BIBLIOGRAPHY ROMELYN TULAO SORIANO,...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ROMELYN TULAO SORIANO, APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Effects of
Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan,
Pangasinan. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to document the weather changes in the locality for the
last 10 years; determine the effects of climate change in rice cultivation with the following
aspects (a) changes in the production practices; (b) changes in yield; (c) changes in
availability of water sources; incidence of pests and diseases.
The result showed that there were changes in production/cultural management
practices. Weeding is done through the use of weedicide to minimize labor used during
weeding exposure to intense heat from the sun. There were also changes with regard to
pest management. In 1990-2000, no spraying activity was done to control the golden snail
but in 2001-2010 the respondents were now using spray per cropping. In terms of
marketable yield during first cropping in 1990-2000 were much higher than the first
cropping of year 2001-2010. Most farmers their adaptation strategies were adjust cropping
period.
Based on the findings of the study, most of the respondents were applying inorganic
fertilizers to increase fertility of the soil. The higher incidence of pests and diseases was
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and
soil conditions such as the reduction in soil nutrients. The major problems faced by farmers
on rice production were calamities and damages brought about by insect pest and diseases
believed to be a factor of climate change. Farmers should minimize the application of
inorganic fertilizers and instead practice applying organic fertilizers. Farmers should
fallow the land or practice crop rotation in order to improve and regain the soil fertility of
the land. To minimize the damage caused by insect pests and diseases, the farmers should
try to find other methods of controlling pests specially using biological control methods
and not to be dependent on chemicals as is a tendency that the insect pests become more
resistant to the chemicals.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Climate has been changing since the start of time, as civilizations developed; its
effect on man’s survival has been an increasing urgent concern of people from all walks of
life. Its effect on natural and social environments has elevated interest to address climate
change either through adaptation or mitigation activities.
Climate change refers to the change in the average weather or a change in the
distribution of weather events around an average (e.g greater or fewer extreme weather
events).
Any change in the world’s climate is a potential threat to global food security.
Climate change such as increase in CO2, temperature and ultraviolet-B radiation will
influence the production of rice, the world’s most important food crop. As a source of
atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide, rice cultivation may contribute to climate change.
The contributions of this volume cover aspects of global climate change, its effect on rice
ecosystems and agriculture (Peng et al., 1995). Changes may be driven by internal
processes, external forces or most recently, by human activities. It can be caused by
dynamic processes on earth, variations in sunlight intensity, and in the past hundreds of
years by human activities such as clearing of forests, technology and industry (ABS-CBN,
2010). Climate change is the result from the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic
factors. It is the ultimate effect of global warming. The (UNFCCC) put more emphasis on
anthropogenic causes of climate change particularly fossil fuel burning (Tebtebba
Foundation, 2008).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security.
Planting time and growing season have been changing due to erratic patterns of
precipitations. Farmers, particularly those who depend on rainfall for water supply have to
take more risks in growing crops. When hit by El Nino in the middle of the growing season,
the shortage of water will impair crop growth and consequently reduce its potential yield.
During the El Nino period, crops become vulnerable to pest attacks and diseases. La Nina
years bring heavy rain, causing massive run off, severe erosion of fertile soils and
inundation of agricultural areas and aquaculture farms (ADB, 2009).
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino
events and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreased in agricultural
productivity and aquaculture will ensure due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rise,
floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries
of Asia (Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes
in temperature and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water
availability, pests, disease and extreme weather events are all likely affect substantially the
potential of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007).
Rice is the world’s most important food crop, more than half of the people in the
world eat rice as a main part of their meals. Almost all the people who depend on rice for
food live in Asia.
In the Philippines, rice is a major component in the budget of Filipino families.
Filipinos are highly dependent on rice (Oryza sativa) since it is the staple food of the people
and the lifeblood of the nation. It is the whole of the people’s diet, nearly all of their
agriculture and much of their hope (IRRI, 1977).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Thus, this study aimed to document the effects of climate change to rice production in
Mangaldan, Pangasinan.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study would serve as guide for agricultural technologists and rice
program implementers; and enhance their capacity to understand how climate change
influences food security, impart better understanding of climate change and its effect in
rice production among farmers or communities, help select alternatives for policies,
practices, technologies or even adaptation strategies they implemented or use to sustain the
rice production level.
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years?
2. What are the effects of climate change in rice cultivation on the production
practices changes in yield, availability of water sources, incidence of pests and diseases?
3. What are the strategies or coping mechanism being done by the farmers?
Objectives of the Study
1. To document weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years.
2. To determine the effects of climate change in rice cultivation on the following
aspects:
a. Changes in production practices
b. Changes in yield
c. Changes in availability of water sources
d. Incidence of pests and diseases
3. To identify the adaptation strategies being done by the farmers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Scope and Delimitation
The study was undertaken in three barangays of Mangaldan which served as
representative of the rice farming communities. The study focused on the effects of climate
change in rice production and adaptation strategies of farmers. Evaluation of changes in
weather patterns covered the past 10 years only.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain, belongs to the grass family (includes wheat, maize, and oats).
This grain grows best in shallow water for the reason that, the flooding of the field supplies
the growing plants with moisture and kills weeds and other pests. It also thrives in many
tropical (warm, wet climate) areas especially Southern Asia, India and China are best
examples for they produce more than half of the world’s yearly rice harvest, which make
them as the world’s leading rice-producing countries.
Climate Change and Its Impacts
Climate change would adversely affect food security, fresh water supply, rural and
urban settlements and their infrastructure, even if emissions would be curbed immediately.
Thus, humans need to adapt to face challenges due to some climate change that is already
inevitable. Biodiversity loss would also be inevitable due to the changing dynamics in the
natural system particularly increasing temperature of which many species might not able
to adapt thereby resulting to the irreversible loss of keystone species. This would have
various feedback effects not only on the natural system but also on the communities
(notably indigenous communities) that depends on biodiversity for their existence. Climate
change is the current crisis the world is experiencing today. It is an international issue that
concerns all fields of research and expertise including politics and economics. A number
of conferences and negotiations have been organized globally concerning this
anthropogenic phenomenon and one of its active supporters is the Philippines (FAO, 2006).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
The Philippines is generally characterized by four climatic types in terms of the
relative duration and intensity of the wet and dry period in the different parts of the country.
Type I climate is the wet period from May to November and dry period from
December to April.
Type II climate is no dry season and maximum rainfall is experienced from
November to January.
Type III climate is no distinct wet and dry seasons but it is relatively dry from
November to April.
Type IV is presence of rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
Adaptation Strategies
Rainfall is the most important weather factor for successful rice cultivation.
Temperature,rice is a tropical and sub-tropical plant. As such as, temperature is another
climatic factor that significantly influences the development,growth and yield of rice. Rice
requires a fairly high temperature between 20oC and 40oC. The optimum temperature of
30oC during daytime and 20oC during night time seems to be more favorable for the
development and growth of rice crop (Mitin, 2009).
Principles and Practices of Rice Production
According to Rabbit (1940) as cited by de Datta (1981) rice provide employment
to the largest sector of the rural population in most Asia. And this was supported by IRRI
(1977) and stated that rice plays an important role in the stabilization of the Philippine
economy because majority of the Filipinos are farmers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
In the Philippines, rice farming is common nationwide. About 85% of the people
depend on it. Rice can be grown everywhere across the country from Aparri to Jolo. It is
usually planted with irrigation twice a year, once a year in extremely cold areas, and thrice
a year in other areas. The three cropping are experienced in areas where there are less
calamities, like typhoons, better and dependable water supply, where farmers practice
excellent and appropriate irrigation system management where acceptable modern
technologies are employed and where high yielding varieties are commonly grown.
Rainfed areas are common elsewhere, which are also planted with rice during wet season.
This indigenous technology sometimes called as “chance farming” is still practice because
of the lack of government assistance in terms of irrigation infrastructure in the area. As a
result, the agricultural practice in un-irrigated areas depends on the raining months and
remains idle during the rest of the years. The slow irrigation developed in the provinces
leads to smaller planted rice areas, which results to a minimal yearly incremental increase
in rice production. Thus, the production cannot suffice to meet the population demand for
rice.
Farmers have always had to cope with the environment that surrounds them,
gradually adapting to it. Most small-scale farmers have to deal with sufficient resources,
and many are trying to grow crops in soils which are less fertile, or deal with recurrent
pests and diseases. The speed of which the climate is changing and the resulting situations,
whether temporary dry period or a hurricane only adds to the list of challenges and to the
change of urgency.
With climate change, higher temperature can lead to lower water levels in dams,
thus the greater need for rice that requires less water. Rice growing requires around 3 liters
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
to produce one kilo of palay or un-husked rice. However, farmers planting it should also
learned integrated crop management-crop rotation, water saving systems, in order to attain
a good yield of up to four metric tons (MT) per hectare per season.
Principles of Field Crop Production
Effects of temperature, is the most important factor to consider in rice production. Rice can
grow successfully in regions that have mean of 21oC or above. Higher yield is obtained in
warmer places, which may experience a low summer rainfall compared to the humid places
(Martin and Leonard, 1970).
Fundamentals of Rice Crop
Within the critical low and high temperature, temperature affects grain yield by
affecting tiller, spikelet formation, and ripening. There is usually an optimum temperature
for different physiological processes and these vary to some degree with variety. Therefore,
the results of an experiment depend on the variety used and on whether the range of
temperatures studied is above or below the optimum. Within a temperature range of 22oC-
31oC, the growth rate increases almost linearly with increasing temperatures (Yoshida,
1981).
Adaptations and Mitigations of Climate Change
Adaptability refers to the degree to which adjustments are possible in practices,
processes or structures of stems to projected and actual changes of climate. Adaptation can
be spontaneous or planned and can be carried out in response to or in anticipation of change
in conditions. Adaptation measures and options vary according to sector and maybe
constrained or enhanced by national or local conditions, for agriculture for example some
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
adaptation options could include adjustment of planting dates or changes in fertilization
rates, irrigation application, cultivar traits and selection of animal species. For water
resources integrated water resource management techniques can be applied to adapt
hydrologic impacts of climate change (Watson et al., 1996).
Evaluation to Rice
Effects of pests and diseases, the major insect pest of rice in the Philippines are rice
stem borer, leaf hopper, army worm and whorl maggots. Which cause 50-100% reduction
yield. Strategies of farmers, hand weeding was done when necessary after transplanting.
Insect pests and diseases was controlled and monitored to reduced economic losses. Other
recommended cultural management practices was followed to ensure better yield (Urbano,
2008).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was undertaken in three barangays of Mangaldan which is the
representative of the rice growing areas of the municipality. These barangays include;
David, Landas and Buenlag. The study was conducted from October to November, 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The data was gathered from 60 rice farmers. The respondents were chosen at
random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study made use of primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered
through survey and interview. Survey questionnaire were distributed to the respondents
and followed with an interview during the collection of questionnaire. Secondary data on
weather were gathered from PAGASA Dagupan.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were demographic profile of the respondents, adaptation
strategies of farmers for rice cultivation, changes in production practices and yield and
weather data (average monthly rainfall and minimum and maximum average temperature).
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the background information of the respondents according to gender, age,
status, occupation, education, religion, years engaged in rice production, other source of
income and average monthly income. A total of 60 rice farmers served as respondents.
Twenty of the farmers were taken from each barangay namely: Buenlag, Landas, and
David.
Gender. Most (87%) of the interviewed respondent were male and the rest were female.
This implies that rice farming in the area is usually the work of men.
Age. Majority (62%) of the respondents were under the age bracket of 41-60 years
old, followed by ages falling under 20-40 years old (22%) and the rest were under 61 years
and above. This means that rice farmers in the area were at their prime years in farming.
Status. Majority (85%) of the respondents were married (12%) and 3% were single
and widowed respectively.
Educational background. On the educational background, 45% reached high school
level; 23% reached elementary level; 10% were college graduate and 8.33% reached both
college level and vocational course. This means that most of the respondents had attended
formal education.
Religion. Eighty five percent (85%) of the total respondents were Roman Catholic;
13.33% were Born again Christian while 1.67% were Iglesiani Cristo.
Years engaged in rice production. Of the sixty (60) respondents, 56.66% had a
farming experience of 26 years and above; 20% from 16-20 years; 10% from 21-25 years;
8.35% from 5-10 years and 5% from 11-15 years of farming experience. This means that
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
majority of the rice farmers interviewed had long years of experience in cultivating their
land.
Other sources of income. Majority, (73.33) of the respondents, had no other sources
of income except farming. Ten percent were in salt making while 8.33% in hog raising,
6.67% were government employee, and 1.67% were employed in parlor as means of
augmenting their incomes. This means that most of the farmers’ incomes are dependent on
their rice production.
Average monthly income. On the average, 50% of the respondents said that they
are earning an average monthly income of P6000-P10000 while 35% earns less than P5000,
13.33% earn P11000-P15000 and 6.67% earn (P16000 and above).
Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to different characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
Gender
Male
18
14
20
87
Female
2
6
0
13
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Age
20-40
7
3
3
22
41-60
10
15
12
62
61and above
3
2
5
16
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
Married
19
16
16
85
Single
1
4
2
12
Widowed
-
-
2
3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Educational
background
Elementary
7
4
3
23.3
High school
8
10
9
45
Undergraduate
-
1
4
8.3
College graduate
2
4
-
10
Vocational
3
1
4
13.3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Religion
Roman catholic
15
17
19
85
Born again
5
3
-
13.3
Iglesia ni Cristo
-
-
1
1.7
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Year engage in rice
production
5-10
1
2
2
8.3
11-15
1
2
-
5
16-20
6
5
1
20
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTCS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
21-25
3
2
1
10
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Other source of
income
Parlor
1
-
-
1.7
Government
4
-
-
6.7
employee
Salt making
-
6
-
10
Hog raising
-
-
5
8.3
None
15
14
15
73.3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Average monthly
income (pesos)
Less than 5000
7
8
3
30
6000-10000
10
7
13
50
11000-15000
2
3
3
13.3
16000 and above
1
2
1
6.7
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Weather Data
Table 2 shows average rainfall and temperature. Data shows that year 2000 and 2009
experience heavy rainfall. The highest temperature was experienced in 2010 with
temperature ranging from 23.4’C to 32.7’C. Year 2000 occurs the lowest temperature (23.5
to 31.5).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 2. Data on annual rainfall relative humidity and temperature from 1990-2010
(Dagupan, PAGASA Station)
YEARS
AVERAGE
MEAN
TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
HUMIDITY (%) MAXIMUM MINIMUM
(mm)
2000
3327.2
83.3
31.5
23.5
2001
2071
81.8
31.9
23.7
2002
2730
83.4
31.9
22.9
2003
3500
83.8
31.6
22
2004
2814.09
84.3
31.8
21.9
2005
1622.1
82.7
32.4
23.8
2006
2304
82.1
32.3
23
2007
1942
81.1
32.2
22.8
2008
2157
82
32.1
22.8
2009
3306.1
82.4
31.9
22.6
2010
2187.6
81.5
32.7
23.4
Awareness and Perception on Climate Change
All the respondents mentioned that they were aware on the changes of climate that is
happening in their locality. This implies that on climate change is not new to these farmers.
On their perception (88%), majority of the respondent mentioned that was abrupt changes
in weather condition, occurrence of super typhoons and abrupt changes in temperature.
Others mentioned seasonal changes in climate, like dry season becomes drier and wet
season becomes wetter.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 3. Respondents’ awareness and perception of climate change
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCEPTION
Awareness
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Perception
Abrupt changes in
49
82
temperature
Occurrence of super
51
85
typhoons
Abrupt changes in
53
88
weather condition
Changes in season like
37
62
prolonged dry and wet
season
La Nina
8
13
EL Nino
7
12
*Multiple responses
Changes in Agro-Ecological Profile
Table 4 shows that landscape of the farm, all the respondents were farming in flat
terrain which is commonly referred to as lowland. Most (91.67%) of the respondents the
farms easily get flooded during rainy season. On the other hand, during the dry season,20%
responded that the soil easily dries up, 20% observed decreased in supply of irrigation
water, and 20% said soil becomes acidic. Most (98.33%) believed that the changes on the
landscape of the farm was due to weather changes, 68.33 % believed that it was due to
change in soil structure from porous to compact while 50% believed due to the occurrence
of El Nino and La Nina. This implies that landscape of farm did not change but it is the
soil structure that changed.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 4. Observation on landscape of their farms
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Landscape of the farm
flat terrain
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Observed changes in landscape from
1990-present
irrigated field became
unirrigated
2
3.33
farm easily get flooded
55
91.67
farm/soil easily get dry
12
20.00
decrease supply of water
12
20.00
low water holding capacity
2
3.33
changes in soil type and texture
9
15.00
unirrigated field became irrigated
8
13.33
fertile became acidic
12
20.00
Causes of changes in landscapes
weather conditions
59
98.33
La Nina
30
50
El Nino
30
50
*Multiple responses
Cropping pattern. Table 5 shows the main crops planted by farmers. Aside from
rice farmers plant corn, thus corn is the rotation crop. Most (90%) plant corn after rice in
1990-2000. In year 2001-2010 farmers plant rice 2x-rice after rice. These is due to the
presence of irrigation facilities which is a project of the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA). All of the respondents are now practicing monocropping (rice-rice) due to the
presence of irrigation facilities established.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 5. Crops grown by respondents
CROPS
1990-2000
2001-2010
GROWN
F
(%)
F
(%)
Rice-corn
54
90
-
-
Rice-rice
6
10
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Changes in the Variety of Crop Grown from 1990-2010
Table 6 shows that all of the respondents were using different varieties of rice. All
believed that using different varieties would increase yield of the crop. Other reasons for
using other varieties include: provision and recommendation of some varieties by the
Department of Agriculture (68.33%), 66.67% used varieties which are adaptable to
weather/climate changes, 33.33% used varieties which were resistant to pest and diseases
and only 5% used those varieties that were easy to manage.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 6. Variety of rice crop grown by respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Changes in variety
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Reason in change of variety of crops
higher yield
60
100
Resistance to pest and
20
33.33
diseases
easy to manage
3
5
adopted to weather
40
66.67
changes
adopted to climate
40
66.67
change
DA subsidy
41
68.33
*Multiple responses
Changes in Production/Cultural Management
Practices
In 1990-2000, most (88.30%) of the respondents practiced manual regular weeding,
and 11.70% weeds only twice per cropping. However, from 2001-2010, weeds became
more prevalent and this resulted to changes in the frequency of weeding per cropping.
Hence, instead of manual weeding farmers use weedicide. This implies that application of
chemicals was used to minimize labor used during weeding and reduce exposure to intense
heat from the sun.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
There were also changes with regard to pest management. In 1990-2000, no
spraying activity was done to control the golden snail but from 2001-2010, 81.7% of the
respondents were now using spray twice per cropping while 18.3% spray once per
cropping.
In 1990-2000, 90% of the respondents were dependent on rain for irrigation while
only 10% irrigate their crop using the water pump. However, in 2001-2010, 58.3% of the
respondents had access to irrigation at least for one cropping, while 41.7% mentioned that
they irrigate their crops twice. Change in the frequency of irrigation was due to greater
availability of irrigation water with the developments made by NIA.
As regards to soil fertilizer application, in 1990-2000, no fertilizer was applied,
however from 2001-2010 all of the respondents mentioned that they need to apply
inorganic fertilizer in order to increase fertility of the soil. Soil nutrient depletion was due
to the long years of cultivation and the practice of monocropping in the area.
With regards to harvesting practices, in 1990-2000, most (90%) of the respondents
harvest rice once a year, because they practice one cropping only. Farmers nowadays have
two cropping per rice for corn. In terms of packaging all of the respondents used sacks of
rice as with 50 kgs capacity.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 7. Production/cultural management
ACTIVITIES
1990-2000
2001-2010
F
(%)
F
(%)
Weeding
Once
-
-
60
100
Twice
7
11.7
-
-
Regular
53
88.3
-
-
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Spraying (pest)
Once
-
-
11
18.3
Twice
-
-
49
81.7
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Irrigation
None
54
90
-
-
Once
6
10
35
58.3
Twice
-
-
25
41.7
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Fertilizer Application
Basal
-
-
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Side Dressing
Once
-
-
19
31.7
Twice
-
-
41
68.3
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 7. Continued …
Harvesting
Once
54
90
-
-
Twice
6
10
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Packaging
By sack
60
100
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Changes in the application of fertilizer. Table 8 shows that 75% of the respondents
mentioned that there was change as regards to fertilizer application while 15% said they
there was no change. Most (73.3%) mentioned that they have increased the amount rate of
fertilizer applied on soil by 1-3 bags while 1.7% increased by 4-6 bags. However, in terms
of the changes on the kind of fertilizer applied, there was no change, the farmers still use
the same kind of fertilizer.
Application of Pesticide
In terms of application of pesticide, All the respondents mentioned that they are
now using pesticide to control pest.
Table 9 shows that in 1990-2000, control of pest is done by manual picking both
for golden snail and weeds. However, from 2001-2010 respondents were now using
pesticides due to increase number of golden snails particularly during the wet season. This
implies that farmers resort to the use of chemicals to control pest and diseases.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 8. Changes on the application of fertilizers
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Change on fertilizer application
There are changes
45
75
No changes
15
25
TOTAL
60
100
Nature on changes on the application of
fertilizer
Amount on the change of rate of
application
increase from 1-3 bags
44
73.3
increase from 4-6 bags
1
1.7
Changes in the application of
insecticides and pesticides
There are changes
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Marketable and Non- Marketable Yield
Table 10 shows that the average marketable yield/cavan during first cropping in 1990-2000
were much higher than the first cropping of year 2001-2010, because farmer mentioned
that in 1990-2000 there was enough rain and no calamities that will affects their crops,
while 2001-2010 they encountered super typhoons that would flood their crops,
particularly at the flowering stage of rice. However, second cropping from 1990-2000 were
much lower yield because water sources were not enough to irrigate their crops and it was
a dry season period. While second cropping of year 2001-2010 have higher yield due to
the presence of (NIA).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
As regards to the non-marketable yield first cropping in 1990-2000, the average of non-
marketable yield have much lower than the average non-marketable yield in 2001-2010
due to the strong winds and super typhoons. However the second cropping in 2001-2010
the non-marketable yield was much lower, due to the presence of (NIA).
Table 9. Application of insecticide/pesticide
1990-2000
2001-2010
PESTICIDE/INSECTICIDE
WEIGHTED MEAN
WEIGHTED MEAN
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Surekill
1
1
2.75
1
Shatter
1
1
2.8
1
Bayonet
1
1
3
1
Savage
1
1
3.3
1
Kuhol booster
1
1
3
1
Nominee
1
1
4
1.8
Postherb
1
1
3.92
2
2-4D
1
1
4
2
Machite
1
1
3.75
1
Grasstop
1
1
4
1.7
Legend: 0 – 1.0 -none
1.1 – 2.0 -low
2.1 – 3.0 -moderate
3.1 – 4.0 -high
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 10. Changes in yield of crops
AREA
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
AVERAGE NON
AVERAGE NON
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
(1990-2000)
(2001-2010)
(1990-2000)
(2001-2010)
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
0.5
57
50
35
61
1
10
21
1.12
0.6-1
105
92.5
47.6
112.6
2.7
17.5
57.3
1.2
1.1-1.5 148.3
150
68.3
148.3
3.8
20
8.2
1.6
1.6-2.0 194.4
165
100.6
195.6
4
25
95
1.6
2.1-2.5 205.7
115.7
205.7
4.4
0
90
1
2.6-3.0 243.3
141.7
243.3
3
0
101.7
1
Source of Irrigation
The sources of irrigation were the rain, irrigation canal, water pump and National
Irrigation Administration (NIA) as presented in Table 11. There were 60 who source their
irrigation from the rain, 57 from the irrigation canal, 51 from the water pump and 60 from
the NIA.
Changes in the source of irrigation from 1990 to present. As shown in table 11, all the
respondents observed there were changes in the source of irrigation from 1990 to present.
There reasons were irrigation canal dried up so farm became rainfed, unirrigated became
irrigated and rainfed to irrigation canal.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 11.Source of irrigation
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Source of irrigation
Rainfed
60
100
Irrigation canal
57
95
Water pump
51
85
NIA
60
100
Are there changes in the
source of irrigation
There are changes
60
100
Reason on change of
source of irrigation
I irrigation canal dried-
16
27
up so farm became rainfed
Unirrigated became
50
83
irrigated
Rainfed to irrigated
19
32
canal
*Multiple responses
Incidence of Pest and Diseases. Table 12 shows that from 1990-2000 Incidence of pests
and diseases were observed by the farmers, according to them there were changes compare
to 2001-2010. Pests are most highly during wet season in the year 2001-2010 particularly
the golden snail. This implies that the major problems of farmers are the golden snail.
However, in terms of diseases, incidence was low in 2001-2010 due to the presence of
inorganic fertilizers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 12. Observation on the incidence of pest
PEST AND DISEASES
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Pest
Rats
1.92
1.28
2.78
1.63
Golden snail
2.15
1.7
4
3.53
Rice birds
2
3
2
3.33
Diseases
Bakanae
2.95
2.97
1.2
1.15
Rice blast
3
4
2
1.83
Leaf blight
3.07
2
2
1
Tungro
3.55
2.77
2.57
1.82
Leaf spot
3.45
2
2
1
Legend: 0 – 1.0 -none
1.1 – 2.0 -low
2.1 – 3.0 -moderate
3.1 – 4.0 -high
Control Measures for Pest
Table 13 shows that all the respondents were using chemicals to kill the golden snail and
to control weeds. All respondent change variety of crops, 72% used manual picking ( this
is only done when incidence is low) and 40% biological control using duck to control the
pest, because ducks eat those pest especially the golden snail.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
All the respondents changed or adjusted their cropping period due to the climatic change,
95% planned and implement production program and 75% of the respondents shift their
crops from organic to inorganic practices.
Table 13. Control measures of pest
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Control measures of pest
Use of chemical
60
100
Biological control
24
40
Manual picking
43
72
Strategies/coping
mechanism employed by
farmers
Change/adjust
60
100
cropping period
Plan production
57
95
program and implement
Shift to inorganic
45
75
production
Change variety of crp
60
100
*Multiple responses
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effects of climate change in rice
cultivation in on the following aspects; changes in production practices and incidence of
pests and diseases. The study also identified the adaptation strategies employed by the
farmers. This study was conducted in three barangays in MangaldanPangasinan namely:
Buenlag, David, and Landas. Total of 60 respondents. This study was conducted on
October, 2011.
The profile of the respondents revealed that most of the respondents were male, age ranging
from 41-60 years old, married, attained at least high school and catholic believer.
Majority of the rice farmers interviewed had long years of experience in cultivating
their land, and incomes are dependent on their rice production. All of the respondents were
aware on the changes of climate that is happening in their locality. All the respondents
were farming in flat terrain which is commonly referred to as lowland, and they were now
practicing monocropping due to the presence of NIA. In terms of changes in the variety of
crop grown result shows that all of the respondents were using different varieties of rice.
Changes in production or cultural management practices, farmers weeding is done
through the use of weedicide to minimize labor used during weeding and exposure to
intense heat from the sun. There were also changes with regard to pest management. In
1990-2000, no spraying activity was done to control the golden snail but in 2001-2010 the
respondents were now using chemicals.. In terms of marketable yield, the first cropping in
1990-2000 had a much higher yield than the first cropping of year 2001-2010. Most farmers
adjusted cropping period as a strategy to cope up with climate change.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions are made: most of the
respondents were applying inorganic fertilizers to increase fertility of the soil. Due to the
increase in the incidence of pest and diseases farmers now used chemicals to control these
pests. The higher incidence of pests and diseases was influenced by environmental factors
such as temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, rainfall and soil conditions such as
the reduction in soil nutrients. The major problems faced by farmers on rice production
were calamities and damages brought about by insect pest and diseases which is believed
to be a factor of climate change. However, the coping mechanism employed by farmers is
the use of chemical inputs in farming which has more a negative effect or more contributing
to the problems in climate change.
Recommendations
Since conventional or chemical farming has an adverse effect to climatic conditions
(contributory to climate change) farmers should minimize the use of chemicals in farming.
Farmers should practice organic farming. Farmers should fallow the land or practice crop
rotation in order to improve and regain the fertility of the soil. To minimize the damage
caused by insect pests and diseases, the farmers should try to find other methods of
controlling pests specially using biological control methods and not to be dependent on
chemicals as there is a tendency that the insect pests become more resistant to the
chemicals.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ABS-CBN.2010. More Filipinos Believe Climate Change Dangerous: Survey. Retrieved
on September 30, 2011 from http://ww.abscbnnews.com/nation/08/16/10/more-filipinos-
believe-climate-change-dangerous-survey.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast
Asia: A Regional Review. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from http://www. adb. org/
Documents /Books/ Economics- Cliimate-Change-SEA/economics-climate-change. pdf.
DE DATTA, S. K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production.Singapore: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp. 3, 146-171.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). 2006. Gender: The Missing
Component of the Response to Climate Change. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0170e/i017e00.htm.
IRRI. 1977. The Philippine Recommends for Rice. Laguna: IRRI. Pp.1-107.
JABINES, A. J. INVENTOR, ZHAI and ZHUANG, 2007.Climate Change Impacts and
the Philippines.Greenpeace Southeast Asia.Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/ content/s easia/en/ press/reports/the-philippines-a-
climate-hot.pdf.
MARTIN, J.H. and W.H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of Field Crop Production. 2nded.
New York. McMillan Company. P. 498.
MITIN, ANNI. 2009. Documentation of Selected Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change
in Rice Cultivation. East Asia Rice Working Group 2009.Retrieved September 30, 2011
from http://www.eastasiarice.org/Books/ Adaptation% 20 Strategies .pdf.
PENG, S., K. T. INGRAM, H.U. NEUE and L.H. ZISKA.1995. Climate Change and
Rice.IRRI, Spinger-Verlag, Germany.P. 504.
TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2008. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples.
2nd ed. Tebtebba Foundation, Philippines.
URBANO, R.R. 2008. Evaluation of High Yielding Varieties of Rice under Bugayong,
Binalonan, Pangasinan Condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.P. 9.
WATSON, R. T., .ZINYOERA, M.C. and R.H. MOSS. 1996. Climate Change 1995:
Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change : Scientific-Technical Analysis .
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Contribution of Working Groups II to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
YOSHIDA, S. 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. P. 1,073.
ZHAI, F., and J. ZHUANG. 2007. Agricultural Impact of Climate Change: A General
Equilibrium Analysis with Special Reference to Southeast Asia.ADBI Working Paper
131.Tokyo: Asia Development Bank Institute. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
http://www.adbi.org/working
paper/2009/
02/23/2887.
agricultural.
impact.
climatechange/.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
ROMELYN TULAO SORIANO, APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Effects of
Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan,
Pangasinan. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to document the weather changes in the locality for the
last 10 years; determine the effects of climate change in rice cultivation with the following
aspects (a) changes in the production practices; (b) changes in yield; (c) changes in
availability of water sources; incidence of pests and diseases.
The result showed that there were changes in production/cultural management
practices. Weeding is done through the use of weedicide to minimize labor used during
weeding exposure to intense heat from the sun. There were also changes with regard to
pest management. In 1990-2000, no spraying activity was done to control the golden snail
but in 2001-2010 the respondents were now using spray per cropping. In terms of
marketable yield during first cropping in 1990-2000 were much higher than the first
cropping of year 2001-2010. Most farmers their adaptation strategies were adjust cropping
period.
Based on the findings of the study, most of the respondents were applying inorganic
fertilizers to increase fertility of the soil. The higher incidence of pests and diseases was
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and
soil conditions such as the reduction in soil nutrients. The major problems faced by farmers
on rice production were calamities and damages brought about by insect pest and diseases
believed to be a factor of climate change. Farmers should minimize the application of
inorganic fertilizers and instead practice applying organic fertilizers. Farmers should
fallow the land or practice crop rotation in order to improve and regain the soil fertility of
the land. To minimize the damage caused by insect pests and diseases, the farmers should
try to find other methods of controlling pests specially using biological control methods
and not to be dependent on chemicals as is a tendency that the insect pests become more
resistant to the chemicals.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Climate has been changing since the start of time, as civilizations developed; its
effect on man’s survival has been an increasing urgent concern of people from all walks of
life. Its effect on natural and social environments has elevated interest to address climate
change either through adaptation or mitigation activities.
Climate change refers to the change in the average weather or a change in the
distribution of weather events around an average (e.g greater or fewer extreme weather
events).
Any change in the world’s climate is a potential threat to global food security.
Climate change such as increase in CO2, temperature and ultraviolet-B radiation will
influence the production of rice, the world’s most important food crop. As a source of
atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide, rice cultivation may contribute to climate change.
The contributions of this volume cover aspects of global climate change, its effect on rice
ecosystems and agriculture (Peng et al., 1995). Changes may be driven by internal
processes, external forces or most recently, by human activities. It can be caused by
dynamic processes on earth, variations in sunlight intensity, and in the past hundreds of
years by human activities such as clearing of forests, technology and industry (ABS-CBN,
2010). Climate change is the result from the interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic
factors. It is the ultimate effect of global warming. The (UNFCCC) put more emphasis on
anthropogenic causes of climate change particularly fossil fuel burning (Tebtebba
Foundation, 2008).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
The sector most affected by climate change, so far, is agriculture and food security.
Planting time and growing season have been changing due to erratic patterns of
precipitations. Farmers, particularly those who depend on rainfall for water supply have to
take more risks in growing crops. When hit by El Nino in the middle of the growing season,
the shortage of water will impair crop growth and consequently reduce its potential yield.
During the El Nino period, crops become vulnerable to pest attacks and diseases. La Nina
years bring heavy rain, causing massive run off, severe erosion of fertile soils and
inundation of agricultural areas and aquaculture farms (ADB, 2009).
The sharpest fall in agricultural productions are experienced during strong El Nino
events and after the occurrence of severe tropical cyclones. Decreased in agricultural
productivity and aquaculture will ensure due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rise,
floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security in many countries
of Asia (Jabines and Inventor, 2007 and Zhai and Zhuang, 2007). The predicted changes
in temperature and rainfall patterns, as well as their associated impacts on water
availability, pests, disease and extreme weather events are all likely affect substantially the
potential of agricultural production (Zhai and Zhuang, 2007).
Rice is the world’s most important food crop, more than half of the people in the
world eat rice as a main part of their meals. Almost all the people who depend on rice for
food live in Asia.
In the Philippines, rice is a major component in the budget of Filipino families.
Filipinos are highly dependent on rice (Oryza sativa) since it is the staple food of the people
and the lifeblood of the nation. It is the whole of the people’s diet, nearly all of their
agriculture and much of their hope (IRRI, 1977).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Thus, this study aimed to document the effects of climate change to rice production in
Mangaldan, Pangasinan.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study would serve as guide for agricultural technologists and rice
program implementers; and enhance their capacity to understand how climate change
influences food security, impart better understanding of climate change and its effect in
rice production among farmers or communities, help select alternatives for policies,
practices, technologies or even adaptation strategies they implemented or use to sustain the
rice production level.
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years?
2. What are the effects of climate change in rice cultivation on the production
practices changes in yield, availability of water sources, incidence of pests and diseases?
3. What are the strategies or coping mechanism being done by the farmers?
Objectives of the Study
1. To document weather changes in the locality for the last 10 years.
2. To determine the effects of climate change in rice cultivation on the following
aspects:
a. Changes in production practices
b. Changes in yield
c. Changes in availability of water sources
d. Incidence of pests and diseases
3. To identify the adaptation strategies being done by the farmers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Scope and Delimitation
The study was undertaken in three barangays of Mangaldan which served as
representative of the rice farming communities. The study focused on the effects of climate
change in rice production and adaptation strategies of farmers. Evaluation of changes in
weather patterns covered the past 10 years only.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain, belongs to the grass family (includes wheat, maize, and oats).
This grain grows best in shallow water for the reason that, the flooding of the field supplies
the growing plants with moisture and kills weeds and other pests. It also thrives in many
tropical (warm, wet climate) areas especially Southern Asia, India and China are best
examples for they produce more than half of the world’s yearly rice harvest, which make
them as the world’s leading rice-producing countries.
Climate Change and Its Impacts
Climate change would adversely affect food security, fresh water supply, rural and
urban settlements and their infrastructure, even if emissions would be curbed immediately.
Thus, humans need to adapt to face challenges due to some climate change that is already
inevitable. Biodiversity loss would also be inevitable due to the changing dynamics in the
natural system particularly increasing temperature of which many species might not able
to adapt thereby resulting to the irreversible loss of keystone species. This would have
various feedback effects not only on the natural system but also on the communities
(notably indigenous communities) that depends on biodiversity for their existence. Climate
change is the current crisis the world is experiencing today. It is an international issue that
concerns all fields of research and expertise including politics and economics. A number
of conferences and negotiations have been organized globally concerning this
anthropogenic phenomenon and one of its active supporters is the Philippines (FAO, 2006).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
The Philippines is generally characterized by four climatic types in terms of the
relative duration and intensity of the wet and dry period in the different parts of the country.
Type I climate is the wet period from May to November and dry period from
December to April.
Type II climate is no dry season and maximum rainfall is experienced from
November to January.
Type III climate is no distinct wet and dry seasons but it is relatively dry from
November to April.
Type IV is presence of rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
Adaptation Strategies
Rainfall is the most important weather factor for successful rice cultivation.
Temperature,rice is a tropical and sub-tropical plant. As such as, temperature is another
climatic factor that significantly influences the development,growth and yield of rice. Rice
requires a fairly high temperature between 20oC and 40oC. The optimum temperature of
30oC during daytime and 20oC during night time seems to be more favorable for the
development and growth of rice crop (Mitin, 2009).
Principles and Practices of Rice Production
According to Rabbit (1940) as cited by de Datta (1981) rice provide employment
to the largest sector of the rural population in most Asia. And this was supported by IRRI
(1977) and stated that rice plays an important role in the stabilization of the Philippine
economy because majority of the Filipinos are farmers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
In the Philippines, rice farming is common nationwide. About 85% of the people
depend on it. Rice can be grown everywhere across the country from Aparri to Jolo. It is
usually planted with irrigation twice a year, once a year in extremely cold areas, and thrice
a year in other areas. The three cropping are experienced in areas where there are less
calamities, like typhoons, better and dependable water supply, where farmers practice
excellent and appropriate irrigation system management where acceptable modern
technologies are employed and where high yielding varieties are commonly grown.
Rainfed areas are common elsewhere, which are also planted with rice during wet season.
This indigenous technology sometimes called as “chance farming” is still practice because
of the lack of government assistance in terms of irrigation infrastructure in the area. As a
result, the agricultural practice in un-irrigated areas depends on the raining months and
remains idle during the rest of the years. The slow irrigation developed in the provinces
leads to smaller planted rice areas, which results to a minimal yearly incremental increase
in rice production. Thus, the production cannot suffice to meet the population demand for
rice.
Farmers have always had to cope with the environment that surrounds them,
gradually adapting to it. Most small-scale farmers have to deal with sufficient resources,
and many are trying to grow crops in soils which are less fertile, or deal with recurrent
pests and diseases. The speed of which the climate is changing and the resulting situations,
whether temporary dry period or a hurricane only adds to the list of challenges and to the
change of urgency.
With climate change, higher temperature can lead to lower water levels in dams,
thus the greater need for rice that requires less water. Rice growing requires around 3 liters
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
to produce one kilo of palay or un-husked rice. However, farmers planting it should also
learned integrated crop management-crop rotation, water saving systems, in order to attain
a good yield of up to four metric tons (MT) per hectare per season.
Principles of Field Crop Production
Effects of temperature, is the most important factor to consider in rice production. Rice can
grow successfully in regions that have mean of 21oC or above. Higher yield is obtained in
warmer places, which may experience a low summer rainfall compared to the humid places
(Martin and Leonard, 1970).
Fundamentals of Rice Crop
Within the critical low and high temperature, temperature affects grain yield by
affecting tiller, spikelet formation, and ripening. There is usually an optimum temperature
for different physiological processes and these vary to some degree with variety. Therefore,
the results of an experiment depend on the variety used and on whether the range of
temperatures studied is above or below the optimum. Within a temperature range of 22oC-
31oC, the growth rate increases almost linearly with increasing temperatures (Yoshida,
1981).
Adaptations and Mitigations of Climate Change
Adaptability refers to the degree to which adjustments are possible in practices,
processes or structures of stems to projected and actual changes of climate. Adaptation can
be spontaneous or planned and can be carried out in response to or in anticipation of change
in conditions. Adaptation measures and options vary according to sector and maybe
constrained or enhanced by national or local conditions, for agriculture for example some
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
adaptation options could include adjustment of planting dates or changes in fertilization
rates, irrigation application, cultivar traits and selection of animal species. For water
resources integrated water resource management techniques can be applied to adapt
hydrologic impacts of climate change (Watson et al., 1996).
Evaluation to Rice
Effects of pests and diseases, the major insect pest of rice in the Philippines are rice
stem borer, leaf hopper, army worm and whorl maggots. Which cause 50-100% reduction
yield. Strategies of farmers, hand weeding was done when necessary after transplanting.
Insect pests and diseases was controlled and monitored to reduced economic losses. Other
recommended cultural management practices was followed to ensure better yield (Urbano,
2008).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was undertaken in three barangays of Mangaldan which is the
representative of the rice growing areas of the municipality. These barangays include;
David, Landas and Buenlag. The study was conducted from October to November, 2011.
Respondents of the Study
The data was gathered from 60 rice farmers. The respondents were chosen at
random.
Data Gathering Procedure
The study made use of primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered
through survey and interview. Survey questionnaire were distributed to the respondents
and followed with an interview during the collection of questionnaire. Secondary data on
weather were gathered from PAGASA Dagupan.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were demographic profile of the respondents, adaptation
strategies of farmers for rice cultivation, changes in production practices and yield and
weather data (average monthly rainfall and minimum and maximum average temperature).
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and descriptive analysis.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents the background information of the respondents according to gender, age,
status, occupation, education, religion, years engaged in rice production, other source of
income and average monthly income. A total of 60 rice farmers served as respondents.
Twenty of the farmers were taken from each barangay namely: Buenlag, Landas, and
David.
Gender. Most (87%) of the interviewed respondent were male and the rest were female.
This implies that rice farming in the area is usually the work of men.
Age. Majority (62%) of the respondents were under the age bracket of 41-60 years
old, followed by ages falling under 20-40 years old (22%) and the rest were under 61 years
and above. This means that rice farmers in the area were at their prime years in farming.
Status. Majority (85%) of the respondents were married (12%) and 3% were single
and widowed respectively.
Educational background. On the educational background, 45% reached high school
level; 23% reached elementary level; 10% were college graduate and 8.33% reached both
college level and vocational course. This means that most of the respondents had attended
formal education.
Religion. Eighty five percent (85%) of the total respondents were Roman Catholic;
13.33% were Born again Christian while 1.67% were Iglesiani Cristo.
Years engaged in rice production. Of the sixty (60) respondents, 56.66% had a
farming experience of 26 years and above; 20% from 16-20 years; 10% from 21-25 years;
8.35% from 5-10 years and 5% from 11-15 years of farming experience. This means that
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
majority of the rice farmers interviewed had long years of experience in cultivating their
land.
Other sources of income. Majority, (73.33) of the respondents, had no other sources
of income except farming. Ten percent were in salt making while 8.33% in hog raising,
6.67% were government employee, and 1.67% were employed in parlor as means of
augmenting their incomes. This means that most of the farmers’ incomes are dependent on
their rice production.
Average monthly income. On the average, 50% of the respondents said that they
are earning an average monthly income of P6000-P10000 while 35% earns less than P5000,
13.33% earn P11000-P15000 and 6.67% earn (P16000 and above).
Table 1. Distribution of respondents according to different characteristic
CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
Gender
Male
18
14
20
87
Female
2
6
0
13
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Age
20-40
7
3
3
22
41-60
10
15
12
62
61and above
3
2
5
16
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
Married
19
16
16
85
Single
1
4
2
12
Widowed
-
-
2
3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Educational
background
Elementary
7
4
3
23.3
High school
8
10
9
45
Undergraduate
-
1
4
8.3
College graduate
2
4
-
10
Vocational
3
1
4
13.3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Religion
Roman catholic
15
17
19
85
Born again
5
3
-
13.3
Iglesia ni Cristo
-
-
1
1.7
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Year engage in rice
production
5-10
1
2
2
8.3
11-15
1
2
-
5
16-20
6
5
1
20
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTCS
BARANGAYS
BUENLAG
DAVID
LANDAS
PERCENTAGE
21-25
3
2
1
10
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Other source of
income
Parlor
1
-
-
1.7
Government
4
-
-
6.7
employee
Salt making
-
6
-
10
Hog raising
-
-
5
8.3
None
15
14
15
73.3
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Average monthly
income (pesos)
Less than 5000
7
8
3
30
6000-10000
10
7
13
50
11000-15000
2
3
3
13.3
16000 and above
1
2
1
6.7
TOTAL
20
20
20
100
Weather Data
Table 2 shows average rainfall and temperature. Data shows that year 2000 and 2009
experience heavy rainfall. The highest temperature was experienced in 2010 with
temperature ranging from 23.4’C to 32.7’C. Year 2000 occurs the lowest temperature (23.5
to 31.5).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 2. Data on annual rainfall relative humidity and temperature from 1990-2010
(Dagupan, PAGASA Station)
YEARS
AVERAGE
MEAN
TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
HUMIDITY (%) MAXIMUM MINIMUM
(mm)
2000
3327.2
83.3
31.5
23.5
2001
2071
81.8
31.9
23.7
2002
2730
83.4
31.9
22.9
2003
3500
83.8
31.6
22
2004
2814.09
84.3
31.8
21.9
2005
1622.1
82.7
32.4
23.8
2006
2304
82.1
32.3
23
2007
1942
81.1
32.2
22.8
2008
2157
82
32.1
22.8
2009
3306.1
82.4
31.9
22.6
2010
2187.6
81.5
32.7
23.4
Awareness and Perception on Climate Change
All the respondents mentioned that they were aware on the changes of climate that is
happening in their locality. This implies that on climate change is not new to these farmers.
On their perception (88%), majority of the respondent mentioned that was abrupt changes
in weather condition, occurrence of super typhoons and abrupt changes in temperature.
Others mentioned seasonal changes in climate, like dry season becomes drier and wet
season becomes wetter.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 3. Respondents’ awareness and perception of climate change
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCEPTION
Awareness
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Perception
Abrupt changes in
49
82
temperature
Occurrence of super
51
85
typhoons
Abrupt changes in
53
88
weather condition
Changes in season like
37
62
prolonged dry and wet
season
La Nina
8
13
EL Nino
7
12
*Multiple responses
Changes in Agro-Ecological Profile
Table 4 shows that landscape of the farm, all the respondents were farming in flat
terrain which is commonly referred to as lowland. Most (91.67%) of the respondents the
farms easily get flooded during rainy season. On the other hand, during the dry season,20%
responded that the soil easily dries up, 20% observed decreased in supply of irrigation
water, and 20% said soil becomes acidic. Most (98.33%) believed that the changes on the
landscape of the farm was due to weather changes, 68.33 % believed that it was due to
change in soil structure from porous to compact while 50% believed due to the occurrence
of El Nino and La Nina. This implies that landscape of farm did not change but it is the
soil structure that changed.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 4. Observation on landscape of their farms
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Landscape of the farm
flat terrain
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Observed changes in landscape from
1990-present
irrigated field became
unirrigated
2
3.33
farm easily get flooded
55
91.67
farm/soil easily get dry
12
20.00
decrease supply of water
12
20.00
low water holding capacity
2
3.33
changes in soil type and texture
9
15.00
unirrigated field became irrigated
8
13.33
fertile became acidic
12
20.00
Causes of changes in landscapes
weather conditions
59
98.33
La Nina
30
50
El Nino
30
50
*Multiple responses
Cropping pattern. Table 5 shows the main crops planted by farmers. Aside from
rice farmers plant corn, thus corn is the rotation crop. Most (90%) plant corn after rice in
1990-2000. In year 2001-2010 farmers plant rice 2x-rice after rice. These is due to the
presence of irrigation facilities which is a project of the National Irrigation Administration
(NIA). All of the respondents are now practicing monocropping (rice-rice) due to the
presence of irrigation facilities established.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 5. Crops grown by respondents
CROPS
1990-2000
2001-2010
GROWN
F
(%)
F
(%)
Rice-corn
54
90
-
-
Rice-rice
6
10
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Changes in the Variety of Crop Grown from 1990-2010
Table 6 shows that all of the respondents were using different varieties of rice. All
believed that using different varieties would increase yield of the crop. Other reasons for
using other varieties include: provision and recommendation of some varieties by the
Department of Agriculture (68.33%), 66.67% used varieties which are adaptable to
weather/climate changes, 33.33% used varieties which were resistant to pest and diseases
and only 5% used those varieties that were easy to manage.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 6. Variety of rice crop grown by respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Changes in variety
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Reason in change of variety of crops
higher yield
60
100
Resistance to pest and
20
33.33
diseases
easy to manage
3
5
adopted to weather
40
66.67
changes
adopted to climate
40
66.67
change
DA subsidy
41
68.33
*Multiple responses
Changes in Production/Cultural Management
Practices
In 1990-2000, most (88.30%) of the respondents practiced manual regular weeding,
and 11.70% weeds only twice per cropping. However, from 2001-2010, weeds became
more prevalent and this resulted to changes in the frequency of weeding per cropping.
Hence, instead of manual weeding farmers use weedicide. This implies that application of
chemicals was used to minimize labor used during weeding and reduce exposure to intense
heat from the sun.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
There were also changes with regard to pest management. In 1990-2000, no
spraying activity was done to control the golden snail but from 2001-2010, 81.7% of the
respondents were now using spray twice per cropping while 18.3% spray once per
cropping.
In 1990-2000, 90% of the respondents were dependent on rain for irrigation while
only 10% irrigate their crop using the water pump. However, in 2001-2010, 58.3% of the
respondents had access to irrigation at least for one cropping, while 41.7% mentioned that
they irrigate their crops twice. Change in the frequency of irrigation was due to greater
availability of irrigation water with the developments made by NIA.
As regards to soil fertilizer application, in 1990-2000, no fertilizer was applied,
however from 2001-2010 all of the respondents mentioned that they need to apply
inorganic fertilizer in order to increase fertility of the soil. Soil nutrient depletion was due
to the long years of cultivation and the practice of monocropping in the area.
With regards to harvesting practices, in 1990-2000, most (90%) of the respondents
harvest rice once a year, because they practice one cropping only. Farmers nowadays have
two cropping per rice for corn. In terms of packaging all of the respondents used sacks of
rice as with 50 kgs capacity.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 7. Production/cultural management
ACTIVITIES
1990-2000
2001-2010
F
(%)
F
(%)
Weeding
Once
-
-
60
100
Twice
7
11.7
-
-
Regular
53
88.3
-
-
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Spraying (pest)
Once
-
-
11
18.3
Twice
-
-
49
81.7
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Irrigation
None
54
90
-
-
Once
6
10
35
58.3
Twice
-
-
25
41.7
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Fertilizer Application
Basal
-
-
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Side Dressing
Once
-
-
19
31.7
Twice
-
-
41
68.3
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 7. Continued …
Harvesting
Once
54
90
-
-
Twice
6
10
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Packaging
By sack
60
100
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
60
100
Changes in the application of fertilizer. Table 8 shows that 75% of the respondents
mentioned that there was change as regards to fertilizer application while 15% said they
there was no change. Most (73.3%) mentioned that they have increased the amount rate of
fertilizer applied on soil by 1-3 bags while 1.7% increased by 4-6 bags. However, in terms
of the changes on the kind of fertilizer applied, there was no change, the farmers still use
the same kind of fertilizer.
Application of Pesticide
In terms of application of pesticide, All the respondents mentioned that they are
now using pesticide to control pest.
Table 9 shows that in 1990-2000, control of pest is done by manual picking both
for golden snail and weeds. However, from 2001-2010 respondents were now using
pesticides due to increase number of golden snails particularly during the wet season. This
implies that farmers resort to the use of chemicals to control pest and diseases.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 8. Changes on the application of fertilizers
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Change on fertilizer application
There are changes
45
75
No changes
15
25
TOTAL
60
100
Nature on changes on the application of
fertilizer
Amount on the change of rate of
application
increase from 1-3 bags
44
73.3
increase from 4-6 bags
1
1.7
Changes in the application of
insecticides and pesticides
There are changes
60
100
TOTAL
60
100
Marketable and Non- Marketable Yield
Table 10 shows that the average marketable yield/cavan during first cropping in 1990-2000
were much higher than the first cropping of year 2001-2010, because farmer mentioned
that in 1990-2000 there was enough rain and no calamities that will affects their crops,
while 2001-2010 they encountered super typhoons that would flood their crops,
particularly at the flowering stage of rice. However, second cropping from 1990-2000 were
much lower yield because water sources were not enough to irrigate their crops and it was
a dry season period. While second cropping of year 2001-2010 have higher yield due to
the presence of (NIA).
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
As regards to the non-marketable yield first cropping in 1990-2000, the average of non-
marketable yield have much lower than the average non-marketable yield in 2001-2010
due to the strong winds and super typhoons. However the second cropping in 2001-2010
the non-marketable yield was much lower, due to the presence of (NIA).
Table 9. Application of insecticide/pesticide
1990-2000
2001-2010
PESTICIDE/INSECTICIDE
WEIGHTED MEAN
WEIGHTED MEAN
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Surekill
1
1
2.75
1
Shatter
1
1
2.8
1
Bayonet
1
1
3
1
Savage
1
1
3.3
1
Kuhol booster
1
1
3
1
Nominee
1
1
4
1.8
Postherb
1
1
3.92
2
2-4D
1
1
4
2
Machite
1
1
3.75
1
Grasstop
1
1
4
1.7
Legend: 0 – 1.0 -none
1.1 – 2.0 -low
2.1 – 3.0 -moderate
3.1 – 4.0 -high
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 10. Changes in yield of crops
AREA
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
AVERAGE NON
AVERAGE NON
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
YIELD/CAVAN
(1990-2000)
(2001-2010)
(1990-2000)
(2001-2010)
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
1ST
2ND
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
CROP
0.5
57
50
35
61
1
10
21
1.12
0.6-1
105
92.5
47.6
112.6
2.7
17.5
57.3
1.2
1.1-1.5 148.3
150
68.3
148.3
3.8
20
8.2
1.6
1.6-2.0 194.4
165
100.6
195.6
4
25
95
1.6
2.1-2.5 205.7
115.7
205.7
4.4
0
90
1
2.6-3.0 243.3
141.7
243.3
3
0
101.7
1
Source of Irrigation
The sources of irrigation were the rain, irrigation canal, water pump and National
Irrigation Administration (NIA) as presented in Table 11. There were 60 who source their
irrigation from the rain, 57 from the irrigation canal, 51 from the water pump and 60 from
the NIA.
Changes in the source of irrigation from 1990 to present. As shown in table 11, all the
respondents observed there were changes in the source of irrigation from 1990 to present.
There reasons were irrigation canal dried up so farm became rainfed, unirrigated became
irrigated and rainfed to irrigation canal.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 11.Source of irrigation
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Source of irrigation
Rainfed
60
100
Irrigation canal
57
95
Water pump
51
85
NIA
60
100
Are there changes in the
source of irrigation
There are changes
60
100
Reason on change of
source of irrigation
I irrigation canal dried-
16
27
up so farm became rainfed
Unirrigated became
50
83
irrigated
Rainfed to irrigated
19
32
canal
*Multiple responses
Incidence of Pest and Diseases. Table 12 shows that from 1990-2000 Incidence of pests
and diseases were observed by the farmers, according to them there were changes compare
to 2001-2010. Pests are most highly during wet season in the year 2001-2010 particularly
the golden snail. This implies that the major problems of farmers are the golden snail.
However, in terms of diseases, incidence was low in 2001-2010 due to the presence of
inorganic fertilizers.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Table 12. Observation on the incidence of pest
PEST AND DISEASES
1990-2000
2001-2010
MEAN
MEAN
WET
DRY
WET
DRY
Pest
Rats
1.92
1.28
2.78
1.63
Golden snail
2.15
1.7
4
3.53
Rice birds
2
3
2
3.33
Diseases
Bakanae
2.95
2.97
1.2
1.15
Rice blast
3
4
2
1.83
Leaf blight
3.07
2
2
1
Tungro
3.55
2.77
2.57
1.82
Leaf spot
3.45
2
2
1
Legend: 0 – 1.0 -none
1.1 – 2.0 -low
2.1 – 3.0 -moderate
3.1 – 4.0 -high
Control Measures for Pest
Table 13 shows that all the respondents were using chemicals to kill the golden snail and
to control weeds. All respondent change variety of crops, 72% used manual picking ( this
is only done when incidence is low) and 40% biological control using duck to control the
pest, because ducks eat those pest especially the golden snail.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
All the respondents changed or adjusted their cropping period due to the climatic change,
95% planned and implement production program and 75% of the respondents shift their
crops from organic to inorganic practices.
Table 13. Control measures of pest
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Control measures of pest
Use of chemical
60
100
Biological control
24
40
Manual picking
43
72
Strategies/coping
mechanism employed by
farmers
Change/adjust
60
100
cropping period
Plan production
57
95
program and implement
Shift to inorganic
45
75
production
Change variety of crp
60
100
*Multiple responses
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effects of climate change in rice
cultivation in on the following aspects; changes in production practices and incidence of
pests and diseases. The study also identified the adaptation strategies employed by the
farmers. This study was conducted in three barangays in MangaldanPangasinan namely:
Buenlag, David, and Landas. Total of 60 respondents. This study was conducted on
October, 2011.
The profile of the respondents revealed that most of the respondents were male, age ranging
from 41-60 years old, married, attained at least high school and catholic believer.
Majority of the rice farmers interviewed had long years of experience in cultivating
their land, and incomes are dependent on their rice production. All of the respondents were
aware on the changes of climate that is happening in their locality. All the respondents
were farming in flat terrain which is commonly referred to as lowland, and they were now
practicing monocropping due to the presence of NIA. In terms of changes in the variety of
crop grown result shows that all of the respondents were using different varieties of rice.
Changes in production or cultural management practices, farmers weeding is done
through the use of weedicide to minimize labor used during weeding and exposure to
intense heat from the sun. There were also changes with regard to pest management. In
1990-2000, no spraying activity was done to control the golden snail but in 2001-2010 the
respondents were now using chemicals.. In terms of marketable yield, the first cropping in
1990-2000 had a much higher yield than the first cropping of year 2001-2010. Most farmers
adjusted cropping period as a strategy to cope up with climate change.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions are made: most of the
respondents were applying inorganic fertilizers to increase fertility of the soil. Due to the
increase in the incidence of pest and diseases farmers now used chemicals to control these
pests. The higher incidence of pests and diseases was influenced by environmental factors
such as temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, rainfall and soil conditions such as
the reduction in soil nutrients. The major problems faced by farmers on rice production
were calamities and damages brought about by insect pest and diseases which is believed
to be a factor of climate change. However, the coping mechanism employed by farmers is
the use of chemical inputs in farming which has more a negative effect or more contributing
to the problems in climate change.
Recommendations
Since conventional or chemical farming has an adverse effect to climatic conditions
(contributory to climate change) farmers should minimize the use of chemicals in farming.
Farmers should practice organic farming. Farmers should fallow the land or practice crop
rotation in order to improve and regain the fertility of the soil. To minimize the damage
caused by insect pests and diseases, the farmers should try to find other methods of
controlling pests specially using biological control methods and not to be dependent on
chemicals as there is a tendency that the insect pests become more resistant to the
chemicals.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ABS-CBN.2010. More Filipinos Believe Climate Change Dangerous: Survey. Retrieved
on September 30, 2011 from http://ww.abscbnnews.com/nation/08/16/10/more-filipinos-
believe-climate-change-dangerous-survey.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast
Asia: A Regional Review. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from http://www. adb. org/
Documents /Books/ Economics- Cliimate-Change-SEA/economics-climate-change. pdf.
DE DATTA, S. K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production.Singapore: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp. 3, 146-171.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). 2006. Gender: The Missing
Component of the Response to Climate Change. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0170e/i017e00.htm.
IRRI. 1977. The Philippine Recommends for Rice. Laguna: IRRI. Pp.1-107.
JABINES, A. J. INVENTOR, ZHAI and ZHUANG, 2007.Climate Change Impacts and
the Philippines.Greenpeace Southeast Asia.Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/ content/s easia/en/ press/reports/the-philippines-a-
climate-hot.pdf.
MARTIN, J.H. and W.H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of Field Crop Production. 2nded.
New York. McMillan Company. P. 498.
MITIN, ANNI. 2009. Documentation of Selected Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change
in Rice Cultivation. East Asia Rice Working Group 2009.Retrieved September 30, 2011
from http://www.eastasiarice.org/Books/ Adaptation% 20 Strategies .pdf.
PENG, S., K. T. INGRAM, H.U. NEUE and L.H. ZISKA.1995. Climate Change and
Rice.IRRI, Spinger-Verlag, Germany.P. 504.
TEBTEBBA FOUNDATION. 2008. Guide of Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples.
2nd ed. Tebtebba Foundation, Philippines.
URBANO, R.R. 2008. Evaluation of High Yielding Varieties of Rice under Bugayong,
Binalonan, Pangasinan Condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.P. 9.
WATSON, R. T., .ZINYOERA, M.C. and R.H. MOSS. 1996. Climate Change 1995:
Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change : Scientific-Technical Analysis .
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012
Contribution of Working Groups II to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
YOSHIDA, S. 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. P. 1,073.
ZHAI, F., and J. ZHUANG. 2007. Agricultural Impact of Climate Change: A General
Equilibrium Analysis with Special Reference to Southeast Asia.ADBI Working Paper
131.Tokyo: Asia Development Bank Institute. Retrieved September 30, 2011 from
http://www.adbi.org/working
paper/2009/
02/23/2887.
agricultural.
impact.
climatechange/.
Documentation on the Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production and Adaptation
Strategies of Farmers in Mangaldan, Pangasinan | ROMELYN TSORIANO, APRIL 2012