BIBLIOGRAPHY DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Impact of
Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip
Itogon, Benguet. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in mango producing area of Dalupirip, Itogon, Benguet,
to document the climatic changes for the last 20 years. Forty mango producers were
interviewed to document the awareness, local knowledge, and observations of farmers, the
effects of climate change in aspects such as demographic profile of the study, production
practices, incidence of pest and diseases and other production problems, and strategies or
coping mechanism employed.
The findings showed that all farmers at Dalupirip, Itogon, Benguet depend on
farming and climate change has an effect on mango production in the past 20 years in terms
of weather and climatological data. Climate changes are experienced by the respondents
although not aware of the word, but describe it by their own understanding regarding the
phenomena. Moreover, mango producers adapt the climatic change that arises in the area.
Farmers perceived a positive and negative effect of climate change to mango production.
Problems encountered by the farmers include were environmental factors such as
pest attacking the plant, bad weather condition such as typhoon and storms.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
It is therefore recommended that any concerned agencies should train and/or teach
farmers the strategies and or introduce integrated pest management on how to cope up with
these arising pests and diseases, and most especially, the phenomena observed. Moreover,
farmers should minimize the usage and/or application of inorganic fertilizers and instead
practice organic agriculture.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Mango is one of the most popular and important fruits of the Philippines. As an
export crop, its full potential is yet to be exploited. But the crop is notorious for its erratic
flowering and highly seasonal bearing habits. The mango is best adapted to a warm tropical
monsoon climate with a pronounced dry season (>3 months) followed by rains. However,
information from other countries indicates that crops cultivated for a long time over an
extended area show a high degree of diversity due to varied environmental influences.
The mango, because of its attractive appearance and the very pleasant taste of
selected cultivars—is claimed to be the most important fruit of the tropics. It has been
touted as ‘apple of the tropics’ but has also been described as a ‘ball of tow soaked in
turpentine and molasses’ by critics. It is one of the most delicious fruits there is, although
it has undesirable features including coarse fibrous strands through the flesh and the
pungent and turpentine flavors of some cultivars.
Demand for mango in our developing country and other countries are very much
increasing. However, production can be affected with changes in weather conditions or
climate change. Climate change, triggered by global warming, is a creeping, very slow-
start phenomenon, which is why it is hardly noticeable in our daily lives. It is when extreme
events happen more often, when some species are slowly vanishing or when shorelines are
little by little advancing, that suspicion of some changes in the global system is taking
place. Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Among the various climatic factors, temperature, rainfall and humidity have a
greater bearing on mango production than irrigation and soils. Furthermore, the production
of high quality mango fruit does not depend so much on elevation but on the range of
temperatures available. The two important considerations for mango cultivation are a dry
period at the time of flowering and sufficient heat during the time of fruit ripening. For
optimum growth and productivity, 20–26°C is believed to be ideal. Temperatures
exceeding 40°C may, especially in hot/dry areas, lead to sunburn of fruits and stunting of
tree growth. Although not very impressive, mango trees of selected cultivars have been
observed at elevations of up to about 1900 m. However, for more successful crops areas
below 1200 m should be considered.
The amount of rainfall in a given locality is not as important as its intensity and
distribution. Rainfall of 500–1000 mm at the right time of the year is sufficient for
successful cultivation. However, the mango cannot do well in areas which experience
frequent rains or very high humidity during the flowering period. Such conditions are not
conducive to good fruit set and they increase the incidence of serious diseases like powdery
mildew and anthracnose. Anthracnose can be a major problem as the same organism occurs
on avocado, coffee and papaya caused by Glomerella unguilata. It can lowers mango
production and it can be recognized by dark-brown circular to oval spots on the twigs and
leaves of mango. Pink moist masses of spores of the fungus are produced on dead areas
under moist conditions. Powdery mildew is quite common when low temperatures
accompany high humidity.
Climate change is a major concern for mango production. Although this
phenomenon is a global issue, its effect is felt locally. Climate irregularities are already
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
affecting global food production and it will probably have even more impact on years to
come. Carbon dioxide or CO2, a major greenhouse gas is a primary cause of global
warming. Human activities provide a major source of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere by
burning lots of fuels leading to the degradation of stratospheric ozone and increasing
biologically harmful ultraviolet-B radiation. The main expected impacts of climate change
will come as a result of climate variability due to changes in precipitation, increase in
temperature and sea level rise. In terms of sector impacts, some of these include changes
in agricultural yields for crops such as mango. Changes in land use, as a consequence, of
changes in rainfall pattern which will push people to migrate to higher elevations where
soil is less fertile causing the rate of conversion of forest to agricultural lands to increase
increasing greenhouse emissions.
In contrast to predictions of mass disruptions to mango production and their
resulting adverse social and environmental impacts, some components of global change
may benefit plants. Carbon dioxide is a substrate for photosynthesis. As atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels increase, photosynthesis rates and crop productivity may increase.
Similarly, global warming may increase the duration of the cropping season in temperature
and higher latitudes.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study could serve as a guide for farmers to program flower
inducing activities to reduce losses due to climate change. Furthermore, the result can also
be a guide for researches, institutions to identify technologies for specific situation of
climatic change.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
The results of the study would also serve as a guide for other researchers and
students whom are interested to venture on the same research.
It would also help the mango growers to improve their production scheme to
combat or cope up with the effect of global climate change.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the weather changes for the past 20 years?
2. What are the levels of awareness of mango growers in the study area regarding
climate change?
3. What are the demographic profiles of the study area?
4. What are the changes in production practices employed by the mango growers
in Itogon?
5. What are the incidence of pest and diseases arises in the study area?
6. What are the constraints encountered by the mango growers and coping
mechanism to combat climate change?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to document and investigate the effect of climate change on mango
production at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Document climatic changes for the last 20 years;
2. Determine the awareness, local knowledge and observations of farmers in the
said locality regarding climate change;
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
3. Determine the effects of climate change on the following aspects:
a. Changes in the demographic profile of the study area;
b. Changes in the production practices of mango crop;
c. Incidence of pest and diseases and other production problem;
4. Determine strategies or coping mechanisms employed by mango growers.
Scope and Delimitation
This study is concerned about the impact of climate change to the production of
mango crop in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mango
The mango crop is a deep-rooted, evergreen plant which can develop into huge
trees, especially on deep soils. The height and shape varies considerably among seedlings
and cultivars. Under optimum climatic conditions, the trees are erect and fast growing and
the canopy can either be broad and rounded or more upright. Seedling trees can reach more
than 20 m in height while grafted ones are usually half that size. The tree is long-lived with
some specimens known to be over 150 years old and still producing fruit. The mature leaves
are simple, entire, leathery, dark green and glossy; they are usually pale green or red while
young. They are short-pointed, oblong and lanceolate in shape and relatively long and
narrow, often measuring more than 30 cm in length and up to 13 cm in width (Salim et.al.,
2002). New leaves are formed in periodic flushes about two to three times a year.
Mango is successfully grown on a wide range of soils. The trees do well in sandy
soils at the coastline as well as on loam, and black cotton at other elevations. The essential
prerequisites for good development of the trees are deep soils (at least 3 m), appropriate
rainfall (500–1000 mm), good drainage, suitable altitude (0–1200 m) and preferably a pH
value of between 5.5 and 7.5. The tree itself is not difficult to grow and, once well
established, is relatively tolerant of drought, occasional flooding and poor soil condition.
Irrigation in the first years after planting promotes flushing (and suppresses flowering), so
that tree size increases quickly. Irrigation also widens the scope for intercropping, for
example, with papaya, banana, pineapple or vegetables, during the establishment phase.
When the trees are big enough to produce a substantial crop, irrigation is stopped, or at
least interrupted long enough to impose quiescence leading to flower initiation.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Climate Change and Its Impact
Climate change is defined by Asian Development Bank (2009) as the variation in
the Earth’s global climate or regional climates over time scales ranging from decades to
millions of years. Changes may be driven by internal processes, external factors or, most
recently, by human activities. Pulse Asia describes climate change as “any long-term
significant change in the average weather that a given region experience.” It can be caused
by dynamic processes on earth, variations in sunlight intensity, and in the past hundreds of
years by human activities such as clearing of forests, technology and industry (ABS-CBN,
2010).
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) put
more emphasis on anthropogenic causes of climate change particularly fossil fuel burning
(Tebtebba Foundation, 2009). The Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as cited in FAO (2006) states that “there is new and
stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable
to human activities”. Global average temperature increased about 0.6 C over the 20th
century. However, Rincon and Virtucio (2008) in their report, Climate Change in the
Philippines: A Contribution to the Country Environmental Analysis, debate that the
average global temperature increase is higher at 0.74C. The increase results to decreasing
extent of snow cover and ice while average sea levels and ocean heat content have both
risen. This is supported by NASA findings which show that the five highest global annual
average surface temperatures recorded in more than a century occurred only on the last 10
years (in 2005, 1998, 2003 and 2004 in descending order). Precipitation patterns
characterizing land areas of the Northern Hemisphere have progressively changed. These
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
changes include more rainfall in the mid to high latitudes and, on the contrary, less rainfall
in sub-tropics.
Warming would be particularly evident and rapid in land areas, with special
reference those placed in high latitudes and during winter. Globally, precipitation is
projected to rise, with the occurrence of more rainfall and larger annual variations in some
regions and less in others. Average sea level would rise by 0.09-0.88 meters between 1999-
2100. Unusual weather events would likely increase, including for instance greater
frequency and intensity of El Niño type of weather patterns. According to these projections,
many territories will experience intensified rainfalls; more violent cyclones will intervene
in tropical areas while mid-latitude continental would be at risk of drought (FAO, 2006).
Poverty is the primary result of climate change. Climate irregularities affect our
agriculture and food security, fresh water supply, and furthermore health constraints. As
one farmer stated “sugal id niman men garden” (farming is a game of chance). This is
evident in the fact that farmers are badly affected with climate change as observed in the
increase of the new pest and diseases, crop destruction due to El Niño, La Niño, decreasing
water volume and disruption of agricultural calendar. Quality of life is said to be
deteriorating in statements such as “rumigrigat ti biag” (life is more difficult).
Climate Change in the Philippines and Its Impact
The Philippines, as a developing country and a biodiversity hotspot, is highly
vulnerable to climate change impacts. As stated by Dr. Josefino Comiso, a senior scientist
at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “The Philippines is not
emitting a lot of carbon dioxide, but it’s going to be a victim of climate change” (Burgonio,
2008).
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
The IPCC ranks Philippines as 4th in the Global Climate Risk Index. The index
exposes the true cost of climate change which is not limited to economic losses but also
human lives, cultural heritage and ecosystems (Jabines and Inventor, 2007). Furthermore,
the country is said to be one of the most natural disaster-prone countries due to a
combination of high incidence of typhoons, floods, landslides, droughts, volcanoes,
earthquake, and the country’s considerable vulnerability to these hazards (Rincon and
Virtucio, 2008).
According to Dr. Leoncio Amadore, although it cannot be conclusively proven that
a single event was or was not, affected by global warming, current scientific evidence
strongly suggests that hurricanes and typhoons tend to become more destructive as ocean
temperatures rise. Extreme weather events that our country has experienced recently “have
one thing in common – persistent torrential rains, causing landslides and flash floods,
killing people and destroying properties and the environment along its path."
The coastal ecosystems of the country are under major treat. As an archipelago
which has the second largest coral reef cover in the world and a 36, 286 kilometers coastline
which is roughly the equivalent of the Earth’s circumference, the Philippines is at threat
from large-scale impacts of climate change on the ocean. The coral reefs, in particular, are
under immediate threat from massive bleaching due to warming of ocean temperature
thereby endangering millions of inhabitants such as algae and hundreds of species of fish
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2009). Of the 16 regions in the Philippines, only one is not
vulnerable to sea level rise. However, this region, the mountainous Cordillera
Administrative Region, is highly at risk from typhoons and variability in precipitation
(Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Climate change would also impinge on indigenous peoples and their customs and
livelihood that are deeply rooted in the well-being of the environment, devaluing their
“contribution to the conservation and protection of biological diversity and ecosystems
which is crucial for the prevention of climate change, thereby, hindering their capabilities
to mitigate climate change as well as to adapt to climate change as well. Tebtebba
Foundation (2009) in its guide book on climate change states that though indigenous people
have the least contribution to climate change as result of their harmonious interaction with
their environment, they would be one of the most affected groups by climate change
because they inhabit fragile environments.
Climate change’s impact on the Philippines is most often associated with extreme
weather disturbances such as typhoons and floods, which, in turn, affect many other sectors
of economic life. Extreme weather conditions such as harsher storms, more frequent El
Niño and La Niña and others are expected to intensify with climate change. The country,
in particular being situated along the western rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a belt of active
volcanoes and major earthquake faults, and the Pacific typhoon belt, disaster resulting from
stronger and more frequent typhoons are very likely. As argued by Dr. Comiso, “if you
have a warmer ocean, you get more evaporation. You also get stronger typhoons in the
process”. Furthermore Dr. Leoncio Amadore, a leading Filipino meteorologist, reported
that the more frequent occurrence of severe El Niño and La Niña events, as well as deadly
and damaging typhoons and other severe storms, floods in the Philippines is likely local
manifestation of global climate trends (Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Climate Change and Agriculture
Agriculture plays an important role in our economy. Without agriculture, man
cannot survive. Agriculture sector provides food and vital raw materials for the rest of the
economy. Moreover, agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the
importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. The sector
most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security. With the
significant variations in climate change and its element such as increasing temperature,
changing rainfall pattern and increasing intensity, stronger and ill-timed typhoon, and
others, many effects are perceived.
Farmers observed that the occurrence of pest and/or introduction of new pest and
plant diseases have a seasonality and is affected by increase temperature. The warmer
temperature causes faster evaporation, thus, more frequent watering of the vegetable crops
is required. A warm weather makes crops and animals susceptible to diseases, the hotter
the weather, the lower the resistance of the crops and animals to diseases. It has been widely
acknowledged that colder climate have a limiting effect to the occurrence of pests and
diseases; with climate getting warmer, increasing pests is expected. Crop destruction is
also imminent. Since the country is visited annually by an average of 20 typhoons (PAG-
ASA), it is also expected that crop loss due to this phenomenon is high. (ISRD-BSU,
2010).
Decrease in crop yield is an indicator of climate change. Erratic and extreme
weather conditions can bring animals and human diseases. Lesser water supply for
irrigation is also experienced during the summer brought by the El Niño phenomenon. The
disruption of the agricultural calendar
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during El Niño events
and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural productivity
and aquature will ensue due to the thermal and water-stress, sea-level rise, floods and
droughts and tropical cyclones would diminish food security (Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
Planting time and growing season of mango have been changing due to erratic
patterns of precipitation. Farmers, particularly those who depend on rainfall for water
supply, have to take more risks in growing crops. When hit by El Niño in the middle of the
growing season, the shortage of water will impair crop growth and consequently reduce its
potential yield. During the El Niño period, mango becomes vulnerable to pest attacks and
diseases. La Niña years bring heavy rains, causing runoff, severe erosion of fertile soils,
and inundation of agricultural areas (ADB, 2009).
Some mango growers whom are knowledgeable adapt the challenging climate
through adjustment of planting/harvesting dates or changes in fertilization rates, and
irrigation application. Farmers with limited financial resources and farming systems with
few adaptive technological priorities available to limit or reverse adverse climate change
may suffer significant disruption and financial loss for relatively small changes in crop
yields and productivity of these farms may be located in areas more likely to suffer yield
losses (Reilly, 1992).
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Definition of terms
Climate, a composite generalization of day-to-day weather condition over a long
period of time
Weather, is the momentary state of the atmosphere. Primarily, weather is a
combination of four elements: (1) temperature, (2) precipitation/humidity, (3) wind and
(4) air pressure.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet where mango growers had
constraints regarding the crop. The study was conducted on December, 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the mango crop farmers producing mangoes in
Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet. Total enumeration was employed in the selection of the
respondents and where there were 40 mango producers. These farmers served as the source
of information/data.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data was gathered through
survey and interview. Personal interview was employed with the aid of interview guide
and field observation or transect walk to validate data gathered from interview. Secondary
data on weather was gathered from PAG-ASA- Baguio City. Other data such as agro-
demographic profile was gathered from Barangay Officials.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are the physical features, yield of production, and level of
knowledge and observations of farmers related to climate change.
Data Analysis
The data collected was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using
frequency/descriptive analysis and other appropriate statistical tool.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
The socio-demographic profile of the respondents include their age, gender, civil
status, educational attainment/background, number of year/s engaged in mango production,
major source of income, and other sources of livelihood. These are presented in Table 1.
Age. One fourth of the respondents belonged to the age bracket of 41-50 years old.
The mean age of the respondents was 46.8 years. The youngest respondent was 19 years
old while the oldest was 74 years old.
Gender. Majority of the survey respondents were males.
Civil status. There were 60% of the respondents who were married, and only 27.5%
were single.
Educational attainment. Some (37.5%) of the respondents have graduated high
school and 12.5% were elementary graduates. Only 20% of the respondents hold a degree
in college. This emphasized that most of the farmers in the locality have attended formal
education.
Years engaged in mango production. The table further revealed that 25% of the
respondents have been producing mango for almost 26 years and above. 12.5% of the
respondents have been engaged in mango production for 21-25 years, 12.5% for 5-10 years,
and less than 5 years.
Sources of income. The major source of income of the respondents was farming.
Other sources of income include mining (22.5%), business (10%), and teaching, carpentry
works, and private employee (2.5%).
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age (years)
`
14-20
1
2.50
21-30
8
20.00
31-40
5
12.50
41-50
10
25.00
51-60
7
17.50
61-70
5
12.50
71-80
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Mean age - 46.8
Gender
Male
26
65.00
Female
14
35.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Civil status
Married
24
60.00
Single
11
27.50
Widow/widower
3
7.50
Separated
2
5.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Educational attainment
Elementary level
1
2.50
Elementary graduate
5
12.50
High school level
2
5.00
High school graduate
15
37.50
Vocational graduate
1
2.50
College level
5
12.50
College graduate
8
20.00
Undergraduate
3
7.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Number of year/s engaged in mango production (year)
Less than 5
5
12.50
5-10
5
12.50
11-15
7
17.50
16-20
8
20.00
21-25
5
12.50
26 and above
10
25.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sources of income
Farming
40
100.00
Business related
4
10.00
Mining
9
22.50
Government employee
1
2.50
Teaching
1
2.50
Carpentry
1
2.50
Private employee
1
2.50
Weather Data
Table 2 shows the weather data from year 1990 to year 2010. High relative humidity
was experienced in the year 2001 which was 86.67 average mean. In the year 1997, data
shows that there was a rise in temperature which was 28.770C while the minimum
temperature was experienced in the year 1999 which was 12.320C. In year 1990, it was
experienced that there is a high rainfall at 15.07 mms while the lowest was in the year 2006
at 2.06 mms. The weather data shows that from 1990 to 2010 there is a gradual increase
and decrease yearly in temperature.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Table 2. Average weather data from 1990-2010 observed in Baguio-PAGASA
RELATIVE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
RAINFALL
YEAR
HUMIDITY (%)
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
AMOUNT
(0C)
(0C)
(mms)
1990
80.92
23.50
14.95
15.07
1991
----
----
----
----
1992
81.83
23.36
13.66
13.92
1993
85.17
23.53
13.99
9.90
1994
84.92
23.42
13.77
9.39
1995
84.50
23.71
14.24
10.93
1996
84.17
23.92
14.38
8.66
1997
83.83
28.77
13.99
6.56
1998
85.33
24.80
13.12
14.64
1999
85.75
23.63
12.32
14.73
2000
85.83
23.88
17.98
6.53
2001
86.67
24.14
15.81
12.19
2002
83.25
23.81
15.03
11.42
2003
----
23.50
14.70
9.92
2004
----
24.04
14.81
14.68
2005
80.17
24.55
19.99
2.75
2006
79.00
25.16
19.31
2.44
2007
82.09
24.61
19.35
6.31
2008
84.19
24.80
19.00
2.06
2009
86.00
24.74
18.99
5.00
2010
86.17
24.54
16.32
9.60
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
Agro- Ecological Profile of the Respondents
Total farm area. In the study, the interviewee used the Department of
Agriculture’s1995 classification of farm size in the Cordillera Administrative Region
which was benchmarked as follows: a) small scale (less than 0.25 hectare or 2500 m2); b)
medium-scale (more than 0.25 hectare but less than 1 hectare or >2500 m2, <10,000 m2);
c) large-scale (more than 1 hectare or >10,000m2. Overall, 35% of the mango farmer’s
land areas fall under small-scale farms and medium scale farms. Only 30% were recorded
to be cultivating large-scale farms.
Farm land tenure. The table revealed that most (90%) of the respondents owned the
land they utilized for mango production. Only 7.5% of the respondents rented the land for
mango production. There was one (2.5%) of the respondent who takes good care of the
land and at the same time manages the land and care for the mango trees.
Fruits other than mango/vegetables produce. Majority of the respondents have
papaya, jackfruit plant in their farm. Other crops are grown in the farm in order to maximize
the land. It was identified that only 12 farmers (34.29%) respondents plant rice. Table 3
revealed that the respondents were producing vulnerable crops which are pears, lanzones,
and rambutan.
Mango trees in the farm. Majority of the respondents have 81 to 120 mango trees
in their farm area. Only 2.5% among the 40 respondents have 201 and above mango trees.
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Table 3. Agro- ecological profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Farm size
Small-scale farms
14
35.00
Medium-scale farms
14
35.00
Large-scale farms
12
30.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Farm land tenure
Own land
36
90.00
Rented land
3
7.50
Caretaker
1
2.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Fruits other than mango/
vegetables in the farm
Papaya
35
87.50
Banana
21
52.50
Avocado
26
65.00
Jackfruit
29
72.50
Rice
12
30.00
Coconut
22
55.00
Soursop
13
32.50
Star-apple
3
7.50
Pomelo
4
10.00
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Table 3 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Citrus
1
2.50
Custard apple
2
5.00
Pears
1
2.50
Lanzones
2
5.00
Rambutan
3
7.50
Chico
3
7.50
Coffee
1
2.50
Casava
1
2.50
Eggplant
5
12.50
Mango trees in farm
1-40
7
17.50
41-80
9
22.50
81-120
16
40.00
121-160
4
10.00
161-200
3
7.50
201 & above
1
2.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Perceptions on Climate Change
Awareness on climate change. Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable on
what climatic change is. A few (5%), however, claimed that they were not aware of climate
change. This implies that all the respondents were aware on climatic irregularities that are
happening nowadays.
Changes in the climate. In the study site 75% of the surveyed respondents noted a
significant increase in temperature. Comments like, “subra ampetang tadta sunga dagijay
han nga agbunga ah prutas ditoy ket nagsibunga dan” (nowadays, the heat is unbearable,
that is the reason why fruit bearing trees that are not bearing fruits in the pasts years are
bearing fruits now). Most (71.05%) of the respondents observed extremes in temperature
within a daily scale. During morning, the temperature is observably cold and during night
time the air is cool as stated by a respondent, (“teg-in nu agsapa, rabie met ket mayat angin
na”). However, at midday the heat of the sun is extremely hot. Some (39.27%) of the
respondents observed that there was abrupt changes or rise in temperature, 47.39% of the
respondents observed that there was an irregularity in rain pattern and 31.58% respondents
claimed that there is stronger rainfall intensity. Rainfall intensity refers to the volume of
precipitation per unit time.
This general observation of respondents is supported by related literature.
Climatological data from 1951 to 2005 by Rosalina de Guzman, a Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Administration (PAGASA) weather expert, showed that
Benguet and Baguio City are experiencing more warm days, or periods of maximum
temperatures, and fewer cold days, or periods of minimum temperature. It is projected that
the province would experience an average or mean temperature increase of 0.80C to 10C
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by 2020 and from 1.70C to 2.10C by 2050. Benguet PAGASA verified that the increase in
temperature and rainfall are two manifestations of climate change (Upnorth Tribune, 2010).
An increase of even 10C would be considered as critical. As stated by Dr. Josefino Comiso,
a senior scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and a
contributing author to the report on climate change of Nobel winner Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change, if you change the temperature by even a fraction of a degree to
1 degree, a lot of species could disappear.
The rainfall pattern is also observed to be irregular by 55.26% of the respondents
as reflected in their statement “ijy mysa barangay nga nalabasan mi ket agtudtudo ditoy
ketdi ket awan pulos pati arbis awan met lang” (in the other barangay, it is raining while in
our area there’s no rain neither drizzle). Majority (55.26%) of the respondents observed
that there is occurrences of super typhoon in this locality and 18.42% of the respondents
observed that there is change in wind direction while 39.47% observed that the wind is
stronger as jokingly stated by the respondent as “nu agangin kala maitayab ti nuang ko
ngem awan met gayam nuang ko” (when the wind blew as if it will blow my carabao but,
I have no carabao at all) and “kala nga ada ti ipu-ipo en, kala maitayab py en ti kay-kayo”
(as if there is tornado, standing trees were likely to be uprooted). Some (21.05%) of the
respondents observed that there was abrupt changes in weather conditions while 28.95%
observed that there is changes in seasons like prolong dry or wet season. This was verified
by the respondent as stated “tatdta nga panawen, atidog ti tiempo en ti panagtutudo kasta
met ti tiempo ti kapudotan” (there is a long wet and dry season nowadays). Almost half of
the respondents (42.11%) observed the El Niño and La Niña phenomena while 15.79%
knew that one of the effects of climate change is longer drought.
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View on climate change. The table 4 shows that there were 39.47% of the
respondents who have positive and negative view regarding climate change. Another
42.11% of the respondents claimed that they have a positive view regarding climate change
and 23.68% have negative view regarding this phenomenon. This implies that respondents
have neither good nor bad interaction regarding climate change. Positive view, it is because
fruits just like lanzones and/or rambutan which were found in the lowlands can bear fruit
nowadays. Negative, because of climatic irregularities experienced an occurrence of new
pest and diseases were observed just like the scab, and others. As stated by one of the
respondents, “idi awan dayta peste tadta ada” (in the recent years the pest was not observed
but nowadays they were arising). It is either positive or negative, because climate changes
have good and bad effects in the locality.
Main sources of information. Radio (86.84%) and television (73.68%) were the
accessible source of information in the locality, which is three-fourths of the respondents.
Mango growers, especially rely on local radio stations for information regarding new
technology for farming. For most (73.68%), had a personal observations on changes in
climate which contributed to their level of awareness regarding this phenomenon. It is also
interesting to note that very few of the respondents received information from local
government unit which is 10.53% and government agencies which is 18.42%.
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Table 4. Perceptions on climate change
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Awareness to Climate Change
Aware
35
95.00
Unaware
5
5.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Changes in the climate
Increase of temperature
30
78.94
Extreme hot (noon)- extreme cold (am/pm)
27
71.05
Abrupt changes in temperature
15
39.47
Stronger rain fall intensity
12
31.58
Irregular rain pattern
21
55.26
Occurrence of super typhoons
21
55.26
Change in wind direction
7
18.42
Stronger wind
15
39.47
Abrupt changes in weather conditions
8
21.05
Changes in seasons like prolong dry/wet season
11
21.05
La Niña
16
42.11
El Niño
16
42.11
Longer drought
6
15.79
Perception or view on climate change
Positive
16
42.11
Negative
9
23.68
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Table 4 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Both positive and negative
15
39.47
TOTAL
40
100.00
Main sources of information
TV
28
73.68
Newspaper
20
52.63
School
3
7.89
Family/friends
7
18.42
Personal experience/observations
28
73.68
Radio
33
86.84
Internet
7
18.42
Government Agency
7
18.42
Local Government Agency(LGU)
4
10.53
Production Practices
Type of area for production. Table 5 shows that 82.5% of the respondents utilized
a sloping area for production. Seven (17.5%) of the respondents have a flat terrain for
mango production.
Cropping system practices. Majority (65.5%) of the mango producers do practice
intercrop crops such as leguminous crops, rice, and especially fruit bearing trees. Only
32.5% of the respondents do not suggest intercrop crops. According to the respondents,
intercropping was helpful in maintaining the nutrient of the soil and for the control of pests
and diseases.
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Changes in farm landscape/topography. Among the 40 respondents 62.6% of them
had a change in farm topography from year 1990 to present. Only 37.5% of the respondents
did not suffer from these changes. The table shows that most (84%) among the 25
respondents that have a change in their farm landscape have incurred a change in soil
structure, 80% has a change in soil fertility, and 8% claimed that there area for production
which is sloping became flat.
Causes of changes in farm topography. Table 5 shows that most (80%) of the 25
respondents who claimed that there is a change in farm landscape mentioned that the cause
is the changing weather. Only 16% of the respondents claimed that supply of water became
scarce because of changing weather and landslides in the neighboring farm. 36% claimed
that the change of farm landscape is because of landslides in the farm and 24% is because
of human intervention. Another cause also of change in farm landscape is due to El Niño
(36%) and La Niña (28%).
Changes in practices from year 1990 to present. Three-fourths of the mango
growers incurred a change in practices from year 1990 to present and only 25% do not have
changes in practices. Spraying with potassium has increased from 53.33% of the year 1990
to 2000 into 76.67% of the remaining years to present. Spraying with insecticide has also
increased from 36.67% to 83.33% while spray of fungicide also increased from 30% to
40%. Spray of herbicide has also increased from 3.33% to 10%. Among the 40 mango
growers only 33.33% of them do not spray chemicals from 1990 to 2000 while these
present years mostly of the respondents spray chemicals. Smudging or smoking during the
years 1990 to present was also practiced. Fertilizer application is practiced by some
(16.67%) during the years 1990 to 2000 while most (80%) of the respondents do fertilize
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the mango crop from 2001 to present. This indicates that fertilizer application is common
in the locality, and spraying of chemicals to control pest and diseases had also increased.
Table 5. Production practices
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Type of area for production
Sloping area
33
82.50
Flat terrain
7
17.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Cropping system practices
Intercropping
27
67.50
Mono-cropping
13
32.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Causes of changes in farm landscape/topography
Weather conditions
20
80
Supply of water became scarce
4
16
Landslides in the farm
9
36
Landslides of neighboring farm
4
16
Human intervention
6
24
El Niño
9
36
Table 5 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
La Niña
7
28
Changes in practices from 1990 to present
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There are changes
30
75.00
No change
10
67.50
Change from 1990 to 2000
Spraying with potassium
16
53.33
Spraying with insecticide
11
36.67
Spraying with fungicide
9
30.00
Spraying with herbicide
1
3.33
No spraying
10
33.33
Smudging/smoking
13
43.33
Fertilization
5
16.67
Change from 2001 to present
Spraying with potassium
23
76.67
Spraying with insecticide
25
83.33
Spraying with fungicide
12
40.00
Spraying with herbicide
3
10.00
Smudging/smoking
3
10.00
Fertilization
32
80.00
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Changes in Yield per Mango Tree
Table 6 revealed that three-fourths of the respondents incurred a change in the
average yield per mango tree per season. Twenty-five percent (25%) of the mango growers
did not observed change in the average yield per mango tree. A productive tree will yield
approximately 500 kilos but once pests and diseases will occur, production will decreased
by 30%. Result implies that yield produced was low.
Problems Encountered in Production
Problems in production. Table 7 presents the problems encountered by the farmers
in mango production during the years 1990 to present. Most (90%) of the respondents
encountered a problem regarding the crop while 10% did not encounter any problem. The
major problem encountered in mango production was environmental factors such as pests,
diseases, storms and typhoon. The data shows that there is an increase in plant pest and
diseases from 52.78% (1990-2000) to 83.33% (2001-2010). Crops destroyed by typhoons
also increased from 19.44% into 94.44%. The data noted that there is a significant increase
of problem encountered which is weather related as 16.67%, year 1990-2000 into 69.44%,
year 2001 to present. These problems causes damaged in the mango production producing
non-marketable yield.
Table 6. Changes in yield
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Observed change in yield
30
75.00
Not observed change in yield
10
25.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Lack of finance or capital for production is another problem encountered by the
respondents. Although, the farmers financed their farming, the total input required by the
mango crop was not sustained. Thus, the nutrient requirement of crop was not sustained.
Table 7. Problems encountered
PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Encountered problem
36
90.00
No problem
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Problems encountered from year 1990 to 2000
Prevalence of plant pest and diseases
19
52.78
Crop destroyed by typhoons
7
19.44
Weather related
6
16.67
High price of farm inputs
19
52.78
Low cost of harvested crop
18
50.00
No capital/money
23
63.89
Problems encountered from year 2001-2010
Prevalence of plant pest and diseases
30
83.33
Crop destroyed by typhoons
34
94.44
Weather related
25
69.33
High price of farm inputs
28
77.78
Low cost of harvested crop
22
61.11
No capital/money
26
72.22
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Lack of education or training on the production method/technology was also one of
the problems mentioned by the respondents. As shown in the profile, most of the
respondents have not reached college and have not attended any training or seminars on
mango production.
Changes in Production/Cultural
Management Production
Practice organic agriculture. Farmers in the locality do not observe purely organic
agriculture. Most (80%) of the respondents uses chemicals for their crops. A small
percentage (20%) is engaged in organic farming. This indicates that agrochemicals and
inorganic fertilizers are used extensively in the locality.
Application of fertilizers. Results in the table shows that all of the respondents’ uses
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers while only, 21.87% of the 32 respondent’s
uses organic fertilizer which is compost. These fertilizers promotes roots and flower
development, and for fruiting and ripening.
Pest control practices. Table 6 previously, revealed that almost all the respondents
practiced intercropping. Insect-repellant crops were intercropped with mango to deter pests
from devouring the mango crop and intercrop companion crops to control the population
of pest. A result of the survey shows about three-fourths of the mango producers’ uses
insecticides/pesticides. Only few (30.56%) do practice manual removal of pest or infected
parts of mango. Accordingly, the pest and plant diseases are abundant thus; manual
removal of pests is impractical. Fungicide as pest control is practiced by 75% of the
respondents as fungicides were used to combat fungi-induced diseases.
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Table 8. Changes in production/cultural management practices
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Practice organic agriculture
Practice organic farming
8
20.00
Do not practice
32
80.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Apply fertilizers
Applying
32
80.00
Not applying
8
20.00
Fertilizers applied
Complete
32
100.00
Compost
7
21.87
Uses pesticide/pest management
Uses pesticide
36
90.00
Do not use pesticide
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Pesticide applied/pest management
Insecticide
31
86.11
Manual removal of pest/infected parts
9
30.56
Fungicide
24
75.00
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Observation on the Incidence of Pests
Table 9 revealed that there is an increase of pest from year 2001 to 2010. Mango
fruit fly were low during wet season and moderate during dry season since year 1990 to
2000 while in the year 2001 to 2010 data shows that there was an increase in the said pest.
In 1990 to 2000, incidence of mango seed weevils was moderate during dry season and in
2001 to 2010, the pests were low during wet and dry season. Incidence of mango hoppers
was observed to be moderate during wet and dry season since the year 1990 to 2000 and
very high during wet and dry season in the year 2001 to 2010. In the year 1990 to 2000,
mango tip borers were low during wet season and in the year 2001 to 2010, the pest were
low during wet season while very high during dry season. Twig cutters were observed high
during dry season of 2001 to 2010 and low during wet season. In the year 1990 to 2000,
mealy bugs were low during wet season and high during dry season. Mealy bugs were
observed to be low during wet season and high during dry season in the year 2001 to 2010.
Mango cecid fly was only observed low during dry season in the year 2001 to 2010. Result
implies that arising new pests were observed in the locality and occurs during wet and dry
season that damages crops in field were still being experienced now.
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Table 9. Incidence of pests
PEST
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
Mango fruit 2.625
Low
3.425
Moderate
2.45
Low
3.9
High
fly
Seed weevil 1.725
None
2.875
Moderate 2.575
Low
2.3
Low
Mango
2.15
Moderate
3.225
Moderate
4.65
Very
4.5
Very
hopper
high
high
Mango tip
1.8
None
2.575
Low
2.3
Low
4.375
Very
borers
high
Twig
1.625
None
2.375
Low
2.375
Low
3.5
High
cutters
Mealy bugs
2.275
Low
3
Moderate
2.55
Low
3.6
High
Mango
1.35
None
1.65
None
1.85
None
2.6
Low
cecid fly
Legend: 1-1.8 none
2.7-3.4 moderate
4.3-5 very high
1.9-2.6 low
3.5-4.2 high
Observation on the Incidence of Diseases
Table 10 revealed that prevalence of diseases increased from year 2000 to 2010. In
1990 to 2000, anthracnose was moderate during wet and dry season while in the year 2001
to 2010, the disease was high during wet and dry season. Powdery mildew was low during
wet season and during moderate dry season in the year 1990 to 2000. In 2001 to 2010,
powdery mildew was moderate during wet and dry season. Scabs were observed in the year
2001 to 2010 during wet and dry season. Diplodia stem-end rot were observed low during
dry season in the years 1990 to 2010. Sooty mold was observed only during dry season in
the year 2001 to 2010. The result implies that a new disease was observed in the locality.
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Table 10. Incidence of diseases
DISEASES
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
Anthracnos
3.1
Moderat
3.17
Moderat
3.72
High
3.7
High
e
e
5
e
5
Powdery
2.45
Low
2.4
Moderat
3.12
Moderat
3.2
Moderat
Mildew
e
5
e
e
Scab
1.6
None
1.5
None
2.6
Low
2.42
Low
5
Diplodia
1.7
None
2.07
Low
1.8
None
2.4
Low
stem-end
rot
5
Sooty mold
1.42
None
1.4
None
1.75
None
2.12
Low
5
5
Legend: 1-1.8 none
2.7-3.4 moderate
4.3-5 very high
1.9-2.6 low
3.5-4.2 high
Adaptation Measures
Pests and diseases are common to crops and are widely distributed and considered
to be a serious problem to farmers. Spray of chemicals is dominantly used by most 80% of
the respondents and only 20% do practice biological control. Farmers indicated that the use
of agro-chemicals increased their yields and improve the appearance of the produce.
Manual picking of the pests and diseases is practiced only by 32.5% farmers and uses of
organic control were used only by 20% of the respondents. Another 27.5% of the
respondents select cultivars in order to have a better yield. Some (42.5%) of the
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respondents controls fertilizer application, 62.5% of the farmers suggests timely spraying,
and only 25% practice orchard or field sanitation. Selection of proper orchard site is
commonly done by some (17.5%). Another prevention and control of pests by farmers is
scheduled flower induction after rainy season or during the dry months.
Table 11. Coping mechanisms
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Spray of chemicals
32
80.00
Biological control
8
20.00
Manual picking of pests and or infected parts
13
32.50
Use of organic control
8
20.00
Selection of cultivars
11
27.50
Controlled fertilizer application
17
42.50
Timely spraying
25
62.50
Orchard sanitation
10
25.00
Selection of proper orchard site
7
17.50
Bagging/wrapping of the fruits
8
20.00
Pruning, after harvest
28
70.00
Grafting
3
7.50
Change of mango elevation
1
2.50
Uses stick/stunt in order for the tree not easily blown by
8
20.00
the wind
Cutting the top of mango tree
1
2.50
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Wrapping of fruits were only practice by some of the farmers (20%) in order to
protect mangoes from pests and diseases. Pruning, after harvest is mostly done by 70% of
the respondents. This is to allow the sunlight to penetrate in the crown and free air
circulation, thereby reducing pests and diseases. In general, pruned trees produce bigger
and high quality fruits compared to not pruned trees. 7.5% of the respondents practice
grafting trees. Only 2.5% of the respondent changes the mango elevation, 20% uses stunt
or stick in order for the tree not to be easily blown by the wind, and one (2.5%) do cut the
top of mango tree.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in barangay Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet. This study aimed
to determine the weather changes for the past 20 years and to find out the levels of
awareness of mango growers regarding climate change and production practices. Also, the
study aimed to determine the incidences of pest and diseases occurred in the area and to
determine the constraints encountered by the mango producers and lastly, the coping
mechanisms or adaptation mechanisms employed by the farmers. The study was conducted
on December, 2011. Data gathering was done with the aid of interview questionnaire and
field observation method.
Majority of the respondents were in their middle age, male, married, engaged in
farming almost of their lives and major source of income is farming. With regards to their
educational attainment, all of them have attended formal education but still, knowledge on
proper mango production practices is limited. Majority of the respondents practice
conventional farming.
Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable and have a positive
view/perception regarding climate change. Radio and TV are the accessible source of
information in the locality. Majority of the respondents have personal observations of
changes in climate and had contributed to their awareness of this phenomenon.
Regarding production practices, majority of the respondents utilized a sloping farm
landscape. When it comes to pests control practices, majority of the respondents used
insect-repellant crops to intercrop with mango to maintain nutrient of the soil and to deter
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
pests from devouring their target crops and intercrop companion crops to control the
population of the pest.
Change on farm landscape/topography was determined which were changes in soil
structure, changes in soil fertility and lastly, sloping production area became flat. Changing
weather condition is the major changes. Spraying of chemicals increased nowadays,
smudging or smoking which is a cultural/traditional practice became inefficient but still
practiced by some mango growers.
Major problems the respondents encountered were environmental factors such as,
pests and diseases, typhoons, and storms. These were the reasons why most of the
respondents did not market their produce that caused loss of income to the families.
Another major problem which farmers are facing now is the lack of financial needs. The
respondents cannot buy all the materials needed in mango production that is the reason
why some respondents do not manage well the crop.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made.
1.
All the farmers in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet depend on farming for their
income/livelihood. Second to farming is mining.
2.
Climate change has an effect on mango production in the past 20 years in
terms of weather and climatologically data. Climate change has a positive and negative
effect to mango and other fruit farmers. Warming induces fruit trees to bear fruits.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
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2012
3.
Climate changes are dominantly experienced by the respondents although
not aware of the word, but describe it by themselves or on their own understanding
regarding the phenomena.
4.
Mango producers adapt the climatic change that arises in the area through
their practices in the field such as timely spraying, orchard sanitation, controlled fertilizer
application, and pruning after harvest
5.
Farmers resort to chemical control of pest and diseases which was prevalent
in this season and in the area.
Recommendations
In line with the findings of the study, the following recommendations were derived.
Arising of new and increased pests and diseases are common these days, concerned
agencies just like Department of Agriculture (DA) or Benguet State University (BSU) has
the technologies and or researches regarding this matter. In this regard, DA, BSU or any
concerned agencies should train and/or teach farmers the strategies and or integrated pest
management on how to cope up with these arising pests and diseases, and most especially,
the phenomena observed.
Moreover, farmers should minimize the usage and/or application of inorganic
fertilizers, and other chemicals because these chemical pollutes air, water and soil
contributing to climate change. Furthermore, it is recommended that, farmers to go back to
traditional production practices or organic production.
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2012
LITERATURE CITED
ABS-CBN. 2010. More Filipinos Believe Climate Change Dangerous: Survey. Retrieved
on August 18, 2011 from http://ww.abscbnnews.com/nation/08/16/10more-
filipinos-believe-climate-change-dangerous-survey.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast
Asia: A Regional Review. Retrieved August 18, 2011 from http://www.a db.org/
Documents/ Books/Economics-Climate-Change-SEA/economics-climate change.
pdf.
BURGONIO, T. 2008. RP biggest victim of climate change–Filipino NASA physicist.
http:/ newsinfo.inquirer.net/breaking news/nation/view/ 20080912- 160281/ RP-
biggest-victim-of-climate-change—Filipino-NASA-physicist.
[FAO] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2006. Gender : The Missing
Component
of
the
Response
to
Climate
Change.
www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0170e/i0170e00.html
JABINES, A. and J. INVENTOR. 2007. The Philippines: A Climate Hotspot Climate
Change Impacts and the Philippines. Greenpeace Southeast Asia http://www.
Green peace. org/raw/ content/seasia/ en/press/ reports/the-philippines-a-climate-
hot.pdf
PHILIPPINE DAILY INQUIRER, 2009. NO. Debate: Deluge Due to Climate Change.
Retrieved October 1, 2011 from http://newsinfo. inquire.net/inquirer
headlines/natio/view/20090930-227601/No-debate-Deluge-due-to-climate-change
REILLY, JOHN; et al. “Agriculture in a Changing Climate: Impacts and Adaptations” in
Watson, Robert, Manufu Zinyowera, Richard Moss, and David Dokken (eds.)
Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change:
Scientific Technical Analyses Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 1996,
pp.427-468.
RINCON, M.F.G and VIRTUCIO, F.K Jr. 2008. Climate Change in the Philippines: A
Contribution
to
the
Country
Environmental
Analysis.
http://sitesources.Worldbankorg/INTPHILIPPINES/RESOURCES/WBPhilippine
CEACCFINAL.pdf.
SALIM, A., A. SIMONS, C. ORWA, J. CHEGE, B. OWUOR, and A. MUTUA. 2002.
Agroforestree database:a tree species reference and selection guide . Version 2.0
CD-ROM. Nairobi, Kenya:International Centre for Research in Agroforestry.
TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2009. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples.
2nd ed. Tebtebba Foundation, Philippines
WIKIPEDIA. ND. Climate Change. Retrieved August 18, 2011 from http:// en.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate change
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2012
DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Impact of
Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip
Itogon, Benguet. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in mango producing area of Dalupirip, Itogon, Benguet,
to document the climatic changes for the last 20 years. Forty mango producers were
interviewed to document the awareness, local knowledge, and observations of farmers, the
effects of climate change in aspects such as demographic profile of the study, production
practices, incidence of pest and diseases and other production problems, and strategies or
coping mechanism employed.
The findings showed that all farmers at Dalupirip, Itogon, Benguet depend on
farming and climate change has an effect on mango production in the past 20 years in terms
of weather and climatological data. Climate changes are experienced by the respondents
although not aware of the word, but describe it by their own understanding regarding the
phenomena. Moreover, mango producers adapt the climatic change that arises in the area.
Farmers perceived a positive and negative effect of climate change to mango production.
Problems encountered by the farmers include were environmental factors such as
pest attacking the plant, bad weather condition such as typhoon and storms.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
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2012
It is therefore recommended that any concerned agencies should train and/or teach
farmers the strategies and or introduce integrated pest management on how to cope up with
these arising pests and diseases, and most especially, the phenomena observed. Moreover,
farmers should minimize the usage and/or application of inorganic fertilizers and instead
practice organic agriculture.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
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2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Mango is one of the most popular and important fruits of the Philippines. As an
export crop, its full potential is yet to be exploited. But the crop is notorious for its erratic
flowering and highly seasonal bearing habits. The mango is best adapted to a warm tropical
monsoon climate with a pronounced dry season (>3 months) followed by rains. However,
information from other countries indicates that crops cultivated for a long time over an
extended area show a high degree of diversity due to varied environmental influences.
The mango, because of its attractive appearance and the very pleasant taste of
selected cultivars—is claimed to be the most important fruit of the tropics. It has been
touted as ‘apple of the tropics’ but has also been described as a ‘ball of tow soaked in
turpentine and molasses’ by critics. It is one of the most delicious fruits there is, although
it has undesirable features including coarse fibrous strands through the flesh and the
pungent and turpentine flavors of some cultivars.
Demand for mango in our developing country and other countries are very much
increasing. However, production can be affected with changes in weather conditions or
climate change. Climate change, triggered by global warming, is a creeping, very slow-
start phenomenon, which is why it is hardly noticeable in our daily lives. It is when extreme
events happen more often, when some species are slowly vanishing or when shorelines are
little by little advancing, that suspicion of some changes in the global system is taking
place. Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity.
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Among the various climatic factors, temperature, rainfall and humidity have a
greater bearing on mango production than irrigation and soils. Furthermore, the production
of high quality mango fruit does not depend so much on elevation but on the range of
temperatures available. The two important considerations for mango cultivation are a dry
period at the time of flowering and sufficient heat during the time of fruit ripening. For
optimum growth and productivity, 20–26°C is believed to be ideal. Temperatures
exceeding 40°C may, especially in hot/dry areas, lead to sunburn of fruits and stunting of
tree growth. Although not very impressive, mango trees of selected cultivars have been
observed at elevations of up to about 1900 m. However, for more successful crops areas
below 1200 m should be considered.
The amount of rainfall in a given locality is not as important as its intensity and
distribution. Rainfall of 500–1000 mm at the right time of the year is sufficient for
successful cultivation. However, the mango cannot do well in areas which experience
frequent rains or very high humidity during the flowering period. Such conditions are not
conducive to good fruit set and they increase the incidence of serious diseases like powdery
mildew and anthracnose. Anthracnose can be a major problem as the same organism occurs
on avocado, coffee and papaya caused by Glomerella unguilata. It can lowers mango
production and it can be recognized by dark-brown circular to oval spots on the twigs and
leaves of mango. Pink moist masses of spores of the fungus are produced on dead areas
under moist conditions. Powdery mildew is quite common when low temperatures
accompany high humidity.
Climate change is a major concern for mango production. Although this
phenomenon is a global issue, its effect is felt locally. Climate irregularities are already
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
affecting global food production and it will probably have even more impact on years to
come. Carbon dioxide or CO2, a major greenhouse gas is a primary cause of global
warming. Human activities provide a major source of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere by
burning lots of fuels leading to the degradation of stratospheric ozone and increasing
biologically harmful ultraviolet-B radiation. The main expected impacts of climate change
will come as a result of climate variability due to changes in precipitation, increase in
temperature and sea level rise. In terms of sector impacts, some of these include changes
in agricultural yields for crops such as mango. Changes in land use, as a consequence, of
changes in rainfall pattern which will push people to migrate to higher elevations where
soil is less fertile causing the rate of conversion of forest to agricultural lands to increase
increasing greenhouse emissions.
In contrast to predictions of mass disruptions to mango production and their
resulting adverse social and environmental impacts, some components of global change
may benefit plants. Carbon dioxide is a substrate for photosynthesis. As atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels increase, photosynthesis rates and crop productivity may increase.
Similarly, global warming may increase the duration of the cropping season in temperature
and higher latitudes.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study could serve as a guide for farmers to program flower
inducing activities to reduce losses due to climate change. Furthermore, the result can also
be a guide for researches, institutions to identify technologies for specific situation of
climatic change.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
The results of the study would also serve as a guide for other researchers and
students whom are interested to venture on the same research.
It would also help the mango growers to improve their production scheme to
combat or cope up with the effect of global climate change.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the weather changes for the past 20 years?
2. What are the levels of awareness of mango growers in the study area regarding
climate change?
3. What are the demographic profiles of the study area?
4. What are the changes in production practices employed by the mango growers
in Itogon?
5. What are the incidence of pest and diseases arises in the study area?
6. What are the constraints encountered by the mango growers and coping
mechanism to combat climate change?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to document and investigate the effect of climate change on mango
production at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Document climatic changes for the last 20 years;
2. Determine the awareness, local knowledge and observations of farmers in the
said locality regarding climate change;
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
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2012
3. Determine the effects of climate change on the following aspects:
a. Changes in the demographic profile of the study area;
b. Changes in the production practices of mango crop;
c. Incidence of pest and diseases and other production problem;
4. Determine strategies or coping mechanisms employed by mango growers.
Scope and Delimitation
This study is concerned about the impact of climate change to the production of
mango crop in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet.
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2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mango
The mango crop is a deep-rooted, evergreen plant which can develop into huge
trees, especially on deep soils. The height and shape varies considerably among seedlings
and cultivars. Under optimum climatic conditions, the trees are erect and fast growing and
the canopy can either be broad and rounded or more upright. Seedling trees can reach more
than 20 m in height while grafted ones are usually half that size. The tree is long-lived with
some specimens known to be over 150 years old and still producing fruit. The mature leaves
are simple, entire, leathery, dark green and glossy; they are usually pale green or red while
young. They are short-pointed, oblong and lanceolate in shape and relatively long and
narrow, often measuring more than 30 cm in length and up to 13 cm in width (Salim et.al.,
2002). New leaves are formed in periodic flushes about two to three times a year.
Mango is successfully grown on a wide range of soils. The trees do well in sandy
soils at the coastline as well as on loam, and black cotton at other elevations. The essential
prerequisites for good development of the trees are deep soils (at least 3 m), appropriate
rainfall (500–1000 mm), good drainage, suitable altitude (0–1200 m) and preferably a pH
value of between 5.5 and 7.5. The tree itself is not difficult to grow and, once well
established, is relatively tolerant of drought, occasional flooding and poor soil condition.
Irrigation in the first years after planting promotes flushing (and suppresses flowering), so
that tree size increases quickly. Irrigation also widens the scope for intercropping, for
example, with papaya, banana, pineapple or vegetables, during the establishment phase.
When the trees are big enough to produce a substantial crop, irrigation is stopped, or at
least interrupted long enough to impose quiescence leading to flower initiation.
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Climate Change and Its Impact
Climate change is defined by Asian Development Bank (2009) as the variation in
the Earth’s global climate or regional climates over time scales ranging from decades to
millions of years. Changes may be driven by internal processes, external factors or, most
recently, by human activities. Pulse Asia describes climate change as “any long-term
significant change in the average weather that a given region experience.” It can be caused
by dynamic processes on earth, variations in sunlight intensity, and in the past hundreds of
years by human activities such as clearing of forests, technology and industry (ABS-CBN,
2010).
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) put
more emphasis on anthropogenic causes of climate change particularly fossil fuel burning
(Tebtebba Foundation, 2009). The Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as cited in FAO (2006) states that “there is new and
stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable
to human activities”. Global average temperature increased about 0.6 C over the 20th
century. However, Rincon and Virtucio (2008) in their report, Climate Change in the
Philippines: A Contribution to the Country Environmental Analysis, debate that the
average global temperature increase is higher at 0.74C. The increase results to decreasing
extent of snow cover and ice while average sea levels and ocean heat content have both
risen. This is supported by NASA findings which show that the five highest global annual
average surface temperatures recorded in more than a century occurred only on the last 10
years (in 2005, 1998, 2003 and 2004 in descending order). Precipitation patterns
characterizing land areas of the Northern Hemisphere have progressively changed. These
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2012
changes include more rainfall in the mid to high latitudes and, on the contrary, less rainfall
in sub-tropics.
Warming would be particularly evident and rapid in land areas, with special
reference those placed in high latitudes and during winter. Globally, precipitation is
projected to rise, with the occurrence of more rainfall and larger annual variations in some
regions and less in others. Average sea level would rise by 0.09-0.88 meters between 1999-
2100. Unusual weather events would likely increase, including for instance greater
frequency and intensity of El Niño type of weather patterns. According to these projections,
many territories will experience intensified rainfalls; more violent cyclones will intervene
in tropical areas while mid-latitude continental would be at risk of drought (FAO, 2006).
Poverty is the primary result of climate change. Climate irregularities affect our
agriculture and food security, fresh water supply, and furthermore health constraints. As
one farmer stated “sugal id niman men garden” (farming is a game of chance). This is
evident in the fact that farmers are badly affected with climate change as observed in the
increase of the new pest and diseases, crop destruction due to El Niño, La Niño, decreasing
water volume and disruption of agricultural calendar. Quality of life is said to be
deteriorating in statements such as “rumigrigat ti biag” (life is more difficult).
Climate Change in the Philippines and Its Impact
The Philippines, as a developing country and a biodiversity hotspot, is highly
vulnerable to climate change impacts. As stated by Dr. Josefino Comiso, a senior scientist
at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “The Philippines is not
emitting a lot of carbon dioxide, but it’s going to be a victim of climate change” (Burgonio,
2008).
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The IPCC ranks Philippines as 4th in the Global Climate Risk Index. The index
exposes the true cost of climate change which is not limited to economic losses but also
human lives, cultural heritage and ecosystems (Jabines and Inventor, 2007). Furthermore,
the country is said to be one of the most natural disaster-prone countries due to a
combination of high incidence of typhoons, floods, landslides, droughts, volcanoes,
earthquake, and the country’s considerable vulnerability to these hazards (Rincon and
Virtucio, 2008).
According to Dr. Leoncio Amadore, although it cannot be conclusively proven that
a single event was or was not, affected by global warming, current scientific evidence
strongly suggests that hurricanes and typhoons tend to become more destructive as ocean
temperatures rise. Extreme weather events that our country has experienced recently “have
one thing in common – persistent torrential rains, causing landslides and flash floods,
killing people and destroying properties and the environment along its path."
The coastal ecosystems of the country are under major treat. As an archipelago
which has the second largest coral reef cover in the world and a 36, 286 kilometers coastline
which is roughly the equivalent of the Earth’s circumference, the Philippines is at threat
from large-scale impacts of climate change on the ocean. The coral reefs, in particular, are
under immediate threat from massive bleaching due to warming of ocean temperature
thereby endangering millions of inhabitants such as algae and hundreds of species of fish
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2009). Of the 16 regions in the Philippines, only one is not
vulnerable to sea level rise. However, this region, the mountainous Cordillera
Administrative Region, is highly at risk from typhoons and variability in precipitation
(Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
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Climate change would also impinge on indigenous peoples and their customs and
livelihood that are deeply rooted in the well-being of the environment, devaluing their
“contribution to the conservation and protection of biological diversity and ecosystems
which is crucial for the prevention of climate change, thereby, hindering their capabilities
to mitigate climate change as well as to adapt to climate change as well. Tebtebba
Foundation (2009) in its guide book on climate change states that though indigenous people
have the least contribution to climate change as result of their harmonious interaction with
their environment, they would be one of the most affected groups by climate change
because they inhabit fragile environments.
Climate change’s impact on the Philippines is most often associated with extreme
weather disturbances such as typhoons and floods, which, in turn, affect many other sectors
of economic life. Extreme weather conditions such as harsher storms, more frequent El
Niño and La Niña and others are expected to intensify with climate change. The country,
in particular being situated along the western rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a belt of active
volcanoes and major earthquake faults, and the Pacific typhoon belt, disaster resulting from
stronger and more frequent typhoons are very likely. As argued by Dr. Comiso, “if you
have a warmer ocean, you get more evaporation. You also get stronger typhoons in the
process”. Furthermore Dr. Leoncio Amadore, a leading Filipino meteorologist, reported
that the more frequent occurrence of severe El Niño and La Niña events, as well as deadly
and damaging typhoons and other severe storms, floods in the Philippines is likely local
manifestation of global climate trends (Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
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2012
Climate Change and Agriculture
Agriculture plays an important role in our economy. Without agriculture, man
cannot survive. Agriculture sector provides food and vital raw materials for the rest of the
economy. Moreover, agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the
importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. The sector
most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security. With the
significant variations in climate change and its element such as increasing temperature,
changing rainfall pattern and increasing intensity, stronger and ill-timed typhoon, and
others, many effects are perceived.
Farmers observed that the occurrence of pest and/or introduction of new pest and
plant diseases have a seasonality and is affected by increase temperature. The warmer
temperature causes faster evaporation, thus, more frequent watering of the vegetable crops
is required. A warm weather makes crops and animals susceptible to diseases, the hotter
the weather, the lower the resistance of the crops and animals to diseases. It has been widely
acknowledged that colder climate have a limiting effect to the occurrence of pests and
diseases; with climate getting warmer, increasing pests is expected. Crop destruction is
also imminent. Since the country is visited annually by an average of 20 typhoons (PAG-
ASA), it is also expected that crop loss due to this phenomenon is high. (ISRD-BSU,
2010).
Decrease in crop yield is an indicator of climate change. Erratic and extreme
weather conditions can bring animals and human diseases. Lesser water supply for
irrigation is also experienced during the summer brought by the El Niño phenomenon. The
disruption of the agricultural calendar
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2012
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during El Niño events
and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreases in agricultural productivity
and aquature will ensue due to the thermal and water-stress, sea-level rise, floods and
droughts and tropical cyclones would diminish food security (Jabines and Inventor, 2007).
Planting time and growing season of mango have been changing due to erratic
patterns of precipitation. Farmers, particularly those who depend on rainfall for water
supply, have to take more risks in growing crops. When hit by El Niño in the middle of the
growing season, the shortage of water will impair crop growth and consequently reduce its
potential yield. During the El Niño period, mango becomes vulnerable to pest attacks and
diseases. La Niña years bring heavy rains, causing runoff, severe erosion of fertile soils,
and inundation of agricultural areas (ADB, 2009).
Some mango growers whom are knowledgeable adapt the challenging climate
through adjustment of planting/harvesting dates or changes in fertilization rates, and
irrigation application. Farmers with limited financial resources and farming systems with
few adaptive technological priorities available to limit or reverse adverse climate change
may suffer significant disruption and financial loss for relatively small changes in crop
yields and productivity of these farms may be located in areas more likely to suffer yield
losses (Reilly, 1992).
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Definition of terms
Climate, a composite generalization of day-to-day weather condition over a long
period of time
Weather, is the momentary state of the atmosphere. Primarily, weather is a
combination of four elements: (1) temperature, (2) precipitation/humidity, (3) wind and
(4) air pressure.
Documentation on the Impact of Climate Change to Mango Production and Coping
Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet where mango growers had
constraints regarding the crop. The study was conducted on December, 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the mango crop farmers producing mangoes in
Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet. Total enumeration was employed in the selection of the
respondents and where there were 40 mango producers. These farmers served as the source
of information/data.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data was gathered through
survey and interview. Personal interview was employed with the aid of interview guide
and field observation or transect walk to validate data gathered from interview. Secondary
data on weather was gathered from PAG-ASA- Baguio City. Other data such as agro-
demographic profile was gathered from Barangay Officials.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are the physical features, yield of production, and level of
knowledge and observations of farmers related to climate change.
Data Analysis
The data collected was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using
frequency/descriptive analysis and other appropriate statistical tool.
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2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
The socio-demographic profile of the respondents include their age, gender, civil
status, educational attainment/background, number of year/s engaged in mango production,
major source of income, and other sources of livelihood. These are presented in Table 1.
Age. One fourth of the respondents belonged to the age bracket of 41-50 years old.
The mean age of the respondents was 46.8 years. The youngest respondent was 19 years
old while the oldest was 74 years old.
Gender. Majority of the survey respondents were males.
Civil status. There were 60% of the respondents who were married, and only 27.5%
were single.
Educational attainment. Some (37.5%) of the respondents have graduated high
school and 12.5% were elementary graduates. Only 20% of the respondents hold a degree
in college. This emphasized that most of the farmers in the locality have attended formal
education.
Years engaged in mango production. The table further revealed that 25% of the
respondents have been producing mango for almost 26 years and above. 12.5% of the
respondents have been engaged in mango production for 21-25 years, 12.5% for 5-10 years,
and less than 5 years.
Sources of income. The major source of income of the respondents was farming.
Other sources of income include mining (22.5%), business (10%), and teaching, carpentry
works, and private employee (2.5%).
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
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2012
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age (years)
`
14-20
1
2.50
21-30
8
20.00
31-40
5
12.50
41-50
10
25.00
51-60
7
17.50
61-70
5
12.50
71-80
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Mean age - 46.8
Gender
Male
26
65.00
Female
14
35.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Civil status
Married
24
60.00
Single
11
27.50
Widow/widower
3
7.50
Separated
2
5.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Educational attainment
Elementary level
1
2.50
Elementary graduate
5
12.50
High school level
2
5.00
High school graduate
15
37.50
Vocational graduate
1
2.50
College level
5
12.50
College graduate
8
20.00
Undergraduate
3
7.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Number of year/s engaged in mango production (year)
Less than 5
5
12.50
5-10
5
12.50
11-15
7
17.50
16-20
8
20.00
21-25
5
12.50
26 and above
10
25.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sources of income
Farming
40
100.00
Business related
4
10.00
Mining
9
22.50
Government employee
1
2.50
Teaching
1
2.50
Carpentry
1
2.50
Private employee
1
2.50
Weather Data
Table 2 shows the weather data from year 1990 to year 2010. High relative humidity
was experienced in the year 2001 which was 86.67 average mean. In the year 1997, data
shows that there was a rise in temperature which was 28.770C while the minimum
temperature was experienced in the year 1999 which was 12.320C. In year 1990, it was
experienced that there is a high rainfall at 15.07 mms while the lowest was in the year 2006
at 2.06 mms. The weather data shows that from 1990 to 2010 there is a gradual increase
and decrease yearly in temperature.
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Table 2. Average weather data from 1990-2010 observed in Baguio-PAGASA
RELATIVE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
RAINFALL
YEAR
HUMIDITY (%)
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
AMOUNT
(0C)
(0C)
(mms)
1990
80.92
23.50
14.95
15.07
1991
----
----
----
----
1992
81.83
23.36
13.66
13.92
1993
85.17
23.53
13.99
9.90
1994
84.92
23.42
13.77
9.39
1995
84.50
23.71
14.24
10.93
1996
84.17
23.92
14.38
8.66
1997
83.83
28.77
13.99
6.56
1998
85.33
24.80
13.12
14.64
1999
85.75
23.63
12.32
14.73
2000
85.83
23.88
17.98
6.53
2001
86.67
24.14
15.81
12.19
2002
83.25
23.81
15.03
11.42
2003
----
23.50
14.70
9.92
2004
----
24.04
14.81
14.68
2005
80.17
24.55
19.99
2.75
2006
79.00
25.16
19.31
2.44
2007
82.09
24.61
19.35
6.31
2008
84.19
24.80
19.00
2.06
2009
86.00
24.74
18.99
5.00
2010
86.17
24.54
16.32
9.60
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Agro- Ecological Profile of the Respondents
Total farm area. In the study, the interviewee used the Department of
Agriculture’s1995 classification of farm size in the Cordillera Administrative Region
which was benchmarked as follows: a) small scale (less than 0.25 hectare or 2500 m2); b)
medium-scale (more than 0.25 hectare but less than 1 hectare or >2500 m2, <10,000 m2);
c) large-scale (more than 1 hectare or >10,000m2. Overall, 35% of the mango farmer’s
land areas fall under small-scale farms and medium scale farms. Only 30% were recorded
to be cultivating large-scale farms.
Farm land tenure. The table revealed that most (90%) of the respondents owned the
land they utilized for mango production. Only 7.5% of the respondents rented the land for
mango production. There was one (2.5%) of the respondent who takes good care of the
land and at the same time manages the land and care for the mango trees.
Fruits other than mango/vegetables produce. Majority of the respondents have
papaya, jackfruit plant in their farm. Other crops are grown in the farm in order to maximize
the land. It was identified that only 12 farmers (34.29%) respondents plant rice. Table 3
revealed that the respondents were producing vulnerable crops which are pears, lanzones,
and rambutan.
Mango trees in the farm. Majority of the respondents have 81 to 120 mango trees
in their farm area. Only 2.5% among the 40 respondents have 201 and above mango trees.
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Table 3. Agro- ecological profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Farm size
Small-scale farms
14
35.00
Medium-scale farms
14
35.00
Large-scale farms
12
30.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Farm land tenure
Own land
36
90.00
Rented land
3
7.50
Caretaker
1
2.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Fruits other than mango/
vegetables in the farm
Papaya
35
87.50
Banana
21
52.50
Avocado
26
65.00
Jackfruit
29
72.50
Rice
12
30.00
Coconut
22
55.00
Soursop
13
32.50
Star-apple
3
7.50
Pomelo
4
10.00
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Table 3 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Citrus
1
2.50
Custard apple
2
5.00
Pears
1
2.50
Lanzones
2
5.00
Rambutan
3
7.50
Chico
3
7.50
Coffee
1
2.50
Casava
1
2.50
Eggplant
5
12.50
Mango trees in farm
1-40
7
17.50
41-80
9
22.50
81-120
16
40.00
121-160
4
10.00
161-200
3
7.50
201 & above
1
2.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Perceptions on Climate Change
Awareness on climate change. Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable on
what climatic change is. A few (5%), however, claimed that they were not aware of climate
change. This implies that all the respondents were aware on climatic irregularities that are
happening nowadays.
Changes in the climate. In the study site 75% of the surveyed respondents noted a
significant increase in temperature. Comments like, “subra ampetang tadta sunga dagijay
han nga agbunga ah prutas ditoy ket nagsibunga dan” (nowadays, the heat is unbearable,
that is the reason why fruit bearing trees that are not bearing fruits in the pasts years are
bearing fruits now). Most (71.05%) of the respondents observed extremes in temperature
within a daily scale. During morning, the temperature is observably cold and during night
time the air is cool as stated by a respondent, (“teg-in nu agsapa, rabie met ket mayat angin
na”). However, at midday the heat of the sun is extremely hot. Some (39.27%) of the
respondents observed that there was abrupt changes or rise in temperature, 47.39% of the
respondents observed that there was an irregularity in rain pattern and 31.58% respondents
claimed that there is stronger rainfall intensity. Rainfall intensity refers to the volume of
precipitation per unit time.
This general observation of respondents is supported by related literature.
Climatological data from 1951 to 2005 by Rosalina de Guzman, a Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Administration (PAGASA) weather expert, showed that
Benguet and Baguio City are experiencing more warm days, or periods of maximum
temperatures, and fewer cold days, or periods of minimum temperature. It is projected that
the province would experience an average or mean temperature increase of 0.80C to 10C
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by 2020 and from 1.70C to 2.10C by 2050. Benguet PAGASA verified that the increase in
temperature and rainfall are two manifestations of climate change (Upnorth Tribune, 2010).
An increase of even 10C would be considered as critical. As stated by Dr. Josefino Comiso,
a senior scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and a
contributing author to the report on climate change of Nobel winner Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change, if you change the temperature by even a fraction of a degree to
1 degree, a lot of species could disappear.
The rainfall pattern is also observed to be irregular by 55.26% of the respondents
as reflected in their statement “ijy mysa barangay nga nalabasan mi ket agtudtudo ditoy
ketdi ket awan pulos pati arbis awan met lang” (in the other barangay, it is raining while in
our area there’s no rain neither drizzle). Majority (55.26%) of the respondents observed
that there is occurrences of super typhoon in this locality and 18.42% of the respondents
observed that there is change in wind direction while 39.47% observed that the wind is
stronger as jokingly stated by the respondent as “nu agangin kala maitayab ti nuang ko
ngem awan met gayam nuang ko” (when the wind blew as if it will blow my carabao but,
I have no carabao at all) and “kala nga ada ti ipu-ipo en, kala maitayab py en ti kay-kayo”
(as if there is tornado, standing trees were likely to be uprooted). Some (21.05%) of the
respondents observed that there was abrupt changes in weather conditions while 28.95%
observed that there is changes in seasons like prolong dry or wet season. This was verified
by the respondent as stated “tatdta nga panawen, atidog ti tiempo en ti panagtutudo kasta
met ti tiempo ti kapudotan” (there is a long wet and dry season nowadays). Almost half of
the respondents (42.11%) observed the El Niño and La Niña phenomena while 15.79%
knew that one of the effects of climate change is longer drought.
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View on climate change. The table 4 shows that there were 39.47% of the
respondents who have positive and negative view regarding climate change. Another
42.11% of the respondents claimed that they have a positive view regarding climate change
and 23.68% have negative view regarding this phenomenon. This implies that respondents
have neither good nor bad interaction regarding climate change. Positive view, it is because
fruits just like lanzones and/or rambutan which were found in the lowlands can bear fruit
nowadays. Negative, because of climatic irregularities experienced an occurrence of new
pest and diseases were observed just like the scab, and others. As stated by one of the
respondents, “idi awan dayta peste tadta ada” (in the recent years the pest was not observed
but nowadays they were arising). It is either positive or negative, because climate changes
have good and bad effects in the locality.
Main sources of information. Radio (86.84%) and television (73.68%) were the
accessible source of information in the locality, which is three-fourths of the respondents.
Mango growers, especially rely on local radio stations for information regarding new
technology for farming. For most (73.68%), had a personal observations on changes in
climate which contributed to their level of awareness regarding this phenomenon. It is also
interesting to note that very few of the respondents received information from local
government unit which is 10.53% and government agencies which is 18.42%.
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Table 4. Perceptions on climate change
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Awareness to Climate Change
Aware
35
95.00
Unaware
5
5.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Changes in the climate
Increase of temperature
30
78.94
Extreme hot (noon)- extreme cold (am/pm)
27
71.05
Abrupt changes in temperature
15
39.47
Stronger rain fall intensity
12
31.58
Irregular rain pattern
21
55.26
Occurrence of super typhoons
21
55.26
Change in wind direction
7
18.42
Stronger wind
15
39.47
Abrupt changes in weather conditions
8
21.05
Changes in seasons like prolong dry/wet season
11
21.05
La Niña
16
42.11
El Niño
16
42.11
Longer drought
6
15.79
Perception or view on climate change
Positive
16
42.11
Negative
9
23.68
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Table 4 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Both positive and negative
15
39.47
TOTAL
40
100.00
Main sources of information
TV
28
73.68
Newspaper
20
52.63
School
3
7.89
Family/friends
7
18.42
Personal experience/observations
28
73.68
Radio
33
86.84
Internet
7
18.42
Government Agency
7
18.42
Local Government Agency(LGU)
4
10.53
Production Practices
Type of area for production. Table 5 shows that 82.5% of the respondents utilized
a sloping area for production. Seven (17.5%) of the respondents have a flat terrain for
mango production.
Cropping system practices. Majority (65.5%) of the mango producers do practice
intercrop crops such as leguminous crops, rice, and especially fruit bearing trees. Only
32.5% of the respondents do not suggest intercrop crops. According to the respondents,
intercropping was helpful in maintaining the nutrient of the soil and for the control of pests
and diseases.
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Changes in farm landscape/topography. Among the 40 respondents 62.6% of them
had a change in farm topography from year 1990 to present. Only 37.5% of the respondents
did not suffer from these changes. The table shows that most (84%) among the 25
respondents that have a change in their farm landscape have incurred a change in soil
structure, 80% has a change in soil fertility, and 8% claimed that there area for production
which is sloping became flat.
Causes of changes in farm topography. Table 5 shows that most (80%) of the 25
respondents who claimed that there is a change in farm landscape mentioned that the cause
is the changing weather. Only 16% of the respondents claimed that supply of water became
scarce because of changing weather and landslides in the neighboring farm. 36% claimed
that the change of farm landscape is because of landslides in the farm and 24% is because
of human intervention. Another cause also of change in farm landscape is due to El Niño
(36%) and La Niña (28%).
Changes in practices from year 1990 to present. Three-fourths of the mango
growers incurred a change in practices from year 1990 to present and only 25% do not have
changes in practices. Spraying with potassium has increased from 53.33% of the year 1990
to 2000 into 76.67% of the remaining years to present. Spraying with insecticide has also
increased from 36.67% to 83.33% while spray of fungicide also increased from 30% to
40%. Spray of herbicide has also increased from 3.33% to 10%. Among the 40 mango
growers only 33.33% of them do not spray chemicals from 1990 to 2000 while these
present years mostly of the respondents spray chemicals. Smudging or smoking during the
years 1990 to present was also practiced. Fertilizer application is practiced by some
(16.67%) during the years 1990 to 2000 while most (80%) of the respondents do fertilize
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the mango crop from 2001 to present. This indicates that fertilizer application is common
in the locality, and spraying of chemicals to control pest and diseases had also increased.
Table 5. Production practices
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Type of area for production
Sloping area
33
82.50
Flat terrain
7
17.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Cropping system practices
Intercropping
27
67.50
Mono-cropping
13
32.50
TOTAL
40
100.00
Causes of changes in farm landscape/topography
Weather conditions
20
80
Supply of water became scarce
4
16
Landslides in the farm
9
36
Landslides of neighboring farm
4
16
Human intervention
6
24
El Niño
9
36
Table 5 Continued
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
La Niña
7
28
Changes in practices from 1990 to present
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There are changes
30
75.00
No change
10
67.50
Change from 1990 to 2000
Spraying with potassium
16
53.33
Spraying with insecticide
11
36.67
Spraying with fungicide
9
30.00
Spraying with herbicide
1
3.33
No spraying
10
33.33
Smudging/smoking
13
43.33
Fertilization
5
16.67
Change from 2001 to present
Spraying with potassium
23
76.67
Spraying with insecticide
25
83.33
Spraying with fungicide
12
40.00
Spraying with herbicide
3
10.00
Smudging/smoking
3
10.00
Fertilization
32
80.00
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Changes in Yield per Mango Tree
Table 6 revealed that three-fourths of the respondents incurred a change in the
average yield per mango tree per season. Twenty-five percent (25%) of the mango growers
did not observed change in the average yield per mango tree. A productive tree will yield
approximately 500 kilos but once pests and diseases will occur, production will decreased
by 30%. Result implies that yield produced was low.
Problems Encountered in Production
Problems in production. Table 7 presents the problems encountered by the farmers
in mango production during the years 1990 to present. Most (90%) of the respondents
encountered a problem regarding the crop while 10% did not encounter any problem. The
major problem encountered in mango production was environmental factors such as pests,
diseases, storms and typhoon. The data shows that there is an increase in plant pest and
diseases from 52.78% (1990-2000) to 83.33% (2001-2010). Crops destroyed by typhoons
also increased from 19.44% into 94.44%. The data noted that there is a significant increase
of problem encountered which is weather related as 16.67%, year 1990-2000 into 69.44%,
year 2001 to present. These problems causes damaged in the mango production producing
non-marketable yield.
Table 6. Changes in yield
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Observed change in yield
30
75.00
Not observed change in yield
10
25.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
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Lack of finance or capital for production is another problem encountered by the
respondents. Although, the farmers financed their farming, the total input required by the
mango crop was not sustained. Thus, the nutrient requirement of crop was not sustained.
Table 7. Problems encountered
PROBLEM
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Encountered problem
36
90.00
No problem
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Problems encountered from year 1990 to 2000
Prevalence of plant pest and diseases
19
52.78
Crop destroyed by typhoons
7
19.44
Weather related
6
16.67
High price of farm inputs
19
52.78
Low cost of harvested crop
18
50.00
No capital/money
23
63.89
Problems encountered from year 2001-2010
Prevalence of plant pest and diseases
30
83.33
Crop destroyed by typhoons
34
94.44
Weather related
25
69.33
High price of farm inputs
28
77.78
Low cost of harvested crop
22
61.11
No capital/money
26
72.22
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Lack of education or training on the production method/technology was also one of
the problems mentioned by the respondents. As shown in the profile, most of the
respondents have not reached college and have not attended any training or seminars on
mango production.
Changes in Production/Cultural
Management Production
Practice organic agriculture. Farmers in the locality do not observe purely organic
agriculture. Most (80%) of the respondents uses chemicals for their crops. A small
percentage (20%) is engaged in organic farming. This indicates that agrochemicals and
inorganic fertilizers are used extensively in the locality.
Application of fertilizers. Results in the table shows that all of the respondents’ uses
nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers while only, 21.87% of the 32 respondent’s
uses organic fertilizer which is compost. These fertilizers promotes roots and flower
development, and for fruiting and ripening.
Pest control practices. Table 6 previously, revealed that almost all the respondents
practiced intercropping. Insect-repellant crops were intercropped with mango to deter pests
from devouring the mango crop and intercrop companion crops to control the population
of pest. A result of the survey shows about three-fourths of the mango producers’ uses
insecticides/pesticides. Only few (30.56%) do practice manual removal of pest or infected
parts of mango. Accordingly, the pest and plant diseases are abundant thus; manual
removal of pests is impractical. Fungicide as pest control is practiced by 75% of the
respondents as fungicides were used to combat fungi-induced diseases.
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Table 8. Changes in production/cultural management practices
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Practice organic agriculture
Practice organic farming
8
20.00
Do not practice
32
80.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Apply fertilizers
Applying
32
80.00
Not applying
8
20.00
Fertilizers applied
Complete
32
100.00
Compost
7
21.87
Uses pesticide/pest management
Uses pesticide
36
90.00
Do not use pesticide
4
10.00
TOTAL
40
100.00
Pesticide applied/pest management
Insecticide
31
86.11
Manual removal of pest/infected parts
9
30.56
Fungicide
24
75.00
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Observation on the Incidence of Pests
Table 9 revealed that there is an increase of pest from year 2001 to 2010. Mango
fruit fly were low during wet season and moderate during dry season since year 1990 to
2000 while in the year 2001 to 2010 data shows that there was an increase in the said pest.
In 1990 to 2000, incidence of mango seed weevils was moderate during dry season and in
2001 to 2010, the pests were low during wet and dry season. Incidence of mango hoppers
was observed to be moderate during wet and dry season since the year 1990 to 2000 and
very high during wet and dry season in the year 2001 to 2010. In the year 1990 to 2000,
mango tip borers were low during wet season and in the year 2001 to 2010, the pest were
low during wet season while very high during dry season. Twig cutters were observed high
during dry season of 2001 to 2010 and low during wet season. In the year 1990 to 2000,
mealy bugs were low during wet season and high during dry season. Mealy bugs were
observed to be low during wet season and high during dry season in the year 2001 to 2010.
Mango cecid fly was only observed low during dry season in the year 2001 to 2010. Result
implies that arising new pests were observed in the locality and occurs during wet and dry
season that damages crops in field were still being experienced now.
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Table 9. Incidence of pests
PEST
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
Mango fruit 2.625
Low
3.425
Moderate
2.45
Low
3.9
High
fly
Seed weevil 1.725
None
2.875
Moderate 2.575
Low
2.3
Low
Mango
2.15
Moderate
3.225
Moderate
4.65
Very
4.5
Very
hopper
high
high
Mango tip
1.8
None
2.575
Low
2.3
Low
4.375
Very
borers
high
Twig
1.625
None
2.375
Low
2.375
Low
3.5
High
cutters
Mealy bugs
2.275
Low
3
Moderate
2.55
Low
3.6
High
Mango
1.35
None
1.65
None
1.85
None
2.6
Low
cecid fly
Legend: 1-1.8 none
2.7-3.4 moderate
4.3-5 very high
1.9-2.6 low
3.5-4.2 high
Observation on the Incidence of Diseases
Table 10 revealed that prevalence of diseases increased from year 2000 to 2010. In
1990 to 2000, anthracnose was moderate during wet and dry season while in the year 2001
to 2010, the disease was high during wet and dry season. Powdery mildew was low during
wet season and during moderate dry season in the year 1990 to 2000. In 2001 to 2010,
powdery mildew was moderate during wet and dry season. Scabs were observed in the year
2001 to 2010 during wet and dry season. Diplodia stem-end rot were observed low during
dry season in the years 1990 to 2010. Sooty mold was observed only during dry season in
the year 2001 to 2010. The result implies that a new disease was observed in the locality.
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Table 10. Incidence of diseases
DISEASES
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
WET
SCALE
DRY
SCALE
Anthracnos
3.1
Moderat
3.17
Moderat
3.72
High
3.7
High
e
e
5
e
5
Powdery
2.45
Low
2.4
Moderat
3.12
Moderat
3.2
Moderat
Mildew
e
5
e
e
Scab
1.6
None
1.5
None
2.6
Low
2.42
Low
5
Diplodia
1.7
None
2.07
Low
1.8
None
2.4
Low
stem-end
rot
5
Sooty mold
1.42
None
1.4
None
1.75
None
2.12
Low
5
5
Legend: 1-1.8 none
2.7-3.4 moderate
4.3-5 very high
1.9-2.6 low
3.5-4.2 high
Adaptation Measures
Pests and diseases are common to crops and are widely distributed and considered
to be a serious problem to farmers. Spray of chemicals is dominantly used by most 80% of
the respondents and only 20% do practice biological control. Farmers indicated that the use
of agro-chemicals increased their yields and improve the appearance of the produce.
Manual picking of the pests and diseases is practiced only by 32.5% farmers and uses of
organic control were used only by 20% of the respondents. Another 27.5% of the
respondents select cultivars in order to have a better yield. Some (42.5%) of the
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respondents controls fertilizer application, 62.5% of the farmers suggests timely spraying,
and only 25% practice orchard or field sanitation. Selection of proper orchard site is
commonly done by some (17.5%). Another prevention and control of pests by farmers is
scheduled flower induction after rainy season or during the dry months.
Table 11. Coping mechanisms
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Spray of chemicals
32
80.00
Biological control
8
20.00
Manual picking of pests and or infected parts
13
32.50
Use of organic control
8
20.00
Selection of cultivars
11
27.50
Controlled fertilizer application
17
42.50
Timely spraying
25
62.50
Orchard sanitation
10
25.00
Selection of proper orchard site
7
17.50
Bagging/wrapping of the fruits
8
20.00
Pruning, after harvest
28
70.00
Grafting
3
7.50
Change of mango elevation
1
2.50
Uses stick/stunt in order for the tree not easily blown by
8
20.00
the wind
Cutting the top of mango tree
1
2.50
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Wrapping of fruits were only practice by some of the farmers (20%) in order to
protect mangoes from pests and diseases. Pruning, after harvest is mostly done by 70% of
the respondents. This is to allow the sunlight to penetrate in the crown and free air
circulation, thereby reducing pests and diseases. In general, pruned trees produce bigger
and high quality fruits compared to not pruned trees. 7.5% of the respondents practice
grafting trees. Only 2.5% of the respondent changes the mango elevation, 20% uses stunt
or stick in order for the tree not to be easily blown by the wind, and one (2.5%) do cut the
top of mango tree.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in barangay Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet. This study aimed
to determine the weather changes for the past 20 years and to find out the levels of
awareness of mango growers regarding climate change and production practices. Also, the
study aimed to determine the incidences of pest and diseases occurred in the area and to
determine the constraints encountered by the mango producers and lastly, the coping
mechanisms or adaptation mechanisms employed by the farmers. The study was conducted
on December, 2011. Data gathering was done with the aid of interview questionnaire and
field observation method.
Majority of the respondents were in their middle age, male, married, engaged in
farming almost of their lives and major source of income is farming. With regards to their
educational attainment, all of them have attended formal education but still, knowledge on
proper mango production practices is limited. Majority of the respondents practice
conventional farming.
Majority of the respondents were knowledgeable and have a positive
view/perception regarding climate change. Radio and TV are the accessible source of
information in the locality. Majority of the respondents have personal observations of
changes in climate and had contributed to their awareness of this phenomenon.
Regarding production practices, majority of the respondents utilized a sloping farm
landscape. When it comes to pests control practices, majority of the respondents used
insect-repellant crops to intercrop with mango to maintain nutrient of the soil and to deter
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2012
pests from devouring their target crops and intercrop companion crops to control the
population of the pest.
Change on farm landscape/topography was determined which were changes in soil
structure, changes in soil fertility and lastly, sloping production area became flat. Changing
weather condition is the major changes. Spraying of chemicals increased nowadays,
smudging or smoking which is a cultural/traditional practice became inefficient but still
practiced by some mango growers.
Major problems the respondents encountered were environmental factors such as,
pests and diseases, typhoons, and storms. These were the reasons why most of the
respondents did not market their produce that caused loss of income to the families.
Another major problem which farmers are facing now is the lack of financial needs. The
respondents cannot buy all the materials needed in mango production that is the reason
why some respondents do not manage well the crop.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made.
1.
All the farmers in Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet depend on farming for their
income/livelihood. Second to farming is mining.
2.
Climate change has an effect on mango production in the past 20 years in
terms of weather and climatologically data. Climate change has a positive and negative
effect to mango and other fruit farmers. Warming induces fruit trees to bear fruits.
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3.
Climate changes are dominantly experienced by the respondents although
not aware of the word, but describe it by themselves or on their own understanding
regarding the phenomena.
4.
Mango producers adapt the climatic change that arises in the area through
their practices in the field such as timely spraying, orchard sanitation, controlled fertilizer
application, and pruning after harvest
5.
Farmers resort to chemical control of pest and diseases which was prevalent
in this season and in the area.
Recommendations
In line with the findings of the study, the following recommendations were derived.
Arising of new and increased pests and diseases are common these days, concerned
agencies just like Department of Agriculture (DA) or Benguet State University (BSU) has
the technologies and or researches regarding this matter. In this regard, DA, BSU or any
concerned agencies should train and/or teach farmers the strategies and or integrated pest
management on how to cope up with these arising pests and diseases, and most especially,
the phenomena observed.
Moreover, farmers should minimize the usage and/or application of inorganic
fertilizers, and other chemicals because these chemical pollutes air, water and soil
contributing to climate change. Furthermore, it is recommended that, farmers to go back to
traditional production practices or organic production.
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Mechanism Employed at Dalupirip Itogon, Benguet | DAYUWAN, EDRALYNE B., APRIL
2012