F. and BRADY, B. L. 2002. Verticillium Wilts CABI
Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford Oxon, 0X10 8DE, UK. Pp. 1, 6.
ROBERTS, D. A. and BOOTHROYD, C. W. 1972 Fundamentals of
Plant Pathology. W.H Freemen Company. P. 72.
SHAW. E. D. 1987. Verticillium lecanii a Hyperparasite on the Coffee Rust
Pathogen in Papua New Guinea. Retreived May 17, 2012 from
http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=APP9880002.pdf.
SPENCER, D. M. and EBBEN, M. H. 1983. Biological of Cucumber
Powdery Mildew. In annual Report Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, 1981,
Littlehampton, West Sussex, U.K P. 128-129.
SRIVASTAVA, A.K. 1985. Hyperparasitsm of Puccinia horiana and Other Microcyclic
Rusts. Phytopathologische Zeitscrift 114: 73-78.
STERN, K. R. 2000. Introductory to Plant Biology 8th ed. The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc. 1222 Avenue of Americas, New York, NY 1002. P. 456.
VIEGAS, Z. 1939. Verticillium lecanii retrieved May 17, 2012 from
http://www.bcrc.firdi.org.tw/fungi/fungal_detail.jsp?id=FU200802290019
WALLER J. M, BIGGER M, HILLOCKS R. J. 2007 . Coffee pests diseases
and their management. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. p. 171. ISBN 1-84593-
129-7.
WELLMAN, F. L. 1961. World Crop Books. Coffee: Botany,
Cultivaton, and utilization, London, Leonard Hill [BOOKS] limited.
Interscience publishers, Inc., New York. P.11.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013. Survey and Morphological
Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee Leaf Rust (Hemileia
vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Asuncion L. Nagpala, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The survey and collection of coffee leaves infected with rust were done in five
Arabica coffee growing areas namely, Bektey, BSU main campus, Buyagan, Cruz, and
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet from April to October 2012.
The study aimed to determine the percent parasitized rust lesions and parasitized
uredospores and to characterize the hyperparasite associated with leaf rust based on
morphological structures.
Survey results showed that rust infection in different sampling sites differed
significantly with Bektey giving the highest mean infection of 89.93. The lowest rust
infection with a mean of 19.00 was recorded from Buyagan. Percent parasitized rust lesions
in all sampled area were comparable although the highest parasitized lesion of 61.72 %
was recorded from sample coming from Buyagan.
The highest parasitized uredospores of 29.15% was recorded from BSU main
campus samples while the lowest with a mean of 7.20% was noted from Buyagan.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
In terms of the morphological structure, the hyperparasite had a conidia that is
hyaline, ellipsoidal in shape and measured 2.86µm x 0.93µm with a conidiophores that is
40.3µm long bearing three to eight phialides measuring 8.9µm.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rust Lesions on Coffee Leaves from Different Sampling Site
Rust lesions. Table 1 shows the mean number of rust lesions recorded on the
infected coffee leaves. Data shows that more number of rust lesions were counted on coffee
leaf grown at Bektey with a mean of 89.93 and is significantly higher than the rust lesions
found in Wangal with a mean of 19.00. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences
of rust lesion on coffee leaves from the different sample sites.
Table1. Mean Rust Lesions of Infected Coffee Leaves
SOURCES OF SAMPLES RUST LESIONS
Bektey 89.93a
BSU main campus 51.67abc
Buyagan 33.67bc
Cruz 67.67ab
Wangal 19.00c
Means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Percent parasitized rust lesion. Table 2 shows the percent parasitized rust lesion
wherein Wangal has the highest percentage of parasitism of 61.72 but not significantly
different with means of the other sources. From the results, it appears that leaves with the
highest leaf rust did not produce highest parasitized lesions. Figure 2 shows rust lesions
parasitized with Verticillium sp.
Table 2. Mean Percent (%) of Parasitized Lesion.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES PERCENT PARASITIZED LESIONS
(%)
Bektey 23.07
BSU main campus 44.11
Buyagan 55.42
Cruz 36.59
Wangal 61.72
a
b
Figure 2. a and b parasitized rust lesion showing white growth of Verticillium pointed by
arrows
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Microscopic Observation
Microscopic count rust uredospores. Table 3 shows the mean of rust uredospores
counted under the microscope. Results showed that coffee leaves from Wangal with the
lowest rust also gave the lowest count of uredospores of 89.33 from coffee rust lesion. The
highest count of uredospores of 179.67 was recorded from rust lesion collected from
Bektey but did not differ on the number of uredospores from Buyagan, BSU Main campus,
Cruz and Wangal.
Table 3. Mean Number of counted of Rust Uredospores from Rust Lesions Collected from
Different Sites.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES RUST UREDOSPORE
Bektey 179.67
BSU main campus 115.67
Buyagan 177.00
Cruz 172.00
Wangal 89.33
Figure 3. Uredospores of rust seen under the microscope (400X)
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Percent (%) parasitized rust uredospores. Table 4 shows the percent parasitized
uredospore where in the sample collected from BSU-compound had the highest percentage
of uredospore that were parasitized by Verticillium with a mean of 29.15% and
significantly differed other samples from the other area. Further observation revealed that
rust lesions which gave the highest number of uredospores did not give highest percent
parasitized uredospores.
Table 4. Mean Percent (%) of Parasitized Rust Uredospores.
SOURCES OF SAMPLES PARASITIZED RUST UREDOSPORES (%)
Bektey 8.03b
BSU main campus 29.15a
Buyagan 7.20b
Cruz 11.71b
Wangal 12.32b
Means with the letters are not significantly different at 5% level DMRT.
a
b
c
d
Figure 4.Microscopic observation of parasitized uredospore. a. conodiophore of
Verticillium sp parasitizing uredospore b. Uredospore c. phialides bearing conidia
(400x)
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Morphological Structure of the Verticillium sp.
Table 5 summarizes the result of the microscopic observations. The conidia of the
hyperparasite are ellipsoidal to cylindrical and hyaline. The conidia measures 2.86 µm x
0.93 µm. Phialide is 8.9 µm while the conidiophore is 3 µm long with three to eight
phialides. The length of the Viegas (1939) identified Verticillium lecanii isolated from
insect to have hyphae that is moderately branched, septate, smooth-walled, hyaline with
1.6-2.4 μm in diam. Conidiophores are tall, erect, septate, bearing phialides singly or in
whorls of 2-8. Phialides is awl-shaped, hyaline, smooth measuring 14.3-22.2 × 1.6-2.4 μm.
Conidia are produced at the tip of phialides, often forming a mucoid false head that are
oval, ellipsoidal to shortly cylindrical measuring 3.2-4.8 × 1.6-2.0 μm. Chlamydospores
are absent and teleomorph is unknown.
Table 5. Morphological Characteristics of the Hyperparasite Verticillium sp
CRITERIA HYPERPARASITE Viegas IDENTIFICATION (1939)
Shape of conidia Ellipsoidal to cylindrical Oval, ellipsoidal to shortly
Cylindrical
Color of Conidia Hyaline Hyaline
Size of Conidia 2.86x.93µm 3.2-4.8(-6.4) × 1.6-2.0 µm
Phialides 8.9 µm 3 to 8 phialides 14.3-22.2x 1.6-2.4 μm
per conidiophores
Conidiophore 40.3 µm, long Tall, erect, septate,
bearing phialides singly or
whorl of 2-8
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
c
b
a
Figure 5. Hyperparasite structure a. phialides b.conidia(stained pink) pointed by an
arrow c. conidiophore attached to the uredospores of coffee rust.
c
a
b
d
Figure 6. Verticillium lecanii a. and b. conidiophores bearing phialides,
c. conidia attached to phialides d. conidia (Viegas, 1939)
using electron microscope.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The survey was conducted in five coffee growing areas in Bektey, BSU main
campus, Buyagan, Cruz, and Wangal at La Trinidad, Benguet from April to October 2012.
The study aimed to determine the distribution of coffee rust lesion, and those parasitized
by the hyperparasite in different sampling sites, determine the parasitized uredospores and
characterize the hyperparasite based on its morphological structures.
The study aimed to determine the percent parasitized rust lesions, parasitized
uredospores and characterized the hyperparasite associated with leaf rust based on
morphological structures.
Survey results showed that rust infection in different sampling sites differed
significantly with Bektey giving the highest mean infection of 89.93. The lowest rust
infection with a mean of 19.00 was recorded from Buyagan. Percent parasitized rust lesions
in all sampled area were comparable although the highest parasitized lesion of 61.72 %
was recorded from sample coming from Buyagan.
The highest parasitized uredospores of 29.15% was recorded from BSU main
campus samples while the lowest with a mean of 7.20% was noted from Buyagan.
In terms of the morphological structure, the hyperparasite has a conidia that is
hyaline, ellipsoidal in shape and measures 2.86 µm x 0.93 µm with a conidiophore that is
40.3 µm long bearing three to eight phialides measuring 8.9 µm.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
Conclusions
Coffee rust infection including the percent parasitize lesions differ in different
sampling areas.
The hyperparasite associated with coffee rust based on the characterization is
similar to Verticillium lecanii although measurements of conidia and phialides did not
exactly fall within those characterized by Viegas in 1939.
Recommendations
1. Survey should be done during rainy and dry season and on different varieties to
compare which of the existing varieties show higher parasitism by the hyperparasite
2. Explore an appropriate media for growing Verticillium.Identification of the
species of the hyperparasite using electron microscope should be done.
3.Mass production of the hyperparasite and evaluation in greenhouse experiment
should be done to determine its effectiveness.
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th ed. Elsevier Academic Press.
New York, Pp. 576-577.
AGRIOS, G. N. 1997. Plant Pathology, 4th ed. Academic Press limited. 24-28
Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK, Pp. 375-377.
ALLEN, D. J. 1983. Verticilliu lecanii on Bean Rust Fungus, Uromyces
appendiculantus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 79:362-364.
Australian Plant Pathology.
BACCAY , S. 2008. Screening of Arabica Coffee Varieties Against
Fungal Pathogens at the Benguet State University Agroforestry. Benguet State
University.Unpublished Thesis. Pp.1,3.
BARRET, J. H.1966. Insect Pest of Coffea arabica in Papua New Guinea Highlands. Papua
and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 18:83-100.
CAGA, R. 2012. Isolation and Evaluation of Indigenous Biological
Agents Against Coffee Leaf Rust Disease on Organic Arabica Coffee. Benguet
State University. Unpublished Thesis. P.1.
CARRION, G. 2002. Mycoparasites on the Coffee Rust in Mexico.
Fungal Diversity I Departament o Hongos, 2 Departamento de Ecologia
Vegetal, Instituto de Ecologia, A .C., Apdo . 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070,
Mexico. Retrieved June 2012 from http://www.mycoparasites in Mexico .
DAGUIO , C. 2000. Survey of Rust Disease in Bantay Tabuk Kalinga.
Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.Unpublished Thesis.
P. 1.
DA-ATI, 2003. Establishment of a New Coffee Plantation. (Brochure )
DA-ATI, Elliptical Road,diliman, Quezon City.
GAMS, W. 1971. Cephalosporium Artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Guastav
Fischer Verlag: Stttgart. P. 86
GRABSKI, G. C. and MEDGEN, K. 1985. Einsatz von V. lecanii
als Biologisches Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel gegen den Bohnenrostpilze U.
appendiculatusvar. appendiculatus im Feld und im Gewachshaus.
Phytopathologische Zeitschriff 11 3:243-251.
HALL, R. A. 1981. The Fungus Verticillium lecanii as a Microbial Insecticide Against
Aphids and Scales. Australian Plant Pathology Vol. 17 1988. In Microbial Control
Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
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Survey and Morphological Characterization of the Hyperparasite Associated with Coffee
Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Arabica Growing Areas at La Trinidad, Benguet |
TUMBAGA, MELCHOR B. MARCH 2013