BIBLIOGRAPHY BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013. Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major
Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jocelyn C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This first study was conducted under laboratory condition to evaluate the efficacy
of Mokusaku against selected major vegetable diseases based on fermentation ages of
mokusaku from one month to six months of age against Xanthomonas campestris,
Ralstonia solanacearum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Alternaria porri and Fusarium
oxysporum. No inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungus was observed except for the
positive control (Streptomycin) against Xanthomonas campestris and Ralstonia
solanacearum.
The second study evaluated was the effect of different sources of mokusaku
(bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit) on selected major diseases like Fusarium
oxysporum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris and postharvest disease
Pectobacterium carotovorum which are contributory to yield losses of highland vegetables.
Bioassay results showed no inhibition zone of different sources of mokusaku against
Fusarium oxysporum, but were effective against pathogenic bacteria like Ralstonia
solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris and postharvest disease Pectobacterium
carotovorum.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study 1. The effectiveness of wood vinegar as a treatment was tested on five diseases,
namely; Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Alternaria porri and Colletotrichum capsici.
Inhibition Zone of Two Bacterial Diseases at 24 hours
Table 1 shows the inhibition zone of different fermentation ages against two bacterial
diseases does not gave a comparable result against streptomycin (positive control) at 24
hours.
Table 1. Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 24 hours
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas
Ralstonia
T1 Sterile distilled water
0b 0b
T2 Streptomycin 2.125a 7.5a
T3 One month old mokusaku 0b 0b
T4 Two months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T5 Three months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T6 Four months old mokusaku
0b 0b
T7 Five months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T8 Six months old mokusaku 0b 0b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Inhibition Zone of Two Bacterial Diseases at 48 hours
Table 2 shows the inhibition zone of different fermentation ages against two bacterial
diseases does not gave a comparable result against streptomycin (positive control) at 48
hours.
No inhibition zone in all of the treatments was observed against Fusarium oxysporum,
Colletotrichum capsici and Alternaria porri.
Table 2.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 48 hours
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia
T1 Sterile distilled water 0b 0b
T2 Streptomycin 2.257a 8.29a
T3 One month old mokusaku 0b 0b
T4 Two months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T5 Three months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T6 Four months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T7 Five months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T8 Six months old mokusaku
0b
0b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Study 2. The effectiveness of wood vinegar as a treatment (Fig. 1) was tested on four major
plant pathogens, namely; Fusarium oxysporum, Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia
solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum.
Inhibition Zone of Three Bacterial Diseases at 24 Hours
The use of bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit does not give comparable
inhibition zone against streptomycin for Xanthomonas campestris (Fig. 3). The use of
coconut husk mokusaku (Fig. 1-b) and bamboo (Fig. 1-a) gave comparable inhibition zone
against Ralstonia solanacearum as compared to the positive control, streptomycin as
shown in Table 3. For Pectobacterium carotovorum, bamboo vinegar gave a wider
inhibition zone compared to the streptomycin (positive control).
Table 3.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 24 hours (mm)
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia Pectobacterium
T1 Sterile distilled water 0d 0d
0e
T2 Streptomycin 8.00a 6.84a 9.08abcd
T3 Bamboo vinegar 3.42c 6.42ab 10.34a
T4 Coconut husk vinegar 5.50b 5.86abc 9.92ab
T5 Gmelina vinegar 6.33ab 5.17bc 9.08abcd
T6 Jackfruit vinegar 5.25b 4.25c 9.25abc
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Inhibition Zone of Three Bacterial Diseases at 48 Hours
Results showed in Table 4 the inhibitory effects of the wood vinegar against bacterial
pathogens after forty-eight hours. The use of bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit
does not give comparable inhibition zone against streptomycin (positive control) for
Xanthomonas campestris. For Ralstonia solanacearum, bamboo vinegar gave a
comparable effect with the positive control, streptomycin. Streptomycin and coconut husk
gave a significant result against Pectobacterium carotovorum at 48 hours, meanwhile at 48
hours inhibition zone (Fig. 8) of Pectobacterium carotovorum slightly decrease, and
indicates that mokusaku is more effective at 24 hours (Fig. 7).
No inhibition zone in all of the treatments was observed against Fusarium oxysporum (Fig.
2). Mokusaku was reported to not be highly active extract against sap staining fungi
(Velmurugan et al., 2008)
Table 4.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 48 hours (mm)
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia Pectobacterium
T1 Sterile distilled water 0e 0e
0d
T2 Streptomycin 8.58a 7.92a 9.17a
T3 Bamboo vinegar 3.58d 7.25ab 3.59bc
T4 Coconut husk vinegar 5.83bc 6.09bc 6.92a
T5 Gmelina vinegar 6.67b 5.92cd 3.00bc
T6 Jackfruit vinegar 5.25c 4.75d 4.25b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a.
b
c.
d
.
.
Figure 1. Treatments (a) Bamboo vinegar, (b) Coconut husk vinegar, (c) Gmelina vinegar
a
and (d) Jackfruit vinegar
b
a.
.
a
b
.
.
Figure 2. Inhibition zone of Fusarium oxysporum at seven days (a) plate 1 and (b) plate 2
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a
b
.
.
Figure 3. Inhibition zone of Xanthomonas campestris at forty eight hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate 2
a
b
.
.
Figure 4. Inhibition zone of Xanthomonas campestris at forty eight hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate 2
a
b
.
.
Figure 5. Inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum at twenty four hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a
a
b
.
.
Figure 6. Inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum at forty eight hours (a) plate1 and
(b) plate 2
a
a
..
a
b
.
.
Figure 7. Inhibition zone of Pectobacterium carotovorum at twenty four hours (a) plate1
and (b) plate 2
Figure 8.Inhibition zone of Pectobacterium carotovorum at forty eight hours (a) plate 1
a
and (b) plate 2
b
.
.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
pH of Different Sources of Mokusaku
All of the mokusaku shows varying effects on the specimens (Ralstonia solanacearum,
Pectobacterium carotovorum, Xanthomonas campestris and Fusarium oxysporum. Among
all the mokusaku sources, Gmelina vinegar is more acidic compared to the other vinegars.
In addition mokusaku are acidic, the effect of mokusaku pH on the ionization of the
phenolic compounds at pH 3.0, phenolic hydroxyl groups are ionized and antioxidant
activities of mokusaku (Bortolomeazzi et al., 2007). This study is collaborated to the study
of (Flower, CP. 1996) that the acidity of mokusaku had an effect to bacteria.
Table 5.pH of Different Sources of Mokusaku
Sources of Mokusaku
pH
Bamboo vinegar
3.47
Coconut husk vinegar
3.60
Gmelina vinegar
3.42
Jackfruit vinegar
3.74
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The first study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different ages and sources
of Mokusaku against selected major highland disease under laboratory condition.
Treatments used for the first study were based on fermentation ages from one month to six
months of age. No inhibitory effects were observed on Ralstonia solanacearum,
Xanthomonas campestris, Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium
oxysporum except for the check chemical (streptomycin) on bacterial pathogens.
Second study, treatments used was based on mokusaku sources like bamboo vinegar,
coconut husk vinegar, gmelina vinegar and jackfruit vinegar. Results of the study showed
that the different sources of mokusaku had a varying effect against Xanthomonas
campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum but no inhibitory
effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Results for twenty four hours of incubation, the
inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris slightly increased
after forty eight hours. For Pectobacterium carotovorum the inhibition zones decreases
after forty eight hours.
Conclusion
Different sources of mokusaku had a varying effects on bacterial pathogens;
Xanthomonas campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Ralstonia solanacearum.
Recommendation
Follow-up experiments needs to be conducted to confirm the results obtained from
this study. This study under laboratory condition could be tested under field condition.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
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Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013. Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major
Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jocelyn C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This first study was conducted under laboratory condition to evaluate the efficacy
of Mokusaku against selected major vegetable diseases based on fermentation ages of
mokusaku from one month to six months of age against Xanthomonas campestris,
Ralstonia solanacearum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Alternaria porri and Fusarium
oxysporum. No inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungus was observed except for the
positive control (Streptomycin) against Xanthomonas campestris and Ralstonia
solanacearum.
The second study evaluated was the effect of different sources of mokusaku
(bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit) on selected major diseases like Fusarium
oxysporum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris and postharvest disease
Pectobacterium carotovorum which are contributory to yield losses of highland vegetables.
Bioassay results showed no inhibition zone of different sources of mokusaku against
Fusarium oxysporum, but were effective against pathogenic bacteria like Ralstonia
solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris and postharvest disease Pectobacterium
carotovorum.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study 1. The effectiveness of wood vinegar as a treatment was tested on five diseases,
namely; Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Alternaria porri and Colletotrichum capsici.
Inhibition Zone of Two Bacterial Diseases at 24 hours
Table 1 shows the inhibition zone of different fermentation ages against two bacterial
diseases does not gave a comparable result against streptomycin (positive control) at 24
hours.
Table 1. Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 24 hours
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas
Ralstonia
T1 Sterile distilled water
0b 0b
T2 Streptomycin 2.125a 7.5a
T3 One month old mokusaku 0b 0b
T4 Two months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T5 Three months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T6 Four months old mokusaku
0b 0b
T7 Five months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T8 Six months old mokusaku 0b 0b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Inhibition Zone of Two Bacterial Diseases at 48 hours
Table 2 shows the inhibition zone of different fermentation ages against two bacterial
diseases does not gave a comparable result against streptomycin (positive control) at 48
hours.
No inhibition zone in all of the treatments was observed against Fusarium oxysporum,
Colletotrichum capsici and Alternaria porri.
Table 2.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 48 hours
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia
T1 Sterile distilled water 0b 0b
T2 Streptomycin 2.257a 8.29a
T3 One month old mokusaku 0b 0b
T4 Two months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T5 Three months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T6 Four months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T7 Five months old mokusaku 0b 0b
T8 Six months old mokusaku
0b
0b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Study 2. The effectiveness of wood vinegar as a treatment (Fig. 1) was tested on four major
plant pathogens, namely; Fusarium oxysporum, Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia
solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum.
Inhibition Zone of Three Bacterial Diseases at 24 Hours
The use of bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit does not give comparable
inhibition zone against streptomycin for Xanthomonas campestris (Fig. 3). The use of
coconut husk mokusaku (Fig. 1-b) and bamboo (Fig. 1-a) gave comparable inhibition zone
against Ralstonia solanacearum as compared to the positive control, streptomycin as
shown in Table 3. For Pectobacterium carotovorum, bamboo vinegar gave a wider
inhibition zone compared to the streptomycin (positive control).
Table 3.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 24 hours (mm)
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia Pectobacterium
T1 Sterile distilled water 0d 0d
0e
T2 Streptomycin 8.00a 6.84a 9.08abcd
T3 Bamboo vinegar 3.42c 6.42ab 10.34a
T4 Coconut husk vinegar 5.50b 5.86abc 9.92ab
T5 Gmelina vinegar 6.33ab 5.17bc 9.08abcd
T6 Jackfruit vinegar 5.25b 4.25c 9.25abc
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
Inhibition Zone of Three Bacterial Diseases at 48 Hours
Results showed in Table 4 the inhibitory effects of the wood vinegar against bacterial
pathogens after forty-eight hours. The use of bamboo, coconut husk, gmelina and jackfruit
does not give comparable inhibition zone against streptomycin (positive control) for
Xanthomonas campestris. For Ralstonia solanacearum, bamboo vinegar gave a
comparable effect with the positive control, streptomycin. Streptomycin and coconut husk
gave a significant result against Pectobacterium carotovorum at 48 hours, meanwhile at 48
hours inhibition zone (Fig. 8) of Pectobacterium carotovorum slightly decrease, and
indicates that mokusaku is more effective at 24 hours (Fig. 7).
No inhibition zone in all of the treatments was observed against Fusarium oxysporum (Fig.
2). Mokusaku was reported to not be highly active extract against sap staining fungi
(Velmurugan et al., 2008)
Table 4.Mean of inhibition zone on different bacteria at 48 hours (mm)
TREAMENT
MEANS
Xanthomonas Ralstonia Pectobacterium
T1 Sterile distilled water 0e 0e
0d
T2 Streptomycin 8.58a 7.92a 9.17a
T3 Bamboo vinegar 3.58d 7.25ab 3.59bc
T4 Coconut husk vinegar 5.83bc 6.09bc 6.92a
T5 Gmelina vinegar 6.67b 5.92cd 3.00bc
T6 Jackfruit vinegar 5.25c 4.75d 4.25b
* Mean with the same letter do not differ at 5% DMRT
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a.
b
c.
d
.
.
Figure 1. Treatments (a) Bamboo vinegar, (b) Coconut husk vinegar, (c) Gmelina vinegar
a
and (d) Jackfruit vinegar
b
a.
.
a
b
.
.
Figure 2. Inhibition zone of Fusarium oxysporum at seven days (a) plate 1 and (b) plate 2
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a
b
.
.
Figure 3. Inhibition zone of Xanthomonas campestris at forty eight hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate 2
a
b
.
.
Figure 4. Inhibition zone of Xanthomonas campestris at forty eight hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate 2
a
b
.
.
Figure 5. Inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum at twenty four hours (a) plate 1 and
(b) plate
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
a
a
b
.
.
Figure 6. Inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum at forty eight hours (a) plate1 and
(b) plate 2
a
a
..
a
b
.
.
Figure 7. Inhibition zone of Pectobacterium carotovorum at twenty four hours (a) plate1
and (b) plate 2
Figure 8.Inhibition zone of Pectobacterium carotovorum at forty eight hours (a) plate 1
a
and (b) plate 2
b
.
.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
pH of Different Sources of Mokusaku
All of the mokusaku shows varying effects on the specimens (Ralstonia solanacearum,
Pectobacterium carotovorum, Xanthomonas campestris and Fusarium oxysporum. Among
all the mokusaku sources, Gmelina vinegar is more acidic compared to the other vinegars.
In addition mokusaku are acidic, the effect of mokusaku pH on the ionization of the
phenolic compounds at pH 3.0, phenolic hydroxyl groups are ionized and antioxidant
activities of mokusaku (Bortolomeazzi et al., 2007). This study is collaborated to the study
of (Flower, CP. 1996) that the acidity of mokusaku had an effect to bacteria.
Table 5.pH of Different Sources of Mokusaku
Sources of Mokusaku
pH
Bamboo vinegar
3.47
Coconut husk vinegar
3.60
Gmelina vinegar
3.42
Jackfruit vinegar
3.74
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The first study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different ages and sources
of Mokusaku against selected major highland disease under laboratory condition.
Treatments used for the first study were based on fermentation ages from one month to six
months of age. No inhibitory effects were observed on Ralstonia solanacearum,
Xanthomonas campestris, Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium
oxysporum except for the check chemical (streptomycin) on bacterial pathogens.
Second study, treatments used was based on mokusaku sources like bamboo vinegar,
coconut husk vinegar, gmelina vinegar and jackfruit vinegar. Results of the study showed
that the different sources of mokusaku had a varying effect against Xanthomonas
campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum but no inhibitory
effect against Fusarium oxysporum. Results for twenty four hours of incubation, the
inhibition zone of Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris slightly increased
after forty eight hours. For Pectobacterium carotovorum the inhibition zones decreases
after forty eight hours.
Conclusion
Different sources of mokusaku had a varying effects on bacterial pathogens;
Xanthomonas campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Ralstonia solanacearum.
Recommendation
Follow-up experiments needs to be conducted to confirm the results obtained from
this study. This study under laboratory condition could be tested under field condition.
Efficacy of Mokusaku Against Selected Major Diseases Affecting Highland Vegetables |
BANGKIKO, REY B. MAY, 2013
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