SearchAuthorsKeywordsSubjectsTitlesYear

BIBLIOGRAPHY GALBEY, ARLENE C. October...

BIBLIOGRAPHY
GALBEY, ARLENE C. October 2008. Validation Trial of Effective Control
Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jocelyn C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effective strategies for the control of
bacterial wilt.
Results revealed that the application of formulated compost (12kgN/ha) lime (16
tons Ca O/ha) Urea (40kgN/ha), lime + urea (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) and lime
+ urea (20kg N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) decreased the population of R. solanacearum in
the soil. Marketable yield was observed to be high in plots treated with lime (16 tons Ca
O/ha and urea (40kgN/ha) and the lowest was observed with the untreated plot(farmers
practice). Non-marketable yield was observed to be high in plots treated with calcium
hypochlorite (12kg/ha) and the lime + urea (20kg N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) had no
non-marketable yield also with urea(40kgN/ha).The highest ROI was obtained in
treatment urea (40kgN/ha), calcium hypochlorite(12kgN/ha), formulated
compost(12kgN/ha) and lime + urea (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) had the lowest
percentage of ROI.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Page
Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
The Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Causal Organism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Symptomology.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Dissemination. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Identification of Infested Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Applications of Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Data Gathered . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
ii

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Population count of R. solanacearum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Yield Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Return on Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
LITERATURE CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18

iii

INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops
grown worldwide. It occupies a large area due to its adaptability combined with its
outstanding nutritive value and yield. It is a good source of carbohydrates, starch and
edible protein. Farmers grow potatoes preferably as a vegetable although it could serve
as a substitute or supplement of rice.
One of the most serious diseases that attack potato is bacterial wilt. This disease
is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Yabuuchi) formerly known as Pseudomonas
solanacearum (E.F. Smith). Bacterial wilt is a soil borne disease of which control is
difficult.
In 1996, Martin and French stated that bacterium thrives in warm temperature
ranging from 35 to 37 degrees celsius on a relatively high soil moisture levels causing
total destruction and loss of profit and capital especially during rainy season. The
pathogen can also survive in the soil for at least 2-3 years and there is great variability
in the virulence of the pathogen, which qualifies it as major constraint to potato
production. It may occur in cooler climates such as relatively high elevation in the
tropics on higher latitude.
Before intensive control measures can be employed, it is necessary to evaluate
the wilt potentials of soils from the different growing areas in order to help local
growers select fields suitable for seed potato production and minimizing the risks of
loss from the disease.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effective strategies for the control of
bacterial wilt.
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia
solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

2



The experiment was conducted in farmer’s fields at Tulodan, Atok, Benguet and
at the Department of Plant Pathology Laboratory from October 2007 to March 2008.


























Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


3



REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Disease
Bacterial wilt is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and is considered as one of
the most important bacterial diseases in the world. This has been recognized by a
previous Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) project
devoted to the control of this pathogen. Bacterial wilt has also been shown to be a
major constraint in small – scale vegetable farming over much of South and Southern
Asia (ACIAR, 2000).

Causal Organism
The phytopathogen Ralstonia solancearum has over 5000 genes, many of
which probably facilitated the bacterial wilt disease development. It is gram negative
plant pathogenic bacterium that causes wilt in variety of plants (Hayward, 1994). It is
spore less, rod shaped, 1.5x 5 um and motile by polar flagellum usually lopotrichous.
Colonies on agar are opalescent becoming darker with age. They are small, irregularly
smooth, wet and shiny. The bacterium is aerobic and produces ammonia, hydrogen
sulfide, and nitrates in specific media. Cultured bacterium losses its virulence rapidly,
Colonies are deep pink in tetrazolim medium (TZC). The optimum temperature for
growth of virulent Ralstonia ranges from 350 to 370C with the minimum 100C and
maximum 410 C. The thermal death point lies at about 520C (Madilat, 2002).
The results of Villena (1998) showed that R. solanacearum grows best at room
temperature (180-200C, 250C and 300C). At 700C - 800C, the number of colonies
decrease after 10 to 40 minutes. The thermal death point established was at 900C and
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

4



the thermal death time is 0 minute at 900C. R. solanacearum thrives in slightly acidic to
neutral and alkaline soils, but it grow best at ph 7 where it shows more growth in the
visual assessment.

Symptomology


Below ground symptoms on the tubers are visible at harvest time especially
when infection is severe. Bacterial ooze can be observed in the tuber’s eyes or stolon
end, causing soil to adhere. However, external symptoms are not always visible on
infected tubers (French, 1996). Cut tubers often show brownish discoloration of the
vascular ring and may change in color as the disease gets severe. Ooze comes out
naturally from the infected vascular ring of the cut tuber (Bahar and Danish, 1990:
Martin and French, 1996 as cited by Alkera, 2001).
Infected young plants die rapidly. Infection is characterized by the initial wilting
of only part of the stem of a plant or even one side of a leaf or stem. If disease
development is rapid, the entire plants wilt quickly without yellowing (Martin and
French, 1996).

Dissemination

French (1996) added that the movement of tuber seed from the field in warm
locations to cooler sites (at greater elevations in the tropics) has separately been
reported to produce latent seed infection in healthy appearing fields. Such infected
seeds have often resulted in serious outbreaks on even epidemics of bacterial wilt.


Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

5



Management

In 1996, Martin and French stated that the agent variability of R. solanacearum
and the strong influence of environmental conditions on resistance make bacterial wilt a
disease difficult to manage. The first thing to consider when planting potato must be
the variety. One must choose the variety that is adapted to the locality in order to
achieve maximum production. Using the right variety ensures high yield and better
quality. Series of varietal evaluation must be conducted to determine the performance
of a new or previously untried variety (HARRDEC, 1996).
Organic fertilizer and Alnus compost significantly reduced bacterial wilt
infection. The compost not only contains 2.4% nitrogen, phosphorus and 0.20%
potassium but also bacteria and fungal antagonists like Bacillus sp and Streptomyces
sp., Trichoderma sp., Verticillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. (Dida, 1998, as cited by
Andres, 2000).
In addition, Oryan (1997) stated that application of 10 tons per hectare of
formulated BSU compost could minimize bacterial growth and multiplication. It was
also found that plants applied with 6 tons of chicken manure per hectare exhibit delayed
symptom development, and weigh more in terms of marketable yields. Agronomic
practices and bleaching powder application can reduce wilt and tuber rot by 50 – 100 %
(Shekhawat et al., 1990). In 1998, Madilat added that the application of powdered
bleach at the rates of 6.0 and 12.0 kg/ha and also effectively decreased the population
and lowered the infection of R. solanacearum.
Baden (1995) as cited by Abance (1997) stated that the application of lime or
urea effectively decreased the population of R. solanacearum with or without host. The
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

6



application of a combination of 0.3 g urea and 0.15 g urea plus 0.1, 0.12 and 0.15 g
lime per pot reduced bacterial wilt population in soil with or without potato plant.
Furthermore, a higher reduction in bacterial population was observed in the soil applied
with these combinations with the presence of the host.



Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


7



MATERIALS AND METHODS

Identification of Infested Area
A bacterial wilt infested farm in Atok was identified. Soil samples were taken
and serial dilution was done. The quantification of the bacterial population was done
using the selective medium. Initial counts were recorded.

Application of Treatments
Generation two certified seeds of the variety Igorota were used in this study.
Before planting, the different treatments were applied in the soil.
The different treatments were as follows:
T1 = Powdered bleach or Calcium hypochlorite (12 kg /ha)

T2 = Formulated Compost (10 tons /ha)

T3 = Lime (16 tons Ca O/ha)

T4 = Urea (40 kg N/ha)

T5 = Lime + Urea (40 kg N/ha + 13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha)

T6 = Lime + Urea (20 kg N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha)

T7 = Control (farmers practice)

Plots measuring 1 x 4 m were prepared. The treatments were laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD), replicated four times. Planting was done a
week after the application of treatments. Prior to planting, irrigation was applied to
initiate the release of the bactericidal ammonium in the treated plots.

Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

8



The tubers were planted in double row at a distance of 30 cm between hills and
between rows. All other cultural management practices was done to ensure yield.

Data Gathered
The data gathered were:
1. Population count- before application of treatments and one week after
application of treatments. This was determined by counting the colony forming
unit (CFU) per ten (10) grams of soil at 106 dilution in selective medium before
and after the application of treatments.
2. Yield parameters (kg). Marketable tubers were weighed which include marble
sized tubers. Non marketable tubers were also weighed which include tubers
with physiological disorders.




Gross Income – Total Expenses
3. Return of investment =



x 100 %
Total Express
















Figure 1. Overview of the experiment
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


9



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Population Count of R. solanacearum
Assessment of population of R. solanacearum before and after application of
treatments is presented in Table 1. Results reveal that the untreated plots (farmers
practice) had the highest population of R. solanacearum after a week at 14.33 cfu and
the lowest percentage population decrease at 9.47 %.This was followed by calcium
hypochlorite (12 kg/ha) with 95.31 %.
Plots applied with other treatments showed 100 % reduction in bacterial wilt
population.

Table 1. Population of R. solanacearum in the soil
TREATMENT
INITIAL COUNT FINAL COUNT % DECREASE
Calcium hypochlorite
42.67
2.00
95.31
Formulated Compost
35.47
0.00
100.00
Lime 22.67
0.00
100.00
Urea 29.50
0.00
100.00
Lime + Urea (1)
18.75
0.00
100.00
Lime + Urea (2)
18.50
0.00
100.00
Control
15.83
14.33
9.47



Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

10



Yield as Affected by Different Treatments (kg/per plot)
Result showed that the plot treated with lime (16 tons Ca O /ha) gave the
highest weight of marketable tubers with mean of 19.96 kg. This was followed by plot
treated with urea (40 kg N/ha) with mean of 19.88 kg.Untreated plot (farmers practice)
had the lowest weight of marketable tubers with mean of 17.40 kg. However, plot
treated with lime + urea (20 kg N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) had no non- marketable
tubers. This was followed by urea (40 kg N/ha) with a mean of 0.75 kg. However,
calcium hypochlorite (12 kg/ha) had the highest weight of non marketable yield tubers
with a mean of 3.31 kg. Differences among treatment means however were not
statistically significant.

Table 2. Mean weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers per plot (kg)

YIELD
TREATMENT
Marketable
Non - Marketable
Calcium hypochlorite (12kg/ha)
18.09
3.31
Formulated Compost (10tons/ha)
19.58
0.99
Lime (16tons/ha)
19.96
1.03
Urea (40kg/ha)
19.88
0.75
Lime + Urea (40kgN/ha+13.3-20tonsCa O/ha)
19.07
1.14
Lime + Urea (20kgN/ha+16-20tonsCa O/ha)
19.57
0.00
Control 17.40
3.17




Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

11



Yield as Affected by Different Treatments (tons/ha)
Result showed that the plot treated with lime (16 tons Ca O /ha) gave the
highest weight of marketable tubers with mean of 21.01 tons/ha. This was followed by
plot treated with urea (40 kg N/ha) with mean of 20.72 tons/ha. Untreated plot (farmers
practice) had the lowest weight of marketable tubers with mean of 2.94 tons/ha.
However, plot treated with lime + urea (20 kg N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) had no non-
marketable tubers. This was followed by urea (40 kg N/ha) with mean of 1.18 tons/ha.
However, control had the highest weight of non marketable yield tubers with mean of
15.74 tons/ha. Differences among treatment means however were not statistically
significant.

Table 3. Computed yield of marketable and non-marketable tuber (tons/ha)

TREATMENT YIELD
Marketable
Non-
Marketable
Calcium hypochlorite (12kg/ha)
17.15
2.98
Formulated Compost (10tons/ha)
20.07
1.48
Lime (16tons/ha)
21.01
1.45
Urea (40kg/ha)
20.72
1.18
Lime + Urea (40kgN/ha+13.3-20tonsCa O/ha)
19.03
1.55
Lime + Urea (20kgN/ha+16-20tonsCa O/ha)
19.91
0.71
Control
2.94
15.74






Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

12










Calcium hypochlorite
Formulated Compost
Lime















Urea









Lime + Urea (1)
Lime + Urea (2)
Control

Figure 2. Yield as affected by the different treatments


Return on Investment

The return on investment as affected by the different treatments is shown in
Table 4. urea (40kg N/ha) had the highest ROI of 60.00%. This was followed by
calcium hypochlorite (12kg/ha) with 32.87%, and formulated compost (10 tons/ha)
with 24.86% respectively. Plots treated with lime + urea (40 kg N/ha + 13.3-20 tons Ca
O/ha) had the lowest ROI of 6.01%.

Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

13



Table 4. Return on investment

YIELD
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
ROI
TREATMENT
(tons/ha)
RETURN
PRODUCTION RETURN
%
(Php)
COST (Php)
(Php)
Calcium
hypochlorite 17.5 274,000.00 206,520.00 67,880
32.87
Formulated Compost
20.07
320,160.00
256,400.00
63,760
54.86
Lime 21.01
336,160.00
286,400.00
49,760
17.37
Urea 20.72
331,520.00
207,200.00
124,320
60.00
Lime + Urea (1)
19.03
304,480.00
287,200.00
17,280
6.01
Lime + Urea (2)
19.91
318,560.00
297,200.00
21,360
7.18
Control 15.74
251,840.00
206,400.00
45,240
21.92

Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


14



SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
The study was conducted at the farmer’s field at Tulodan, Atok, Benguet and
Department of Plant Pathology Laboratory to evaluate the effective strategies for the
control of R.solanacearum.
Results showed that the application of the different treatments namely
formulated compost (10 tons/ha), lime (16 tons Ca O/ha), urea (40kgN/ha), lime + urea
1 (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) and lime + urea 2(20kg N/ha + 16-20 tons
CaO/ha) effectively reduced the bacterial wilt population. Based on marketable and
non-marketable yield, the highest marketable yield was obtained in plots treated with
lime (16 tons Ca O/ha) at 19.96 kg or a computed marketable yield of 21.01 tons /ha.
This was followed by urea (40kg N/ha) with mean of 19.88 kg or a computed
marketable yield 20.72 tons/ha. The lowest marketable yield was obtained in untreated
plot with 17.40 kg or 15.74 tons/ha. On the other hand, the highest non-marketable
yield was obtained in plots applied with calcium hypochlorite (12kg/ha) with mean of
3.31 kg or computed non-marketable yield of 2.98 tons/ha. The lowest weight of non-
marketable yield was obtained in plots treated with lime + urea (20kg N/ha + 16-20
tons Ca O/ha) with no non-marketable tubers. The highest ROI was obtained in plots
treated with urea (40kg N/ha) at 60.00%. This was followed by calcium hypochlorite
(12kg/ha) with 32.87% and formulated compost (10 tons/ha) with 24.86%. Plots
applied with lime + urea (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) and lime + urea (20kg
N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) had the lowest ROI of 6.01%.
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

15



Conclusion
The use of formulated compost (10 tons/ha), lime (16 tons Ca O/ha), urea
(40kgN/ha), lime + urea (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) and lime + urea (20kg N/ha
+ 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) effectively reduced population of R.solonacearum in the soil by
100%. Application of lime (16 tons Ca O/ha) and urea (40kgN/ha) and formulated
compost (10 tons/ha) gave the highest yield. Application of urea (40kgN/ha), calcium
hypochlorite (12kg/ha) and formulated compost (10 tons/ha) had the highest percentage
of ROI.

Recommendations
The following are hereby recommended:
1. Application of formulated compost (12kgN/ha), lime (16 tons Ca O/ha),
urea (40kgN/ha), lime + urea (40kgN/ha +13.3-20 tons Ca O/ha) and lime + urea (20kg
N/ha + 16-20 tons Ca O/ha) effectively reduced population of R. solonacearum in the
soil.
2. The contribution of the use of certified planting materials and high quality
seed tubers should also be noted.
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


16



LITERATURE CITED


ACIAR. 2000. Evaluating for Soil Borne Disease Management in Tropical Vegetable
Production. Technical Report. ACIAR – CSIRO – NCP NO. LWR2 2000/144.
Pp. 4-6.

ALKERA, M. C. 2001. Evaluation of Potato Varieties for Resistance to Bacterial Wilt
(R. solanacearum). BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1.

ANDRES, L. T. 2000. Field Evaluation of Alnus Compost as Control Against Bacterial
Wilt (R. solanacearum). BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 14.

ABANCE, R. S. 1997. Verification Trial on Lime and Urea Application to the
Management of Bacterial Wilt of Potato. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 29.

BAHAR, M. and D. DANISH. 1990. Etiology of Potato Wilt in Iran. ACIAR Bacterial
Wilt IN: Evaluation of Potato for Resistance to Bacterial Wilt Ralstonia
solanacearum (Yabuuchi).

BADEN, C. S. 1995. Effect of Lime and Urea Application on Suppression of Bacterial
Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of Potato in the Soil. BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 43

DIDA, N. 1998. Management of Black Scurf of Potato using Alnus Compost as Soil
Conditioner. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 12.

FRENCH, E. R. 1996. Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt of Potato. In: Bacterial
Wilt Training Manual. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. Section 3. P. 4.

HAYWARD, A. C. 1994. The hosts of Pseudomonas solanacearum. In A. C.
Hayward, and G.L. Hartman (ed), Bacterial wilt: The Disease and it Causative
Agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum (AB International Press), Wallingford,
United Kingdom. Pp. 9-24.

HARRDEC. 1996. Production Statistics for Vegetable Production in the Cordillera
(Draft Report). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet: Highland
Agricultural Resources Research and Development Center (HARRDEC).

MARTIN, C. B. and E. R. FRENCH. 1996. Bacterial Wilt of Potato (Pseudomonas
solanacearum) IN: Bacterial Wilt Training Manual. International Potato Center.
Lima. Peru. Section 2. Pp. 2-8.

Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

17



MADILAT, M. A. 2002. Piloting of Effective Component Management Strategies for
Bacterial Wilt Ralstonia solanacearum (Yabuuchi). BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 12.

ORYAN, C. 1997. Effect of Formulated Compost on the Persistence of Bacterial Wilt
of Potato. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 12.

SHEKHAWAT, G. S., V. K. BAHAL. 1990. Control of Bacterial Wilt of Potatoes
by Organic Practices. J. Indian Potato Association. 17: 52: 60.

VILLENA, PERRY H. 1998. Effects of Physiological Factors on the Growth of
Bacterial Wilt. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
12.







Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008


18



APPENDICES


Appendix Table 1. Population of R. solanacearum before application of treatments
(actual data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 78.67 14.67 14.33 63.00 170.67 42.67
Formulated
Compost 36.00 38.67 31.00 36.00 141.87 35.47
Lime
27.33 41.67 19.67 2.00 90.67 22.67
Urea
50.00 18.00 45.67 4.33 118.00 29.50
Lime
+
Urea
(1)
24.67 17.33 21.33 11.67 75.00 18.75
Lime
+
Urea
(2)
23.67 14.67 26.33 27.33 74.00 18.50
Control

19.33 6.00 15.00 23.00 63.33 15.83


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
1021.028
340.343
1.2433


TREATMENT 16 2199.708
366.618
1.3393ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
4927.168
273.732


TOTAL 27
8147.904



ns – not significant




Coefficient of variation = 61.66%






Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

19



Appendix Table 2. Population of R. solanacearum before application of treatments
(transformed data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 9.36 4.33 4.28 8.44 26.41 6.60
Formulated
Compost 6.50 6.72 6.06 6.50 25.78 6.40
Lime
5.73 6.95 4.94 1.91 19.53 4.90
Urea
7.57 4.74 7.26 2.58 22.15 5.53
Lime + Urea (1)
5.47
4.66
5.11
3.91
19.15
21.06
Lime + Urea (2)
5.37
4.33
5.63
5.73
21.06
5.26
Control

4.89 2.94 4.37 5.30 17.50 4.38


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
10.259
3.420
1.2934


TREATMENT 16 17.070
2.845
1.0760ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
47.593
2.644


TOTAL 27
74.922



ns – not significant




Coefficient of variation = 30.04%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

20



Appendix Table 3. Actual population of R. solanacearum after application of
treatments (actual data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 8.00 2.00
Formulated
Compost 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lime
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Urea
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lime + Urea (1)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Lime + Urea (2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Control

18.00 6.33 12.67 20.33 57.33 14.33


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK
3 1.645 0.548 1.7149
TREATMENT 16 40.967
6.828
21.3605**
3.66
4.01
ERROR
18 5.754 0.320

TOTAL 27
48.635



** – highly significant



Coefficient of variation = 43.35%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

21



Appendix Table 4. Actual population of R. solanacearum after application of
treatments (transformed data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 0.71 0.71 0.71 3.33 5.46 1.36
Formulated
Compost 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.00 0.71
Lime
0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.00 0.71
Urea
0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.00 0.71
Lime + Urea (1)
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.00
0.71
Lime + Urea (2)
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.00
0.71
Control

4.74 3.06 4.06 5.00 16.86 4.21


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
107.501
35.834
1.0000


TREATMENT 16 276.327
46.055
1.2852ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
645.006
35.834


TOTAL 27
1028.834



ns – not significant



Coefficient of variation = 30.43%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

22



Appendix Table 5. Marketable yield/plot (kg) (actual data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 15.40 6.52 18.90 18.51 72.35 18.09
Formulated
Compost 19.43 18.12 20.79 19.99 78.33 19.58
Lime
18.49 18.69 19.62 23.05 79.85 19.96
Urea
21.49 18.66 20.60 19.27 79.52 19.88
Lime + Urea (1)
16.38
20.18
21.40
18.31
76.27
19.07
Lime + Urea (2)
18.90
20.57
19.60
19.00
78.07
19.57
Control

16.38 17.27 17.90 18.07 69.62 17.40


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
11.438
3.813
1.7848


TREATMENT 16 22.612
3.769
1.7642ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
38.452
2.136


TOTAL 27
72.503



ns – not significant




Coefficient of variation = 7.66%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

23



Appendix Table 6. Marketable yield/ha (tons/ha) (actual data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 12.22 19.93 18.63 17.84 68.62 17.15
Formulated
Compost 19.70 17.07 22.64 20.90 80.31 20.07
Lime
17.79 18.19 20.10 27.97 84.05 21.01
Urea
24.23 18.15 21.14 19.37 82.29 20.72
Lime + Urea (1)
13.36
21.31
24.02
17.45
76.14
19.03
Lime + Urea (2)
18.60
22.15
20.06
18.84
79.65
19.91
Control

13.87 15.46 16.67 16.97 62.97 15.74


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK
3
53.661 17.887 1.5125

TREATMENT 16 85.893
14.315
1.2105ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
212.876
11.826


TOTAL 27
3562.430



ns – not significant



Coefficient of variation = 18.25%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

24



Appendix Table 7. Non - Marketable yield/plot (kg) (actual data)


REPLICATION

TREATMENT
I II III
TOTAL
IV
MEAN
Calcium
hypochlorite 0.00 5.55 4.45 2.56 13.22 3.31
Formulated
Compost 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.96 3.96 0.99
Lime
0.00 0.00 0.00 4.11 4.11 1.03
Urea
0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 0.75
Lime + Urea (1)
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.54
4.54
1.14
Lime + Urea (2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Control

6.09 0.00 0.00 5.16 12.67 3.17


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
22.703
7.568
2.8876


TREATMENT 16 22.839
3.806
1.4524ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR 18
47.173
2.621


TOTAL 27
92.716



ns – not significant




Coefficient of variation = 86.04%
Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

25



Appendix Table 8. Return on investment (actual data)


YIELD
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
ROI
TREATMENT
(Tons/ha)
RETURN PRODUCTION. RETURN
%
(Php)
COST (Php)
(Php)
Calcium hypochlorite
17.50
274,000.00
206,520.00
67,880.00 32.87
Formulated Compost
20.07
320,160.00
256,400.00
63,760.00 54.86
Lime 21.01
336,160.00
286,400.00
49,760.00 17.37
Urea 20.72
331,520.00
207,200.00
124,320.00 60.00
Lime + Urea (1)
19.03
304,480.00
287,200.00
17,280.00
6.01
Lime + Urea (2)
19.91
318,560.00
297,200.00
21,360.00
7.18
Control
15.74
251,840.00
206,400.00
45,240.00 21.92


ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARE SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
BLOCK 3
1745.89
581.96
1.49


TREATMENT 16 8138.64
1356.44 3.49ns 3.66
4.01
ERROR
18 694.04 388.00

TOTAL 27
9007.57



ns – not significant




Coefficient of variation = 80.89%



Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia

solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al./ Arlene C. Galbey. 2008

Document Outline

  • Validation Trial of Effective Control Strategies Against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) (E.F.Smith) Yabuuchi et al
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • ABSTRACT
    • TABLE OF CONTENTS
    • INTRODUCTION
    • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
      • The Disease
      • Causal Organism
      • Symptomology
      • Dissemination
      • Management
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
      • Identification of Infested Area
      • Application of Treatments
      • Data Gathered
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
      • Population Count of R. solanacearum
      • Yield as Affected by Different Treatments (kg/per plot)
      • Yield as Affected by Different Treatments (tons/ha)
      • Return on Investment
    • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Summary
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendations
    • LITERATURE CITED
    • APPENDICES