BIBLIOGRAPHY BILODO, GENALYN P....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013. Social and Economic Dimension of Rice
Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in November 2012 to December 2012 at
Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. This study aimed; to identify varieties grown, to document
rice production practices, to identify the major uses of rice grown in the area, to determine
the social aspect of traditional rice varieties, to determine income derived from the rice
production and to determine problems encountered in the production.
The data was gathered through the use of interview schedule and field observation.
All data gathered from the respondents were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and
descriptive analysis.
The rice varieties that farmers commonly planted in the area were Kintoman for
traditional rice and R-5 for hybrid rice. Production practices include land preparation
wherein all respondents used carabao in their rice fields, for weeding, farmers weeded their
rice fields one and two months after planting. Few of the respondents sprayed their rice
plants through the use of chemicals in controlling pest. Triple 14 and urea were the
commercial fertilizers used by traditional and hybrid rice farmers.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmers consumed their harvest, few of them
sell and for the traditional rice farmers some used their harvest for town fiesta and for the
special occasion like birthdays. Traditional rice were used for making native delicacies,
rice wine and yeast. Almost of the respondents give some of their harvest to their friends,
relatives and visitors.
Social dimension in traditional and hybrid rice production was the atang system in
planting and harvesting, the traditional rice was used in special occasion like in caňao and
ufo. Atang system was practiced to reduce cash cost for labor. When harvesting time the
owner will call/ ask the people who plant to harvest.
Common problems encountered by the respondents on the rice production were the
damages brought about by rats, a stray animals, insects, pest and diseases, lack of capital,
calamities like typhoon and floods including weeds or grasses.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In Asia, rice is typically grown by poor farmers on farms averaging 1 hectare or
less. In most countries, rice is a subsistence crop with about half of the harvest retained and
consumed by farm household. Indeed, most of the rice crop is consumed within the country
where it is produced; less than 5 of world rice production is internationally traded (Khush
et. al., 1991).
Rice is semi-temperate plant scientifically known as Oryza Sativa Linn thrives in
many tropical areas because of their warm and wet climate. It is the staple food of over
80% by our people with 70% of our population is directly dependent on rice farming and
marketing for livelihood. However, rice which is our “bread life” production has not been
able to consistently meet our needs (Anungan, 2000).
Heirloom rice usually commands a higher price than the ordinary rice. It is priced
for its exceptional cooking quality, taste, texture, color, and most importantly, nutritional
value. Heirloom rice grown in the Cordilleras is much sought locally and abroad
particularly by health-conscious individuals. However, what could have been a lucrative
farming activity is hindered by the inability of local farmers to produce this rice in greater
quantities. As in other countries, heirloom rice is grown only in small family farms. It
therefore bodes well for small communities in the Cordillera to come up with better rice
farming technologies to enhance heirloom rice production for bigger profits (Argana,
2012).
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
The Cordillera is fast losing its numerous heirloom rice varieties because of the
some agencies working on the rice varietal evaluation and hybridization are promoting and
encouraging rice farmers to engage in hybrid rice production to ensure better incomes (See,
2011).
Tinongdan, is one barangay in Itogon who is also engaged in Heirloom rice
production, initially for home consumption and for special occasions. Surplus is sold at a
minimal quantity. However, with the strong promotion of hybrid rice varieties by the
Department of Agriculture through the MAO office some farmers started producing the
hybrid rice, but Heirloom rice is still there to stay because of some other reasons like social,
culture and others.
It is in this context that this research is conceptualized to look into the Social
dimension on rice production in Tinongdan, Itogon, whether heirloom rice or hybrid rice.
Statement of the Problem
This study sought to answer the following question in relation to the social and
economic dimension of rice production:
1. What are the rice varieties grown?
2. What are the rice production practices in Tinongdan, Itogon,Benguet?
3. What is the major uses of rice grown in the area?
4. What are the social aspect of traditional rice varieties?
5. How much income is derived from rice production? and
6. What are problems encountered in the production?
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to:
1. to identify rice varieties grown;
2. to document rice production practices in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet;
3. to identify the major uses of rice grown in the area;
4. to determine the social aspect of traditional rice varieties;
5. to determine income derived from the rice production; and,
6. to determine problems encountered in the production.
Importance of the Study
The study provide, necessary information about rice production, its importance to
the socio-cultural aspects of the Ibaloi’s culture and its economic importance to the farmer.
The information can serve as a guide for researchers, students and farmers who are
interested to do further study along this line.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on the social and economic dimension of rice production in
Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet and the problems encountered in the production.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rice Production Practices
Rice production in the Philippines has a bright future. With an increase of
knowledge in nutrition, people cannot overlook the importance of rice as valuable food
source. However farmers should be encouraged to produce and minimize the importation
of rice to increase rice production and cultural management practices must be considered.
However, commercial fertilizer are expensive and beyond the reach of farmers. An
alternative then is through the use of indigenous materials that are readily and economically
flexible (Awas, 1995).
Farming is the main source of livelihood in the rural areas. It can satisfy the needs
of the family. Rice is the most important food crop of the world. If one has to consider the
area of cultivation, rice production has the highest priority due to the number of farmers
depending on the crop. To improve rice production, farmers have to work much harder,
use better seeds and adopt more technologies particularly on fertilizer application,
irrigation, and effective pest and disease management vest and post-harvest practices
(Anonymous, 1995).
Ao-wat (1995), stated that the distance and spacing of rice seedling is important
considering the numerous number of rice varieties available to farmers. It is a fact that
some rice varieties have very numerous seedling compared to traditional varieties
maintained by farmers. While the traditional spacing of farmers may be all right for
traditional varieties of may also be the proper spacing for modern high yielding varieties.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Rice Varietal Characteristic
High yielding varieties are therefore recommended for the farmers in the locality
even under farmer practice. However, due to the rat’s infestation among the high yielding
varieties must be done in such a way that harvesting must coincide with used by the farmers
(Marcelino, 1995).
Vergara (1992), as cited by Waitan (2003), stated that modern varieties gave greater
yield potential than traditional varieties over under the best conditions; traditional varieties
cannot yield more than the modern varieties. Use of fertilizer and improved farming
practices increase grain yield more in modern varieties.
IRRI (1991) reported that modern varieties that had been developed for
transplanting were also used for broadcast seedling. Those varieties often performed
similarly, but sometimes gave lower yield when broadcast seeded.
Problems Encountered in the Production
Basitao ( 1997), as cited by Patchel (2004), stated the farming problems in the rice
terraces lowland community include the absence of farm to market road, foot path bridges,
market centers, lack of technical skills, appropriate technology and the prohibitive cost of
farm inputs. Many rice fields are affected by the so-called zinc deficiency, diseases, the
attack of birds and rats, insect pest, insufficient irrigation, lack of farm labor, credit support,
socio-economic, cultural problems and peace and order.
Philrice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is one of the major problems in
transplanted rice authority (FPA) registered mullusides still effective against GAS. The
mullusides also damage lea kills and kills less native snails. But these are effective only up
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
to 2 days. These emerging snails after inactively were not killed. Basal application can also
reduce the population of golden apple snail.
Definition of Terms
Social. the communication/ interaction of the individual or group characterized by
friendly companionship ( Harper, 2010).
Social dimension. refers to people involved, physical places, acts, activities/routines,
events, objects, time, goals ( Woodworth, 2009).
Economic. relating to a household or its management, profitable, financial, utilization
of resources, production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
( Collins, 2009).
Economic dimension. refers to the scope of the development as to profitability or
financially viable or cost effective.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Conceptual Framework
The study looked into the social aspect on the production and utilization of
traditional and hybrid rice production as influenced by the culture and traditions of the
people in the study area. Furthermore, it looked into the economic contribution to the
farmer. Atang sytem was that whoever individual want or willing to work in planting rice
and at the same time are also accountable to harvest. If an individual who comes to work
harvests four bundles/ cans of palay in a day, the rice field owner takes three bundles/cans
and gives him one bundle/ can as his share. This is still practiced until now by the farmers
and few of the rice field owner pay in cash to those who plant and harvest.
Social Dimension
Intervening
Economic
Variables
Variables
Dimension
Variables
Production and
- Traditional
Utilization
production
- Income
practices
- Savings
- Promotes
- Changes in the
- Source of
neighborliness/
production and
food
camaraderie
utilization
- atang system
practices as
- Social
affected by
gathering like
culture and
festival
traditions
- Sign of
hospitality
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Barangay Tinongdan is located in the municipality of Itogon. The barangay is 29
kilometers away from Baguio City. Its total land area is 12, 720.37 hectares and it is the
second largest barangay in the municipality of Itogon. It is bounded North by Ambuklao,
Bokod; South by barangay Dalupirip; East by Bisal, Bokod and Kayapa, Nueva Viscaya
and West by barangay Poblacion and Loacan, Itogon, Benguet.
The residents in this barangay are Ibaloi’s, Iowak’s and Kalanguya’s. The barangay
was also declared as tourist spot or attraction because of “Binga dam” and “Mt. Ugo” one
of the various scenic mountains in barangay Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet.
The study was conducted on October to November 2012.
Respondent of the Study
Sixty farmers engaged in rice production were considered as the respondent of this
study. Random sampling technique was used to identify the respondent.
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondent were interviewed using the interview schedule and field
observation was done on their practices in rice production and land area they are
cultivating.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the rice variety grown, rice production practices, major uses
of rice grown in the area, social aspect of traditional rice varieties, income derived from
the rice production and problems encountered by the farmers.
Data Analysis
The data gathered from the respondents were tabulated and analyzed using
frequency and descriptive analysis.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents
A total of sixty rice farmers were taken as the respondent of this study. Table 1
presents the profile of the study which includes; age, civil status, numbers of children,
educational attainment and number of years in farming.
Age. The mean age of respondents is 54.75 years. It was found out that 25%
belonged to the age of bracket 41 to 50; 18% or 11 belonged to the age bracket 51 to 60;
17% or 10 belonged to the age of 60 and above; 38% belonged to the age bracket 31 to 40;
and 2% belonged to the youngest bracket of 30 and below. Most of the respondents were
at their older age and were experienced farmer. Few of the respondents were at their
younger age because they are more engaged in gold panning although farmers were
engaged in gold panning when land preparation and planting of rice was already done.
Gender. Majority of the respondents were male with 62%, and 38% were female.
Civil status. Of the sixty rice farmers, majority of the respondents (76%) were
married, 7% were single and 17% were widowed.
Number of children. Majority (57%) of the respondents had 1 to 5 children; and
37% had 6 to 10.
Educational attainment. Sixty two percent of the respondents reached elementary
level, 30% reached high school, 2% college level, and 7% had no formal education. Most
of the respondents had attended formal education but nobody had finished college because
of financial problem and the location of school before was far. Some parents of the
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
respondent, did not send their children because they want their children to work/ help in
the farm.
Number of years in farming. As to the number of years in farming, 67% of the
respondents had been farming for 10 years and below, 23.3% had been farming for 11 to
20 years, 45%had been farming for 21 to 30 years, and 25% had been farming for 30 years
and above. This implies that all the respondents had been engaged in farming for a long
time.
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
30 and below
1
2
31-40
23
38
41-50
15
25
51-60
11
18
60 above
10
17
TOTAL
60
100
Mean Age: 54.75
Gender
Male
37
62
Female
23
38
TOTAL
60
100
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Table 1. Continued . . .
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Civil status
Single
4
7
Married
46
76
Widowed
10
17
TOTAL
60
100
Number of children
1-5
34
57
6-10
22
37
Educational attainment
No formal education
4
7
Elementary level
37
62
High School level
18
30
College level
1
1
TOTAL
60
100
No. of years in farming
10 and below
4
7
11-20
14
23
21-30
27
45
31 and above
15
25
TOTAL
60
100
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Demographic Profile of the Farm
Land tenure status of the farm. Among the sixty respondents, 65% cultivated their
own land and 42% were tenants. The findings show that majority of the respondents till
their own land and at the same time they are also tenants because some of them till their
own land that is mortgaged.
Size of the farm area planted by the respondents. Haft of the respondents had an
area of 0.25 to 0.35 hectare of farmland, 33% had 0.25 to 0.35 hectare and 17% had 0.36
to 0.5 hectare. The rice fields/ rice terraces that the farmers are cultivating were built by
their forefathers.
Source of water supply. All of the farm respondents irrigate their rice fields through
irrigation canal and at the same time they depend on rainfall. Hybrid rice was irrigated
through rain and irrigation. Water supply is from the brooks in mountain and it is not
enough to irrigate their rice fields. Paddies nearest the source of water are irrigated first
before to the succeeding paddies.
Different varieties of palay planted by the respondents. There are different varieties
of palay being planted by the farmers in the area. The traditional rice variety that the
farmers commonly planted was Kintoman with a 43.3% of the respondents and for hybrid
ricewere R-5 and C-1 with a 18.3% and 16.7% of respondent, respectively. Other varieties
planted were Bongkitan, Libwagan, Ortok, RC-10, Milagrosa, C-18 and C-4.
Terrain/topography of the farm. All the respondents/farmers were cultivating
terraced lands. This shows the unity, diligence and cooperation of the people in the
community in building their rice terraces. Benguet ancestors tried their best just to put up
rice terraces for rice production.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Cropping per year. Majority (57%) of the respondents planted rice one cropping
per year and only 43% of the respondents planted rice twice cropping a per year. This
finding shows that the respondents plant rice one cropping per year because of lack of
water, they plant rice during wet seasons and this starts from June to September.
Table 2. Demographic profile of the farm
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Tenurial status *
Owner
39
65
Tenant
25
42
Area planted
0.25 ha. below
15
25
0.26-0.35 ha.
30
50
0.36-0.50 ha.
15
25
Source of water *
Irrigation
60
100
Rain
32
53.3
Varieties of palay planted *
Kintoman
26
43.3
Bongkitan
5
8.8
Libwagan
1
1.7
Ortok
1
1.7
Rc-10
5
8.3
Milagrosa
1
1.7
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Table 2. Continued . . .
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
R-5
11
18.3
C-18
6
10
C-1
10
16.7
C-4
2
3.3
Topography/ Terrain
Terraces
60
100
Cropping per year
1 cropping
34
57
2 cropping
26
43
TOTAL
60
100
*Multiple response
Planting and Harvesting Season
Month of planting. Table 3 shows that 35% of the respondents planted their rice in
January and few planted in December and February which were the month of first cropping.
The second cropping is June to September. Eleven percent planted in June, 25% planted in
July, 31.7% in August, and 1.7% in September. The months of June and July are the time
for planting rain-fed lands or wet seasons and January to February for dry season.
Month of harvesting the palay. In first cropping, 36.7% harvest their palay in June,
5% harvest in April, 6.7% harvest in May, and 11.7% harvest is July. In the second
cropping, 40% of the respondents harvest their palay in November, 10% in October, and
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
40% in November. Harvesting was done in the months of September, October and
November, this depend on the month they plant.
Table 3. Planting and harvesting seasons
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Month of planting
First cropping
December
7
11.7
January
21
35
February
2
3.3
Second cropping
June
7
11.7
July
15
25
August
19
31.7
September
1 1.7
Month of harvesting
First Cropping
April
3
5
May
4
6.7
June
22
36.7
July
7
11.7
Second Cropping
October
6
10
November
24
40
December
11
18.3
* Multiple response
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Management and Cultural Practices Employed on Rice Production
Land Preparation. Table 4 presents how the farmers do land preparation. Both the
traditional and hybrid rice farmers prepared their area by plowing with the use of carabao.
They do land preparation before transplanting the seedlings.
Method of planting rice. Most (93%) of the traditional rice farmers used
transplanting and only 7% used direct method. All hybrid rice farmers used transplanting
method of planting rice.
Distance of planting. Majority of traditional rice farmers used a distance of 20 x 20
centimeters, 43% used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeters, and 3% used a distance of 10 x
10 centimeters while in hybrid rice, most (84%) used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeters,
13% used 20 x 20 centimeters and only 3% used a distance of 10 x 10 centimeters. It is
important to consider the distance and spacing in planting rice because it increases the
number of panicle per hill.
Weeding. Majority(71.1%) of the hybrid rice farmers weed their rice fields two
months after transplanting and 43% of traditional rice farmers weed their rice fields after
one and two months of planting. Few of the respondents do not weed their rice fields by
12% of traditional rice farmers and 6% of hybrid rice farmers.
Management of pest and diseases. Table 4 shows the respondents manage pest and
diseases. Out of 60 respondents, there were only 16 respondents who sprayed pesticide to
their rice plants whether traditional or hybrid rice farmers. Four percent of traditional rice
farmers sprayed pesticides to their rice plants before the attack of pest and diseases and
another 4% sprayed after the attack of pest and diseases. For the hybrid rice farmers, 38%
sprayed pesticide to their rice plants after the attack of the pest and diseases. Most of the
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
respondents do not sprayed pesticides to their rice plants due to lack of spray materials and
chemicals.
Application of fertilizer. All hybrid rice farmers and half of the traditional rice
farmers apply synthetic fertilizer to their rice fields. There were half of traditional rice
farmers do who not apply fertilizer to their rice fields.
Kind of fertilizer used. Forty one percent of traditional rice farmers used urea
fertilizer and 13% used ammonium sulfate and triple 14 (14-14-14). Some traditional rice
farmers apply fertilizer to the seedlings. Most (87%) of the hybrid rice farmers used urea
as a source of nitrogen and 41% used a triple 14.
Frequency of irrigation. Most (82%) of the traditional rice farmers and majority
(66%) of the hybrid rice farmers irrigated their rice plants every other day because of
limited supply of water.
Pest control method. For traditional rice, most (93%) of the respondents do not
control pest and 7% control pest by the use of chemicals while in hybrid rice, 44% of the
respondents control pest through the use of chemicals.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Management and cultural practices employed on rice production
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Land preparation
Plowing by carabao
28
100
32
100
Method of planting
Direct method
2
7
Distance of planting
10 x 10 cm. apart
1
4
1
3
15 x 15 cm. apart
12
43
27
84
20 x20 cm. apart
15
54
4
13
Weeding
After 1 month of planting
2
43
4
12.5
After 2 months of planting
23
7.9
After 3 months of planting
12
43
2
6.3
Done at anytime
1
3.1
No weeding
4
14
2
6.3
Spraying
Spray plants before the
attack of pest
1
4
2
6
Spray plants during the
attack of pest
4
4
12
38
Fertilizer application
Apply fertilizer
14
50
32
100
Do not apply fertilizer
14
50
Kind of fertilizer applied
Triple 14 (14-14-14)
4
13
13
41
Urea
13
41
28
88
Ammonium Sulfate
4
13
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Table 4. Continued . . .
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Irrigation
Every other day
27
96
23
72
Weekly
1
4
9
28
Pest control
Control
2
7
14
44
Do not control
26
23
18
56
Control measure practice
Use of chemicals
2
7
14
44
Harvesting Method and Post Harvesting Method
Method of harvesting the palay. Most of the respondents in traditional rice farmers
harvested their palay by pricking or ani and only 2 or 7% harvested their palay through the
use of sickle or gapas while all respondents in hybrid rice farmers use sickle or gapas in
harvesting their palay. The common method of harvesting traditional rice is pricking or
ani, harvesting the rice individually at the panicles. Gapas method is generally used for the
hybrid rice due to absence of mechanical harvesting equipment.
Frequency of drying. This shows on how many times the respondents dry their
palay before it is ready to mill. The harvesting time of traditional rice is wet season, June
to July so what they do is smoke drying. While in hybrid rice, most (84.4%) of them dry
their palay three times, this depends on the heat of sunlight.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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Method of drying. All of the respondents of hybrid rice and 7% respondent of
traditional rice practiced sun drying their palay after threshing.
Threshing/kind of thresher used. Majority (62.5) of respondents of hybrid rice used
pedal thresher and 37.5% of respondents used threshing machine with fuel. In traditional
rice, threshing is manually through pounding.
Cleaning. All respondents both traditional and hybrid rice farmers cleaned their
palay manually. For the hybrid rice, they use winnower in cleaning or the lina-ed method,
throwing the grain into the air over the canvass while wind is blowing.
Storing. All respondents practice storing their palay.
Storage practices. Both respondents of traditional and hybrid rice farmers stored
their rice within the premises of their houses and make sure that it is properly stored to
maintain its good quality.
Packaging material for rice. For the traditional rice, only 8 respondents used plastic
sacks to pack their harvested rice and the rest of them do not use any packaging material
because after harvesting they prepare it for smoke drying although sometimes they use
sack, whereas in hybrid rice all respondents used plastic sacks to pack their rice for the
reason that it is available and more convenient.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Harvesting method and post harvest method
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Harvesting method
By hand pricking “ani”
26
93
By use of sickle “gapas”
2
7
32
100
Drying
Once
3
9
Twice
6
21
Thrice
27
84
Four times
3
6
“smoke drying”
22
79
Drying of palay
Before threshing
After threshing
2
7
32
100
Threshing/ kind of thresher used
Threshing machine with
fuel
12
37.5
Pedal thresher
20
62.5
Cleaning
Through thresher
1
3
Manual method
28
100
31
97
Storing
Practice
28
100
32
100
Do not practice
Storage used
House
28
100
32
100
Storage container
Plastic sack
28
100
32
100
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Purpose in Planting
Purpose in planting. The purpose of the respondents in planting traditional rice was
to sell, for the household consumption and to serve during special occasions like cañao,
festivals and others. For the traditional rice, most of the respondents consumed their rice;
7% or 2 of the respondents sold some of their rice if there are excess; 11% or 3 of the
respondents served their rice during special occasions. For the hybrid, most of the
respondents consumed their rice and only 3% respondent sells some of his/her harvest.
Selling of harvest was only practiced if there are surplus and when they cash. This finding
explains that not all of their yield were for sale and for special occasions because of limited
area for product, most harvest were kept for consumption.
Table 6. Purpose in planting
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PURPOSE
F
%
F
%
Purpose in planting
To sell
2
7
1
3
For
household
consumption
23
83
31
97
To serve during
special occasion
3
11
*Multiple response
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Utilization
Percentage of harvest sold. Seven percent of traditional rice respondents sold 15
percent of their harvest and only 3% hybrid rice respondents sold fifty percent of his
harvest.
Percentage of harvest consumed. Most of the respondents of hybrid and traditional
rice farmers consumed all their harvest but few sold some their harvest if they need money.
Uses for special occasions. Three respondents of traditional rice used their harvest
for caňao, served at the fiesta and for birthdays. In caňao rice wine or tapey is always
served and traditional rice variety are used in tapey production referred to as traditional
wine and the pig as the traditional animal.
Table 7. Percentage of utilization
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PERCENTAGE
F
%
F
%
Percentage of harvest sold
50%
1
3
15%
2
7
Percentage
of
harvest
consumed
All harvest
23
82
31
97
50%
1
3
85%
5
18
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Table 7. Continuation . . .
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PERCENTAGE
F
%
F
%
Use for special occasion
Town fiesta
3
11
Caňao
2
7
Birthdays
1
4
*Multiple response
Reasons for Planting Traditional Rice
Reasons for planting. Aside from the food benefit, natives process kintoman as rice
wine. The rice wine, which is commonly known as tapey among the natives, is served
during special occasions like rituals, fiestas and can be given as gifts for visitors and
dignitaries, used for native delicacies and making yeast.
The traditional rice farmers revealed that not all of their harvest is for household
consumption. Some used it for native delicacies, used for rice wine, used in preparing yeast,
for special occasion and given to friends or relatives. Some of the respondents used their
harvest for native delicacies; 27% of the respondents give their harvest as a gift to their
friends/relatives; 27% of the respondents used it for rice wine; 17% used their harvest for
special occasions and only 5% for yeast making.
Social aspect. It is where the interaction of people in the community is seen. In
caňao, there is a rice wine to be served and also in our town fiesta. One activities in our
barangay/municipal fiesta is pounding traditional rice, it shows the lifestyle of locality
before. There was Kintoman festival in our municipality, the municipality of Itogon is in
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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fear of losing these varieties. Kintoman refers to native or traditional rice variety with red
color grown in rice paddies. The other used of traditional varieties is for ufo. Ufo is an
Ibaloi culture where relatives and friends provide traditional rice varieties to a family who
is mourning because of loss in the family. This is one of the reason why until now despite
of the new varieties of rice, traditional varieties are still planted.
The atang is also a culture where friends and neighbor help in planting and the
person who helped in planting will also be the one to help in harvesting palay and from the
harvest that person will get a share. If the person was able to harvest four bundles/ cans of
palay his share is one bundle/can. Because of these culture and practice, it promotes
camaraderie. Traditional rice are also given to visitors as gift or way of showing gratitude
and hospitality to visitors.
Table 8. Reasons for planting traditional rice
REASONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Reason for planting
Used for rice wine
21
75
Used in preparing/ making yeast
5
16
Used for native delicacies
28
100
For special occasion
17
61
Given to friends/ relatives
27
96
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Table 8. Continued . . .
REASONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Social aspect
Caňao
13
46
Gift to visitors
28
100
For fiesta/ festival
23
68
Promote neighborliness
28
100
Ufo (given to relatives/ friends
especially when somebody is
dead)
9
32
Sharing of seeds and variety
28
100
*Multiple response
Cost and Return of the Respondents
Income derived from the production. Table 9 shows the income and expenses of
the traditional and hybrid rice farmers for the one cropping per year only in a 5,000 sq.
meter. The income of a rice farmer depends on the land area they are tilling. All respondents
had a small land area. The maximum yield of a rice farmer is 240 cans of palay and for
traditional rice is 300 bundles for those who had a large land area (5000 sq meter). For
those had less than 5000 sq. meter of farmland usually practice the atang system. Atang
sytem was that whoever individual want or willing to work in planting rice and at the same
time they are also accountable to harvest. If an individual who comes to work harvests four
bundles/ cans of palay in a day, the rice field owner takes three bundles/cans and gives him
one bundle/ can as his share. This is still practiced until now by the farmers and few of the
rice field owner pay in cash to those who plant and harvest. The rent of carabao used for
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land preparation depends on the land area, either the carabao’s owner will pay in cash (1500
minimum) or palay. The field owner feeds those who work in his field. Return to cash
expenses was estimated at 13% for hybrid rice and 14% for traditional rice.
Table 9. Cost and return of the respondent (5,000 sq. m)
PARTICULAR
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
Income
Sales: 240 cans of palay
200/ can
48,000
300 bundles 100/ bundle
30,000
TOTAL
30,000
48,000
Expenses
Fertilizer
1250
4250
Seeds( opportunity cost)
200
1500
Labor for land preparation
(rent of carabao used and
hand tractor)
6000
5000
Labor for planting
2000
2000
Labor for harvesting
3000
2000
Rent for thresher used
4800
Miscellaneous expense
1300
1300
TOTAL EXPENSES
12900
20850
NET INCOME
17100
27150
ROCE
14%
13%
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Problems Encountered by the Respondents and Perceived Solution
Problems encountered by the respondents. Almost all of the respondents revealed
that they encountered common problems which are the following; lack of capital,
calamities, damages brought about by rats, stray animals, insects, pest and diseases, weeds
or grasses, and lack of knowledge about modern agriculture.
Solutions to the problem. All respondents stay on the farm to drive the birds during
ripening of rice panicles. Farmers build strong foundations for their rice fields to prevent
from falling/ slides during calamities and construct fences around their farms to prevent
the entrance of stray animals. Few of the respondents use racumen for rats because it is
poisonous and not good for the health and 15% of the respondent adopt new agricultural
technologies (short maturing and high yielding varieties) on rice production.
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Table 10. Problems encountered and perceived solution
PROBLEMS/ PERCEIVED SOLUTIONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Problems encountered
Lack of capital
52
86.7
Calamities like typhoon, and floods
60
100
Damages brought about rats
58
96.7
Damages brought about by insect, pest
and diseases
60
100
Damages brought about by stray animals
42
70
Weeds or grasses
60
100
Lack of knowledge about agriculture
specially in rice production
36
60
Unavailability of irrigation/ lack of water
40
66.7
Perceived solutions
Spraying
use
of
chemicals
like
insecticides and weedicide
16
26.7
Construction of fences around the farms
to prevent the entrance of a stray animals
18
78.3
Use of racumen
9
15
Adoption of agricultural technologies on
rice production to increase profit to have
more capital
9
15
Stay on the farm to drive away the birds
during ripening of rice panicles
60
100
Building strong foundations of rice fields
to prevent from falling during calamity
60
100
*Multiple response
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the social and economic dimension of rice
production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. It was conducted to identify varieties grown in
the area, to document rice production and practices, to identify the major uses of rice grown
in the area, the income derived from the rice production and to determine problems
encountered in the production.
The study showed that majority of the respondents were: male, married with a
range of 1 to 5 children, literate with low educational attainment , and had a mean age of
54.75. The findings showed that the respondents were at their old age and strong enough
to do all the activities on the farm. Majority of the respondents were engaged in farming
for so long with experiences of 21 to 30 years. All of the respondent cultivated an area of
less than one hectare and majority of the respondent cultivated their own land planted
primarily with rice. All of the respondent depended on canal irrigation. Majority of the
respondents planted once a year. The months of planting was January for the first cropping
and June as well as August for the second cropping. The months of harvesting the palay
was June for the first cropping and August for the second cropping.
Production practices included land preparation, transplanting, distance of planting,
spraying, weeding, fertilizers used and irrigation. For land preparation both traditional and
hybrid rice farmers used carabao for preparation. After the land preparation, transplanting
followed which most of the traditional and all hybrid rice farmers used. Majority of the
traditional rice farmer used a distance of 20 x 20 centimeter apart in planting and most of
the hybrid rice farmer used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeter apart. In weeding, majority of
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
the hybrid rice farmer weed their rice field after two months of planting and most of the
traditional rice farmer weed their rice fields after one and two months of planting. Few of
the respondent spray their rice plants through the use of chemicals in controlling pest.
Triple 14 and urea were the commercial fertilizer used by hybrid and traditional rice
farmers. Irrigation was a problem since the water is not enough to irrigate their rice fields.
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmers thresh and harvest their palay manually.
Harvested palay were dried three times before it is ready to mill and for traditional rice,
farmers used smoke drying. The hybrid and traditional rice farmer cleaned their palay
manually and were packed on plastic sack for hybrid rice which were stored inside their
houses.
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmer consumed their harvest, few of them
sell and for the traditional rice farmer some used their harvest for town fiesta and for the
special occasion like birthdays. Traditional rice are used for making native delicacies, rice
wine and yeast. Almost of the respondent give some their harvest to their friends, relatives
and visitor.
Social dimension in traditional and hybrid rice production was the atang system in
planting and harvesting, the traditional rice was used in special occasion like in caňao and
ufo. Atang system was practiced to reduce cash cost for labor. When harvesting time the
owner will call/ ask the people who plant to harvest. Common problems encountered by
the respondent on the rice production were the damages brought about by rats, a stray
animals insect, pest and diseases, lack of capital, calamities like typhoon and floods
including weeds or grasses. Farmers usually stayed in the fields to drive away the birds;
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
and they built strong foundation for the rice fields and fences to prevent the entrance of a
stray animals.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusion were made:
1. Most of the respondents were receptive in adoption of new technologies because
out of 60 respondents, 32 respondents were already planting improved varieties;
2. The introduction of short maturity and high yielding varieties had changed the
production practices from traditional to conventional, because farmers learned to use
synthetic inputs like inorganic fertilizer and chemical spray. The new technology had
changed the post harvest practices like threshing instead of the traditional or manual
pounding of palay. It had also made production easier and had also two cropping instead
of usual one cropping;
3. The new changes may also cause the loss of traditional varieties in the cultural
value and it may also loss because of changes in culture of younger generation.
Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions, the following recommendation were made:
1. The traditional method of production should be promoted (re-introduced)
because the trends now was organic or safe foods which had elite market for health and
nutritious conscious. The changes in the production practices had change the way the
people value the traditional rice varieties which was part of their culture like Kintoman
variety that was prepared into rice wine or tapey and other varieties were use for native
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delicacies. Changes may also reduce the social aspects in the farming like the ufo, where
the neighbors give native rice with one pig to their friends/relatives during mourning which
this culture promote geniuses neighborliness where there was sharing among neighbor;
and,
2. Changes in living standard of farmers should not be forget the value of these
varieties to the culture of Ibalois. Besides the traditional varieties were colored, thus, asides
from its aroma it is more delicious and nutritious as reported by (FNRI,2000).
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 1995. Journal of the Asian farming System Association. Vol. 3:5.
ANUNGAN, D. A. 2000. Evaluation of high yielding varieties of rice in Bitnong, Dupax,
del Norte, Nueva Viscaya. B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 4.
AO-WAT, R. 1995. Effect of planting distance on the growth and yield of native rice. B.S.
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 24.
ARGANA, R. R. 2012. Enhancing heirloom rice production with better technologies.
Retrieved
August
13,
2012
from
http://www.
pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/ssentinel/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1
997%3Aenhancing-heirloom-riceproduction-with-bettertechnologies&Itemid=41.
AWAS, C. 1995. Effect of azolla on the growth and yield of rice (IR 66). BS. Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 39.
COLLINS, H. 2009. Definition of economic. Retrieved August 15, 2012 from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/economic?show=0&t=1349767331.
HARPER, D. 2010. Definition of social. Retrieved August 15, 2012 from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social.
GADIT, V. 1993. Production practices of farmers in the terraces in Ifugao. MS. Thesis,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 107.
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI). 1991. Direct seeded flooded
rice in the tropics. Rural Development Administration, Korea. Rockefaller
Foundation. P. 1.
KUSH, G. S., TOENNIESSEN, G.H. 1991. Rice Biotechnology. Laguna: CAB
International. P. 1.
MARCELINO, C 1995. Performer of high yielding rice under Bokod condition. BS.
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 51.
PATCHEL, A. D. 2004. Production practices of rice growers in five barangays of La Paz,
Abra. B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
PHILRICE. 2000. Rice Research Institute R and D Highlight Science. City of Munoz,
Nueva Ecija. Pp. 1-3.
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SEE, D.A. 2011.Cordillera losing heirloom rice varieties. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from
http://www.mb.com.ph/node/307305/cordillera-lo.
WAITAN, V. J. 2003. Farming practices of farmers in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. B.S. Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
WOODWORTH, L. 2009. What are social dimensions?. Retrieved August 15, 2012 from
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_social_dimensions.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013. Social and Economic Dimension of Rice
Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Jovita M. Sim, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in November 2012 to December 2012 at
Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. This study aimed; to identify varieties grown, to document
rice production practices, to identify the major uses of rice grown in the area, to determine
the social aspect of traditional rice varieties, to determine income derived from the rice
production and to determine problems encountered in the production.
The data was gathered through the use of interview schedule and field observation.
All data gathered from the respondents were tabulated and analyzed using frequency and
descriptive analysis.
The rice varieties that farmers commonly planted in the area were Kintoman for
traditional rice and R-5 for hybrid rice. Production practices include land preparation
wherein all respondents used carabao in their rice fields, for weeding, farmers weeded their
rice fields one and two months after planting. Few of the respondents sprayed their rice
plants through the use of chemicals in controlling pest. Triple 14 and urea were the
commercial fertilizers used by traditional and hybrid rice farmers.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmers consumed their harvest, few of them
sell and for the traditional rice farmers some used their harvest for town fiesta and for the
special occasion like birthdays. Traditional rice were used for making native delicacies,
rice wine and yeast. Almost of the respondents give some of their harvest to their friends,
relatives and visitors.
Social dimension in traditional and hybrid rice production was the atang system in
planting and harvesting, the traditional rice was used in special occasion like in caňao and
ufo. Atang system was practiced to reduce cash cost for labor. When harvesting time the
owner will call/ ask the people who plant to harvest.
Common problems encountered by the respondents on the rice production were the
damages brought about by rats, a stray animals, insects, pest and diseases, lack of capital,
calamities like typhoon and floods including weeds or grasses.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In Asia, rice is typically grown by poor farmers on farms averaging 1 hectare or
less. In most countries, rice is a subsistence crop with about half of the harvest retained and
consumed by farm household. Indeed, most of the rice crop is consumed within the country
where it is produced; less than 5 of world rice production is internationally traded (Khush
et. al., 1991).
Rice is semi-temperate plant scientifically known as Oryza Sativa Linn thrives in
many tropical areas because of their warm and wet climate. It is the staple food of over
80% by our people with 70% of our population is directly dependent on rice farming and
marketing for livelihood. However, rice which is our “bread life” production has not been
able to consistently meet our needs (Anungan, 2000).
Heirloom rice usually commands a higher price than the ordinary rice. It is priced
for its exceptional cooking quality, taste, texture, color, and most importantly, nutritional
value. Heirloom rice grown in the Cordilleras is much sought locally and abroad
particularly by health-conscious individuals. However, what could have been a lucrative
farming activity is hindered by the inability of local farmers to produce this rice in greater
quantities. As in other countries, heirloom rice is grown only in small family farms. It
therefore bodes well for small communities in the Cordillera to come up with better rice
farming technologies to enhance heirloom rice production for bigger profits (Argana,
2012).
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
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The Cordillera is fast losing its numerous heirloom rice varieties because of the
some agencies working on the rice varietal evaluation and hybridization are promoting and
encouraging rice farmers to engage in hybrid rice production to ensure better incomes (See,
2011).
Tinongdan, is one barangay in Itogon who is also engaged in Heirloom rice
production, initially for home consumption and for special occasions. Surplus is sold at a
minimal quantity. However, with the strong promotion of hybrid rice varieties by the
Department of Agriculture through the MAO office some farmers started producing the
hybrid rice, but Heirloom rice is still there to stay because of some other reasons like social,
culture and others.
It is in this context that this research is conceptualized to look into the Social
dimension on rice production in Tinongdan, Itogon, whether heirloom rice or hybrid rice.
Statement of the Problem
This study sought to answer the following question in relation to the social and
economic dimension of rice production:
1. What are the rice varieties grown?
2. What are the rice production practices in Tinongdan, Itogon,Benguet?
3. What is the major uses of rice grown in the area?
4. What are the social aspect of traditional rice varieties?
5. How much income is derived from rice production? and
6. What are problems encountered in the production?
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to:
1. to identify rice varieties grown;
2. to document rice production practices in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet;
3. to identify the major uses of rice grown in the area;
4. to determine the social aspect of traditional rice varieties;
5. to determine income derived from the rice production; and,
6. to determine problems encountered in the production.
Importance of the Study
The study provide, necessary information about rice production, its importance to
the socio-cultural aspects of the Ibaloi’s culture and its economic importance to the farmer.
The information can serve as a guide for researchers, students and farmers who are
interested to do further study along this line.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on the social and economic dimension of rice production in
Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet and the problems encountered in the production.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rice Production Practices
Rice production in the Philippines has a bright future. With an increase of
knowledge in nutrition, people cannot overlook the importance of rice as valuable food
source. However farmers should be encouraged to produce and minimize the importation
of rice to increase rice production and cultural management practices must be considered.
However, commercial fertilizer are expensive and beyond the reach of farmers. An
alternative then is through the use of indigenous materials that are readily and economically
flexible (Awas, 1995).
Farming is the main source of livelihood in the rural areas. It can satisfy the needs
of the family. Rice is the most important food crop of the world. If one has to consider the
area of cultivation, rice production has the highest priority due to the number of farmers
depending on the crop. To improve rice production, farmers have to work much harder,
use better seeds and adopt more technologies particularly on fertilizer application,
irrigation, and effective pest and disease management vest and post-harvest practices
(Anonymous, 1995).
Ao-wat (1995), stated that the distance and spacing of rice seedling is important
considering the numerous number of rice varieties available to farmers. It is a fact that
some rice varieties have very numerous seedling compared to traditional varieties
maintained by farmers. While the traditional spacing of farmers may be all right for
traditional varieties of may also be the proper spacing for modern high yielding varieties.
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Rice Varietal Characteristic
High yielding varieties are therefore recommended for the farmers in the locality
even under farmer practice. However, due to the rat’s infestation among the high yielding
varieties must be done in such a way that harvesting must coincide with used by the farmers
(Marcelino, 1995).
Vergara (1992), as cited by Waitan (2003), stated that modern varieties gave greater
yield potential than traditional varieties over under the best conditions; traditional varieties
cannot yield more than the modern varieties. Use of fertilizer and improved farming
practices increase grain yield more in modern varieties.
IRRI (1991) reported that modern varieties that had been developed for
transplanting were also used for broadcast seedling. Those varieties often performed
similarly, but sometimes gave lower yield when broadcast seeded.
Problems Encountered in the Production
Basitao ( 1997), as cited by Patchel (2004), stated the farming problems in the rice
terraces lowland community include the absence of farm to market road, foot path bridges,
market centers, lack of technical skills, appropriate technology and the prohibitive cost of
farm inputs. Many rice fields are affected by the so-called zinc deficiency, diseases, the
attack of birds and rats, insect pest, insufficient irrigation, lack of farm labor, credit support,
socio-economic, cultural problems and peace and order.
Philrice (2000), the golden apple snail (GAS) is one of the major problems in
transplanted rice authority (FPA) registered mullusides still effective against GAS. The
mullusides also damage lea kills and kills less native snails. But these are effective only up
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
to 2 days. These emerging snails after inactively were not killed. Basal application can also
reduce the population of golden apple snail.
Definition of Terms
Social. the communication/ interaction of the individual or group characterized by
friendly companionship ( Harper, 2010).
Social dimension. refers to people involved, physical places, acts, activities/routines,
events, objects, time, goals ( Woodworth, 2009).
Economic. relating to a household or its management, profitable, financial, utilization
of resources, production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
( Collins, 2009).
Economic dimension. refers to the scope of the development as to profitability or
financially viable or cost effective.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Conceptual Framework
The study looked into the social aspect on the production and utilization of
traditional and hybrid rice production as influenced by the culture and traditions of the
people in the study area. Furthermore, it looked into the economic contribution to the
farmer. Atang sytem was that whoever individual want or willing to work in planting rice
and at the same time are also accountable to harvest. If an individual who comes to work
harvests four bundles/ cans of palay in a day, the rice field owner takes three bundles/cans
and gives him one bundle/ can as his share. This is still practiced until now by the farmers
and few of the rice field owner pay in cash to those who plant and harvest.
Social Dimension
Intervening
Economic
Variables
Variables
Dimension
Variables
Production and
- Traditional
Utilization
production
- Income
practices
- Savings
- Promotes
- Changes in the
- Source of
neighborliness/
production and
food
camaraderie
utilization
- atang system
practices as
- Social
affected by
gathering like
culture and
festival
traditions
- Sign of
hospitality
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Barangay Tinongdan is located in the municipality of Itogon. The barangay is 29
kilometers away from Baguio City. Its total land area is 12, 720.37 hectares and it is the
second largest barangay in the municipality of Itogon. It is bounded North by Ambuklao,
Bokod; South by barangay Dalupirip; East by Bisal, Bokod and Kayapa, Nueva Viscaya
and West by barangay Poblacion and Loacan, Itogon, Benguet.
The residents in this barangay are Ibaloi’s, Iowak’s and Kalanguya’s. The barangay
was also declared as tourist spot or attraction because of “Binga dam” and “Mt. Ugo” one
of the various scenic mountains in barangay Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet.
The study was conducted on October to November 2012.
Respondent of the Study
Sixty farmers engaged in rice production were considered as the respondent of this
study. Random sampling technique was used to identify the respondent.
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondent were interviewed using the interview schedule and field
observation was done on their practices in rice production and land area they are
cultivating.
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the rice variety grown, rice production practices, major uses
of rice grown in the area, social aspect of traditional rice varieties, income derived from
the rice production and problems encountered by the farmers.
Data Analysis
The data gathered from the respondents were tabulated and analyzed using
frequency and descriptive analysis.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of Respondents
A total of sixty rice farmers were taken as the respondent of this study. Table 1
presents the profile of the study which includes; age, civil status, numbers of children,
educational attainment and number of years in farming.
Age. The mean age of respondents is 54.75 years. It was found out that 25%
belonged to the age of bracket 41 to 50; 18% or 11 belonged to the age bracket 51 to 60;
17% or 10 belonged to the age of 60 and above; 38% belonged to the age bracket 31 to 40;
and 2% belonged to the youngest bracket of 30 and below. Most of the respondents were
at their older age and were experienced farmer. Few of the respondents were at their
younger age because they are more engaged in gold panning although farmers were
engaged in gold panning when land preparation and planting of rice was already done.
Gender. Majority of the respondents were male with 62%, and 38% were female.
Civil status. Of the sixty rice farmers, majority of the respondents (76%) were
married, 7% were single and 17% were widowed.
Number of children. Majority (57%) of the respondents had 1 to 5 children; and
37% had 6 to 10.
Educational attainment. Sixty two percent of the respondents reached elementary
level, 30% reached high school, 2% college level, and 7% had no formal education. Most
of the respondents had attended formal education but nobody had finished college because
of financial problem and the location of school before was far. Some parents of the
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respondent, did not send their children because they want their children to work/ help in
the farm.
Number of years in farming. As to the number of years in farming, 67% of the
respondents had been farming for 10 years and below, 23.3% had been farming for 11 to
20 years, 45%had been farming for 21 to 30 years, and 25% had been farming for 30 years
and above. This implies that all the respondents had been engaged in farming for a long
time.
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age
30 and below
1
2
31-40
23
38
41-50
15
25
51-60
11
18
60 above
10
17
TOTAL
60
100
Mean Age: 54.75
Gender
Male
37
62
Female
23
38
TOTAL
60
100
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Table 1. Continued . . .
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Civil status
Single
4
7
Married
46
76
Widowed
10
17
TOTAL
60
100
Number of children
1-5
34
57
6-10
22
37
Educational attainment
No formal education
4
7
Elementary level
37
62
High School level
18
30
College level
1
1
TOTAL
60
100
No. of years in farming
10 and below
4
7
11-20
14
23
21-30
27
45
31 and above
15
25
TOTAL
60
100
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Demographic Profile of the Farm
Land tenure status of the farm. Among the sixty respondents, 65% cultivated their
own land and 42% were tenants. The findings show that majority of the respondents till
their own land and at the same time they are also tenants because some of them till their
own land that is mortgaged.
Size of the farm area planted by the respondents. Haft of the respondents had an
area of 0.25 to 0.35 hectare of farmland, 33% had 0.25 to 0.35 hectare and 17% had 0.36
to 0.5 hectare. The rice fields/ rice terraces that the farmers are cultivating were built by
their forefathers.
Source of water supply. All of the farm respondents irrigate their rice fields through
irrigation canal and at the same time they depend on rainfall. Hybrid rice was irrigated
through rain and irrigation. Water supply is from the brooks in mountain and it is not
enough to irrigate their rice fields. Paddies nearest the source of water are irrigated first
before to the succeeding paddies.
Different varieties of palay planted by the respondents. There are different varieties
of palay being planted by the farmers in the area. The traditional rice variety that the
farmers commonly planted was Kintoman with a 43.3% of the respondents and for hybrid
ricewere R-5 and C-1 with a 18.3% and 16.7% of respondent, respectively. Other varieties
planted were Bongkitan, Libwagan, Ortok, RC-10, Milagrosa, C-18 and C-4.
Terrain/topography of the farm. All the respondents/farmers were cultivating
terraced lands. This shows the unity, diligence and cooperation of the people in the
community in building their rice terraces. Benguet ancestors tried their best just to put up
rice terraces for rice production.
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Cropping per year. Majority (57%) of the respondents planted rice one cropping
per year and only 43% of the respondents planted rice twice cropping a per year. This
finding shows that the respondents plant rice one cropping per year because of lack of
water, they plant rice during wet seasons and this starts from June to September.
Table 2. Demographic profile of the farm
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Tenurial status *
Owner
39
65
Tenant
25
42
Area planted
0.25 ha. below
15
25
0.26-0.35 ha.
30
50
0.36-0.50 ha.
15
25
Source of water *
Irrigation
60
100
Rain
32
53.3
Varieties of palay planted *
Kintoman
26
43.3
Bongkitan
5
8.8
Libwagan
1
1.7
Ortok
1
1.7
Rc-10
5
8.3
Milagrosa
1
1.7
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Table 2. Continued . . .
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
R-5
11
18.3
C-18
6
10
C-1
10
16.7
C-4
2
3.3
Topography/ Terrain
Terraces
60
100
Cropping per year
1 cropping
34
57
2 cropping
26
43
TOTAL
60
100
*Multiple response
Planting and Harvesting Season
Month of planting. Table 3 shows that 35% of the respondents planted their rice in
January and few planted in December and February which were the month of first cropping.
The second cropping is June to September. Eleven percent planted in June, 25% planted in
July, 31.7% in August, and 1.7% in September. The months of June and July are the time
for planting rain-fed lands or wet seasons and January to February for dry season.
Month of harvesting the palay. In first cropping, 36.7% harvest their palay in June,
5% harvest in April, 6.7% harvest in May, and 11.7% harvest is July. In the second
cropping, 40% of the respondents harvest their palay in November, 10% in October, and
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40% in November. Harvesting was done in the months of September, October and
November, this depend on the month they plant.
Table 3. Planting and harvesting seasons
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Month of planting
First cropping
December
7
11.7
January
21
35
February
2
3.3
Second cropping
June
7
11.7
July
15
25
August
19
31.7
September
1 1.7
Month of harvesting
First Cropping
April
3
5
May
4
6.7
June
22
36.7
July
7
11.7
Second Cropping
October
6
10
November
24
40
December
11
18.3
* Multiple response
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Management and Cultural Practices Employed on Rice Production
Land Preparation. Table 4 presents how the farmers do land preparation. Both the
traditional and hybrid rice farmers prepared their area by plowing with the use of carabao.
They do land preparation before transplanting the seedlings.
Method of planting rice. Most (93%) of the traditional rice farmers used
transplanting and only 7% used direct method. All hybrid rice farmers used transplanting
method of planting rice.
Distance of planting. Majority of traditional rice farmers used a distance of 20 x 20
centimeters, 43% used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeters, and 3% used a distance of 10 x
10 centimeters while in hybrid rice, most (84%) used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeters,
13% used 20 x 20 centimeters and only 3% used a distance of 10 x 10 centimeters. It is
important to consider the distance and spacing in planting rice because it increases the
number of panicle per hill.
Weeding. Majority(71.1%) of the hybrid rice farmers weed their rice fields two
months after transplanting and 43% of traditional rice farmers weed their rice fields after
one and two months of planting. Few of the respondents do not weed their rice fields by
12% of traditional rice farmers and 6% of hybrid rice farmers.
Management of pest and diseases. Table 4 shows the respondents manage pest and
diseases. Out of 60 respondents, there were only 16 respondents who sprayed pesticide to
their rice plants whether traditional or hybrid rice farmers. Four percent of traditional rice
farmers sprayed pesticides to their rice plants before the attack of pest and diseases and
another 4% sprayed after the attack of pest and diseases. For the hybrid rice farmers, 38%
sprayed pesticide to their rice plants after the attack of the pest and diseases. Most of the
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respondents do not sprayed pesticides to their rice plants due to lack of spray materials and
chemicals.
Application of fertilizer. All hybrid rice farmers and half of the traditional rice
farmers apply synthetic fertilizer to their rice fields. There were half of traditional rice
farmers do who not apply fertilizer to their rice fields.
Kind of fertilizer used. Forty one percent of traditional rice farmers used urea
fertilizer and 13% used ammonium sulfate and triple 14 (14-14-14). Some traditional rice
farmers apply fertilizer to the seedlings. Most (87%) of the hybrid rice farmers used urea
as a source of nitrogen and 41% used a triple 14.
Frequency of irrigation. Most (82%) of the traditional rice farmers and majority
(66%) of the hybrid rice farmers irrigated their rice plants every other day because of
limited supply of water.
Pest control method. For traditional rice, most (93%) of the respondents do not
control pest and 7% control pest by the use of chemicals while in hybrid rice, 44% of the
respondents control pest through the use of chemicals.
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Table 4. Management and cultural practices employed on rice production
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Land preparation
Plowing by carabao
28
100
32
100
Method of planting
Direct method
2
7
Distance of planting
10 x 10 cm. apart
1
4
1
3
15 x 15 cm. apart
12
43
27
84
20 x20 cm. apart
15
54
4
13
Weeding
After 1 month of planting
2
43
4
12.5
After 2 months of planting
23
7.9
After 3 months of planting
12
43
2
6.3
Done at anytime
1
3.1
No weeding
4
14
2
6.3
Spraying
Spray plants before the
attack of pest
1
4
2
6
Spray plants during the
attack of pest
4
4
12
38
Fertilizer application
Apply fertilizer
14
50
32
100
Do not apply fertilizer
14
50
Kind of fertilizer applied
Triple 14 (14-14-14)
4
13
13
41
Urea
13
41
28
88
Ammonium Sulfate
4
13
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Table 4. Continued . . .
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Irrigation
Every other day
27
96
23
72
Weekly
1
4
9
28
Pest control
Control
2
7
14
44
Do not control
26
23
18
56
Control measure practice
Use of chemicals
2
7
14
44
Harvesting Method and Post Harvesting Method
Method of harvesting the palay. Most of the respondents in traditional rice farmers
harvested their palay by pricking or ani and only 2 or 7% harvested their palay through the
use of sickle or gapas while all respondents in hybrid rice farmers use sickle or gapas in
harvesting their palay. The common method of harvesting traditional rice is pricking or
ani, harvesting the rice individually at the panicles. Gapas method is generally used for the
hybrid rice due to absence of mechanical harvesting equipment.
Frequency of drying. This shows on how many times the respondents dry their
palay before it is ready to mill. The harvesting time of traditional rice is wet season, June
to July so what they do is smoke drying. While in hybrid rice, most (84.4%) of them dry
their palay three times, this depends on the heat of sunlight.
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Method of drying. All of the respondents of hybrid rice and 7% respondent of
traditional rice practiced sun drying their palay after threshing.
Threshing/kind of thresher used. Majority (62.5) of respondents of hybrid rice used
pedal thresher and 37.5% of respondents used threshing machine with fuel. In traditional
rice, threshing is manually through pounding.
Cleaning. All respondents both traditional and hybrid rice farmers cleaned their
palay manually. For the hybrid rice, they use winnower in cleaning or the lina-ed method,
throwing the grain into the air over the canvass while wind is blowing.
Storing. All respondents practice storing their palay.
Storage practices. Both respondents of traditional and hybrid rice farmers stored
their rice within the premises of their houses and make sure that it is properly stored to
maintain its good quality.
Packaging material for rice. For the traditional rice, only 8 respondents used plastic
sacks to pack their harvested rice and the rest of them do not use any packaging material
because after harvesting they prepare it for smoke drying although sometimes they use
sack, whereas in hybrid rice all respondents used plastic sacks to pack their rice for the
reason that it is available and more convenient.
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Table 5. Harvesting method and post harvest method
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
ACTIVITIES
F
%
F
%
Harvesting method
By hand pricking “ani”
26
93
By use of sickle “gapas”
2
7
32
100
Drying
Once
3
9
Twice
6
21
Thrice
27
84
Four times
3
6
“smoke drying”
22
79
Drying of palay
Before threshing
After threshing
2
7
32
100
Threshing/ kind of thresher used
Threshing machine with
fuel
12
37.5
Pedal thresher
20
62.5
Cleaning
Through thresher
1
3
Manual method
28
100
31
97
Storing
Practice
28
100
32
100
Do not practice
Storage used
House
28
100
32
100
Storage container
Plastic sack
28
100
32
100
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Purpose in Planting
Purpose in planting. The purpose of the respondents in planting traditional rice was
to sell, for the household consumption and to serve during special occasions like cañao,
festivals and others. For the traditional rice, most of the respondents consumed their rice;
7% or 2 of the respondents sold some of their rice if there are excess; 11% or 3 of the
respondents served their rice during special occasions. For the hybrid, most of the
respondents consumed their rice and only 3% respondent sells some of his/her harvest.
Selling of harvest was only practiced if there are surplus and when they cash. This finding
explains that not all of their yield were for sale and for special occasions because of limited
area for product, most harvest were kept for consumption.
Table 6. Purpose in planting
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PURPOSE
F
%
F
%
Purpose in planting
To sell
2
7
1
3
For
household
consumption
23
83
31
97
To serve during
special occasion
3
11
*Multiple response
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BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
Percentage of Utilization
Percentage of harvest sold. Seven percent of traditional rice respondents sold 15
percent of their harvest and only 3% hybrid rice respondents sold fifty percent of his
harvest.
Percentage of harvest consumed. Most of the respondents of hybrid and traditional
rice farmers consumed all their harvest but few sold some their harvest if they need money.
Uses for special occasions. Three respondents of traditional rice used their harvest
for caňao, served at the fiesta and for birthdays. In caňao rice wine or tapey is always
served and traditional rice variety are used in tapey production referred to as traditional
wine and the pig as the traditional animal.
Table 7. Percentage of utilization
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PERCENTAGE
F
%
F
%
Percentage of harvest sold
50%
1
3
15%
2
7
Percentage
of
harvest
consumed
All harvest
23
82
31
97
50%
1
3
85%
5
18
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Table 7. Continuation . . .
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
PERCENTAGE
F
%
F
%
Use for special occasion
Town fiesta
3
11
Caňao
2
7
Birthdays
1
4
*Multiple response
Reasons for Planting Traditional Rice
Reasons for planting. Aside from the food benefit, natives process kintoman as rice
wine. The rice wine, which is commonly known as tapey among the natives, is served
during special occasions like rituals, fiestas and can be given as gifts for visitors and
dignitaries, used for native delicacies and making yeast.
The traditional rice farmers revealed that not all of their harvest is for household
consumption. Some used it for native delicacies, used for rice wine, used in preparing yeast,
for special occasion and given to friends or relatives. Some of the respondents used their
harvest for native delicacies; 27% of the respondents give their harvest as a gift to their
friends/relatives; 27% of the respondents used it for rice wine; 17% used their harvest for
special occasions and only 5% for yeast making.
Social aspect. It is where the interaction of people in the community is seen. In
caňao, there is a rice wine to be served and also in our town fiesta. One activities in our
barangay/municipal fiesta is pounding traditional rice, it shows the lifestyle of locality
before. There was Kintoman festival in our municipality, the municipality of Itogon is in
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fear of losing these varieties. Kintoman refers to native or traditional rice variety with red
color grown in rice paddies. The other used of traditional varieties is for ufo. Ufo is an
Ibaloi culture where relatives and friends provide traditional rice varieties to a family who
is mourning because of loss in the family. This is one of the reason why until now despite
of the new varieties of rice, traditional varieties are still planted.
The atang is also a culture where friends and neighbor help in planting and the
person who helped in planting will also be the one to help in harvesting palay and from the
harvest that person will get a share. If the person was able to harvest four bundles/ cans of
palay his share is one bundle/can. Because of these culture and practice, it promotes
camaraderie. Traditional rice are also given to visitors as gift or way of showing gratitude
and hospitality to visitors.
Table 8. Reasons for planting traditional rice
REASONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Reason for planting
Used for rice wine
21
75
Used in preparing/ making yeast
5
16
Used for native delicacies
28
100
For special occasion
17
61
Given to friends/ relatives
27
96
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Table 8. Continued . . .
REASONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Social aspect
Caňao
13
46
Gift to visitors
28
100
For fiesta/ festival
23
68
Promote neighborliness
28
100
Ufo (given to relatives/ friends
especially when somebody is
dead)
9
32
Sharing of seeds and variety
28
100
*Multiple response
Cost and Return of the Respondents
Income derived from the production. Table 9 shows the income and expenses of
the traditional and hybrid rice farmers for the one cropping per year only in a 5,000 sq.
meter. The income of a rice farmer depends on the land area they are tilling. All respondents
had a small land area. The maximum yield of a rice farmer is 240 cans of palay and for
traditional rice is 300 bundles for those who had a large land area (5000 sq meter). For
those had less than 5000 sq. meter of farmland usually practice the atang system. Atang
sytem was that whoever individual want or willing to work in planting rice and at the same
time they are also accountable to harvest. If an individual who comes to work harvests four
bundles/ cans of palay in a day, the rice field owner takes three bundles/cans and gives him
one bundle/ can as his share. This is still practiced until now by the farmers and few of the
rice field owner pay in cash to those who plant and harvest. The rent of carabao used for
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land preparation depends on the land area, either the carabao’s owner will pay in cash (1500
minimum) or palay. The field owner feeds those who work in his field. Return to cash
expenses was estimated at 13% for hybrid rice and 14% for traditional rice.
Table 9. Cost and return of the respondent (5,000 sq. m)
PARTICULAR
TRADITIONAL
HYBRID
Income
Sales: 240 cans of palay
200/ can
48,000
300 bundles 100/ bundle
30,000
TOTAL
30,000
48,000
Expenses
Fertilizer
1250
4250
Seeds( opportunity cost)
200
1500
Labor for land preparation
(rent of carabao used and
hand tractor)
6000
5000
Labor for planting
2000
2000
Labor for harvesting
3000
2000
Rent for thresher used
4800
Miscellaneous expense
1300
1300
TOTAL EXPENSES
12900
20850
NET INCOME
17100
27150
ROCE
14%
13%
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Problems Encountered by the Respondents and Perceived Solution
Problems encountered by the respondents. Almost all of the respondents revealed
that they encountered common problems which are the following; lack of capital,
calamities, damages brought about by rats, stray animals, insects, pest and diseases, weeds
or grasses, and lack of knowledge about modern agriculture.
Solutions to the problem. All respondents stay on the farm to drive the birds during
ripening of rice panicles. Farmers build strong foundations for their rice fields to prevent
from falling/ slides during calamities and construct fences around their farms to prevent
the entrance of stray animals. Few of the respondents use racumen for rats because it is
poisonous and not good for the health and 15% of the respondent adopt new agricultural
technologies (short maturing and high yielding varieties) on rice production.
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Table 10. Problems encountered and perceived solution
PROBLEMS/ PERCEIVED SOLUTIONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Problems encountered
Lack of capital
52
86.7
Calamities like typhoon, and floods
60
100
Damages brought about rats
58
96.7
Damages brought about by insect, pest
and diseases
60
100
Damages brought about by stray animals
42
70
Weeds or grasses
60
100
Lack of knowledge about agriculture
specially in rice production
36
60
Unavailability of irrigation/ lack of water
40
66.7
Perceived solutions
Spraying
use
of
chemicals
like
insecticides and weedicide
16
26.7
Construction of fences around the farms
to prevent the entrance of a stray animals
18
78.3
Use of racumen
9
15
Adoption of agricultural technologies on
rice production to increase profit to have
more capital
9
15
Stay on the farm to drive away the birds
during ripening of rice panicles
60
100
Building strong foundations of rice fields
to prevent from falling during calamity
60
100
*Multiple response
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the social and economic dimension of rice
production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet. It was conducted to identify varieties grown in
the area, to document rice production and practices, to identify the major uses of rice grown
in the area, the income derived from the rice production and to determine problems
encountered in the production.
The study showed that majority of the respondents were: male, married with a
range of 1 to 5 children, literate with low educational attainment , and had a mean age of
54.75. The findings showed that the respondents were at their old age and strong enough
to do all the activities on the farm. Majority of the respondents were engaged in farming
for so long with experiences of 21 to 30 years. All of the respondent cultivated an area of
less than one hectare and majority of the respondent cultivated their own land planted
primarily with rice. All of the respondent depended on canal irrigation. Majority of the
respondents planted once a year. The months of planting was January for the first cropping
and June as well as August for the second cropping. The months of harvesting the palay
was June for the first cropping and August for the second cropping.
Production practices included land preparation, transplanting, distance of planting,
spraying, weeding, fertilizers used and irrigation. For land preparation both traditional and
hybrid rice farmers used carabao for preparation. After the land preparation, transplanting
followed which most of the traditional and all hybrid rice farmers used. Majority of the
traditional rice farmer used a distance of 20 x 20 centimeter apart in planting and most of
the hybrid rice farmer used a distance of 15 x 15 centimeter apart. In weeding, majority of
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
the hybrid rice farmer weed their rice field after two months of planting and most of the
traditional rice farmer weed their rice fields after one and two months of planting. Few of
the respondent spray their rice plants through the use of chemicals in controlling pest.
Triple 14 and urea were the commercial fertilizer used by hybrid and traditional rice
farmers. Irrigation was a problem since the water is not enough to irrigate their rice fields.
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmers thresh and harvest their palay manually.
Harvested palay were dried three times before it is ready to mill and for traditional rice,
farmers used smoke drying. The hybrid and traditional rice farmer cleaned their palay
manually and were packed on plastic sack for hybrid rice which were stored inside their
houses.
Most of the traditional and hybrid rice farmer consumed their harvest, few of them
sell and for the traditional rice farmer some used their harvest for town fiesta and for the
special occasion like birthdays. Traditional rice are used for making native delicacies, rice
wine and yeast. Almost of the respondent give some their harvest to their friends, relatives
and visitor.
Social dimension in traditional and hybrid rice production was the atang system in
planting and harvesting, the traditional rice was used in special occasion like in caňao and
ufo. Atang system was practiced to reduce cash cost for labor. When harvesting time the
owner will call/ ask the people who plant to harvest. Common problems encountered by
the respondent on the rice production were the damages brought about by rats, a stray
animals insect, pest and diseases, lack of capital, calamities like typhoon and floods
including weeds or grasses. Farmers usually stayed in the fields to drive away the birds;
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
and they built strong foundation for the rice fields and fences to prevent the entrance of a
stray animals.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusion were made:
1. Most of the respondents were receptive in adoption of new technologies because
out of 60 respondents, 32 respondents were already planting improved varieties;
2. The introduction of short maturity and high yielding varieties had changed the
production practices from traditional to conventional, because farmers learned to use
synthetic inputs like inorganic fertilizer and chemical spray. The new technology had
changed the post harvest practices like threshing instead of the traditional or manual
pounding of palay. It had also made production easier and had also two cropping instead
of usual one cropping;
3. The new changes may also cause the loss of traditional varieties in the cultural
value and it may also loss because of changes in culture of younger generation.
Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions, the following recommendation were made:
1. The traditional method of production should be promoted (re-introduced)
because the trends now was organic or safe foods which had elite market for health and
nutritious conscious. The changes in the production practices had change the way the
people value the traditional rice varieties which was part of their culture like Kintoman
variety that was prepared into rice wine or tapey and other varieties were use for native
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
delicacies. Changes may also reduce the social aspects in the farming like the ufo, where
the neighbors give native rice with one pig to their friends/relatives during mourning which
this culture promote geniuses neighborliness where there was sharing among neighbor;
and,
2. Changes in living standard of farmers should not be forget the value of these
varieties to the culture of Ibalois. Besides the traditional varieties were colored, thus, asides
from its aroma it is more delicious and nutritious as reported by (FNRI,2000).
Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013
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Social and Economic Dimension of Rice Production in Tinongdan, Itogon, Benguet |
BILODO, GENALYN P. APRIL 2013