BIBLIOGRAPHY TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Effect of
Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, to determine the effect of
climate changes on corn; to determine the awareness, knowledge and observations of the
communities on climate change and also to determine the strategies/coping mechanism
employed by farmers.
Sixty corn farmers were interviewed. Finding shows that, all of the respondents
were aware about climate change. Farmers observed abrupt changes in temperature, abrupt
changes in weather condition, La Nina and El Nino, occurrence of super typhoon and
prolong dry and wet season as perceived effect of climate change. The observed changes
in agro-ecological characteristics were the following: soil easily gets dry and flooded,
decreased supply of water for irrigation and changes in soil type and structure. Cropping
system was changed from intercropping to mono cropping. Farmers also adopt technology
for more convenient in farming. Application of fertilizers and herbicides were increasing
due to the depletion of soil as perceive by the respondents.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
The study recommends that farmers should reduce application of chemical inputs.
These inputs contribute to the global warming through evaporation of chemicals in the air
and contributing to climate change. Since climate change is due to pollution in the air and
soil, the farmers and all other individual should reduce utilization of chemicals. Farmers
should go back to traditional farming or utilize of organic inputs.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Climate is usually defined as “the average weather”. It is measured by observing
patterns in temperature, precipitation (such as rain or snow), wind and the days of sunlight
as well as other variables that might be measured at any given site. It is the manifestation
of a highly complex system consisting of five interacting components: the atmosphere (air),
the hydrosphere (water), cryosphere (frozen part of the earth), the land surface and the
biosphere (part of the earth where life exists (Tebtebba Foundation, 2008).
Climate change refers to any change in climate overtime, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity (anthropogenic causes). Climate change can
result from the interaction of the atmosphere and oceans (Tebtebba Foundation, 2008).
Corn (Zea mays) is second in value as a staple crop and its most highly valued crop
of all the cereal grains because of its invaluable and multifarious uses. About five million
or more inhabitants in Cebu, Eastern Visayas, Southern and Western Mindanao and Upper
Cagayan Valley use the crop as staple food crops. It is being utilized as human food, as
animal feeds and as raw materials in industries (Aban, 1992). Despite the continuous
advancement of technology in agriculture in the country, the average corn yield of 25-55
cavan per hectare remains to be relatively low (PCARRD, 1985). Several factors may
influence the yield such as variety, fertilizer, climate change and others.
The Province of Nueva Vizcaya is located in the heart of Northern Luzon. It
isgeographically located at southernmost part of Region II and is often referred to as the
gateway to vast Cagayan Valley region. It is bounded on the north by Ifugao, in the north
east by Isabela, east by Quirino, West by Benguet and south by Nueva Ecija.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the weather changes in the locality for the last 20 years?
2. What are the awareness, knowledge and observations of the communities on
climate change?
3. What are the observed effects of climate change to corn production?
4. What are the strategies/coping mechanism employed by farmers?
Objectives of the Study
1.
To determine/document weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years.
2. To determine the awareness, local knowledge and observations of the
communities on the climate change.
3. To identify observed effects of climate change on corn production.
4. To determine the strategies/coping mechanism employed by farmers.
Importance of the Study
This study would be able to unearth relevant information regarding the changes on the
cultural management practices of corn farmers and yield particularly in Nueva Vizcaya as
an impact of climate change. Climate change is felt all over the world and thus, the
government is into development of some strategies to cope up climate change
concentrating in how to reduce the effect to properties and lives.
The result of this study could be a basis in the development of plans to reduce the effect
of climate change to agricultural production specifically on corn production. This could be
a basis in production planning. Furthermore, the research could be a basis for other
researches of the same field of interest.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Scope and Delimitation
The study focused on the effect of climate change on corn production in Diadi,
Nueva Vizcaya.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Climate Change
Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole earth.
Climate change results from the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic factors. It is the
ultimate effect of global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UUNFCCC) put more emphasis on anthropogenic causes of climate change
particularly fossil fuel burning (Tebtebba Foundation, 2009). While the Earth’s climate has
always varied naturally over millennia, there is a scientific consensus that human activities
are now changing global climate. Precipitation patterns characterizing land areas of the
Northern Hemisphere have progressively changed. These changes include more rainfall in
the mid to high latitudes, and on the contrary, less rainfall in the sub tropics (FAO, 2006).
Climate Change in the Philippines
Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weatherpatterns over
periodsranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather
conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme
weather events). The Philippines, as a developing country and biodiversity hotspot, is
highly vulnerable to climate change impacts The Philippines has experienced temperature
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
spikes brought about by climate change. It has observed that warming is experienced most
in the Northern and Southern region of the country, while Metro Manila has warm less than
most parts. The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food
security. The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino
events and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural
productivity and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water stress, sea- level rise,
floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries
of Asia (Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes
in temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water
availability, pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all likely to affect substantially
the potential of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). These factors,
individually and cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural production. Moreover,
agricultural productivity will be depressed by increased climate variability and increased
intensity and frequency of extreme events such a drought and floods. During the El Nino
period crops become vulnerable to pest attacks and diseases. La Nina years bring heavy
rain, causing massive runoff, severe erosion of fertile soils, and inundation of agricultural
areas and aquaculture farms (ADB, 2009). Farmers have always had to cope with the
environment that surrounds them, gradually adapting to it. Most small-scale farmers have
to deal with insufficient resources, and many are trying to grow crops in soils which the
climate is changing and the resulting situations, weather temporary dry period or a
hurricane, only adds to the lists of challenges and to the sense of urgency.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
The Impacts of Climate Change on People and Food
Food security will depend on the inter-relationships between political and socio-economic
stability, technological progress, agricultural policies and prices, growth of per capital and
national incomes, poverty reduction, women's education, trade and climate variability.
Climate change, however, will affect food production because of shifts in temperature and
rainfall, people's access to food by lowering their income from coastal fishing because of
rising sea levels or lowering a country's foreign exchange earnings by the destruction of its
export crops because of the rising frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. Overall,
climate changes including global warming and increased climate variability could result in
a variety of impacts on agriculture.
Some of the impacts of climate change on food production which are already visible and
seem to be increasing are: Increased heat stress to crop and livestock, e.g. higher night
temperatures which could adversely affect grain formation and other aspects of crop
development, Increased evapo-transpiration rate caused by higher temperatures and lower
soil moisture levels.
Climate Change and Agriculture
The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security.
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino events
and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural productivity
and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rise, floods and
droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries of Asia
(Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes in
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water availability,
pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all likely to affect substantially the potential
of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). These factors, individually and
cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural production. Moreover, agricultural
productivity will be depressed by increased climate variability and increased intensity and
frequency of extreme events such a drought and floods. These factors further contribute to
the difficulties in estimating the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity (
Zhai and Zhuang, 2007).
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Local and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya. Three barangays was included in the
study, these were San Pablo, Arwas, and Escoting. The study was conducted on October
to November 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents were 60corn farmers. The respondents were chosen at random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data gathered from survey, interview
and transect walk. Survey questionnaire were distributed to the respondents. Data was
validated on the collection period of questionnaire. Weather data was taken from
PAGASA.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the physical features/climatological data, production methods,
yield, incidence of pest and diseases and coping mechanism of corn farmers on climate
change. Secondary data were the weather data such as rainfall and temperature.
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis
and other appropriate statistical tool.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of respondents as to their age, gender, educational attainment,
civil status and religion. Thirty percent of the respondents were aged 41-50 years old, 25%
were 51 to 60 years old, 20% were 31-40 years old, 12% were 21-30 years old and 10%
were 61-70 years old. Sixty three percent of the respondents were male and 37% were
female. This shows that corn farming is mostly done by males. Most (80%) of the
respondents were Roman Catholic, Other religious affiliation of the respondents were
Iglesia Ni Cristo, Pentecost, Espiritista, and Born Again Christian.
Forty two percent of the respondents had reached the elementary level, 32% had reached
high school, 25% had reached college and 2% vocational course. This implies that all the
respondents had attended formal education and were literate.
Most (93%) of the respondents were married. Majority (52%) of the respondents were
engaged in corn production for 26 years and more, 12% were engaged in corn production
for 21 to 25 years and the least is less than 5 years (3%). This shows that the respondents
had enough experienced in corn production.
Average Weather Data
Weather data as to average annual rainfall, and maximum and minimum temperature was
gathered from Nueva Vizcaya State University Weather Station and presented in Table 2.
The data shows that the highest rainfall (201.6 mm) was experienced in 2009. It implies
that there was heavy rainfall in that year. Year 2001 has the highest temperature (24.7to
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
28.6), this implies warm weather in that year and on 2008, had the lowest temperature at
24.5oC to 26.6oC.
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
BARANGAY
ARWAS ESCOTING SAN PABLO
TOTAL
(N=16)
(N=16)
(N=28)
PERCENTAGE
Age
21-30
3
3
1
12
31-40
2
6
4
20
41-50
5
5
8
30
51-60
2
1
12
25
61-70
3
1
2
10
71-80
1
0
1
3
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Gender
Female
3
10
9
33
Male
13
6
19
63
Religion
Roman Catholic
11
13
24
80
Iglesia Ni Cristo
2
1
1
7
Born Again
2
0
3
8
Espiritista
1
0
0
2
Pentecost
0
2
0
3
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
BARANGAY
ARWAS ESCOTING SAN PABLO
TOTAL
(N=16)
(N=16)
(N=28)
PERCENTAGE
Educational Background
Elementary
6
8
11
42
High school
5
5
9
32
College level
4
3
8
25
Vocational
1
0
0
2
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Marital Status
Married
14
15
27
93
Single
1
0
0
2
Widowed
1
1
1
5
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Years engaged in corn
production
10 years and below
2
3
0
8
11-15 years
1
1
3
8
16-20 years
0
5
7
20
21-25 years
4
1
2
12
26 and above
9
6
16
52
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Average Annual Rainfall and Temperature Data from 2001-2010 (PAGASA,
NVSU)
ANNUAL DATA
YEAR
RAINFALL (mm)
TEMPERATURE (oC)
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
2001
162.4
24.7
28.6
2002
110.6
24.3
27.5
2003
145.8
24.6
27.1
2004
170.0
24.6
27.1
2005
178.9
24.9
27.5
2006
213.0
24.6
27.3
2007
179.1
24.8
27.4
2008
164.9
24.5
26.6
2009
201.6
24.4
26.7
2010
161.7
25.7
28.1
Awareness on Climate Change
Table 3 shows the awareness of respondents to climate change. All of the
respondents in all areas were aware about climate change. Most (97%) of the respondents
observed abrupt changes in temperature, 82% mentioned abrupt changes in weather
condition, 65% mentioned La Nina and El Nino, 58% mentioned occurrence of super
typhoon and 53% mentioned prolong dry and wet season. This implies that the farmers in
the study area were aware of climate change and have experienced some observations on
changes in climate.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table3. Awareness and perception to climate change
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Awareness
Aware
60
100
Perception
Abrupt changes in temperature
52
87
Occurrence of super typhoon
35
58
Abrupt changes in weather
49
82
condition
Changes in season like prolong dry
32
53
and wet season
La Nina
39
65
El Nino
39
65
*Multiple Responses
Area of Corn Production
The area for corn production in the study sites from 1990 -2010 were shown in
Table 4. In the year 1990-2000 27% of the respondents had 3 hectares, followed by 17%
having 2 hectares, 15% with one hectare, 13% had 4 hectares, 12% had 5 hectares, 10%
had 1.5 hectares, five percent had 7-10 hectares and2% had 1.5 hectares. On the year 2001-
2010 more of the respondents had 3 hectares (27%), 17% had two hectares, 13% of the
respondents had 4 hectares, 12% had five hectares, one hectare had 9%, six percent had 1.5
hectares, 5% had 7-10 hectares and two percent had 1.75 hectares.
.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 4 .Area of corn production
AREA
1990-2000
2001-2010
(HECTARE)
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1
9
15
9
15
1.5
6
10
6
10
1.75
1
2
1
2
2
10
17
10
17
3
16
26
16
26
4
8
13
8
13
5
7
12
7
12
7-10
3
5
3
5
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Landscape of the Farm and Changes
Table 5 shows the landscape of the farm of the respondents. Most (83%) of the
respondents had sloping/swidden farm landscape, 7% had flat terrain, and terraced irrigated
(5%) and others had terraced unirrigated (3%) and 2% hilly.
Changes in agro-ecological profile of the farm were presented in the table based
on the observation of the respondents, more than half (55%) of the respondents observed
their farm and soil easily gets dry, 42% of the respondents observed their farm easily
getsflooded when there is heavy rains, 33% of the respondents observed decreased supply
of water for irrigation, 30% observed changed in soil type and texture, fertile soil became
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
unfertile, 27% observed low water holding capacity of the soil, and 13% observed
sloping area became a bit flatter due to land slides and flooding.
Causes/effect of these changes were; caused by weather condition (57%), 53% caused by
soil erosion (53%), caused by soil structure changes from porous to compact (35%), El
Nino (35%) and La Nina (35%), caused by scarcity of water supply (15%) and caused by
landslide in the farm (8%). The result implies that most of the changes and causes and
effects were negative.
Table 5. Landscape of the farm
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Landscape of the Farm
Sloping/swidden
50
83
Terraced irrigated
3
5
Terraced unirrigated
2
3
Flat terrain
4
7
Hilly
1
2
TOTAL
60
100
Changes in agro ecological profile
Sloping area became flat
8
13
Farm area easily get flooded
25
42
Farm/soil easily get dry
33
55
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Decrease supply of water
20
33
Changes in soil type and texture, fertile
18
30
became unfertile
Causes
Weather conditions
34
57
Soil structure changes from porous to
21
35
compact
Soil erosion
26
43
Supply of water became scarce
9
15
Landslide in the farm
5
8
El Nino
21
35
La Nina
21
35
*Multiple Responses
Crops Grown
Table 6a shows the kind of crops grown since 1990-2010. The respondents
practiced intercropping in the year 1990-2000. Farmers planted corn in the first cropping
(100%), and on the second cropping were the following: squash (20%), stringbeans (15%),
tomato (12%), peanut (7%), eggplant (3%), mungbean, sweetpotato, bitter gourd, and hot
pepper (2%). Monocropping of corn is practiced up to this period. Result shows that there
was no change as to the practice in corn production.
However, in terms of variety all the respondents have changed their variety of corn from
the native green corn to hybrid yellow corn intended for animal feeds, though there were
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
still some planting green corn but no longer the native varieties but improved varieties
introduced by the Department of Agriculture (Table 6b).
The reasons of changing were provide higher yield (74%), easy to manage (64%),
resistance to pests and diseases (24%), adopted to weather and climate change (18%).
These reasons brought better yield (78%), provided higher income (41%), more of the
respondents adopt abrupt changes in weather or temperature (31%) and better demand in
the market (26%).These shows their shifting in cropping system from intercropping to
monocropping.
Table 6a. Crops grown
1990-2000
2001-2010
CROPS
CROPPING TOTAL TOTAL CROPPING TOTAL TOTAL
SYSTEM
F
(%)
SYSTEM
F
(%)
Mungbean
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
String beans
intercropping
9
15
-
-
-
Peanut
intercropping
4
7
-
-
-
Squash
intercropping
12
20
-
-
-
Sweetpotato
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Tomato
intercropping
7
12
-
-
-
Bitter gourd
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Eggplant
intercropping
2
3
-
-
-
Hot chilli
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Corn
intercropping
60
100
Mono
60
100
cropping
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 6b.Changing of corn variety, reasons and effects
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Changes on corn variety
Changed
60
100%
Reasons of changing variety
Provide higher yield
44
74
Resistance to pests and diseases
14
24
Easy to manage
38
64
Adopted to weather changes
10
18
Adopted to climate change
10
18
These reasons lead to
Better demand in the market
15
26
Provided higher income
24
41
More adopted to abrupt changes in weather or
18
31
temperature
Better yield
46
78
*Multiple Responses
Changes in Production/Cultural
Management Practices
The farmers have mentioned that their production practices had changed from
manual to the use of chemical in the control of weeds, from traditional to conventional
production to control pest and diseases. Table 7 shows the changes in production/cultural
management practices from 1990-2010. Weeding in 1990-2000 was done twice (53%)
through manual weeding with the use of sickle or bolo, while in 2001-2010, weeding was
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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done twice (32% of the respondents) or some (23%) were done once through the use of
herbicide or weedicide. Before farm operation the farmers spray herbicide or weedicide or
combine depending on the types of weeds present in the area. In 1990 – 2000, there were
already some farmers who were already using herbicide but usage is minimal and farmers
used knapsack sprayer. Currently, most (80%) were using power sprayer to spray
herbicide.
Fertilizer application specifically in basal, it was done once (53%) through manual or by
using their foot to mix fertilizer with the soil, while in 2000-2010 it was also done once
(72%) through the use of Plantilla. Plantilla is a tool used in planting; it is elongated with
a hole inside. They used this tool for faster and more convenient in planting ad also in the
application of fertilizer. Farmers also apply fertilizer through sidedressing. Side dressing
is done once or twice through plowing but in 2001 to 2010 is done through plantilla. This
implies that the technology in farming is improving with the use of new farm implements.
Volume of Fertilizers Used
Table 8 shows the changes on the volume of fertilizers used. All the respondents were using
T-14 paired with urea (1:1). More of the respondents were using 2:2 bags and 4:4 bags per
hectare of fertilizer on 1990-2000 (25%), eighteen percent used 3:3 bags, 17% used 6:6
bags, 7% used 7:7 bags and two percent used 10:10 and also 1:1 bag. While on 2001-2010
more of the respondents were used 8:8 bags per hectare (32%), 13% used 2:2 bags, twelve
percent used 4:4 and 10:10 bags, 8% used 6:6 bags, 3:3 bags used (7%), 5% used 5:5, and
two percent used 7:7. This result implied that farmers had increased the amount of
fertilizers applied. This is their way of coping climate change and increase production
because soil fertility depleted.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Changes in production/cultural management practices
1990-2000
2001-2010
ACTIVITIES
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
Weeding
Once
13
Manual picking
23
Spraying
herbicide
Twice
53
32
Thrice
8
7
Spraying
Once
22
Knapsack
2
Power sprayer
sprayer
Twice
2
80
Thrice
-
5
Fertilizer Application
Basal
Once
53
Manual (they
72
“Plantilla”
Twice
7
used their feet)
12
Thrice
2
2
Side Dressing
Once
55
Plowing
67
“Plantilla”
Twice
8
13
Harvesting
60
Manual
60
Packaging
60
Sacks
60
Sacks
material
Packaging material
60
Sacks
60
Sacks
Application of Herbicide
Kind of herbicides used by corn farmers is shown in Table 9. Result shows that in 1990 to
2000, the farmers were not using herbicide in their field, however, in 2001 to 2010 or even
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
at present, farmers use herbicide to control weeds. All the respondents were now using
herbicide. The farmer mixed 4 liters or 1 gallon with 200 L of water per one hectare in the
farm. On the kind of herbicide used; 33% used Spit fire, 22% used Clear out, 17% used
Pounds, 12% used Power, 10% used Round up and 7% used Demolition.
Changes in Yield of Crops
The average marketable yield is shown in Table 10a. In 1990-2000, 23% of the respondents
yielded 100cavansduring their first cropping and 18% yielded 100cavans during their
second cropping.
Table 8. Changes on the volume of fertilizer used
RATIO OF T14 PAIRED
1990-2000
2001-2010
WITH UREA PER
HECTARE
F
%
F
%
1:1
1
2
-
-
2:2
15
25
8
13
3:3
11
18
4
7
4:4
15
25
7
12
5:5
-
-
3
5
6:6
10
17
5
8
7:7
4
7
2
2
8:8
-
-
19
32
9:9
-
-
-
-
10:10
1
2
7
12
Table 9. Application of herbicide
1990-2000
2001-2010
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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NAME OF
VOLUME
PERCENTAGE
VOLUME
PERCENTAGE
HERBICIDE
PER
PER
HECTARE
HECTARE
Clear out
-
-
4L
22
Spit fire
-
-
4L
33
Round up
-
-
4L
10
Pounds
-
-
4L
17
Power
-
-
4L
12
Demolition
-
-
4L
7
TOTAL
100
Table 10b shows the average non marketable yield. In 1990-2000, 23% of the respondents
had five percent non marketable during their first cropping. 14% had ten percent non
marketable on their second cropping. On the year 2001-2010, 22% of the respondents had
five percent non marketable yield during their first cropping and 18% of them had ten
percent non marketable yield during their second cropping. The farmers who mentioned
that their non-marketable yield was 50 to 75% because the farmers used seeds from
previous harvest instead of purchasing a certified seeds from Municipal Agriculture Office
or from certified seed growers. According to some respondents, if you plant seeds from
previous harvest, the yield or no yield will be obtained. Thus, every planting season
farmers buy seeds from certified seed growers.
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Incidence of Pests and Diseases
Table 11 shows the incidence of pests and diseases. Leaf hopper is one of the major pests
that attacked corn in 2001-2010 during wet season. Another pest are the rats, that attacked
plants during dry season. Stem borer is another problem of corn farmers which is a
perennial problem. Another pest is the corn borer, which is most attacked observed in 1990-
2000 during wet season, birds is also another problem which attacks the corn during dry
season.
On diseases, the incidence of root rotting during the wet and dry season was one of the
problems encountered by farmers in corn production. Powdery mildew was also observed
in 1990-2000 during wet season. The incidence of pest and diseases was observed to be
moderate to high incidence. On the presence of birds that attacked the corn the incidence
was during the wet season. It implies that, in every year, pests and diseases are one of the
major problems of corn farmers.
Table10a. Average marketable yield
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD
CORN
1990-2000
2001-2010
PRODUCTION
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
PER HECTARE
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
(CAVAN)
F
%
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
30
2
3
-
-
2
3
-
-
40
-
-
1
2
-
-
1
2
50
8
13
7
12
8
13
5
8
60
5
8
3
5
5
8
4
7
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Table 10a. Continued…
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD
CORN
1990-2000
2001-2010
PRODUCTION
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
PER HECTARE
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
(CAVAN)
F
%
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
70
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
80
5
8
1
2
3
5
1
2
90
4
7
4
7
5
8
3
5
100
14
23
6
10
11
18
7
12
120
6
10
17
28
3
5
13
22
130
1
2
10
17
3
5
7
12
Table10 b. Average non- marketable yield
AVERAGE NON MARKETABLE YIELD
PERCENTAGE
1990-2000
2001-2010
PER HECTARE
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
5
14
23
2
3
13
22
2
3
10
8
13
14
23
5
8
11
18
15
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
2
20
4
7
-
-
5
8
5
8
25
5
8
3
5
5
8
4
7
30
2
3
3
5
2
3
2
3
50
1
2
7
12
2
3
7
12
60
-
-
4
7
-
-
5
8
75
2
3
5
8
1
2
5
8
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Table11. Pests and diseases
1990-2000
2001-2010
PESTS AND
MEAN
MEAN
DISEASES
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Corn borer
3.68
3.35
2.48
2.39
Leaf hopper
3.4
3.4
3.54
3.23
Stem borer
3
3
3
3
Rat
3
3.44
3.25
3.56
Bird
2.5
3.5
1.5
2
Root rotting
4
3
3.17
4
Powdery
3.25
2.67
3
2.71
Mildew
Legend:0-1.0 None 2.1-3.0 Moderate
1.1- 2.0 Low 3.1-4.0 High
Control Measures of Pests and Disease
Table 12 shows the control measures employed by the respondents on pests and diseases.
Most (80%) of the respondents control pest and diseases with the use of chemicals, five
percent use biological control and 3% controlled by manual picking.Respondents who
practice manual picking have smaller area and incidence was low. Results show that corn
farmers use chemical to control pest and diseases.
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Coping Mechanism
Table 13 shows the coping mechanisms employed by the farmers. Majority (60%) changed
the variety of corn, 52% changed or adjusted cropping period, some (22%) used of
fertilizers and herbicides (22%), and 15% planned production program and implemented.
Table 12 . Control measures of pests and diseases
CONTROL MEASURES ON PESTS AND
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
DISEASES
Use of chemical
49
82
Biological control
3
5
Manual picking
2
3
Table13 . Coping mechanism
COPING MECHANISM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Change or adjust cropping period
31
52
Plan production program and implement
9
15
Change variety of corn
36
60
More use of fertilizers and herbicide
13
22
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the effect of climate change in corn production was conducted at
Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya on October 2011. Three barangays was included in the study, these
were Arwas, Escoting and San Pablo. The respondents were 60 corn farmers. Primary data
gathered from survey, interview and transect walk. Secondary data was taken from
PAGASA at Nueva Vizcaya State University.
This study aimed to determine the weather changes in the locality for the last 20 years,
awareness, knowledge and observations of the communities on the climate change,
observed effects of climate change on corn production and the strategies/coping
mechanisms employed by the farmers.
All the corn farmers were aware of the climate change and perceived that climate change
is abrupt changes in weather and temperature, the occurrence of super typhoon, the
prolonged dry and wet season (El Nino and La Nina). Farmers observed abrupt changes in
temperature, abrupt changes in weather condition, La Nina and El Nino, occurrence of
super typhoon and prolong dry and wet season as perceived effect of climate change. The
observed changes in agro-ecological characteristics were the following: soil easily gets dry
and flooded, decreased supply of water for irrigation and changes in soil type and structure.
Cropping system was changed from intercropping to mono cropping. Farmers also adopt
technology for more convenient in farming. Application of fertilizers and herbicides were
increasing due to the depletion of soil. Using chemicals were the most control measures of
pests and diseases the farmers employed. Changed the variety of corn, adjusted cropping
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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period, some used of fertilizers and herbicides and planned production program and
implemented were the strategies/coping mechanisms of the farmers employed.
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the researcher concludes that climate change has
an effect on corn production due to increasing application of chemicals and other inorganic
farm inputs. Farmers experience reduction in yield, occurrence of pests and diseases, soil
depletion, changes in soil texture and structure and it becomes compact.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended that farmers should reduce application of
chemical inputs. These inputs contribute to the global warming through evaporation of
chemicals in the air and contributing to climate change. Since climate change bring
experience is due to pollution in the air and soil, the farmers and all other individual should
reduce utilization of chemicals. Farmers should go back to traditional farming or utilization
of organic inputs. The government should inform farmers about effect of technologies or
practices that contributes to global warming. Information dissemination should be done
about climate change.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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LITERATURE CITED
ABAN, B. 1992. Influence of Various Techniques of Drying on the Storage Quality of
Rice, Corn, Peanut, Seeds Pp 1.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in
Southeast Asia: A Regional Review. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ Economics -
Climate Change-SEA/economics-climate change.pdf.
JABINES, A. and J. INVENTOR. 2007. The Philippines: A Climate Hotspot Climate
Change Impacts and the Philippines. Greenpeace Southeast Asia. Retrieved October
1, 2011 from http:// www. greenpeace.org/raw /content /seasia/en/ press/reports /the-
phillipines-a-climate-hot.pdf.
PCARRD. 1985. Research Highlights. UPLB-IPB.
TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2008. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous People.
Foundation, Philippines
TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2009. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples.
2nd ed. Tebtebba Foundation, Philippines
ZHAI, F., and J. ZHUANG. 2007. Agricultural Impact of Climate Change: A General
Equilibrium Analysis with Special References to Southeast Asia. ADBI Working Paper
131. Tokyo: Asia Development Bank Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2011 from http://
www.adbi. org/workingpaper /2009/02/23/2887. agricultural.impact. climate.change/.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Effect of
Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, to determine the effect of
climate changes on corn; to determine the awareness, knowledge and observations of the
communities on climate change and also to determine the strategies/coping mechanism
employed by farmers.
Sixty corn farmers were interviewed. Finding shows that, all of the respondents
were aware about climate change. Farmers observed abrupt changes in temperature, abrupt
changes in weather condition, La Nina and El Nino, occurrence of super typhoon and
prolong dry and wet season as perceived effect of climate change. The observed changes
in agro-ecological characteristics were the following: soil easily gets dry and flooded,
decreased supply of water for irrigation and changes in soil type and structure. Cropping
system was changed from intercropping to mono cropping. Farmers also adopt technology
for more convenient in farming. Application of fertilizers and herbicides were increasing
due to the depletion of soil as perceive by the respondents.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
The study recommends that farmers should reduce application of chemical inputs.
These inputs contribute to the global warming through evaporation of chemicals in the air
and contributing to climate change. Since climate change is due to pollution in the air and
soil, the farmers and all other individual should reduce utilization of chemicals. Farmers
should go back to traditional farming or utilize of organic inputs.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Climate is usually defined as “the average weather”. It is measured by observing
patterns in temperature, precipitation (such as rain or snow), wind and the days of sunlight
as well as other variables that might be measured at any given site. It is the manifestation
of a highly complex system consisting of five interacting components: the atmosphere (air),
the hydrosphere (water), cryosphere (frozen part of the earth), the land surface and the
biosphere (part of the earth where life exists (Tebtebba Foundation, 2008).
Climate change refers to any change in climate overtime, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity (anthropogenic causes). Climate change can
result from the interaction of the atmosphere and oceans (Tebtebba Foundation, 2008).
Corn (Zea mays) is second in value as a staple crop and its most highly valued crop
of all the cereal grains because of its invaluable and multifarious uses. About five million
or more inhabitants in Cebu, Eastern Visayas, Southern and Western Mindanao and Upper
Cagayan Valley use the crop as staple food crops. It is being utilized as human food, as
animal feeds and as raw materials in industries (Aban, 1992). Despite the continuous
advancement of technology in agriculture in the country, the average corn yield of 25-55
cavan per hectare remains to be relatively low (PCARRD, 1985). Several factors may
influence the yield such as variety, fertilizer, climate change and others.
The Province of Nueva Vizcaya is located in the heart of Northern Luzon. It
isgeographically located at southernmost part of Region II and is often referred to as the
gateway to vast Cagayan Valley region. It is bounded on the north by Ifugao, in the north
east by Isabela, east by Quirino, West by Benguet and south by Nueva Ecija.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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Statement of the Problem
1. What are the weather changes in the locality for the last 20 years?
2. What are the awareness, knowledge and observations of the communities on
climate change?
3. What are the observed effects of climate change to corn production?
4. What are the strategies/coping mechanism employed by farmers?
Objectives of the Study
1.
To determine/document weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years.
2. To determine the awareness, local knowledge and observations of the
communities on the climate change.
3. To identify observed effects of climate change on corn production.
4. To determine the strategies/coping mechanism employed by farmers.
Importance of the Study
This study would be able to unearth relevant information regarding the changes on the
cultural management practices of corn farmers and yield particularly in Nueva Vizcaya as
an impact of climate change. Climate change is felt all over the world and thus, the
government is into development of some strategies to cope up climate change
concentrating in how to reduce the effect to properties and lives.
The result of this study could be a basis in the development of plans to reduce the effect
of climate change to agricultural production specifically on corn production. This could be
a basis in production planning. Furthermore, the research could be a basis for other
researches of the same field of interest.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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Scope and Delimitation
The study focused on the effect of climate change on corn production in Diadi,
Nueva Vizcaya.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Climate Change
Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole earth.
Climate change results from the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic factors. It is the
ultimate effect of global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UUNFCCC) put more emphasis on anthropogenic causes of climate change
particularly fossil fuel burning (Tebtebba Foundation, 2009). While the Earth’s climate has
always varied naturally over millennia, there is a scientific consensus that human activities
are now changing global climate. Precipitation patterns characterizing land areas of the
Northern Hemisphere have progressively changed. These changes include more rainfall in
the mid to high latitudes, and on the contrary, less rainfall in the sub tropics (FAO, 2006).
Climate Change in the Philippines
Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weatherpatterns over
periodsranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather
conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme
weather events). The Philippines, as a developing country and biodiversity hotspot, is
highly vulnerable to climate change impacts The Philippines has experienced temperature
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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spikes brought about by climate change. It has observed that warming is experienced most
in the Northern and Southern region of the country, while Metro Manila has warm less than
most parts. The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food
security. The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino
events and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural
productivity and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water stress, sea- level rise,
floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries
of Asia (Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes
in temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water
availability, pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all likely to affect substantially
the potential of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). These factors,
individually and cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural production. Moreover,
agricultural productivity will be depressed by increased climate variability and increased
intensity and frequency of extreme events such a drought and floods. During the El Nino
period crops become vulnerable to pest attacks and diseases. La Nina years bring heavy
rain, causing massive runoff, severe erosion of fertile soils, and inundation of agricultural
areas and aquaculture farms (ADB, 2009). Farmers have always had to cope with the
environment that surrounds them, gradually adapting to it. Most small-scale farmers have
to deal with insufficient resources, and many are trying to grow crops in soils which the
climate is changing and the resulting situations, weather temporary dry period or a
hurricane, only adds to the lists of challenges and to the sense of urgency.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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The Impacts of Climate Change on People and Food
Food security will depend on the inter-relationships between political and socio-economic
stability, technological progress, agricultural policies and prices, growth of per capital and
national incomes, poverty reduction, women's education, trade and climate variability.
Climate change, however, will affect food production because of shifts in temperature and
rainfall, people's access to food by lowering their income from coastal fishing because of
rising sea levels or lowering a country's foreign exchange earnings by the destruction of its
export crops because of the rising frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. Overall,
climate changes including global warming and increased climate variability could result in
a variety of impacts on agriculture.
Some of the impacts of climate change on food production which are already visible and
seem to be increasing are: Increased heat stress to crop and livestock, e.g. higher night
temperatures which could adversely affect grain formation and other aspects of crop
development, Increased evapo-transpiration rate caused by higher temperatures and lower
soil moisture levels.
Climate Change and Agriculture
The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security.
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino events
and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural productivity
and aquaculture will ensue due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rise, floods and
droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries of Asia
(Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes in
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
temperatures and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water availability,
pests, disease, and extreme weather events are all likely to affect substantially the potential
of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). These factors, individually and
cumulatively, lead to reductions in agricultural production. Moreover, agricultural
productivity will be depressed by increased climate variability and increased intensity and
frequency of extreme events such a drought and floods. These factors further contribute to
the difficulties in estimating the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity (
Zhai and Zhuang, 2007).
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Local and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya. Three barangays was included in the
study, these were San Pablo, Arwas, and Escoting. The study was conducted on October
to November 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents were 60corn farmers. The respondents were chosen at random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data gathered from survey, interview
and transect walk. Survey questionnaire were distributed to the respondents. Data was
validated on the collection period of questionnaire. Weather data was taken from
PAGASA.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the physical features/climatological data, production methods,
yield, incidence of pest and diseases and coping mechanism of corn farmers on climate
change. Secondary data were the weather data such as rainfall and temperature.
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis
and other appropriate statistical tool.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of respondents as to their age, gender, educational attainment,
civil status and religion. Thirty percent of the respondents were aged 41-50 years old, 25%
were 51 to 60 years old, 20% were 31-40 years old, 12% were 21-30 years old and 10%
were 61-70 years old. Sixty three percent of the respondents were male and 37% were
female. This shows that corn farming is mostly done by males. Most (80%) of the
respondents were Roman Catholic, Other religious affiliation of the respondents were
Iglesia Ni Cristo, Pentecost, Espiritista, and Born Again Christian.
Forty two percent of the respondents had reached the elementary level, 32% had reached
high school, 25% had reached college and 2% vocational course. This implies that all the
respondents had attended formal education and were literate.
Most (93%) of the respondents were married. Majority (52%) of the respondents were
engaged in corn production for 26 years and more, 12% were engaged in corn production
for 21 to 25 years and the least is less than 5 years (3%). This shows that the respondents
had enough experienced in corn production.
Average Weather Data
Weather data as to average annual rainfall, and maximum and minimum temperature was
gathered from Nueva Vizcaya State University Weather Station and presented in Table 2.
The data shows that the highest rainfall (201.6 mm) was experienced in 2009. It implies
that there was heavy rainfall in that year. Year 2001 has the highest temperature (24.7to
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
28.6), this implies warm weather in that year and on 2008, had the lowest temperature at
24.5oC to 26.6oC.
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
BARANGAY
ARWAS ESCOTING SAN PABLO
TOTAL
(N=16)
(N=16)
(N=28)
PERCENTAGE
Age
21-30
3
3
1
12
31-40
2
6
4
20
41-50
5
5
8
30
51-60
2
1
12
25
61-70
3
1
2
10
71-80
1
0
1
3
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Gender
Female
3
10
9
33
Male
13
6
19
63
Religion
Roman Catholic
11
13
24
80
Iglesia Ni Cristo
2
1
1
7
Born Again
2
0
3
8
Espiritista
1
0
0
2
Pentecost
0
2
0
3
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
BARANGAY
ARWAS ESCOTING SAN PABLO
TOTAL
(N=16)
(N=16)
(N=28)
PERCENTAGE
Educational Background
Elementary
6
8
11
42
High school
5
5
9
32
College level
4
3
8
25
Vocational
1
0
0
2
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Marital Status
Married
14
15
27
93
Single
1
0
0
2
Widowed
1
1
1
5
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Years engaged in corn
production
10 years and below
2
3
0
8
11-15 years
1
1
3
8
16-20 years
0
5
7
20
21-25 years
4
1
2
12
26 and above
9
6
16
52
TOTAL
16
16
28
100
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
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Table 2. Average Annual Rainfall and Temperature Data from 2001-2010 (PAGASA,
NVSU)
ANNUAL DATA
YEAR
RAINFALL (mm)
TEMPERATURE (oC)
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
2001
162.4
24.7
28.6
2002
110.6
24.3
27.5
2003
145.8
24.6
27.1
2004
170.0
24.6
27.1
2005
178.9
24.9
27.5
2006
213.0
24.6
27.3
2007
179.1
24.8
27.4
2008
164.9
24.5
26.6
2009
201.6
24.4
26.7
2010
161.7
25.7
28.1
Awareness on Climate Change
Table 3 shows the awareness of respondents to climate change. All of the
respondents in all areas were aware about climate change. Most (97%) of the respondents
observed abrupt changes in temperature, 82% mentioned abrupt changes in weather
condition, 65% mentioned La Nina and El Nino, 58% mentioned occurrence of super
typhoon and 53% mentioned prolong dry and wet season. This implies that the farmers in
the study area were aware of climate change and have experienced some observations on
changes in climate.
Documentation on the Effect of Climate Change on Corn Production in Diadi, Nueva
Vizcaya | TABAGO, CRYSTAL GEM T. APRIL 2012
Table3. Awareness and perception to climate change
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Awareness
Aware
60
100
Perception
Abrupt changes in temperature
52
87
Occurrence of super typhoon
35
58
Abrupt changes in weather
49
82
condition
Changes in season like prolong dry
32
53
and wet season
La Nina
39
65
El Nino
39
65
*Multiple Responses
Area of Corn Production
The area for corn production in the study sites from 1990 -2010 were shown in
Table 4. In the year 1990-2000 27% of the respondents had 3 hectares, followed by 17%
having 2 hectares, 15% with one hectare, 13% had 4 hectares, 12% had 5 hectares, 10%
had 1.5 hectares, five percent had 7-10 hectares and2% had 1.5 hectares. On the year 2001-
2010 more of the respondents had 3 hectares (27%), 17% had two hectares, 13% of the
respondents had 4 hectares, 12% had five hectares, one hectare had 9%, six percent had 1.5
hectares, 5% had 7-10 hectares and two percent had 1.75 hectares.
.
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Table 4 .Area of corn production
AREA
1990-2000
2001-2010
(HECTARE)
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1
9
15
9
15
1.5
6
10
6
10
1.75
1
2
1
2
2
10
17
10
17
3
16
26
16
26
4
8
13
8
13
5
7
12
7
12
7-10
3
5
3
5
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Landscape of the Farm and Changes
Table 5 shows the landscape of the farm of the respondents. Most (83%) of the
respondents had sloping/swidden farm landscape, 7% had flat terrain, and terraced irrigated
(5%) and others had terraced unirrigated (3%) and 2% hilly.
Changes in agro-ecological profile of the farm were presented in the table based
on the observation of the respondents, more than half (55%) of the respondents observed
their farm and soil easily gets dry, 42% of the respondents observed their farm easily
getsflooded when there is heavy rains, 33% of the respondents observed decreased supply
of water for irrigation, 30% observed changed in soil type and texture, fertile soil became
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unfertile, 27% observed low water holding capacity of the soil, and 13% observed
sloping area became a bit flatter due to land slides and flooding.
Causes/effect of these changes were; caused by weather condition (57%), 53% caused by
soil erosion (53%), caused by soil structure changes from porous to compact (35%), El
Nino (35%) and La Nina (35%), caused by scarcity of water supply (15%) and caused by
landslide in the farm (8%). The result implies that most of the changes and causes and
effects were negative.
Table 5. Landscape of the farm
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Landscape of the Farm
Sloping/swidden
50
83
Terraced irrigated
3
5
Terraced unirrigated
2
3
Flat terrain
4
7
Hilly
1
2
TOTAL
60
100
Changes in agro ecological profile
Sloping area became flat
8
13
Farm area easily get flooded
25
42
Farm/soil easily get dry
33
55
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Table 5. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Decrease supply of water
20
33
Changes in soil type and texture, fertile
18
30
became unfertile
Causes
Weather conditions
34
57
Soil structure changes from porous to
21
35
compact
Soil erosion
26
43
Supply of water became scarce
9
15
Landslide in the farm
5
8
El Nino
21
35
La Nina
21
35
*Multiple Responses
Crops Grown
Table 6a shows the kind of crops grown since 1990-2010. The respondents
practiced intercropping in the year 1990-2000. Farmers planted corn in the first cropping
(100%), and on the second cropping were the following: squash (20%), stringbeans (15%),
tomato (12%), peanut (7%), eggplant (3%), mungbean, sweetpotato, bitter gourd, and hot
pepper (2%). Monocropping of corn is practiced up to this period. Result shows that there
was no change as to the practice in corn production.
However, in terms of variety all the respondents have changed their variety of corn from
the native green corn to hybrid yellow corn intended for animal feeds, though there were
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still some planting green corn but no longer the native varieties but improved varieties
introduced by the Department of Agriculture (Table 6b).
The reasons of changing were provide higher yield (74%), easy to manage (64%),
resistance to pests and diseases (24%), adopted to weather and climate change (18%).
These reasons brought better yield (78%), provided higher income (41%), more of the
respondents adopt abrupt changes in weather or temperature (31%) and better demand in
the market (26%).These shows their shifting in cropping system from intercropping to
monocropping.
Table 6a. Crops grown
1990-2000
2001-2010
CROPS
CROPPING TOTAL TOTAL CROPPING TOTAL TOTAL
SYSTEM
F
(%)
SYSTEM
F
(%)
Mungbean
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
String beans
intercropping
9
15
-
-
-
Peanut
intercropping
4
7
-
-
-
Squash
intercropping
12
20
-
-
-
Sweetpotato
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Tomato
intercropping
7
12
-
-
-
Bitter gourd
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Eggplant
intercropping
2
3
-
-
-
Hot chilli
intercropping
1
2
-
-
-
Corn
intercropping
60
100
Mono
60
100
cropping
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Table 6b.Changing of corn variety, reasons and effects
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Changes on corn variety
Changed
60
100%
Reasons of changing variety
Provide higher yield
44
74
Resistance to pests and diseases
14
24
Easy to manage
38
64
Adopted to weather changes
10
18
Adopted to climate change
10
18
These reasons lead to
Better demand in the market
15
26
Provided higher income
24
41
More adopted to abrupt changes in weather or
18
31
temperature
Better yield
46
78
*Multiple Responses
Changes in Production/Cultural
Management Practices
The farmers have mentioned that their production practices had changed from
manual to the use of chemical in the control of weeds, from traditional to conventional
production to control pest and diseases. Table 7 shows the changes in production/cultural
management practices from 1990-2010. Weeding in 1990-2000 was done twice (53%)
through manual weeding with the use of sickle or bolo, while in 2001-2010, weeding was
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done twice (32% of the respondents) or some (23%) were done once through the use of
herbicide or weedicide. Before farm operation the farmers spray herbicide or weedicide or
combine depending on the types of weeds present in the area. In 1990 – 2000, there were
already some farmers who were already using herbicide but usage is minimal and farmers
used knapsack sprayer. Currently, most (80%) were using power sprayer to spray
herbicide.
Fertilizer application specifically in basal, it was done once (53%) through manual or by
using their foot to mix fertilizer with the soil, while in 2000-2010 it was also done once
(72%) through the use of Plantilla. Plantilla is a tool used in planting; it is elongated with
a hole inside. They used this tool for faster and more convenient in planting ad also in the
application of fertilizer. Farmers also apply fertilizer through sidedressing. Side dressing
is done once or twice through plowing but in 2001 to 2010 is done through plantilla. This
implies that the technology in farming is improving with the use of new farm implements.
Volume of Fertilizers Used
Table 8 shows the changes on the volume of fertilizers used. All the respondents were using
T-14 paired with urea (1:1). More of the respondents were using 2:2 bags and 4:4 bags per
hectare of fertilizer on 1990-2000 (25%), eighteen percent used 3:3 bags, 17% used 6:6
bags, 7% used 7:7 bags and two percent used 10:10 and also 1:1 bag. While on 2001-2010
more of the respondents were used 8:8 bags per hectare (32%), 13% used 2:2 bags, twelve
percent used 4:4 and 10:10 bags, 8% used 6:6 bags, 3:3 bags used (7%), 5% used 5:5, and
two percent used 7:7. This result implied that farmers had increased the amount of
fertilizers applied. This is their way of coping climate change and increase production
because soil fertility depleted.
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Table 7. Changes in production/cultural management practices
1990-2000
2001-2010
ACTIVITIES
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
Weeding
Once
13
Manual picking
23
Spraying
herbicide
Twice
53
32
Thrice
8
7
Spraying
Once
22
Knapsack
2
Power sprayer
sprayer
Twice
2
80
Thrice
-
5
Fertilizer Application
Basal
Once
53
Manual (they
72
“Plantilla”
Twice
7
used their feet)
12
Thrice
2
2
Side Dressing
Once
55
Plowing
67
“Plantilla”
Twice
8
13
Harvesting
60
Manual
60
Packaging
60
Sacks
60
Sacks
material
Packaging material
60
Sacks
60
Sacks
Application of Herbicide
Kind of herbicides used by corn farmers is shown in Table 9. Result shows that in 1990 to
2000, the farmers were not using herbicide in their field, however, in 2001 to 2010 or even
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at present, farmers use herbicide to control weeds. All the respondents were now using
herbicide. The farmer mixed 4 liters or 1 gallon with 200 L of water per one hectare in the
farm. On the kind of herbicide used; 33% used Spit fire, 22% used Clear out, 17% used
Pounds, 12% used Power, 10% used Round up and 7% used Demolition.
Changes in Yield of Crops
The average marketable yield is shown in Table 10a. In 1990-2000, 23% of the respondents
yielded 100cavansduring their first cropping and 18% yielded 100cavans during their
second cropping.
Table 8. Changes on the volume of fertilizer used
RATIO OF T14 PAIRED
1990-2000
2001-2010
WITH UREA PER
HECTARE
F
%
F
%
1:1
1
2
-
-
2:2
15
25
8
13
3:3
11
18
4
7
4:4
15
25
7
12
5:5
-
-
3
5
6:6
10
17
5
8
7:7
4
7
2
2
8:8
-
-
19
32
9:9
-
-
-
-
10:10
1
2
7
12
Table 9. Application of herbicide
1990-2000
2001-2010
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NAME OF
VOLUME
PERCENTAGE
VOLUME
PERCENTAGE
HERBICIDE
PER
PER
HECTARE
HECTARE
Clear out
-
-
4L
22
Spit fire
-
-
4L
33
Round up
-
-
4L
10
Pounds
-
-
4L
17
Power
-
-
4L
12
Demolition
-
-
4L
7
TOTAL
100
Table 10b shows the average non marketable yield. In 1990-2000, 23% of the respondents
had five percent non marketable during their first cropping. 14% had ten percent non
marketable on their second cropping. On the year 2001-2010, 22% of the respondents had
five percent non marketable yield during their first cropping and 18% of them had ten
percent non marketable yield during their second cropping. The farmers who mentioned
that their non-marketable yield was 50 to 75% because the farmers used seeds from
previous harvest instead of purchasing a certified seeds from Municipal Agriculture Office
or from certified seed growers. According to some respondents, if you plant seeds from
previous harvest, the yield or no yield will be obtained. Thus, every planting season
farmers buy seeds from certified seed growers.
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Incidence of Pests and Diseases
Table 11 shows the incidence of pests and diseases. Leaf hopper is one of the major pests
that attacked corn in 2001-2010 during wet season. Another pest are the rats, that attacked
plants during dry season. Stem borer is another problem of corn farmers which is a
perennial problem. Another pest is the corn borer, which is most attacked observed in 1990-
2000 during wet season, birds is also another problem which attacks the corn during dry
season.
On diseases, the incidence of root rotting during the wet and dry season was one of the
problems encountered by farmers in corn production. Powdery mildew was also observed
in 1990-2000 during wet season. The incidence of pest and diseases was observed to be
moderate to high incidence. On the presence of birds that attacked the corn the incidence
was during the wet season. It implies that, in every year, pests and diseases are one of the
major problems of corn farmers.
Table10a. Average marketable yield
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD
CORN
1990-2000
2001-2010
PRODUCTION
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
PER HECTARE
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
(CAVAN)
F
%
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
30
2
3
-
-
2
3
-
-
40
-
-
1
2
-
-
1
2
50
8
13
7
12
8
13
5
8
60
5
8
3
5
5
8
4
7
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Table 10a. Continued…
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD
CORN
1990-2000
2001-2010
PRODUCTION
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
PER HECTARE
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
(CAVAN)
F
%
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
70
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
80
5
8
1
2
3
5
1
2
90
4
7
4
7
5
8
3
5
100
14
23
6
10
11
18
7
12
120
6
10
17
28
3
5
13
22
130
1
2
10
17
3
5
7
12
Table10 b. Average non- marketable yield
AVERAGE NON MARKETABLE YIELD
PERCENTAGE
1990-2000
2001-2010
PER HECTARE
FIRST
SECOND
FIRST
SECOND
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
CROPPING
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
F
(%)
5
14
23
2
3
13
22
2
3
10
8
13
14
23
5
8
11
18
15
-
-
-
-
1
2
1
2
20
4
7
-
-
5
8
5
8
25
5
8
3
5
5
8
4
7
30
2
3
3
5
2
3
2
3
50
1
2
7
12
2
3
7
12
60
-
-
4
7
-
-
5
8
75
2
3
5
8
1
2
5
8
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Table11. Pests and diseases
1990-2000
2001-2010
PESTS AND
MEAN
MEAN
DISEASES
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Corn borer
3.68
3.35
2.48
2.39
Leaf hopper
3.4
3.4
3.54
3.23
Stem borer
3
3
3
3
Rat
3
3.44
3.25
3.56
Bird
2.5
3.5
1.5
2
Root rotting
4
3
3.17
4
Powdery
3.25
2.67
3
2.71
Mildew
Legend:0-1.0 None 2.1-3.0 Moderate
1.1- 2.0 Low 3.1-4.0 High
Control Measures of Pests and Disease
Table 12 shows the control measures employed by the respondents on pests and diseases.
Most (80%) of the respondents control pest and diseases with the use of chemicals, five
percent use biological control and 3% controlled by manual picking.Respondents who
practice manual picking have smaller area and incidence was low. Results show that corn
farmers use chemical to control pest and diseases.
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Coping Mechanism
Table 13 shows the coping mechanisms employed by the farmers. Majority (60%) changed
the variety of corn, 52% changed or adjusted cropping period, some (22%) used of
fertilizers and herbicides (22%), and 15% planned production program and implemented.
Table 12 . Control measures of pests and diseases
CONTROL MEASURES ON PESTS AND
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
DISEASES
Use of chemical
49
82
Biological control
3
5
Manual picking
2
3
Table13 . Coping mechanism
COPING MECHANISM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Change or adjust cropping period
31
52
Plan production program and implement
9
15
Change variety of corn
36
60
More use of fertilizers and herbicide
13
22
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the effect of climate change in corn production was conducted at
Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya on October 2011. Three barangays was included in the study, these
were Arwas, Escoting and San Pablo. The respondents were 60 corn farmers. Primary data
gathered from survey, interview and transect walk. Secondary data was taken from
PAGASA at Nueva Vizcaya State University.
This study aimed to determine the weather changes in the locality for the last 20 years,
awareness, knowledge and observations of the communities on the climate change,
observed effects of climate change on corn production and the strategies/coping
mechanisms employed by the farmers.
All the corn farmers were aware of the climate change and perceived that climate change
is abrupt changes in weather and temperature, the occurrence of super typhoon, the
prolonged dry and wet season (El Nino and La Nina). Farmers observed abrupt changes in
temperature, abrupt changes in weather condition, La Nina and El Nino, occurrence of
super typhoon and prolong dry and wet season as perceived effect of climate change. The
observed changes in agro-ecological characteristics were the following: soil easily gets dry
and flooded, decreased supply of water for irrigation and changes in soil type and structure.
Cropping system was changed from intercropping to mono cropping. Farmers also adopt
technology for more convenient in farming. Application of fertilizers and herbicides were
increasing due to the depletion of soil. Using chemicals were the most control measures of
pests and diseases the farmers employed. Changed the variety of corn, adjusted cropping
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period, some used of fertilizers and herbicides and planned production program and
implemented were the strategies/coping mechanisms of the farmers employed.
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the researcher concludes that climate change has
an effect on corn production due to increasing application of chemicals and other inorganic
farm inputs. Farmers experience reduction in yield, occurrence of pests and diseases, soil
depletion, changes in soil texture and structure and it becomes compact.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, it is recommended that farmers should reduce application of
chemical inputs. These inputs contribute to the global warming through evaporation of
chemicals in the air and contributing to climate change. Since climate change bring
experience is due to pollution in the air and soil, the farmers and all other individual should
reduce utilization of chemicals. Farmers should go back to traditional farming or utilization
of organic inputs. The government should inform farmers about effect of technologies or
practices that contributes to global warming. Information dissemination should be done
about climate change.
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