BIBLIOGRAPHY SAPITAN, JOMERICK ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011. Screening of Celery Cultivars against
septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andres A. Basalong, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University and within the Plant Pathology
Department experiment area from March to June 2010.The experiment aimed to determine the
reaction of celery cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
Celery cultivars tested for leafblight resistance were all infected. However, Chinese
celery had the lowest leafblight rating and the highest leafblight infection rating was from Tall
Utah.
Temperature
range of 16.1 oC to 25.93 oC and high relative humidity of 84.25 % to 88% was conducive for
leafblight formation. A rainfall of 13.58 mm - 29.73 mm allowed sporulation resulting to
abundant spores. Chinese Celery exhibited the least leafblight infection while Amsa and Tall
Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible. Tall Utah was very susceptible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………....
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………... . ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………….. 3
Septoria Biology and Epidemiology………………………………... 3
The Leafblight Pathogen……………………………………………. 4
Varietal Attributes and Other Considerations……………………... 4
Growing Celery…………………………………………………….... 5
Management and Control of Septoria apiicola……………………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………….…………………… 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…..……………………………………….. 11
Number of Days to Leafblight Infection form
Transplanting………………………………………………………. 11
Weekly Assessment of Leafblight Infection………………………….. 11
Pathological Reaction...……………………………………………………. 12
Height of Celery…………………………………………………… 15
Meteorological Data……………………………………………….. 16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………….. 18
Summary…………………………………………………………… 18
Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 19
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 19
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………... 20
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………… 22
INTRODUCTION
Celery is native to the Mediterranean and adjacent areas. Its Latin generic name,
Apium, is derived from the Celtic apon meaning "water", and refers to its habitat while
graveolens means '"heavily scented". The stems of the wild plant are very bitter, thus
distiguishing it from var. dulce, meaning sweet or pleasant.
Apiaceae is a plant family which yields two important vegetables known as
Celery (Apium graveolens) and Celeriac. Cultivars of the species have been used for
centuries, whilst others have been domesticated only in the last 200-300 years (Zohary
and Hoft, 2000).
Celery is considered as a minor crop in the Philippines, celery is considered an
important commercial crop grown around the world because it is utilize in homes and
restaurants as appetizers, flavoring herb for broth, soups, dressing as well as excellent
vegetable either stewed or creamed, and as salads It is also a good source of vitamin A,
Ascorbic acid, and calcium and food energy (Thompson and Kelly, 1979).
In many parts of the country, vegetable constitute a large part of a diet. Some
vegetables are salad crops suited for the climate of the province and one of them is
celery.
There are no statistics on the production of celery in the Philippines. The only
known areas producing the crop are Baguio, La Trinidad, Benguet and to some extent,
and Davao.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
2
Vegetable growing is number one industry and the main sources of income to
majority of Benguet people. Due to the increasing demand for celery, Benguet farmers
are engaged in celery production as a source of livelihood in rotation to other major
vegetable crops. Despite the intensive production, many ordinary farmers experience low
production in terms of good quality, and being safe from pesticides for consumption.
Celery production during rainy season provides good income for farmers and can
improve their standard of living. However, it is the condition where severe leaf blight
infections often occur.
One way of increasing food production is proper selection of crops or crop
varieties that are adapted in certain areas. The selection of varieties that have good
qualities will not only benefit the farmer and the seed industry but also the country.
Varietal screening is necessary to select the best variety in terms of growth, yield and
performance against diseases (Menzi, 2003). The result of the study would significantly
guide farmers in choosing the variety with resistance or tolerance to celery leafblight.
Moreover, the use of celery varieties with resistance to leafblight would enable the
farmers to save and consequently obtain higher income. Likewise, the use of resistant or
tolerant variety of celery against leafblight would reduced the use of synthetic fungicides.
Henceforth, detrimental effects from the use of fungicide would also be reduced.
Furthermore, the quest for resistant variety of celery against leafblight is supportive to the
advocacy of organic agriculture.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University and within the Plant
Pathology Department experiment area from March to June 2010.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Septoria Biology and Epidemiology
Septoria are Ascomycetes fungi that causes numerous leaf spot diseases on field
crops, forages and many vegetables, and is responsible for yield losses (Landcare
Research, 2005).
Septoria produces huge amounts of asexual spores in dark fruiting bodies, called
pycnidia. The spores are hyaline (clear), thin, multicellular (2 - 4 cells), and about 20 to
60 um long (Walker, 1952). Pycnidia are formed on the older lesions and their
development is encouraged by moist weather (Hawksworth et al., 1992 and Walker,
1952).
Septoria is seed borne and fruiting bodies can be found on the seed coat of the
celery seed. The first appearance of the disease is thus in the seedbeds. Low levels of the
disease occur throughout the growing season. Cool wet weather favors disease
development of Septoria. Temperatures below 24 C or 75 F are conducive to disease
formation. High humidity allows abundant production of spores and epidemics are
initiated by splashing spores or by movement of spores by contact (Hawksworth et al.,
1992 and Walker, 1952).
Spores that are splashed to healthy leaves germinate when moisture is available
and produce a small fungal thread called a germ tube. This grows on the hosts’
epidermis (skin) of the celery plant for a short distance then enters the leaf. The fungus
proliferates internally within the leaf tissue and causes yellowing, then browning of the
host. These are visible as leaf spots. Spores are formed on the surface of diseased areas
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
4
and the disease cycle continues as new spores are splashed to other healthy leaves
(Hawksworth et al., 1992 and Walker, 1952).
The Leafblight Pathogen
Lacy (1994) reported that Septoria Leafblight is caused by Septoria apiicola. The
disease overwinters on dead celery plant parts. The fungus is introduced in planting
primarily through infected seed. Fungus in the seed dies within 2 years. The disease can
be sprayed by water, equipment, and workers.
Lacy (1994) also describe the symptom as small, light yellow spots develop on
leaves and petioles, gradually turning brown. Spots vary in shape and may coalesce if
numerous. Minute, thickened, black dots (pycnidia) appear, containing spores of the
fungus. Seriously infected leaves die. Symptoms on petioles are similar on those of
leaves.
Varietal Attributes and Other Considerations
Selecting of variety to be planted is one of the most important decisions the
commercial vegetable growers must consider. Thus, suggested varieties must perform
well under a wide range of environment condition usually encountered in the individual
farm. These considers their yield performance, posses excellent resistant against diseases
and Insect pest, and the quality of harvested products desired by packers, shippers,
wholesaler, retailers, and consumers, include size, shape, flavor and nutritional quality
(Lorenz and Maynard, 1986).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Choosing variety is appropriate to minimize problem associated with water and
fertilizer management (Kinoshita, 1972). Bautista et al., (1983) pointed that plants
species or variety has a set of a genetic makeup and is termed genotype.
Varieties of the same kind are adaptable and thus, profitable and other varieties
are not adaptable and thus, relatively unprofitable in some regions (Edmond et al., 1964).
Growing Celery
Janick (1972) stated that climatic, the summation of weather condition in an area,
which involves temperature, relative humidity, and light are the factors of actions and
interactions must be considered in physical environment and determine when, where that
plant will grow.
Transplanting allows a better control of the environment during the early stage of
plant growth, thus, giving the plant a head start. The lag period usually encountered
during the initial phase of seedling growth is over by the time the seedlings are
transplanted. Transplanting is always harmful to the plant but the amount of damage
depends on the kind of vegetables, age of the plant, and the degree to which the plant was
preconditioned for transplanting with adequate care. Any vegetable can be transplanted
(Bautista and Mabesa, 1977).
Balliyao (1979) reported that transplanting seemed to delay the overall growth of
plants as it took time for several roots and new foliage to generate.
Harvesting occurs when the average size of celery in a field is marketable; due to
extremely uniform crop growth, fields are harvested only once. Petioles and leaves are
removed and harvested celery are packed by size and quality (determined by color, shape,
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
6
straightness and thickness of petiole, stalk and midrib length and absence of disease,
cracks, splits, insect damage and rot).
When properly stored in optimal conditions, celery can be stored for up to seven
weeks between 0 to 2°C (32 to 36°F). Inner stalks may continue growing if kept at
temperatures above 0°C (32°F). Freshly-cut petioles of celery are prone to decay, which
can be prevented or reduced through the use of sharp blades during processing, gentle
handling and proper sanitation. Celery contains essential, highly aromatic oil that lends
its perfume and flavor to numerous dishes (Cantwell and Suslow, 2002).
Management and Control
of Septoria apiicola
Hawksworth et al. (1992) and Walker (1952) stated every effort should be made
to acquire clean seeds. In the past, hot water treatment of seeds (48-49 oC for 30 mins)
was used to effectively free seeds of this pathogen. Diseased fields should be cleaned
following harvest and host material should not be left in the field. Septoria will survive in
oil in decomposing celery tissue for months. New crops should not be planted adjacent to
diseased crops to prevent rapid disease spread. Fields should be rotated to reduce early
infection from the pathogen left from the previous crop
Likewise, Lacy (1994) recommends the treatment of 1 to 2- years-old seed in the
water at 48oC (118oF) for 30 min, or use older seed as far early blight. Clean up
propagation area thoroughly to insure no residue remains from the previous crop. Then,
plow down crop refuses promptly after harvest and rotate both seedbeds and production
fields so that celery is not grown in the same place for 3 or 4 years in a row. Afterwards,
do not spread crop residues on production fields and Increase spacing between rows and
reduce planting densities to improve air movement within the field.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seedbed Preparation, Seed
and Seedling Management
A seedbed of 1m x 5m was prepared for sowing the celery seeds. Furrows were
established in seedbeds at 2x5 cm apart. The seeds of the celery varieties were sown
thinly along the furrows. The sown seeds were mulched with sack. When the seeds
germinated, the sack mulchs were removed.
Six (6) weeks from sowing, celery seedlings were transplanted in the prepared
polyethylene pots (Figure 1). Two seedlings were planted in each pot at 15cm apart. All
cultural practices involved in caring celery seedlings such as watering, and control of
insect pest were done in all the treatments. Seedlings were not protected with fungicides
from germination to transplanting up to the termination of the experiment.
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment (35 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
8
Treatment and Statistical Design
Black polyethylene bags measuring 12”x12” were used as potting material in the
study. Each pots were filled with a mixture of sterilized compost and garden soil. Four
pots consist a treatment per variety and per replication.
The design of the study was Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD) with
four replications.
The treatments were:
Treatments (varieties)
V1 – Amsa Celery (Amsa seeds)
V2 – Tall Utah 5270 (Rushmore seeds)
V3 – Chinese Celery (Kaneko seeds)
V4 – Tall Utah (Kaneko seeds)
Data Gathered
1. Number of days to leafblight infection from transplanting. The observation
started 7 days after transplanting and was continued daily until all the celery cultivars got
infected with leafblight.
2. Leafblight infection rating. This was observed 7 days after transplanting and at
weekly intervals for 8 weeks using the rating scale developed by the British Mycological
Society (Anon, 1947).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Percentage
Description
0.1%
Only few plants affected here and there. Up to one (1)
or two (2) spots.
1%
Up to 10 spots per plant
5%
About 50 spots per plant, or up to one (1) leaflet in ten
(10) attacked.
25%
Nearly, every plant with lesions; plant still retaining
normal form.
50%
Every plant affected and about half of the leaf area
destroyed by blight: Field’s looks green flecked with
brown.
75%
About three (3) quarters of the leaf area destroyed by
blight; field look either predominantly brown or green.
95%
Only a few leaves left green, but stems green.
100%
All leaves dead, stems dead or dying.
3. Reaction of the different varieties to leaf blight. This was observed at 63 days
from transplanting using the CIP 2000 scale as follows:
Scale
Description
% Infection
1
Highly Resistant
1-20%
2
Moderately Resistant
20-40%
3
Susceptible
41-60%
4
Moderately Susceptible
61-80%
5
Very Susceptible
81-100%
4. Height of celery. Longest healthy leaves were measured at 35 and at 63 days
after transplanting.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
10
5. Meteorological data. Weather data were obtained at the PAG-ASA office at Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet during the conduct of experiments from March 2010-June 2010.
The data obtained were:
a. Temperature (maximum and minimum in oC)
b. Relative Humidity (%)
c. Rainfall (mm)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
11
RESULTS AND DISUSSION
Number of Days to Leafblight
Infection from Transplanting
Based on number of days to leafblight infection after transplanting, Tall Utah
variety was the first to be infected within 12 days from transplanting. On the other hand,
Tall Utah 5270, Amsa and Chinese Celery were infected after 18, 19 and 20 days
respectively (Table 1). Statistical analysis show significant differences in the sensitivity
of the varieties to leafblight infection at the early stage of growth.
Weekly Assessment of Leaftblight Infection
Recording of weekly of leafblight infection ratings was started 14 days after
transplanting (Figure 2). Tall Utah being the variety that was infected early was
significantly different from the other varieties. Amsa, Tall Utah 5270 and Chinese Celery
had zero leafblight infection. In the third week of infection ratings, all varieties were
infected with leafblight. Tall Utah leafblight infection was significantly higher than
leafblight infections of the other varieties. Amsa, Tall Utah 5270 and Chinese Celery
leafblight infection ratings were not significantly different.
Table 1. Number of days to leafblight (Septoria apiicola) infection after transplanting
CULTIVARS
MEAN
Amsa
19c
Tall Utah 5270
18b
Chinese Celery
21d
Tall Utah
13a
CV (%)
5.27%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P0.05).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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100
c
90
80
b
70
e
c
t
i
on
60
i
nf
50
i
g
ht
a
40
L
e
a
f
bl
30
Amsa
% 20
Tal Utah 5270
Chinese Celery
10
Tal Utah
0
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
Days after transplanting (DAT)
Figure 2. Weekly percent leafblight infection rating
The 4th (28 DAT) and 5th (35 DAT) weekly ratings showed an increase in
leafblight infections however Amsa, Tall Utah 5270, and Chinese Celery varieties
infection ratings were not significantly different, except for Tall Utah.
On the 6th (42 DAT) to the last week (63 DAT) of infection rating, Chinese Celery
remained to have the lowest infection rating which is different from the other varieties
(Figures 3-6).
Pathological Reaction
Among the four varieties, Tall Utah was observed to be very susceptible. Amsa
and Tall Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible, while Chinese Celery was
classified as susceptible (Table 2).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Table 2. Pathological reaction of Celery against leafblight
CULTIVARS
% OF INFECTION
REACTION
Amsa
(61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
Tall Utah 5270
(61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
Chinese Celery
(41-60%)
Susceptible
Tall Utah
(81-100%)
Very Susceptible
Figure 3. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Amsa (63 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Figure 4. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Tall Utah 5270 (63 DAT)
Figure 5. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Chinese celery (63 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
15
Figure 6. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Tall Utah (63 DAT)
Height of Celery
Results showed that initial height of celery measured at 35 days from
transplanting and final height measured after 63 days from transplanting showed
significantly difference between cultivars.
Table 3. Mean height of different celery cultivars at 35 (DAT) and 63 (DAT)
CULTIVARS
MEAN HEIGHT (cm)
INITIAL HEIGHT(35DAT)
FINAL HEIGHT (63DAT)
Amsa
335.55b
226.4b
DAT)DDDDADADAT)
Tall Utah 5270
334.35b
214.55b
Chinese Celery
408.05c
325.8c
Tall Utah
291.95a
107.5a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P0.05).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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The initial and final height of celery cultivars were measured from the base to the
longest healthy leaf. Initial heights were higher than the final height due to the death of
early and older leaves which were infected with leafblight. Therefore, final heights were
lower as it has been measured from young and short leaves that were free from leafblight.
Meteorological Data
Average of weather data from April to June 2010 showed high relative humidity
which ranged from 84.25 to 88%, temperature between 16.1 to 25.93 oC and rainfall from
13.58 to 29.73 mm (Table 4). These climatic conditions which prevailed during the
conduct of the study favored lerafblight infection. Since, according to Hawksworth et al.
(1992) and Walker (1952), lerafblight infection is favored by temperature range of 16-25
oC and relative humidity 89%.
Table 4. Meteorological data from April 2010- February 2010
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
Min
Max
HUMIDITY
RAINFALL
(%)
(mm)
April 2010
Week 1
15.6
24.2
87
00
Week 2
15.9
25.6
81
21.7
Week 3
15.7
25.9
85
14.0
Week 4
17.2
25.4
84
57.6
Average
16.1
25.28
84.25
23.33
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Table 4. Continued…
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
Min
Max
HUMIDITY
RAINFALL
(%)
(mm)
May 2010
Week 1
17.4
25.9
84
18.9
Week 2
16.9
25.9
89
19.3
Week 3
17.3
26.1
87
73.8
Week 4
14.7
25.8
90
6.9
Average
16.58
25.93
87.5
29.73
June 2010
Week 1
16.4
24.8
91
6.0
Week 2
19.3
24.8
88
9.7
Week 3
17.5
25.2
86
29.1
Week 4
17.1
25.0
87
9.5
Average
17.58
24.95
88
13.58
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, Plant Pathology Laboratory
Area at La Trinidad, Benguet from March to June 2010. It aimed to screen cultivars of
celery against septoria leafblight.
Tall Utah was observed to be most sensitive to celery leafblight as it was infected
at the early days of growth (13 DAT) and progressively has the highest infection ratings
as compared to Tall Utah 5270 (18 DAT), Amsa (19 DAT) and Chinese celery (21
DAT).
Based on the final percent infection rating, Tall Utah was the most susceptible and
Chinese celery was the least susceptible to leaf blight. Amsa and Tall Utah 5270 were
classified as moderately susceptible.
Temperature range of 16.1 oC - 25.93 oC, relative humidity of 84.25 % - 88%, and
rainfall of 13.58 mm-29.73mm favored leafblight infection.
Conclusion
Chinese Celery exhibited the least leafblight infection which is descriptively
susceptible, Amsa and Tall Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible, while
Tall Utah with the highest infection rating is describe as the most susceptible.
Temperature range of 16.1 oC - 25.93 oC, relative humidity of 84.25 % - 88% favor
leafblight infection.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
19
Recommendation
It is recommended that a verification trial shall be conducted during dry and rainy
season in the field to determine whether there is a significant difference between seasons.
In addition, marketability or consumers preference of celery cultivars is also
recommended to be considered for evaluation.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
20
LITERATURE CITED
BALLIYAO, C. 1979. Effect of seedling pricked and unpricked on the growth and yield
of Chinese cabbage. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P.73.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R.C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines at Los Banos. College of Agriculture Los Banos, Laguna. P. 26.
CANTWELL, M., and T. SUSLOW, 2002. Celery Recommendations for maintaining
post
harvest
quality.
Retrieved
April
6,
2011
from
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/celery
EDMOND, J. B., T. L. SENN and F. S. ANDREWS. 1964. Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Tata Mc Grow Hill Brok Co. Inc., New Delhi. P. 404.
HAWKSWORTH, D. L., P. M. KIRK, B. C. SUTTON and D. N. PEGLER. 1992.
Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. Eighth Ed. CAB international.
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Retrieved April 6, 2011 from
www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/s_apiico.htm
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. William freeman and Co. San Francisco. P.
572.
KINOSHITA, L. I. 1972. Vegetable production in sub-tropics. Tokyo-Japan Overseas
Technical Cooperation Agency. P. 106.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable production in Southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippines. Pp. 105-106.
LACY, M. L. 1994. Influence of wetness periods on infection of celery Septoria apiicola
and use in timing sprays for control. Plant diseases. Pp. 975-979.
LANDCARE RESEARCH. 2005. ‘Identify Ends Hopes of a passion-filled Relationship
Retrieved April 6, 2011 from www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septoria
LORENZ, O. A. and R. H. MAYNARD. 1986. Knotts handbook for vegetable growers.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. P. 308.
MENZI, A. B. 2003. Cultivar evaluation of celery (Apium dulce Mill) under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 1-5.
THOMPSON, H.C. and W.C. KELLY. 1979. Vegetable Crops. 5th ed. Toronto: mc
Grawhill Bk. Co. Inc. P. 243.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
21
WALKER, J. C. 1952. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc. New
York,
USA.
Retrieved
April
6,
2011
from
www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/s_apiico.htm
ZOHARY, D., and M. HOFT. 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Third
Edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000). P. 202. Retrieved April 6, 2011 from
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/celery
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
22
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to leafblight infection from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
18
19
19
20
76
19
Tall Utah 5270
18
18
19
20
75
18.75
Chinese Celery
21
20
20
21
82
20.5
Tall Utah
11
13
13
14
51
12.75
TOTAL
68
70
71
75
284
71
MEAN
17.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
140.50
46.83
105.38 **
3.49
Block
3
6.50
2.17
4.88
Error
9
4.00
0.44
TOTAL
15
151.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 3.76%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
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Appendix Table 2. Leafblight infection after 14 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tall Utah 5270
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chinese Celery
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tall Utah
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
TOTAL
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
MEAN
0.1375
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
0.91
0.30
4.48*
3.49
Block
3
0.20
0.07
1.00
Error
9
0.61
0.07
TOTAL
15
1.72
* - Significant C.V. = 18.95%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
24
Appendix Table 3. Leafblight infection after 21 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah 5270
1
1
1
0.1
3.1
0.775
Chinese Celery
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah
5
5
5
5
20
5
TOTAL
8
6.2
8
5.3
27.5
6.875
MEAN
1.71875
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
57.56
19.19
200.63**
3.49
Block
3
1.37
0.46
4.76
Error
9
0.86
0.10
TOTAL
15
59.78
**- Highly significant C.V. = 17.99%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
25
Appendix Table 4. Leafblight infection after 28 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
1
1
1
0.1
3.1
0.775
Tall Utah 5270
1
1
0.1
1
3.1
0.775
Chinese Celery
1
1
0.1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah
5
5
5
5
20
5
TOTAL
7.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
56.61
18.54
137.30**
3.49
Block
3
0.18
0.27
2.00
Error
9
1.21
0.13
TOTAL
15
151.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 20.20%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
26
Appendix Table 5. Leafblight infection after 35 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
5
5
5
1
16
4
Tall Utah 5270
5
1
5
1
12
3
Chinese Celery
5
5
1
1
12
3
Tall Utah
25
25
25
25
100
25
TOTAL
40
36
36
28
140
35
MEAN
8.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTE TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
D F
F
Treatment
3
1411.00
470.33
169.32**
3.49
Block
3
19.00
6.33
2.28
Error
9
25.00
2.78
TOTAL
15
1455.00
** - Highly significant C.V. = 19.05%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
27
Appendix Table 6. Leafblight infection after 42 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
25
25
25
5
80
20
Tall Utah 5270
25
5
25
25
80
20
Chinese Celery
5
5
5
5
20
5
Tall Utah
50
50
50
50
200
50
TOTAL
105
85
105
85
380
95
MEAN
23.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
4275.00
1425.00
25.65**
3.49
Block
3
100.00
33.33
0.60
Error
9
500.00
55.56
TOTAL
15
4875.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 31.38%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
28
Appendix Table 7. Leafblight infection after 49 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
50
50
50
50
200
50
Tall Utah 5270
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Celery Chinese
25
25
25
25
100
25
Tall Utah
75
75
75
75
300
75
TOTAL
225
200
200
200
825
206.25
MEAN
51.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
5117.19
1705.73
43.67**
3.49
Block
3
117.19
39.06
1.00
Error
9
351.56
39.06
TOTAL
15
5585.94
** - Highly significant C.V. = 12.12%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
29
Appendix Table 8. Leablight infection after 56 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Tall Utah 5270
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Chinese Celery
25
25
25
25
100
25
Tall Utah
95
95
95
95
380
95
TOTAL
270
220
220
220
930
232.5
MEAN
58.125
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
9856.25
3285.42
63.08**
3.49
Block
3
468.75
156.25
3.00
Error
9
468.75
52.08
TOTAL
15
10793.75
**- Highly significant C.V. = 12.42%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
30
Appendix Table 9. Leafblight infection after 63 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
95
75
75
75
320
80
Tall Utah 5270
95
75
75
75
320
80
Chinese Celery
50
50
50
50
200
50
Tall Utah
100
95
95
95
385
96.25
TOTAL
340
295
295
295
1225
306.25
MEAN
76.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
4467.19
1489.06
56.06**
3.49
Block
3
379.69
126.56
4.76
Error
9
239.06
26.56
TOTAL
15
5085.94
**- Highly significant C.V. = 6.73%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
31
Appendix Table10. Initial height of celery cultivars measured 35 DAT (cm)
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
342
343.6
327.4
329.2
1342.2
335.55
Tall Utah 5270
353.2 333.2
318.2
332.8
1337.4
334.35
Chinese Celery
425.6
409
380.6
417
1632.2
408.05
Tall Utah
271.8 315.4
275
305.6
1167.8
291.95
TOTAL
1392.6 1401.2 1301.2 1384.6 5479.6
1369.9
MEAN
342.475
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
27867.31
9289.10
46.51**
3.49
Block
3
1607.69
535.90
2.68
Error
9
1797.39
199.71
TOTAL
15
31272.39
**- Highly significant
CV=4.13%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
32
Appendix Table 11. Final height of celery cultivars measured 63 DAT (cm)
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
280.4
182.8
248.8
193.6
905.6
226.4
Tall Utah 5270
275.4
230.6
174.6
177.6
858.2
214.55
Chinese Celery
300.8
346.8
329.8
325.8 1303.2
325.8
Tall Utah
109.2
114
122.4
84.4
430
107.5
TOTAL
965.8
874.2
875.6
781.4
3497
874.25
MEAN
218.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTE TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
D F
F
Treatment
3
95649.15
31883.05
26.21**
3.49
Block
3
4251.09
1417.03
1.16
Error
9
10947.86
1216.43
TOTAL
15
110848.10
**- Highly significant
CV=15.96%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011. Screening of Celery Cultivars against
septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andres A. Basalong, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University and within the Plant Pathology
Department experiment area from March to June 2010.The experiment aimed to determine the
reaction of celery cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
Celery cultivars tested for leafblight resistance were all infected. However, Chinese
celery had the lowest leafblight rating and the highest leafblight infection rating was from Tall
Utah.
Temperature
range of 16.1 oC to 25.93 oC and high relative humidity of 84.25 % to 88% was conducive for
leafblight formation. A rainfall of 13.58 mm - 29.73 mm allowed sporulation resulting to
abundant spores. Chinese Celery exhibited the least leafblight infection while Amsa and Tall
Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible. Tall Utah was very susceptible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………....
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………... . ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………….. 3
Septoria Biology and Epidemiology………………………………... 3
The Leafblight Pathogen……………………………………………. 4
Varietal Attributes and Other Considerations……………………... 4
Growing Celery…………………………………………………….... 5
Management and Control of Septoria apiicola……………………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………….…………………… 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…..……………………………………….. 11
Number of Days to Leafblight Infection form
Transplanting………………………………………………………. 11
Weekly Assessment of Leafblight Infection………………………….. 11
Pathological Reaction...……………………………………………………. 12
Height of Celery…………………………………………………… 15
Meteorological Data……………………………………………….. 16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………….. 18
Summary…………………………………………………………… 18
Conclusion…………………………………………………………. 19
Recommendation…………………………………………………… 19
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………... 20
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………… 22
INTRODUCTION
Celery is native to the Mediterranean and adjacent areas. Its Latin generic name,
Apium, is derived from the Celtic apon meaning "water", and refers to its habitat while
graveolens means '"heavily scented". The stems of the wild plant are very bitter, thus
distiguishing it from var. dulce, meaning sweet or pleasant.
Apiaceae is a plant family which yields two important vegetables known as
Celery (Apium graveolens) and Celeriac. Cultivars of the species have been used for
centuries, whilst others have been domesticated only in the last 200-300 years (Zohary
and Hoft, 2000).
Celery is considered as a minor crop in the Philippines, celery is considered an
important commercial crop grown around the world because it is utilize in homes and
restaurants as appetizers, flavoring herb for broth, soups, dressing as well as excellent
vegetable either stewed or creamed, and as salads It is also a good source of vitamin A,
Ascorbic acid, and calcium and food energy (Thompson and Kelly, 1979).
In many parts of the country, vegetable constitute a large part of a diet. Some
vegetables are salad crops suited for the climate of the province and one of them is
celery.
There are no statistics on the production of celery in the Philippines. The only
known areas producing the crop are Baguio, La Trinidad, Benguet and to some extent,
and Davao.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
2
Vegetable growing is number one industry and the main sources of income to
majority of Benguet people. Due to the increasing demand for celery, Benguet farmers
are engaged in celery production as a source of livelihood in rotation to other major
vegetable crops. Despite the intensive production, many ordinary farmers experience low
production in terms of good quality, and being safe from pesticides for consumption.
Celery production during rainy season provides good income for farmers and can
improve their standard of living. However, it is the condition where severe leaf blight
infections often occur.
One way of increasing food production is proper selection of crops or crop
varieties that are adapted in certain areas. The selection of varieties that have good
qualities will not only benefit the farmer and the seed industry but also the country.
Varietal screening is necessary to select the best variety in terms of growth, yield and
performance against diseases (Menzi, 2003). The result of the study would significantly
guide farmers in choosing the variety with resistance or tolerance to celery leafblight.
Moreover, the use of celery varieties with resistance to leafblight would enable the
farmers to save and consequently obtain higher income. Likewise, the use of resistant or
tolerant variety of celery against leafblight would reduced the use of synthetic fungicides.
Henceforth, detrimental effects from the use of fungicide would also be reduced.
Furthermore, the quest for resistant variety of celery against leafblight is supportive to the
advocacy of organic agriculture.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University and within the Plant
Pathology Department experiment area from March to June 2010.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Septoria Biology and Epidemiology
Septoria are Ascomycetes fungi that causes numerous leaf spot diseases on field
crops, forages and many vegetables, and is responsible for yield losses (Landcare
Research, 2005).
Septoria produces huge amounts of asexual spores in dark fruiting bodies, called
pycnidia. The spores are hyaline (clear), thin, multicellular (2 - 4 cells), and about 20 to
60 um long (Walker, 1952). Pycnidia are formed on the older lesions and their
development is encouraged by moist weather (Hawksworth et al., 1992 and Walker,
1952).
Septoria is seed borne and fruiting bodies can be found on the seed coat of the
celery seed. The first appearance of the disease is thus in the seedbeds. Low levels of the
disease occur throughout the growing season. Cool wet weather favors disease
development of Septoria. Temperatures below 24 C or 75 F are conducive to disease
formation. High humidity allows abundant production of spores and epidemics are
initiated by splashing spores or by movement of spores by contact (Hawksworth et al.,
1992 and Walker, 1952).
Spores that are splashed to healthy leaves germinate when moisture is available
and produce a small fungal thread called a germ tube. This grows on the hosts’
epidermis (skin) of the celery plant for a short distance then enters the leaf. The fungus
proliferates internally within the leaf tissue and causes yellowing, then browning of the
host. These are visible as leaf spots. Spores are formed on the surface of diseased areas
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
4
and the disease cycle continues as new spores are splashed to other healthy leaves
(Hawksworth et al., 1992 and Walker, 1952).
The Leafblight Pathogen
Lacy (1994) reported that Septoria Leafblight is caused by Septoria apiicola. The
disease overwinters on dead celery plant parts. The fungus is introduced in planting
primarily through infected seed. Fungus in the seed dies within 2 years. The disease can
be sprayed by water, equipment, and workers.
Lacy (1994) also describe the symptom as small, light yellow spots develop on
leaves and petioles, gradually turning brown. Spots vary in shape and may coalesce if
numerous. Minute, thickened, black dots (pycnidia) appear, containing spores of the
fungus. Seriously infected leaves die. Symptoms on petioles are similar on those of
leaves.
Varietal Attributes and Other Considerations
Selecting of variety to be planted is one of the most important decisions the
commercial vegetable growers must consider. Thus, suggested varieties must perform
well under a wide range of environment condition usually encountered in the individual
farm. These considers their yield performance, posses excellent resistant against diseases
and Insect pest, and the quality of harvested products desired by packers, shippers,
wholesaler, retailers, and consumers, include size, shape, flavor and nutritional quality
(Lorenz and Maynard, 1986).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
5
Choosing variety is appropriate to minimize problem associated with water and
fertilizer management (Kinoshita, 1972). Bautista et al., (1983) pointed that plants
species or variety has a set of a genetic makeup and is termed genotype.
Varieties of the same kind are adaptable and thus, profitable and other varieties
are not adaptable and thus, relatively unprofitable in some regions (Edmond et al., 1964).
Growing Celery
Janick (1972) stated that climatic, the summation of weather condition in an area,
which involves temperature, relative humidity, and light are the factors of actions and
interactions must be considered in physical environment and determine when, where that
plant will grow.
Transplanting allows a better control of the environment during the early stage of
plant growth, thus, giving the plant a head start. The lag period usually encountered
during the initial phase of seedling growth is over by the time the seedlings are
transplanted. Transplanting is always harmful to the plant but the amount of damage
depends on the kind of vegetables, age of the plant, and the degree to which the plant was
preconditioned for transplanting with adequate care. Any vegetable can be transplanted
(Bautista and Mabesa, 1977).
Balliyao (1979) reported that transplanting seemed to delay the overall growth of
plants as it took time for several roots and new foliage to generate.
Harvesting occurs when the average size of celery in a field is marketable; due to
extremely uniform crop growth, fields are harvested only once. Petioles and leaves are
removed and harvested celery are packed by size and quality (determined by color, shape,
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
6
straightness and thickness of petiole, stalk and midrib length and absence of disease,
cracks, splits, insect damage and rot).
When properly stored in optimal conditions, celery can be stored for up to seven
weeks between 0 to 2°C (32 to 36°F). Inner stalks may continue growing if kept at
temperatures above 0°C (32°F). Freshly-cut petioles of celery are prone to decay, which
can be prevented or reduced through the use of sharp blades during processing, gentle
handling and proper sanitation. Celery contains essential, highly aromatic oil that lends
its perfume and flavor to numerous dishes (Cantwell and Suslow, 2002).
Management and Control
of Septoria apiicola
Hawksworth et al. (1992) and Walker (1952) stated every effort should be made
to acquire clean seeds. In the past, hot water treatment of seeds (48-49 oC for 30 mins)
was used to effectively free seeds of this pathogen. Diseased fields should be cleaned
following harvest and host material should not be left in the field. Septoria will survive in
oil in decomposing celery tissue for months. New crops should not be planted adjacent to
diseased crops to prevent rapid disease spread. Fields should be rotated to reduce early
infection from the pathogen left from the previous crop
Likewise, Lacy (1994) recommends the treatment of 1 to 2- years-old seed in the
water at 48oC (118oF) for 30 min, or use older seed as far early blight. Clean up
propagation area thoroughly to insure no residue remains from the previous crop. Then,
plow down crop refuses promptly after harvest and rotate both seedbeds and production
fields so that celery is not grown in the same place for 3 or 4 years in a row. Afterwards,
do not spread crop residues on production fields and Increase spacing between rows and
reduce planting densities to improve air movement within the field.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seedbed Preparation, Seed
and Seedling Management
A seedbed of 1m x 5m was prepared for sowing the celery seeds. Furrows were
established in seedbeds at 2x5 cm apart. The seeds of the celery varieties were sown
thinly along the furrows. The sown seeds were mulched with sack. When the seeds
germinated, the sack mulchs were removed.
Six (6) weeks from sowing, celery seedlings were transplanted in the prepared
polyethylene pots (Figure 1). Two seedlings were planted in each pot at 15cm apart. All
cultural practices involved in caring celery seedlings such as watering, and control of
insect pest were done in all the treatments. Seedlings were not protected with fungicides
from germination to transplanting up to the termination of the experiment.
Figure 1. Overview of the experiment (35 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
8
Treatment and Statistical Design
Black polyethylene bags measuring 12”x12” were used as potting material in the
study. Each pots were filled with a mixture of sterilized compost and garden soil. Four
pots consist a treatment per variety and per replication.
The design of the study was Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD) with
four replications.
The treatments were:
Treatments (varieties)
V1 – Amsa Celery (Amsa seeds)
V2 – Tall Utah 5270 (Rushmore seeds)
V3 – Chinese Celery (Kaneko seeds)
V4 – Tall Utah (Kaneko seeds)
Data Gathered
1. Number of days to leafblight infection from transplanting. The observation
started 7 days after transplanting and was continued daily until all the celery cultivars got
infected with leafblight.
2. Leafblight infection rating. This was observed 7 days after transplanting and at
weekly intervals for 8 weeks using the rating scale developed by the British Mycological
Society (Anon, 1947).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
9
Percentage
Description
0.1%
Only few plants affected here and there. Up to one (1)
or two (2) spots.
1%
Up to 10 spots per plant
5%
About 50 spots per plant, or up to one (1) leaflet in ten
(10) attacked.
25%
Nearly, every plant with lesions; plant still retaining
normal form.
50%
Every plant affected and about half of the leaf area
destroyed by blight: Field’s looks green flecked with
brown.
75%
About three (3) quarters of the leaf area destroyed by
blight; field look either predominantly brown or green.
95%
Only a few leaves left green, but stems green.
100%
All leaves dead, stems dead or dying.
3. Reaction of the different varieties to leaf blight. This was observed at 63 days
from transplanting using the CIP 2000 scale as follows:
Scale
Description
% Infection
1
Highly Resistant
1-20%
2
Moderately Resistant
20-40%
3
Susceptible
41-60%
4
Moderately Susceptible
61-80%
5
Very Susceptible
81-100%
4. Height of celery. Longest healthy leaves were measured at 35 and at 63 days
after transplanting.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
10
5. Meteorological data. Weather data were obtained at the PAG-ASA office at Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet during the conduct of experiments from March 2010-June 2010.
The data obtained were:
a. Temperature (maximum and minimum in oC)
b. Relative Humidity (%)
c. Rainfall (mm)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
11
RESULTS AND DISUSSION
Number of Days to Leafblight
Infection from Transplanting
Based on number of days to leafblight infection after transplanting, Tall Utah
variety was the first to be infected within 12 days from transplanting. On the other hand,
Tall Utah 5270, Amsa and Chinese Celery were infected after 18, 19 and 20 days
respectively (Table 1). Statistical analysis show significant differences in the sensitivity
of the varieties to leafblight infection at the early stage of growth.
Weekly Assessment of Leaftblight Infection
Recording of weekly of leafblight infection ratings was started 14 days after
transplanting (Figure 2). Tall Utah being the variety that was infected early was
significantly different from the other varieties. Amsa, Tall Utah 5270 and Chinese Celery
had zero leafblight infection. In the third week of infection ratings, all varieties were
infected with leafblight. Tall Utah leafblight infection was significantly higher than
leafblight infections of the other varieties. Amsa, Tall Utah 5270 and Chinese Celery
leafblight infection ratings were not significantly different.
Table 1. Number of days to leafblight (Septoria apiicola) infection after transplanting
CULTIVARS
MEAN
Amsa
19c
Tall Utah 5270
18b
Chinese Celery
21d
Tall Utah
13a
CV (%)
5.27%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P0.05).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
12
100
c
90
80
b
70
e
c
t
i
on
60
i
nf
50
i
g
ht
a
40
L
e
a
f
bl
30
Amsa
% 20
Tal Utah 5270
Chinese Celery
10
Tal Utah
0
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
Days after transplanting (DAT)
Figure 2. Weekly percent leafblight infection rating
The 4th (28 DAT) and 5th (35 DAT) weekly ratings showed an increase in
leafblight infections however Amsa, Tall Utah 5270, and Chinese Celery varieties
infection ratings were not significantly different, except for Tall Utah.
On the 6th (42 DAT) to the last week (63 DAT) of infection rating, Chinese Celery
remained to have the lowest infection rating which is different from the other varieties
(Figures 3-6).
Pathological Reaction
Among the four varieties, Tall Utah was observed to be very susceptible. Amsa
and Tall Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible, while Chinese Celery was
classified as susceptible (Table 2).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
13
Table 2. Pathological reaction of Celery against leafblight
CULTIVARS
% OF INFECTION
REACTION
Amsa
(61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
Tall Utah 5270
(61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
Chinese Celery
(41-60%)
Susceptible
Tall Utah
(81-100%)
Very Susceptible
Figure 3. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Amsa (63 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
14
Figure 4. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Tall Utah 5270 (63 DAT)
Figure 5. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Chinese celery (63 DAT)
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
15
Figure 6. Symptom of leafblight infection on cultivar Tall Utah (63 DAT)
Height of Celery
Results showed that initial height of celery measured at 35 days from
transplanting and final height measured after 63 days from transplanting showed
significantly difference between cultivars.
Table 3. Mean height of different celery cultivars at 35 (DAT) and 63 (DAT)
CULTIVARS
MEAN HEIGHT (cm)
INITIAL HEIGHT(35DAT)
FINAL HEIGHT (63DAT)
Amsa
335.55b
226.4b
DAT)DDDDADADAT)
Tall Utah 5270
334.35b
214.55b
Chinese Celery
408.05c
325.8c
Tall Utah
291.95a
107.5a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P0.05).
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
16
The initial and final height of celery cultivars were measured from the base to the
longest healthy leaf. Initial heights were higher than the final height due to the death of
early and older leaves which were infected with leafblight. Therefore, final heights were
lower as it has been measured from young and short leaves that were free from leafblight.
Meteorological Data
Average of weather data from April to June 2010 showed high relative humidity
which ranged from 84.25 to 88%, temperature between 16.1 to 25.93 oC and rainfall from
13.58 to 29.73 mm (Table 4). These climatic conditions which prevailed during the
conduct of the study favored lerafblight infection. Since, according to Hawksworth et al.
(1992) and Walker (1952), lerafblight infection is favored by temperature range of 16-25
oC and relative humidity 89%.
Table 4. Meteorological data from April 2010- February 2010
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
Min
Max
HUMIDITY
RAINFALL
(%)
(mm)
April 2010
Week 1
15.6
24.2
87
00
Week 2
15.9
25.6
81
21.7
Week 3
15.7
25.9
85
14.0
Week 4
17.2
25.4
84
57.6
Average
16.1
25.28
84.25
23.33
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
17
Table 4. Continued…
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
Min
Max
HUMIDITY
RAINFALL
(%)
(mm)
May 2010
Week 1
17.4
25.9
84
18.9
Week 2
16.9
25.9
89
19.3
Week 3
17.3
26.1
87
73.8
Week 4
14.7
25.8
90
6.9
Average
16.58
25.93
87.5
29.73
June 2010
Week 1
16.4
24.8
91
6.0
Week 2
19.3
24.8
88
9.7
Week 3
17.5
25.2
86
29.1
Week 4
17.1
25.0
87
9.5
Average
17.58
24.95
88
13.58
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, Plant Pathology Laboratory
Area at La Trinidad, Benguet from March to June 2010. It aimed to screen cultivars of
celery against septoria leafblight.
Tall Utah was observed to be most sensitive to celery leafblight as it was infected
at the early days of growth (13 DAT) and progressively has the highest infection ratings
as compared to Tall Utah 5270 (18 DAT), Amsa (19 DAT) and Chinese celery (21
DAT).
Based on the final percent infection rating, Tall Utah was the most susceptible and
Chinese celery was the least susceptible to leaf blight. Amsa and Tall Utah 5270 were
classified as moderately susceptible.
Temperature range of 16.1 oC - 25.93 oC, relative humidity of 84.25 % - 88%, and
rainfall of 13.58 mm-29.73mm favored leafblight infection.
Conclusion
Chinese Celery exhibited the least leafblight infection which is descriptively
susceptible, Amsa and Tall Utah 5270 were classified as moderately susceptible, while
Tall Utah with the highest infection rating is describe as the most susceptible.
Temperature range of 16.1 oC - 25.93 oC, relative humidity of 84.25 % - 88% favor
leafblight infection.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
19
Recommendation
It is recommended that a verification trial shall be conducted during dry and rainy
season in the field to determine whether there is a significant difference between seasons.
In addition, marketability or consumers preference of celery cultivars is also
recommended to be considered for evaluation.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
20
LITERATURE CITED
BALLIYAO, C. 1979. Effect of seedling pricked and unpricked on the growth and yield
of Chinese cabbage. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P.73.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R.C. MABESA. 1977. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines at Los Banos. College of Agriculture Los Banos, Laguna. P. 26.
CANTWELL, M., and T. SUSLOW, 2002. Celery Recommendations for maintaining
post
harvest
quality.
Retrieved
April
6,
2011
from
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/celery
EDMOND, J. B., T. L. SENN and F. S. ANDREWS. 1964. Fundamentals of
Horticulture. Tata Mc Grow Hill Brok Co. Inc., New Delhi. P. 404.
HAWKSWORTH, D. L., P. M. KIRK, B. C. SUTTON and D. N. PEGLER. 1992.
Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. Eighth Ed. CAB international.
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Retrieved April 6, 2011 from
www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/s_apiico.htm
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural Science. William freeman and Co. San Francisco. P.
572.
KINOSHITA, L. I. 1972. Vegetable production in sub-tropics. Tokyo-Japan Overseas
Technical Cooperation Agency. P. 106.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable production in Southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Philippines. Pp. 105-106.
LACY, M. L. 1994. Influence of wetness periods on infection of celery Septoria apiicola
and use in timing sprays for control. Plant diseases. Pp. 975-979.
LANDCARE RESEARCH. 2005. ‘Identify Ends Hopes of a passion-filled Relationship
Retrieved April 6, 2011 from www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septoria
LORENZ, O. A. and R. H. MAYNARD. 1986. Knotts handbook for vegetable growers.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. P. 308.
MENZI, A. B. 2003. Cultivar evaluation of celery (Apium dulce Mill) under La Trinidad,
Benguet condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 1-5.
THOMPSON, H.C. and W.C. KELLY. 1979. Vegetable Crops. 5th ed. Toronto: mc
Grawhill Bk. Co. Inc. P. 243.
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
21
WALKER, J. C. 1952. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc. New
York,
USA.
Retrieved
April
6,
2011
from
www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/s_apiico.htm
ZOHARY, D., and M. HOFT. 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Third
Edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000). P. 202. Retrieved April 6, 2011 from
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/celery
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
22
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days to leafblight infection from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
18
19
19
20
76
19
Tall Utah 5270
18
18
19
20
75
18.75
Chinese Celery
21
20
20
21
82
20.5
Tall Utah
11
13
13
14
51
12.75
TOTAL
68
70
71
75
284
71
MEAN
17.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
140.50
46.83
105.38 **
3.49
Block
3
6.50
2.17
4.88
Error
9
4.00
0.44
TOTAL
15
151.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 3.76%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
23
Appendix Table 2. Leafblight infection after 14 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tall Utah 5270
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chinese Celery
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tall Utah
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
TOTAL
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
MEAN
0.1375
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
0.91
0.30
4.48*
3.49
Block
3
0.20
0.07
1.00
Error
9
0.61
0.07
TOTAL
15
1.72
* - Significant C.V. = 18.95%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
24
Appendix Table 3. Leafblight infection after 21 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah 5270
1
1
1
0.1
3.1
0.775
Chinese Celery
1
0.1
1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah
5
5
5
5
20
5
TOTAL
8
6.2
8
5.3
27.5
6.875
MEAN
1.71875
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
57.56
19.19
200.63**
3.49
Block
3
1.37
0.46
4.76
Error
9
0.86
0.10
TOTAL
15
59.78
**- Highly significant C.V. = 17.99%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
25
Appendix Table 4. Leafblight infection after 28 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
1
1
1
0.1
3.1
0.775
Tall Utah 5270
1
1
0.1
1
3.1
0.775
Chinese Celery
1
1
0.1
0.1
2.2
0.55
Tall Utah
5
5
5
5
20
5
TOTAL
7.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
56.61
18.54
137.30**
3.49
Block
3
0.18
0.27
2.00
Error
9
1.21
0.13
TOTAL
15
151.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 20.20%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
26
Appendix Table 5. Leafblight infection after 35 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
5
5
5
1
16
4
Tall Utah 5270
5
1
5
1
12
3
Chinese Celery
5
5
1
1
12
3
Tall Utah
25
25
25
25
100
25
TOTAL
40
36
36
28
140
35
MEAN
8.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTE TABULAR
VARIATION
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
D F
F
Treatment
3
1411.00
470.33
169.32**
3.49
Block
3
19.00
6.33
2.28
Error
9
25.00
2.78
TOTAL
15
1455.00
** - Highly significant C.V. = 19.05%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
27
Appendix Table 6. Leafblight infection after 42 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
25
25
25
5
80
20
Tall Utah 5270
25
5
25
25
80
20
Chinese Celery
5
5
5
5
20
5
Tall Utah
50
50
50
50
200
50
TOTAL
105
85
105
85
380
95
MEAN
23.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
4275.00
1425.00
25.65**
3.49
Block
3
100.00
33.33
0.60
Error
9
500.00
55.56
TOTAL
15
4875.00
**- Highly significant C.V. = 31.38%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
28
Appendix Table 7. Leafblight infection after 49 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
50
50
50
50
200
50
Tall Utah 5270
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Celery Chinese
25
25
25
25
100
25
Tall Utah
75
75
75
75
300
75
TOTAL
225
200
200
200
825
206.25
MEAN
51.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
5117.19
1705.73
43.67**
3.49
Block
3
117.19
39.06
1.00
Error
9
351.56
39.06
TOTAL
15
5585.94
** - Highly significant C.V. = 12.12%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
29
Appendix Table 8. Leablight infection after 56 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Tall Utah 5270
75
50
50
50
225
56.25
Chinese Celery
25
25
25
25
100
25
Tall Utah
95
95
95
95
380
95
TOTAL
270
220
220
220
930
232.5
MEAN
58.125
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
9856.25
3285.42
63.08**
3.49
Block
3
468.75
156.25
3.00
Error
9
468.75
52.08
TOTAL
15
10793.75
**- Highly significant C.V. = 12.42%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
30
Appendix Table 9. Leafblight infection after 63 days from transplanting
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
95
75
75
75
320
80
Tall Utah 5270
95
75
75
75
320
80
Chinese Celery
50
50
50
50
200
50
Tall Utah
100
95
95
95
385
96.25
TOTAL
340
295
295
295
1225
306.25
MEAN
76.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
4467.19
1489.06
56.06**
3.49
Block
3
379.69
126.56
4.76
Error
9
239.06
26.56
TOTAL
15
5085.94
**- Highly significant C.V. = 6.73%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
31
Appendix Table10. Initial height of celery cultivars measured 35 DAT (cm)
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
342
343.6
327.4
329.2
1342.2
335.55
Tall Utah 5270
353.2 333.2
318.2
332.8
1337.4
334.35
Chinese Celery
425.6
409
380.6
417
1632.2
408.05
Tall Utah
271.8 315.4
275
305.6
1167.8
291.95
TOTAL
1392.6 1401.2 1301.2 1384.6 5479.6
1369.9
MEAN
342.475
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
Treatment
3
27867.31
9289.10
46.51**
3.49
Block
3
1607.69
535.90
2.68
Error
9
1797.39
199.71
TOTAL
15
31272.39
**- Highly significant
CV=4.13%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
32
Appendix Table 11. Final height of celery cultivars measured 63 DAT (cm)
BLOCK
CULTIVARS
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
IV
Amsa
280.4
182.8
248.8
193.6
905.6
226.4
Tall Utah 5270
275.4
230.6
174.6
177.6
858.2
214.55
Chinese Celery
300.8
346.8
329.8
325.8 1303.2
325.8
Tall Utah
109.2
114
122.4
84.4
430
107.5
TOTAL
965.8
874.2
875.6
781.4
3497
874.25
MEAN
218.5625
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREE OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTE TABULAR
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
D F
F
Treatment
3
95649.15
31883.05
26.21**
3.49
Block
3
4251.09
1417.03
1.16
Error
9
10947.86
1216.43
TOTAL
15
110848.10
**- Highly significant
CV=15.96%
Screening of Celery Cultivars against septoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola).
SAPITAN, JOMERICK FIDEL. APRIL 2011
Document Outline
- Screening of Celery Cultivars againstseptoria leafblight (Septoria apiicola)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES