BIBLIOGRAPHY LANGAWIT, LORNA FAUSTINO. JULY...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LANGAWIT, LORNA FAUSTINO. JULY 2008. Evaluation of Different
Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties (Morus alba Linn) for Sapling
Production. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Valentino L. Macanes, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the different rooting
media in sapling production on different mulberry varieties: Alfonso, Batac, and Kanva-
2. It also aimed to determine the average growth increment, number of opened leaves,
average weight of leaves and shoots, average length of primary root, average root weight,
and survival rate of mulberry saplings using the different rooting media. The different
rooting media used were, the mixture of different animal manures: Garden Soil as a
Control (To), Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Silkworm Rearing Waste +
Garden Soil (T2), Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3), Sand + Sphagnum
Moss + Garden Soil (T4), and Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). All the different manures
and silkworm rearing waste were fully decomposed before they were used.
The results of this study found that the Batac mulberry variety cuttings planted in
the rooting media mixture of Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Chicken
Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) and Sand + Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (T4)
gave the best results among all treatments used on the different mulberry varieties. This
variety grown in the three rooting media gave the longest average length of the primary
root, highest average growth increment, highest number of leaves formed, and heaviest
weight of leaves.
The study also found that the pH of the different rooting media mixture was
within the soil pH range for mulberry production. Likewise, all the mulberry saplings
grown in the different rooting media had a survival rate of 100%.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pot Preparation……………………………………………………………..
10
Selecting Mulberry Cuttings………………………………………………..
10
Planting Depth of Cuttings…………………………………………………
11
Management after Planting………………………………………………..
11
Data Gathered………………………………………………………………
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings…………………………
14
Average Number of Opened Leaves formed by Mulberry Saplings ……….
15
Average Weight of Leaves and Shoots forms by the Mulberry Saplings……
16
Average Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings…………………..
17
Average Weight of Roots formed by the Mulberry Saplings………………
18
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings……………………………….............
19
Rooting Media pH ………………………………………………………..
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………….
21
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….
24
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….. 26
1
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry is the basic material of sericulture. Thus, if sericulture is to be promoted
in wide scale, there should also be an increased production of mulberry for more leaf
production. In the Philippines, the easiest way to increase mulberry tree is done by
cuttings for it is simple, least time and no artificial treatment used.
The mulberry tree is the only food for mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.)
and a potential woody plant consisting of vegetative organs (root, stem, and leaves) and
reproductive organs (flowers and fruits). Although the organs are different in form,
structure and physiological function, they interact on one another in given conditions and
combined harmonious actions for existence. In addition, external conditions such as the
application of organic fertilizers, method of cultivation and management can also cause
changes in form, which could be an indicator of physiological growth and leaf quality.
Propagation of mulberry can be made either by seed or vegetative production. The
hardwood cutting, one of the vegetative methods, is the most common in subtropical
countries and tropical areas likewise the Philippines. (Alvares and Kim, 1994).
Propagation of mulberry includes sexual and vegetative reproduction. The
vegetative reproduction contains grafting, cutting, and layering; Grafting is the most
cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive procedure whereas cutting is an easy,
cheap, and least time consuming method. In temperate countries, most of the mulberry
varieties do not respond to cutting method without pre-treatment. Thus, grafting is the
most common practice of propagation. Tropical varieties of mulberry, however, easily
respond to cutting method without artificial treatment (Das, 1987).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
2
The rooting capacity of mulberry is one of the most important factors that
contribute to a better leaf production because greater roots will tend to supply more food
nutrients to the crop for its growth besides anchorage to mulberry is a deep-rooted,
perennial, hardy and monoculture crop, hence, it is essential to select suitable soil for
mulberry cultivation. In asexual or vegetative propagation like cuttings, the inherited
characteristics of the parent stock can be retained. In reality, the new plant is the
continuation of the growth and development of the parent stock. This method allows the
genetic traits of the mulberry to be used to keep the good characteristics of the good
varieties, which allow many good varieties to be, produced (FAO, 1998)
Cabfilan (2000) stated that ever increasing cost of imported fertilizers and
sometimes scarcity when needed resulted in the intensive government effort to explore
further the utilization of readily available and potential indigenous materials. Eventually
the chemical fertilizer crises encourage many local organic fertilizer producers to ease the
situation but the raw materials are relatively costly.
Organic fertilizer application constitutes the most effective replacement when
problems related to soil fixation, nutrient loss of water excess exist. Organic application
is used under a variety of conditions and on different variety crops. It has been
successfully established in an economical and convenient as compared to other method
(Balsubramanian, et.al...1988).
Generally, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rooting media on
the cuttings of different mulberry varieties for sapling production.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
3
Specifically, it aimed to:
1) To determine what rooting media gives high growth increment and more leaves
formed to the mulberry saplings.
2) To find out what mulberry variety produce the heaviest root and vegetative part as
affected by the different rooting media.
3) To find out the survival rate of different mulberry variety cuttings using different
rooting media.
This study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project at
Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from February to April, 2008.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mulberry
Mulberry is the only food for silkworms (Bombyx mori Linn). Production of
quality mulberry leaf controls the survival of silkworms which determines the quality of
cocoons they produced and the richness of the silk content of the cocoons. Timely
application of inputs such as farm yard manure, labor, and practice of cultural operations
like pruning, doffing and leaf harvesting determines the quality of mulberry leaf (Boase
and Singhvi, 1989).
Mulberry is a deep rooted plant that requires soil capable of sufficient supply of
nutrients, water and air up to where the root system penetrates (Boraiah, 1986). He
further stated that the plantation soil should be fertile, deep friable, sandy loamy to loamy
in the texture and porous with good water-holding capacity. Slightly acidic soil with pH
ranging from 6.2-6.8 is deal for the growth and development of the mulberry plants. On
the other hand, Dandin (1994) stated that the suitable range of soil atmospheric
temperature of a plantation is from 20%-35C
The different varieties of mulberry plants exhibit different leaf characteristics.
These differences could be exploited as basic for comparative studies, selection and
breeding purposes. For instance, leaf features for mulberry varietals description can be a
take-off point for a study on the nomenclature of existing varieties in the country.
However, these physical leaf features are not enough basis for anyone to readily identify
a certain variety since some, .if not most, possess the same or similar appearance that are
confusing or miss leading (Samay Bulletin, 2002).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
5
The quality of mulberry leaf varieties has a predominating influence on the
development of the silkworms and the quality of cocoon produced. If silkworm rearing
and cocoon production are to be successful, it is very important that the mulberry leaves
are highly nutritive and fresh for feeding silkworm. In La Trinidad, Benguet several
foreign and local varieties were introduced and this include S54, Kanva, Batac A and
Batac B (Alos, 1996).
Rooting Media
The study by Cabfilan (2002) on the effect of compost and animal manure on
mulberry sapling production find out that combination of compost & chicken dung seem
to be the best organic fertilizers in mulberry sapling production.
It has been well-recognized that application of manure is important for higher
yield and better quality of mulberry leaves (Alvares and Kim, 1994). Moreover, in order
to increase the leaf yield, reclamation on physical as well as chemical properties of soil
should be ahead of proper operations of fertilizing.
Tan (1975) mentioned that compost is also used to improve the soil condition in
various ways. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It also
improves soil drainage and lessens leaching aside from being a very good source of plant
nutrients. Compost improves water holding capacity and soil aeration where plant root is
best adapted.
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping application of compost also activates soil micro organisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrient that plants feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
6
Mulberry Cuttings in Saplings Production
Hartman et al. (1990) stated that after cuttings have been made and placed under
environmental conditions favorable for rooting, callus would usually develop at the basal
end of the cutting. The callus is irregular mass of parenchyma cells in various stages of
lignifications. This callus growth arises from young in the region of the vascular
cambium, although cells of cortex and pith may also contribute to its formation in
essential for rooting.
In Karmataka and West Bengal, India the normal practice is to plant the cuttings
directly in the field; Sometimes when the field is not ready for planting it becomes
necessary to preserve the cuttings in sand beds under shade for about a week before
planting. This method of storage helps the formation of “callus” and callused cuttings
give better performance (Ullal and Narashimhanna, 1987).
Bautista (1994) reported that when cuttings are placed in rooting medium, growth
substances like auxins and other products of photosynthesis more from young leaves and
concentrate in sites requiring repair or regeneration of tissue such as curing of the
cuttings. She further stated that in leafless cuttings, auxins and other photosynthesis are
also present and smaller amounts in the stem. These indigenous and inherent auxins
interact with inherent factors in the stem cells to activate cell division, which later result
in the formation of a mass of identified cells called callus. The callus cells eventually
differentiate into root initials growth substances are manufacture from products of
photosynthesis, while the energy as well as simple compounds needed for cell division,
differentiation and formation of root initials came from respiration.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
7
Descriptions of the Different Mulberry Varieties Used
Alfonso
The leaves are dark green with a rough texture. The base is retuse and the tip is
caudate with a margin of belt-serrate. The leaf area has 9cm and the dry matter content is
78.88%. The color of the branches is grayish white with a length of 113.63cm.The color
of the shoots is purple, the flower is light green and the roots is brown. The tree growth
form is erect, thus, the branches tend to grow upward. (Chopchopen 2006).
Figure 1: Alfonso mulberry leaf
Batac
The study by Chopchopen (2006) stated that the color of the leaves is light green
with a rough texture, while the leaf area is 10cm and the base is retuse with a margin of
acute-serrate. The dry matter content is 20.04% and the moisture content is 79.96%.The
color of the batac branches is grayish brown with a length of 114.67cm.The color of the
shoots is purple green, flower is green and the color of roots is brownish. The tree growth
form is spreading, thus, the branches grow sideward.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
8
Figure 2: Batac mulberry leaf
Kanva-2
The color of the leaves is light green with a smooth and shiny texture. The shape is
ovate and the margin is double-serrate. The base is retuse and the tip is caudate. The leaf
area is 9cm while the dry matter content of its leaves is 20.01% and the moisture content
is 79.99%.The color of the branch is grayish brown with a length of 107.34cm.The color
of the shoots is green, flower is light green, and the roots is brown. (Chopchopen
2006).As with the Batac mulberry, the tree growth form is spreading, thus, the branches
grow sideward.
Figure 3: Kanva-2 mulberry leaf
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following materials used in this study were the cuttings of different mulberry
varieties namely: Alfonso, Batac, and Kanva-2. The different rooting media used were:
Garden Soil, Compost, Chicken Manure, Cow Manure; Sand, Sphagnum Moss, and
Silkworm Rearing Waste. All the different animal manures and silkworm rearing waste
were properly decomposed before they were used as a rooting media. In addition; pruning
shear, plastic pots, weighing scale and labeling materials were also be utilized.
The different rooting media served as the treatments with garden soil alone as the
control check (T0). The garden soil was taken at Benguet State University Sericulture
Project, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Meanwhile, the study was laid out using the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), factorial method. There were two factors
namely: Factor A (Mulberry Variety) and Factor B (Rooting Media Mixtures). The
different mulberry varieties (Factor A) were respectively tested on the different rooting
media mixtures (Factor B). The different mulberry varieties and rooting media mixtures
were as follows:
Factor A (mulberry variety):
Factor
Mulbery
Variety
A1
Alfonso
A2
Batac
A3
Kanva-2
Factor B (Rooting Media):
Treatment
Rooting
Media
T0
Garden
Soil
(Control)
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
10
T1
Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (best results obtained by Cabfilan, 2000) using
Batac mulberry variety.
T2
Silkworm
Rearing
Waste
+
Garden
Soil
T3
Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (best
results obtained by Yogyog, 2007) using Batac
mulberry variety.
T4
Sand + Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (best results
obtained by Yogayog, 2007) using Batac mulberry
variety.
T5
Silkworm Rearing Waste
Pot Preparation
Ninety (90) plastic pots, each measuring of 15.24 cm x 15.24 cm x 30.48 cm
black polyethylene bags were used in this study. Each composition of the media was
weighed by a ratio of 1:1:1 and mix thoroughly as used by Cabfilan (2006). After mixing,
these were put in the black polyethylene bag and were left in two weeks before planting
the mulberry cuttings to give time for the rooting media to settle.
Selection of Mulberry Cuttings
The different mulberry varietal cuttings that was used in the study were; Alfonso,
Batac, and Kanva-2. The cuttings were taken from healthy, one year old branches of the
mulberry parent stock which is not infected with disease or damage by any pest. The
length of cuttings was 15-20 cm long and 1.0 and diameter and it was cut from the lower
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
11
to middle part of the mulberry branch. This portion has higher percentage of rooting
compared to the upper part which is weaker (Adriance and Brenson, 1975). The base of
the cutting was cut horizontally below the leaf scar. While the top was immediately cut
above the node after the recommended length that has 3-4 nodes.
Planting Depth of Cuttings
Before planting, the mulberry cuttings were bundled and exposed under natural
conditions for one week to enhance the sprouting of buds and to form a callus on the
wounds of the mulberry. This method prevents rotting of cuttings when planted. This was
done by wrapping the mulberry cuttings with newspaper or just simply let the mulberry
stand on a moist area (Hartman et al...1990). Afterwards, the mulberry cuttings were
planted in slightly slanting position. Only one bud of the cutting was exposed above the
planting media contained in the plastic pots. This method was done, respectively, in all
the different mulberry varieties.
Management after Planting
After planting, sanitation was strictly observed to prevent/control diseases and
watering of the different treatments were done to avoid dehydration of plants and to keep
the soil moist and aerated. Removal of weeds was strictly followed to reduce the
competition of nutrients.
Data Gathered
1) Average growth increment (cm). This was gathered one month after planting and it
was done weekly thereafter. The growth increment of the sample plants were
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
12
measured using a tape measure from the point of the new growth to the tip of the new
shoots formed. These were done per treatment replications.
2) Average number of opened leaves formed. This was taken by counting all the opened
leaves that was formed by the sample plants. This data was gathered during the
termination of the study.
3) Average weight of leaves and shoots (g). The leaves that were taken from every
treatment replication were weighed using the weighing balance. This was done after
the study.
Figure 4: Weighing of collected leaves of each treatment.
4) Average final length of primary root (cm). This was obtained by uprooting sample
plants per treatment replications after experiment. The length of the primary root was
measured from the base to the tip most part of the root using tape measure.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
13
5) Average root weight (g). Weight of the roots was gathered after the study by
weighing all the roots collected per treatment replication.
6) Survival rate (%). The numbers of sapling survived were counted and it was recorded
during the termination of study. The percentage survival rate was computed with the used
of the following formula:
Number of survived saplings
% of Survival = --------------------------------------- X100
Total number of cuttings planted
7) Rooting media pH. Soil samples were brought to Benguet State University Soils
Laboratory to determine the pH.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 1 shows the average final growth increment of mulberry cuttings. Statistical
analysis showed highly significant differences among treatment and varieties The Batac
mulberry cuttings growth in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave highest significant growth increment of 13.24 cm among all the varieties and
treatments. This was followed by Kanva-2 planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (T1) with 11.78 cm. Meanwhile, cuttings of Batac grown in the same rooting media
(T1) had 11.43 cm average growth increment.
The lowest growth increment of 4.66 cm was obtained from Alfonso cuttings
planted in the Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) and in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (T1) with 4.77 cm. This was followed by Batac mulberry cuttings with 4.89 cm
grown in the Silkworm Rearing Wasted (T5).
Table 1 Average final growth Increment (cm) of the mulberry two months after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (Control)
5.56 def 7.36
cdef 8.81 cdebf
T1 –Compost + Chicken
4.77 ef 11.43
cab 11.78
ab
Dung + Garden Soil
T2 -Silkworm Rearing
5.41 def 6.13
def 9.09
cdeb
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
6.81 def 13.24 a 9.30
cdb
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum
7.64 cdef 6.66
def 6.13
def
Moss + Garden Soil
T5 -Silkworm Rearing
4.66 f 4.89
ef 6.46
def
Waste
**Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
15
Average Number of Opened Leaves formed by the Mulberry Saplings
Table 2 shows the number of leaves formed by the mulberry saplings in
the different treatments two months after planting. Statistical analysis revealed
significant results among the different treatments. The Batac mulberry variety planted in
the the rooting media mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) had
the highest number of leaves formed with 9.00 as compared to the other mulberry
varieties grown in the different rooting media. This result agreed with the findings of
Yogyog in 2007 that Batac mulberry cuttings grown in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure +
Garden Soil produced high number of leaves. This was followed by the Kanva-2 cuttings
planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1) with 9.00 average number of
leaves formed. In addition, the cuttings of this variety grown in Chicken Dung + Cow
Manure + Garden Soil had a mean of 8.00 number of leaves formed. These results
corresponded with the findings of Yogyog (2007) when he found that Batac mulberry
cuttings performed best in this rooting media.
Finally, the lowest number of formed leaves 5.00 was obtained from the cuttings
of Alfonso variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste + Garden Soil (T3).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
16
Table 2.Average Number of opened leaves formed by the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
6.00cdb 6.00cadb 7.00
cadb
T1 -Compost + Chicken Dung +
6.00cdb 8.00cadb 9.00
cadb
Garden Soil
T2-Silkworm Rearing Waste +
5.00d 6.00cdb 7.00 cadb
Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+
6.00cdb 9.00a 8.00 cadb
Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
6.00cadb 6.00cdb 7.00cadb
Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing Waste
5.00cd 5.00 cd 5.00
cd
** With the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Weight of Leaves and Shoots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 3 reveals the weight of leaves obtained from the different mulberry varieties
grown in the different rooting media two months after planting. Statistical analysis gave
highly significant differences among rooting media the treatment while the different
varieties gave significant differences. The Batac mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture
of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave the highest mean weight of 1.76
grams. This was followed by Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1) with 1.56
grams. Meanwhile, Kanva- 2, grown in the Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1)
was 1.40 grams.
Finally, the lowest mean weight of leaves of 0.32 grams was obtained from
Alfonso mulberry variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). The same variety
grown in Silkworm Rearing Waste + Garden Soil (T2) had 0.42 grams mean weight of
leaves. On the other hand, Batac mulberry cuttings grown in the Silkworm Rearing Waste
(T5) had 0.46 grams.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
17
Table 3. Average weight of leaves and shoots (g) of the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
0.52 cd 0.82
cdb 0.90
cdb
T1- Compost + Chicken Dung
0.74 cdb 1.56
ab 1.40 cab
+ Garden Soil
T
2- Silkworm Rearing Waste
0.42 d 0.82
cdb 1.10cadb
+ Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
0.84 cdb 1.76 a 1.14
cadb
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
0.88 cdb 0.82
cdb 0.80cdb
Garden Soil
T5 - Silkworm Rearing Waste
0.32 d 0.46
d 0.54
cd
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 4 shows the average length of primary roots of mulberry saplings.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among the different mulberry
varieties and rooting media treatments. The mulberry Batac variety grown in the mixture
of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave the longest mean with 7.38 cm
as compared with the other varieties and treatments. This was followed by Kanva-2 with
6.48 cm planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1). Also, the Batac variety
planted in the Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave a mean of 6.00 cm.
Meanwhile, the shortest average length of primary roots of mulberry saplings was 2.80
cm obtained from Kanva-2 planted in the Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5. Finally, the
Alfonso variety cuttings planted in the rooting media of Silkworm Rearing Waste +
Garden Soil (T2) gave 2.82 cm length of primary roots.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
18
Table 4. Average length of primary roots (cm) formed by mulberry saplings two months
after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
4.20cab 4.48
cab 5.64
cab
T1- Compost + Chicken
4.38cab 5.46ab 6.48
ab
Dung + Garden Soil
T2-Silkworm Rearing
2.82c 5.66
cab 5.14
cab
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
5.34 cab 7.38
a 6.00
cab
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum
5.74 cab 4.04
cab 5.76
cab
Moss + Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
2.94c 3.38
cb 2.80
c
Waste
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Weight of Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 5 shows the weight of roots formed by mulberry saplings two months after
planting. Significant differences were revealed by statistical analysis among the different
mulberry varieties grown in the different treatments. Mulberry cuttings of Kanva-2
variety grown in the mixture of Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden soil (T1) gave the
heaviest mean weight of roots with 1.20 grams. This was followed by Batac mulberry
variety with 1.16 grams grown in the Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3).
Meanwhile, cuttings of Kanva-2 grown in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave 1.02 grams root weight.
Finally, the lowest weight of roots with 0.36 grams was obtained from the
cuttings of Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). Meanwhile, Batac
and Alfonso mulberry cuttings grown in the same rooting media gave low mean root
weight of 0.42 grams and 0.50 grams, respectively.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
19
Table 5. Average weight of roots (g) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0-Garden Soil (control)
0.48c 0.52cb 0.82cab
T1- Compost + Chicken
0.46c 0.76ab 1.20a
Dung + Garden Soil
T2- Silkworm Rearing
0.42c 0.44c 0.64cab
Waste + Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow
0.52cb 1.16ab 1.02cab
Manure + Garden Soil
T4- Sand + Sphagnum
0.64cab 0.64cab 0.62cab
Moss+ Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
0.50c 0.42c 0.36c
Waste
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 6 shows the survival of mulberry cuttings two months after planting. All the
different mulberry variety cuttings planted in the different treatments had a survival rate
of 100%. This revealed the good characteristics of rooting media mixtures for the
mulberry cuttings.
Table 6. Survival rate (%) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
100%
100%
100%
T1- Compost + Chicken Dung +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T2- Silkworm Rearing Waste +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow Manure +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T4- Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing Waste
100%
100%
100%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
20
Rooting Media pH
Table 7 shows the pH of the different rooting media mixture before and after the
experiment. All the rooting media used were within the soil pH range of 5-9 pH for
mulberry production as recommended by Boriah in 1986.
Table 7. Soil pH of each treatment before and after the experiment.
Treatment
Alfonso Batac Kanva-2
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
T0- Garden Soil (control)
5.27
5.17
5.27 5.08
5.30 5.09
T1- Compost + Chicken
6.92
6.32
6.92
6.21
6.92
6.24
Dung + Garden Soil
T2 -Silkworm Rearing
8.21
8.21
8.21
8.12
8.21
8.14
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 - Chicken Dung + Cow
6.29
6.19
6.29
6.19
6.29
6.21
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss 6.17
6.11
6.18
6.13
6.77 6.11
+ Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
9.16
9.15
9.36
9.27
9.36
9.25
Waste
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
21
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the rooting media on the
growth of cuttings on different mulberry varieties for sapling production. It is also aimed
to find out the growth increment, number of opened leaves, the weight of leaves and
shoots, the average length of primary root, average weight of roots and the survival rate
of mulberry cuttings. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using the
factorial method was used in this study. Factor A was the different mulberry varieties and
Factor B uses the different rooting media used as treatment. The five rooting media used
were: Garden soil (T0), Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Silkworm Rearing
Waste + Garden Soil (T2), Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+ Garden Soil (T3), Sand +
Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (T4), and Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5).
All the manures and the silkworm rearing waste used as treatments where properly
decomposed before potting. Meanwhile, the different mulberry varieties were: Alfonso
(A1), Batac (A2), and Kanva-2 (A3).
This study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project at
Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from February to April 2008.
The highest average of growth increment of 13.24 cm of mulberry saplings was
obtained from the Batac Variety grown in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+
Garden Soil (T3). Meanwhile, the lowest increment of 4.66 cm was given by Alfonso
cuttings planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). On the highest number of opened
leaves formed it was taken from the Batac, and Kanva-2 Variety cuttings grown in the
rooting media of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) with 9.00.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
22
Meanwhile, the lowest number of opened leaves formed was from the variety, Alfonso,
Batac and Kanva-2 varieties planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) with 5.00 average
number of opened leaves formed.
The highest average weight of leaves and shoots of mulberry variety 1.76 grams
obtained from Batac Variety planted in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3).
While the lowest average weight of leaves and shoots was from the Alfonso Variety
planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) with 0.32 grams. Meanwhile, the longest length
of Primary roots of 7.38 cm was obtained from Batac variety planted in Chicken Dung +
Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3). The shortest Average length of Primary roots 2.80 cm
was from the Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). On the other
hand, the highest average weight of Roots 1.16 grams was taken from Batac Variety
planted in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+ Garden Soil (T3) while the lowest average
weight of roots 0.36 grams is from the Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing
Waste (T5)
The overall results shown in statistical analysis revealed that the Batac mulberry
variety cuttings planted in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave the highest average growth increment, most number of opened leaves, highest
average weight of leaves and shoots, longest length of leaves of primary roots, and
heaviest average weight of roots among all treatments and the varieties. Meanwhile,
Alfonso and Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) gave the lowest of
all the parameters used.
Finally, the survival rate of the different mulberry variety cuttings planted in the
different rooting media was 100% while the pH of the different rooting media before and
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
23
after the experiment was within the Soil pH range of 5-9 as recommended for mulberry
production by Boriah in 1986.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
24
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. W. and, F. P. BRISON.1975. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. (2nd
ed.)New York: Mc Grawhill Book Co; Inc.P.49
ALOS, M. T.1996.Initial field establishment of three foreign mulberry varieties under La
Trinidad, Benguet, Condition. Thesis (Unpub.) BSU La Trinidad, Benguet.P.4.
ALVARES, V. D. and, H. KIM. 1994) Manual on Mulberry Cultivation. (8th ed.) Bicutan
Taguig, Metro Manila: PIRI.PP. 1-5
BALASURAMANIAN, I.A.S., S. PRAKASHI and J. SAMPATH. 1988. Mulberry
Agronomical R esearch. Indian Journal Sericulture. 26(11):p.26.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1994. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. SEAMEO Regional
Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) and
University of the Philippines, Los Baňos, Laguna. Pp. 188-199.
BOASE, P. C. and H. R. SINGHVI. 1989. Central Research and Training Institute,
Mysore. Indian Journal Sericulture. 28(7); Pp.37-39.
BORAIAH, G. 1986. Lectures on Sericulture; Mulberry Cultivation. Department of
Sericulture, Bachelor University, P.K. Block. Bangalore. Suramya Publishers,
Bangalore. Pp.16-17.
BRANDY, N. C. and H. C. BULKMAN, 1974. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: The Mc Millan Book Company.
CABFILAN, J. W. 2000. Effect of compost and animal manure on mulberry sapling
production. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.23.
CHOPCHOPEN, M. P. 2006. Morphological characteristics of different mulberry
varieties in La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis.Benguet State University. LaTrinidad
Benguet.Pp.12-17.
DANDIN, S. B. 1994. Constant Analysis of High Quality Cocoon and Raw Silk
Production in India. Proceeding Report of the International Conference on
Sericulture, “Global Silk Scenario 2001” CSR and TI-ICRETS, Mysore, India.
Ph.113-119.
DAS, B. C. 1987. Propagation of Mulberry through Cuttings. Indian Silk. 24 (1): P. 12.
FAO. Agricultural Services Bulletin. 1998. Mulberry Cultivation. SIDD-PTRI. Rome.
Pp.30-49.
HARTMAN, H. T., D.E.KESTER and F .T. DAVIES JR. 1990. Plant Propagation:
Principles and practices. (15th ed.) Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Pp. 25-241.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
25
MARQUEZ, M. 1988. Utilization of azolla as organic fertilizer for cabbage and white
potato. MS Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P
21-23.
SAMAY BULLETIN. 2002. ISSN 1655-4744. Vol. 2. No.2. P.1.
SANCHEZ, A. P. 1940. Properties of Management of Soil in the Tropics. New Cork:
John Willey Inc. P. 178.
TAN, A. S. 1975. Compost Making. The Industrial Life.UPLA.Los Banos, laguna.
ULLAL, S. R. and M. N. NARASHIMHANNA. 1987. Handbook of Practical
Sericulture. Bangalore, India: Central Silk board. Pp.210-220.
YOGAYOG, B. G. 2007. Performance of different potting media mixtures on the growth
and root development of Batac mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) cuttings for sapling
production. B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.29-
30.
YOGYOG, R. B. 2007. Effect of different decomposed manures as potting media on the
growth of mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) cuttings for sapling media. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.28-29.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average final growth increment of the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.46
4.70
5.56
7.11
8.14
10.39 39.36
5.56def
T1
1.57
2.57
3.99
5.37
6.88
8.20
28.58
4.77ef
T2
2.79
3.55
4.62
6.10
7.07
8.33
32.46
5.41def
T3
3.62
4.17
5.24
7.94
9.33
10.59 40.89
6.81def
T4
4.04
5.21
6.87
8.20
10.03 11.47 45.82
7.64cdef
T5
1.49
2.41
3.86
5.24
6.65
8.30
27.95
4.66f
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.38
4.57
6.06
8.03
10.04 12.08 44.16
7.36cdef
T1
6.33
8.22
10.10 12.5
14.39 17.01 68.55
11.43cab
T2
2.98
4.21
5.45
6.86
7.93
9.32
36.75
6.13def
T3
8.68
10.37 11.86 13.07 17.27 19.17 79.42
13.24a
T4
3.33
4.71
5.49
7.35
8.25
10.84 39.97
6.66def
T5
2.45
3.34
4.35
5.52
6.39
7.31
29.36
4.89ef
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
27
REPLICATION
KANVA‐ 2
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.14
6.05
7.60
9.20
11.52 14.35 52.86
8.81cdebf
T1
6.39
8.14
10.47 12.96
15.15 17.30 70.65
11.78ab
T2
4.51
6.80
7.71
10.12
11.60 13.78 54.52
9.09cdeb
T3
4.23
6.03
8.34
10.38
12.27 14.52 55.77
9.30cdb
T4
1.97
3.85
4.99
7.02
8.55
10.42 36.8
6.13def
T5
2.39
4.00
5.49
7.29
8.77
10.82 38.76
6.46def
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of square
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
Variety
2
147.50680556
73.75340278
7.49** 0.0010
Treatment
5
251.88771944
50.37754389
5.11** 0.0004
Variety *
10
245.37265000
24.53726500
2.49** 0.0110
treatment
Error
90
846.68171667
9.85201907
Total
107
1531.44889167
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 41.20803%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
28
Appendix Table 2. Average number of opened leaves formed by mulberry saplings two
months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
6
7
7
5
4
29
6.00cdb
T1
6
6
4
5
7
28
6.00cdb
T2
8
4
4
3
4
23
5.00d
T3
4
7
7
6
6
30
6.00cdb
T4
6
5
8
7
6
32
6.00cdb
T5
6
5
6
5
4
26
5.00cd
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4
9
5
5
9
32
6.00cadb
T1
7
8
12
6
5
38
8.00cadb
T2
7
7
6
7
4
31
6.00cdb
T3
6
12
11
9
9
47
9.00a
T4
6
5
4
10
9
34
7.00cadb
T5
5
6
6
4
4
25
5.00cd
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
29
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
7
8
7
10
5
37
7.00cadb
T1
12
8
6
12
5
43
9.00ab
T2
9
7
6
7
6
35
7.00cadb
T3
7
10
7
3
13
40
8.00cab
T4
8
4
10
5
8
35
7.00cadb
T5
6
4
4
7
5
26
5.00cd
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of square
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
Variety
2
43.40000000
21.70000000
5.18*
0.0079
Treatment
5
67.43333333
13.48666667
3.22*
0.0111
Variety *
10
31.66666667
3.16666667
0.76ns
0.6698ns
treatment
Error
72
301.60000000
4.18888889
Total
89
444.10000000
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 31.16768%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
30
Appendix Table 3. Average weight of leaves and shoots (g) formed by mulberry saplings
two months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.60
0.80
0.50
0.40
0.30
2.6
0.52cd
T1
0.70
0.80
1.20
0.50
0.50
3.7
0.74cdb
T2
1.20
0.50
0.20
0.10
0.10
2.1
0.42d
T3
0.60
0.60
1.10
1.20
0.70
4.2
0.84cdb
T4
0.70
1.20
0.80
0.90
0.80
4.4
0.88cdb
T5
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.20
0.10
1.6
0.32d
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.60
1.10
0.50
0.70
1.20
4.1
0.82cdb
T1
1.20
1.50
.340
1.20
0.50
7.8
1.56ad
T2
1.10
0.70
0.90
1.21
0.20
4.11
0.82cdb
T3
0.30
3.40
2.40
1.30
1.40
8.8
1.76a
T4
1.20
0.60
0.80
0.60
0.90
4.1
0.82cdb
T5
0.30
0.60
1.00
0.20
0.20
2.3
0.46d
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
31
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.10
0.90
0.70
1.30
0.50
4.5
0.90abc
T1
3.10
0.70
0.20
2.50
0.50
7.0
1.40abc
T2
1.30
2.10
1.10
0.40
0.60
5.5
1.10cadb
T3
1.20
1.60
0.50
0.30
2.10
5.8
1.14abcd
T4
0.60
0.60
1.00
0.90
0.90
4.0
0.80bcd
T5
1.10
0.50
0.30
0.60
0.2
2.7
0.54cd
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree
Sum of
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
of
square
freedom
Variety 2 3.09920222
1.54960111
4.30*
0.0173
Treatment 5 7.24067222
1.44813444
4.2**
0.0029
Variety *
10 2.70294444
0.27029444
0.75ns 0.6759
treatment
Error 72
25.96768000
0.36066222
Total 89
39.01049889
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 68.23588%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
32
Appendix Table 4.Average length of primary root (cm) formed by mulberry saplings two
months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.30
6.10
5.10
3.40
2.10
21
4.20cab
T1
1.10
4.20
5.50
5.60
5.50
21.9
4.38cab
T2
6.80
3.60
1.50
1.10
1.10
14.1
2.82c
T3
4.80
4.70
6.10
6.00
5.10
26.7
5.34cab
T4
4.20
5.10
6.20
6.70
6.50
28.7
5.74cab
T5
3.10
4.10
5.10
1.20
1.20
14.7
2.94c
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.10
9.20
2.10
5.30
1.70
22.4
4.48cab
T1
6.30
7.80
6.00
8.10
4.10
32.3
5.46ab
T2
8.30
5.30
7.40
6.10
1.20
28.3
5.66cab
T3
5.80
5.30
9.20
8.60
8.00
36.9
7.38a
T4
1.50
3.60
2.10
5.20
7.80
20.2
4.04cab
T5
4.50
5.10
2.00
2.20
3.10
16.9
3.38cb
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
33
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
5.10
7.30
6.40
5.10
4.30
28.2
5.64cab
T1
10.50
5.70
1.00
10.10
5.10
32.4
6.48ab
T2
7.50
8.90
1.10
2.60
5.60
25.7
5.14cab
T3
5.60
8.90
5.70
5.20
4.60
30
6.00cab
T4
7.40
5.60
.90
7.60
7.30
28.8
5.72cab
T5
2.10
4.30
1.10
5.40
1.10
14
2.80c
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Some of
Mean square
F value
Pr > F
variance
freedom
square
Variety
2
21.36022222
10.68011111ns
2.15
0.1242
Treatment
5
93.57555556
18.71511111** 3.76
0.0044
Variety *
10
43.39444444
4.33944444ns
0.87
0.5624
treatment
Error
72
358.05600000
4.97300000
Total
89
516.38622222
**=
highly
significant
Coefficient of variance 45.28475%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
34
Appendix Table 5.Average weight of roots formed by mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.4
0.48c
T1
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
2.3
0.46c
T2
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.3
2.1
0.42c
T3
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
2.8
0.52cb
T4
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.6
3.2
0.64cab
T5
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.2
2.0
0.50c
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.2
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.6
0.52cb
T1
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.4
3.8
0.76ab
T2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.2
2.2
0.44c
T3
0.4
2.0
1.7
0.9
0.8
5.8
1.16ab
T4
0.5
0.4
0.2
1.2
0.9
3.2
0.64cab
T5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
2.1
0.42c
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
35
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.0
0.7
0.6
1.5
0.3
4.1
0.82cab
T1
2.1
0.6
0.5
2.5
0.3
6.0
1.20a
T2
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.5
3.2
0.64cab
T3
0.6
1.6
0.6
0.1
2.2
5.1
1.02cab
T
4
0.7
0.2
1.2
0.3
0.7
3.1
0.62cab
T5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
1.8
0.36c
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
square
square
Variety
2
1.12622222
0.56311111
3.03*
0.0545
Treatment
5
2.42188889
0.48437778
2.61*
0.0319
Variety *
10
1.93511111
0.19351111
1.04ns
0.4186
treatment
Error
72
13.38000000
0.18583333
Total
89
18.86322222
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 66.77720%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
36
Appendix Table 6. Survival rate (%) of mulberry saplings two months after planting.
Mulberry Variety
Treatment Alfonso Batac Kanva-2
T0 100%
100%
100%
T1
100%
100%
100%
T2
100%
100%
100%
T3
100%
100%
100%
T4
100%
100%
100%
T5
100%
100%
100%
Appendix Table 7. Rooting Media pH of the different treatments on the different
mulberry variety before and after the experiment.
Mulberry Variety
ALFONSO BATAC KANVA-2
Treatment
Before After Before After Before After
T0
5.27 5.17 5.27 5.08 5.30 5.09
T1
6.92 6.32 6.92 6.21 6.92 6.24
T2
8.21 8.21 8.21 8.12 8.21 8.14
T3
6.29 6.19 6.29 6.19 6.29 6.21
T4
6.17 6.11 6.18 6.13 6.77 6.11
T5
9.16 9.15 9.36 9.27 9.36 9.25
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
LANGAWIT, LORNA FAUSTINO. JULY 2008. Evaluation of Different
Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties (Morus alba Linn) for Sapling
Production. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Valentino L. Macanes, MSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the different rooting
media in sapling production on different mulberry varieties: Alfonso, Batac, and Kanva-
2. It also aimed to determine the average growth increment, number of opened leaves,
average weight of leaves and shoots, average length of primary root, average root weight,
and survival rate of mulberry saplings using the different rooting media. The different
rooting media used were, the mixture of different animal manures: Garden Soil as a
Control (To), Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Silkworm Rearing Waste +
Garden Soil (T2), Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3), Sand + Sphagnum
Moss + Garden Soil (T4), and Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). All the different manures
and silkworm rearing waste were fully decomposed before they were used.
The results of this study found that the Batac mulberry variety cuttings planted in
the rooting media mixture of Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Chicken
Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) and Sand + Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (T4)
gave the best results among all treatments used on the different mulberry varieties. This
variety grown in the three rooting media gave the longest average length of the primary
root, highest average growth increment, highest number of leaves formed, and heaviest
weight of leaves.
The study also found that the pH of the different rooting media mixture was
within the soil pH range for mulberry production. Likewise, all the mulberry saplings
grown in the different rooting media had a survival rate of 100%.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pot Preparation……………………………………………………………..
10
Selecting Mulberry Cuttings………………………………………………..
10
Planting Depth of Cuttings…………………………………………………
11
Management after Planting………………………………………………..
11
Data Gathered………………………………………………………………
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings…………………………
14
Average Number of Opened Leaves formed by Mulberry Saplings ……….
15
Average Weight of Leaves and Shoots forms by the Mulberry Saplings……
16
Average Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings…………………..
17
Average Weight of Roots formed by the Mulberry Saplings………………
18
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings……………………………….............
19
Rooting Media pH ………………………………………………………..
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………….
21
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….
24
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….. 26
1
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry is the basic material of sericulture. Thus, if sericulture is to be promoted
in wide scale, there should also be an increased production of mulberry for more leaf
production. In the Philippines, the easiest way to increase mulberry tree is done by
cuttings for it is simple, least time and no artificial treatment used.
The mulberry tree is the only food for mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.)
and a potential woody plant consisting of vegetative organs (root, stem, and leaves) and
reproductive organs (flowers and fruits). Although the organs are different in form,
structure and physiological function, they interact on one another in given conditions and
combined harmonious actions for existence. In addition, external conditions such as the
application of organic fertilizers, method of cultivation and management can also cause
changes in form, which could be an indicator of physiological growth and leaf quality.
Propagation of mulberry can be made either by seed or vegetative production. The
hardwood cutting, one of the vegetative methods, is the most common in subtropical
countries and tropical areas likewise the Philippines. (Alvares and Kim, 1994).
Propagation of mulberry includes sexual and vegetative reproduction. The
vegetative reproduction contains grafting, cutting, and layering; Grafting is the most
cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive procedure whereas cutting is an easy,
cheap, and least time consuming method. In temperate countries, most of the mulberry
varieties do not respond to cutting method without pre-treatment. Thus, grafting is the
most common practice of propagation. Tropical varieties of mulberry, however, easily
respond to cutting method without artificial treatment (Das, 1987).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
2
The rooting capacity of mulberry is one of the most important factors that
contribute to a better leaf production because greater roots will tend to supply more food
nutrients to the crop for its growth besides anchorage to mulberry is a deep-rooted,
perennial, hardy and monoculture crop, hence, it is essential to select suitable soil for
mulberry cultivation. In asexual or vegetative propagation like cuttings, the inherited
characteristics of the parent stock can be retained. In reality, the new plant is the
continuation of the growth and development of the parent stock. This method allows the
genetic traits of the mulberry to be used to keep the good characteristics of the good
varieties, which allow many good varieties to be, produced (FAO, 1998)
Cabfilan (2000) stated that ever increasing cost of imported fertilizers and
sometimes scarcity when needed resulted in the intensive government effort to explore
further the utilization of readily available and potential indigenous materials. Eventually
the chemical fertilizer crises encourage many local organic fertilizer producers to ease the
situation but the raw materials are relatively costly.
Organic fertilizer application constitutes the most effective replacement when
problems related to soil fixation, nutrient loss of water excess exist. Organic application
is used under a variety of conditions and on different variety crops. It has been
successfully established in an economical and convenient as compared to other method
(Balsubramanian, et.al...1988).
Generally, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rooting media on
the cuttings of different mulberry varieties for sapling production.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
3
Specifically, it aimed to:
1) To determine what rooting media gives high growth increment and more leaves
formed to the mulberry saplings.
2) To find out what mulberry variety produce the heaviest root and vegetative part as
affected by the different rooting media.
3) To find out the survival rate of different mulberry variety cuttings using different
rooting media.
This study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project at
Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from February to April, 2008.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Mulberry
Mulberry is the only food for silkworms (Bombyx mori Linn). Production of
quality mulberry leaf controls the survival of silkworms which determines the quality of
cocoons they produced and the richness of the silk content of the cocoons. Timely
application of inputs such as farm yard manure, labor, and practice of cultural operations
like pruning, doffing and leaf harvesting determines the quality of mulberry leaf (Boase
and Singhvi, 1989).
Mulberry is a deep rooted plant that requires soil capable of sufficient supply of
nutrients, water and air up to where the root system penetrates (Boraiah, 1986). He
further stated that the plantation soil should be fertile, deep friable, sandy loamy to loamy
in the texture and porous with good water-holding capacity. Slightly acidic soil with pH
ranging from 6.2-6.8 is deal for the growth and development of the mulberry plants. On
the other hand, Dandin (1994) stated that the suitable range of soil atmospheric
temperature of a plantation is from 20%-35C
The different varieties of mulberry plants exhibit different leaf characteristics.
These differences could be exploited as basic for comparative studies, selection and
breeding purposes. For instance, leaf features for mulberry varietals description can be a
take-off point for a study on the nomenclature of existing varieties in the country.
However, these physical leaf features are not enough basis for anyone to readily identify
a certain variety since some, .if not most, possess the same or similar appearance that are
confusing or miss leading (Samay Bulletin, 2002).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
5
The quality of mulberry leaf varieties has a predominating influence on the
development of the silkworms and the quality of cocoon produced. If silkworm rearing
and cocoon production are to be successful, it is very important that the mulberry leaves
are highly nutritive and fresh for feeding silkworm. In La Trinidad, Benguet several
foreign and local varieties were introduced and this include S54, Kanva, Batac A and
Batac B (Alos, 1996).
Rooting Media
The study by Cabfilan (2002) on the effect of compost and animal manure on
mulberry sapling production find out that combination of compost & chicken dung seem
to be the best organic fertilizers in mulberry sapling production.
It has been well-recognized that application of manure is important for higher
yield and better quality of mulberry leaves (Alvares and Kim, 1994). Moreover, in order
to increase the leaf yield, reclamation on physical as well as chemical properties of soil
should be ahead of proper operations of fertilizing.
Tan (1975) mentioned that compost is also used to improve the soil condition in
various ways. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for easy tillage. It also
improves soil drainage and lessens leaching aside from being a very good source of plant
nutrients. Compost improves water holding capacity and soil aeration where plant root is
best adapted.
Compost application replenishes soil organic matter or humus being depleted with
continuous cropping application of compost also activates soil micro organisms,
consequently increasing the availability of nutrient that plants feed on (Marquez, 1988).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
6
Mulberry Cuttings in Saplings Production
Hartman et al. (1990) stated that after cuttings have been made and placed under
environmental conditions favorable for rooting, callus would usually develop at the basal
end of the cutting. The callus is irregular mass of parenchyma cells in various stages of
lignifications. This callus growth arises from young in the region of the vascular
cambium, although cells of cortex and pith may also contribute to its formation in
essential for rooting.
In Karmataka and West Bengal, India the normal practice is to plant the cuttings
directly in the field; Sometimes when the field is not ready for planting it becomes
necessary to preserve the cuttings in sand beds under shade for about a week before
planting. This method of storage helps the formation of “callus” and callused cuttings
give better performance (Ullal and Narashimhanna, 1987).
Bautista (1994) reported that when cuttings are placed in rooting medium, growth
substances like auxins and other products of photosynthesis more from young leaves and
concentrate in sites requiring repair or regeneration of tissue such as curing of the
cuttings. She further stated that in leafless cuttings, auxins and other photosynthesis are
also present and smaller amounts in the stem. These indigenous and inherent auxins
interact with inherent factors in the stem cells to activate cell division, which later result
in the formation of a mass of identified cells called callus. The callus cells eventually
differentiate into root initials growth substances are manufacture from products of
photosynthesis, while the energy as well as simple compounds needed for cell division,
differentiation and formation of root initials came from respiration.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
7
Descriptions of the Different Mulberry Varieties Used
Alfonso
The leaves are dark green with a rough texture. The base is retuse and the tip is
caudate with a margin of belt-serrate. The leaf area has 9cm and the dry matter content is
78.88%. The color of the branches is grayish white with a length of 113.63cm.The color
of the shoots is purple, the flower is light green and the roots is brown. The tree growth
form is erect, thus, the branches tend to grow upward. (Chopchopen 2006).
Figure 1: Alfonso mulberry leaf
Batac
The study by Chopchopen (2006) stated that the color of the leaves is light green
with a rough texture, while the leaf area is 10cm and the base is retuse with a margin of
acute-serrate. The dry matter content is 20.04% and the moisture content is 79.96%.The
color of the batac branches is grayish brown with a length of 114.67cm.The color of the
shoots is purple green, flower is green and the color of roots is brownish. The tree growth
form is spreading, thus, the branches grow sideward.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
8
Figure 2: Batac mulberry leaf
Kanva-2
The color of the leaves is light green with a smooth and shiny texture. The shape is
ovate and the margin is double-serrate. The base is retuse and the tip is caudate. The leaf
area is 9cm while the dry matter content of its leaves is 20.01% and the moisture content
is 79.99%.The color of the branch is grayish brown with a length of 107.34cm.The color
of the shoots is green, flower is light green, and the roots is brown. (Chopchopen
2006).As with the Batac mulberry, the tree growth form is spreading, thus, the branches
grow sideward.
Figure 3: Kanva-2 mulberry leaf
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following materials used in this study were the cuttings of different mulberry
varieties namely: Alfonso, Batac, and Kanva-2. The different rooting media used were:
Garden Soil, Compost, Chicken Manure, Cow Manure; Sand, Sphagnum Moss, and
Silkworm Rearing Waste. All the different animal manures and silkworm rearing waste
were properly decomposed before they were used as a rooting media. In addition; pruning
shear, plastic pots, weighing scale and labeling materials were also be utilized.
The different rooting media served as the treatments with garden soil alone as the
control check (T0). The garden soil was taken at Benguet State University Sericulture
Project, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Meanwhile, the study was laid out using the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), factorial method. There were two factors
namely: Factor A (Mulberry Variety) and Factor B (Rooting Media Mixtures). The
different mulberry varieties (Factor A) were respectively tested on the different rooting
media mixtures (Factor B). The different mulberry varieties and rooting media mixtures
were as follows:
Factor A (mulberry variety):
Factor
Mulbery
Variety
A1
Alfonso
A2
Batac
A3
Kanva-2
Factor B (Rooting Media):
Treatment
Rooting
Media
T0
Garden
Soil
(Control)
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
10
T1
Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (best results obtained by Cabfilan, 2000) using
Batac mulberry variety.
T2
Silkworm
Rearing
Waste
+
Garden
Soil
T3
Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (best
results obtained by Yogyog, 2007) using Batac
mulberry variety.
T4
Sand + Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (best results
obtained by Yogayog, 2007) using Batac mulberry
variety.
T5
Silkworm Rearing Waste
Pot Preparation
Ninety (90) plastic pots, each measuring of 15.24 cm x 15.24 cm x 30.48 cm
black polyethylene bags were used in this study. Each composition of the media was
weighed by a ratio of 1:1:1 and mix thoroughly as used by Cabfilan (2006). After mixing,
these were put in the black polyethylene bag and were left in two weeks before planting
the mulberry cuttings to give time for the rooting media to settle.
Selection of Mulberry Cuttings
The different mulberry varietal cuttings that was used in the study were; Alfonso,
Batac, and Kanva-2. The cuttings were taken from healthy, one year old branches of the
mulberry parent stock which is not infected with disease or damage by any pest. The
length of cuttings was 15-20 cm long and 1.0 and diameter and it was cut from the lower
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
11
to middle part of the mulberry branch. This portion has higher percentage of rooting
compared to the upper part which is weaker (Adriance and Brenson, 1975). The base of
the cutting was cut horizontally below the leaf scar. While the top was immediately cut
above the node after the recommended length that has 3-4 nodes.
Planting Depth of Cuttings
Before planting, the mulberry cuttings were bundled and exposed under natural
conditions for one week to enhance the sprouting of buds and to form a callus on the
wounds of the mulberry. This method prevents rotting of cuttings when planted. This was
done by wrapping the mulberry cuttings with newspaper or just simply let the mulberry
stand on a moist area (Hartman et al...1990). Afterwards, the mulberry cuttings were
planted in slightly slanting position. Only one bud of the cutting was exposed above the
planting media contained in the plastic pots. This method was done, respectively, in all
the different mulberry varieties.
Management after Planting
After planting, sanitation was strictly observed to prevent/control diseases and
watering of the different treatments were done to avoid dehydration of plants and to keep
the soil moist and aerated. Removal of weeds was strictly followed to reduce the
competition of nutrients.
Data Gathered
1) Average growth increment (cm). This was gathered one month after planting and it
was done weekly thereafter. The growth increment of the sample plants were
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
12
measured using a tape measure from the point of the new growth to the tip of the new
shoots formed. These were done per treatment replications.
2) Average number of opened leaves formed. This was taken by counting all the opened
leaves that was formed by the sample plants. This data was gathered during the
termination of the study.
3) Average weight of leaves and shoots (g). The leaves that were taken from every
treatment replication were weighed using the weighing balance. This was done after
the study.
Figure 4: Weighing of collected leaves of each treatment.
4) Average final length of primary root (cm). This was obtained by uprooting sample
plants per treatment replications after experiment. The length of the primary root was
measured from the base to the tip most part of the root using tape measure.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
13
5) Average root weight (g). Weight of the roots was gathered after the study by
weighing all the roots collected per treatment replication.
6) Survival rate (%). The numbers of sapling survived were counted and it was recorded
during the termination of study. The percentage survival rate was computed with the used
of the following formula:
Number of survived saplings
% of Survival = --------------------------------------- X100
Total number of cuttings planted
7) Rooting media pH. Soil samples were brought to Benguet State University Soils
Laboratory to determine the pH.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 1 shows the average final growth increment of mulberry cuttings. Statistical
analysis showed highly significant differences among treatment and varieties The Batac
mulberry cuttings growth in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave highest significant growth increment of 13.24 cm among all the varieties and
treatments. This was followed by Kanva-2 planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (T1) with 11.78 cm. Meanwhile, cuttings of Batac grown in the same rooting media
(T1) had 11.43 cm average growth increment.
The lowest growth increment of 4.66 cm was obtained from Alfonso cuttings
planted in the Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) and in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden
Soil (T1) with 4.77 cm. This was followed by Batac mulberry cuttings with 4.89 cm
grown in the Silkworm Rearing Wasted (T5).
Table 1 Average final growth Increment (cm) of the mulberry two months after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (Control)
5.56 def 7.36
cdef 8.81 cdebf
T1 –Compost + Chicken
4.77 ef 11.43
cab 11.78
ab
Dung + Garden Soil
T2 -Silkworm Rearing
5.41 def 6.13
def 9.09
cdeb
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
6.81 def 13.24 a 9.30
cdb
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum
7.64 cdef 6.66
def 6.13
def
Moss + Garden Soil
T5 -Silkworm Rearing
4.66 f 4.89
ef 6.46
def
Waste
**Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level by DMRT.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
15
Average Number of Opened Leaves formed by the Mulberry Saplings
Table 2 shows the number of leaves formed by the mulberry saplings in
the different treatments two months after planting. Statistical analysis revealed
significant results among the different treatments. The Batac mulberry variety planted in
the the rooting media mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) had
the highest number of leaves formed with 9.00 as compared to the other mulberry
varieties grown in the different rooting media. This result agreed with the findings of
Yogyog in 2007 that Batac mulberry cuttings grown in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure +
Garden Soil produced high number of leaves. This was followed by the Kanva-2 cuttings
planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1) with 9.00 average number of
leaves formed. In addition, the cuttings of this variety grown in Chicken Dung + Cow
Manure + Garden Soil had a mean of 8.00 number of leaves formed. These results
corresponded with the findings of Yogyog (2007) when he found that Batac mulberry
cuttings performed best in this rooting media.
Finally, the lowest number of formed leaves 5.00 was obtained from the cuttings
of Alfonso variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste + Garden Soil (T3).
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
16
Table 2.Average Number of opened leaves formed by the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
6.00cdb 6.00cadb 7.00
cadb
T1 -Compost + Chicken Dung +
6.00cdb 8.00cadb 9.00
cadb
Garden Soil
T2-Silkworm Rearing Waste +
5.00d 6.00cdb 7.00 cadb
Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+
6.00cdb 9.00a 8.00 cadb
Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
6.00cadb 6.00cdb 7.00cadb
Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing Waste
5.00cd 5.00 cd 5.00
cd
** With the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Weight of Leaves and Shoots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 3 reveals the weight of leaves obtained from the different mulberry varieties
grown in the different rooting media two months after planting. Statistical analysis gave
highly significant differences among rooting media the treatment while the different
varieties gave significant differences. The Batac mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture
of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave the highest mean weight of 1.76
grams. This was followed by Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1) with 1.56
grams. Meanwhile, Kanva- 2, grown in the Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1)
was 1.40 grams.
Finally, the lowest mean weight of leaves of 0.32 grams was obtained from
Alfonso mulberry variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). The same variety
grown in Silkworm Rearing Waste + Garden Soil (T2) had 0.42 grams mean weight of
leaves. On the other hand, Batac mulberry cuttings grown in the Silkworm Rearing Waste
(T5) had 0.46 grams.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
17
Table 3. Average weight of leaves and shoots (g) of the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
0.52 cd 0.82
cdb 0.90
cdb
T1- Compost + Chicken Dung
0.74 cdb 1.56
ab 1.40 cab
+ Garden Soil
T
2- Silkworm Rearing Waste
0.42 d 0.82
cdb 1.10cadb
+ Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
0.84 cdb 1.76 a 1.14
cadb
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
0.88 cdb 0.82
cdb 0.80cdb
Garden Soil
T5 - Silkworm Rearing Waste
0.32 d 0.46
d 0.54
cd
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 4 shows the average length of primary roots of mulberry saplings.
Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among the different mulberry
varieties and rooting media treatments. The mulberry Batac variety grown in the mixture
of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave the longest mean with 7.38 cm
as compared with the other varieties and treatments. This was followed by Kanva-2 with
6.48 cm planted in Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1). Also, the Batac variety
planted in the Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3) gave a mean of 6.00 cm.
Meanwhile, the shortest average length of primary roots of mulberry saplings was 2.80
cm obtained from Kanva-2 planted in the Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5. Finally, the
Alfonso variety cuttings planted in the rooting media of Silkworm Rearing Waste +
Garden Soil (T2) gave 2.82 cm length of primary roots.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
18
Table 4. Average length of primary roots (cm) formed by mulberry saplings two months
after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
4.20cab 4.48
cab 5.64
cab
T1- Compost + Chicken
4.38cab 5.46ab 6.48
ab
Dung + Garden Soil
T2-Silkworm Rearing
2.82c 5.66
cab 5.14
cab
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 -Chicken Dung + Cow
5.34 cab 7.38
a 6.00
cab
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum
5.74 cab 4.04
cab 5.76
cab
Moss + Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
2.94c 3.38
cb 2.80
c
Waste
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Average Weight of Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Table 5 shows the weight of roots formed by mulberry saplings two months after
planting. Significant differences were revealed by statistical analysis among the different
mulberry varieties grown in the different treatments. Mulberry cuttings of Kanva-2
variety grown in the mixture of Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden soil (T1) gave the
heaviest mean weight of roots with 1.20 grams. This was followed by Batac mulberry
variety with 1.16 grams grown in the Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden soil (T3).
Meanwhile, cuttings of Kanva-2 grown in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave 1.02 grams root weight.
Finally, the lowest weight of roots with 0.36 grams was obtained from the
cuttings of Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). Meanwhile, Batac
and Alfonso mulberry cuttings grown in the same rooting media gave low mean root
weight of 0.42 grams and 0.50 grams, respectively.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
19
Table 5. Average weight of roots (g) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0-Garden Soil (control)
0.48c 0.52cb 0.82cab
T1- Compost + Chicken
0.46c 0.76ab 1.20a
Dung + Garden Soil
T2- Silkworm Rearing
0.42c 0.44c 0.64cab
Waste + Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow
0.52cb 1.16ab 1.02cab
Manure + Garden Soil
T4- Sand + Sphagnum
0.64cab 0.64cab 0.62cab
Moss+ Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
0.50c 0.42c 0.36c
Waste
** Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 6 shows the survival of mulberry cuttings two months after planting. All the
different mulberry variety cuttings planted in the different treatments had a survival rate
of 100%. This revealed the good characteristics of rooting media mixtures for the
mulberry cuttings.
Table 6. Survival rate (%) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting.
Treatment
Alfonso
Batac Kanva-2
T0- Garden Soil (control)
100%
100%
100%
T1- Compost + Chicken Dung +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T2- Silkworm Rearing Waste +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T3- Chicken Dung + Cow Manure +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T4- Sand + Sphagnum Moss +
100%
100%
100%
Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing Waste
100%
100%
100%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
20
Rooting Media pH
Table 7 shows the pH of the different rooting media mixture before and after the
experiment. All the rooting media used were within the soil pH range of 5-9 pH for
mulberry production as recommended by Boriah in 1986.
Table 7. Soil pH of each treatment before and after the experiment.
Treatment
Alfonso Batac Kanva-2
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
T0- Garden Soil (control)
5.27
5.17
5.27 5.08
5.30 5.09
T1- Compost + Chicken
6.92
6.32
6.92
6.21
6.92
6.24
Dung + Garden Soil
T2 -Silkworm Rearing
8.21
8.21
8.21
8.12
8.21
8.14
Waste + Garden Soil
T3 - Chicken Dung + Cow
6.29
6.19
6.29
6.19
6.29
6.21
Manure + Garden Soil
T4 –Sand + Sphagnum Moss 6.17
6.11
6.18
6.13
6.77 6.11
+ Garden Soil
T5- Silkworm Rearing
9.16
9.15
9.36
9.27
9.36
9.25
Waste
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
21
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the rooting media on the
growth of cuttings on different mulberry varieties for sapling production. It is also aimed
to find out the growth increment, number of opened leaves, the weight of leaves and
shoots, the average length of primary root, average weight of roots and the survival rate
of mulberry cuttings. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using the
factorial method was used in this study. Factor A was the different mulberry varieties and
Factor B uses the different rooting media used as treatment. The five rooting media used
were: Garden soil (T0), Compost + Chicken Dung + Garden Soil (T1), Silkworm Rearing
Waste + Garden Soil (T2), Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+ Garden Soil (T3), Sand +
Sphagnum Moss + Garden Soil (T4), and Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5).
All the manures and the silkworm rearing waste used as treatments where properly
decomposed before potting. Meanwhile, the different mulberry varieties were: Alfonso
(A1), Batac (A2), and Kanva-2 (A3).
This study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project at
Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from February to April 2008.
The highest average of growth increment of 13.24 cm of mulberry saplings was
obtained from the Batac Variety grown in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+
Garden Soil (T3). Meanwhile, the lowest increment of 4.66 cm was given by Alfonso
cuttings planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). On the highest number of opened
leaves formed it was taken from the Batac, and Kanva-2 Variety cuttings grown in the
rooting media of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3) with 9.00.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
22
Meanwhile, the lowest number of opened leaves formed was from the variety, Alfonso,
Batac and Kanva-2 varieties planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) with 5.00 average
number of opened leaves formed.
The highest average weight of leaves and shoots of mulberry variety 1.76 grams
obtained from Batac Variety planted in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3).
While the lowest average weight of leaves and shoots was from the Alfonso Variety
planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) with 0.32 grams. Meanwhile, the longest length
of Primary roots of 7.38 cm was obtained from Batac variety planted in Chicken Dung +
Cow Manure + Garden Soil (T3). The shortest Average length of Primary roots 2.80 cm
was from the Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5). On the other
hand, the highest average weight of Roots 1.16 grams was taken from Batac Variety
planted in Chicken Dung + Cow Manure+ Garden Soil (T3) while the lowest average
weight of roots 0.36 grams is from the Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing
Waste (T5)
The overall results shown in statistical analysis revealed that the Batac mulberry
variety cuttings planted in the mixture of Chicken Dung + Cow Manure + Garden Soil
(T3) gave the highest average growth increment, most number of opened leaves, highest
average weight of leaves and shoots, longest length of leaves of primary roots, and
heaviest average weight of roots among all treatments and the varieties. Meanwhile,
Alfonso and Kanva-2 variety planted in Silkworm Rearing Waste (T5) gave the lowest of
all the parameters used.
Finally, the survival rate of the different mulberry variety cuttings planted in the
different rooting media was 100% while the pH of the different rooting media before and
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
23
after the experiment was within the Soil pH range of 5-9 as recommended for mulberry
production by Boriah in 1986.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
24
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G. W. and, F. P. BRISON.1975. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. (2nd
ed.)New York: Mc Grawhill Book Co; Inc.P.49
ALOS, M. T.1996.Initial field establishment of three foreign mulberry varieties under La
Trinidad, Benguet, Condition. Thesis (Unpub.) BSU La Trinidad, Benguet.P.4.
ALVARES, V. D. and, H. KIM. 1994) Manual on Mulberry Cultivation. (8th ed.) Bicutan
Taguig, Metro Manila: PIRI.PP. 1-5
BALASURAMANIAN, I.A.S., S. PRAKASHI and J. SAMPATH. 1988. Mulberry
Agronomical R esearch. Indian Journal Sericulture. 26(11):p.26.
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1994. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. SEAMEO Regional
Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) and
University of the Philippines, Los Baňos, Laguna. Pp. 188-199.
BOASE, P. C. and H. R. SINGHVI. 1989. Central Research and Training Institute,
Mysore. Indian Journal Sericulture. 28(7); Pp.37-39.
BORAIAH, G. 1986. Lectures on Sericulture; Mulberry Cultivation. Department of
Sericulture, Bachelor University, P.K. Block. Bangalore. Suramya Publishers,
Bangalore. Pp.16-17.
BRANDY, N. C. and H. C. BULKMAN, 1974. The Nature and Properties of Soils. New
York: The Mc Millan Book Company.
CABFILAN, J. W. 2000. Effect of compost and animal manure on mulberry sapling
production. BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.23.
CHOPCHOPEN, M. P. 2006. Morphological characteristics of different mulberry
varieties in La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis.Benguet State University. LaTrinidad
Benguet.Pp.12-17.
DANDIN, S. B. 1994. Constant Analysis of High Quality Cocoon and Raw Silk
Production in India. Proceeding Report of the International Conference on
Sericulture, “Global Silk Scenario 2001” CSR and TI-ICRETS, Mysore, India.
Ph.113-119.
DAS, B. C. 1987. Propagation of Mulberry through Cuttings. Indian Silk. 24 (1): P. 12.
FAO. Agricultural Services Bulletin. 1998. Mulberry Cultivation. SIDD-PTRI. Rome.
Pp.30-49.
HARTMAN, H. T., D.E.KESTER and F .T. DAVIES JR. 1990. Plant Propagation:
Principles and practices. (15th ed.) Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Pp. 25-241.
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(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
25
MARQUEZ, M. 1988. Utilization of azolla as organic fertilizer for cabbage and white
potato. MS Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P
21-23.
SAMAY BULLETIN. 2002. ISSN 1655-4744. Vol. 2. No.2. P.1.
SANCHEZ, A. P. 1940. Properties of Management of Soil in the Tropics. New Cork:
John Willey Inc. P. 178.
TAN, A. S. 1975. Compost Making. The Industrial Life.UPLA.Los Banos, laguna.
ULLAL, S. R. and M. N. NARASHIMHANNA. 1987. Handbook of Practical
Sericulture. Bangalore, India: Central Silk board. Pp.210-220.
YOGAYOG, B. G. 2007. Performance of different potting media mixtures on the growth
and root development of Batac mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) cuttings for sapling
production. B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.29-
30.
YOGYOG, R. B. 2007. Effect of different decomposed manures as potting media on the
growth of mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) cuttings for sapling media. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.28-29.
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
26
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Average final growth increment of the mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.46
4.70
5.56
7.11
8.14
10.39 39.36
5.56def
T1
1.57
2.57
3.99
5.37
6.88
8.20
28.58
4.77ef
T2
2.79
3.55
4.62
6.10
7.07
8.33
32.46
5.41def
T3
3.62
4.17
5.24
7.94
9.33
10.59 40.89
6.81def
T4
4.04
5.21
6.87
8.20
10.03 11.47 45.82
7.64cdef
T5
1.49
2.41
3.86
5.24
6.65
8.30
27.95
4.66f
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.38
4.57
6.06
8.03
10.04 12.08 44.16
7.36cdef
T1
6.33
8.22
10.10 12.5
14.39 17.01 68.55
11.43cab
T2
2.98
4.21
5.45
6.86
7.93
9.32
36.75
6.13def
T3
8.68
10.37 11.86 13.07 17.27 19.17 79.42
13.24a
T4
3.33
4.71
5.49
7.35
8.25
10.84 39.97
6.66def
T5
2.45
3.34
4.35
5.52
6.39
7.31
29.36
4.89ef
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
27
REPLICATION
KANVA‐ 2
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.14
6.05
7.60
9.20
11.52 14.35 52.86
8.81cdebf
T1
6.39
8.14
10.47 12.96
15.15 17.30 70.65
11.78ab
T2
4.51
6.80
7.71
10.12
11.60 13.78 54.52
9.09cdeb
T3
4.23
6.03
8.34
10.38
12.27 14.52 55.77
9.30cdb
T4
1.97
3.85
4.99
7.02
8.55
10.42 36.8
6.13def
T5
2.39
4.00
5.49
7.29
8.77
10.82 38.76
6.46def
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of square
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
Variety
2
147.50680556
73.75340278
7.49** 0.0010
Treatment
5
251.88771944
50.37754389
5.11** 0.0004
Variety *
10
245.37265000
24.53726500
2.49** 0.0110
treatment
Error
90
846.68171667
9.85201907
Total
107
1531.44889167
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 41.20803%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
28
Appendix Table 2. Average number of opened leaves formed by mulberry saplings two
months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
6
7
7
5
4
29
6.00cdb
T1
6
6
4
5
7
28
6.00cdb
T2
8
4
4
3
4
23
5.00d
T3
4
7
7
6
6
30
6.00cdb
T4
6
5
8
7
6
32
6.00cdb
T5
6
5
6
5
4
26
5.00cd
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4
9
5
5
9
32
6.00cadb
T1
7
8
12
6
5
38
8.00cadb
T2
7
7
6
7
4
31
6.00cdb
T3
6
12
11
9
9
47
9.00a
T4
6
5
4
10
9
34
7.00cadb
T5
5
6
6
4
4
25
5.00cd
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
29
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
7
8
7
10
5
37
7.00cadb
T1
12
8
6
12
5
43
9.00ab
T2
9
7
6
7
6
35
7.00cadb
T3
7
10
7
3
13
40
8.00cab
T4
8
4
10
5
8
35
7.00cadb
T5
6
4
4
7
5
26
5.00cd
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of square
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
Variety
2
43.40000000
21.70000000
5.18*
0.0079
Treatment
5
67.43333333
13.48666667
3.22*
0.0111
Variety *
10
31.66666667
3.16666667
0.76ns
0.6698ns
treatment
Error
72
301.60000000
4.18888889
Total
89
444.10000000
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 31.16768%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
30
Appendix Table 3. Average weight of leaves and shoots (g) formed by mulberry saplings
two months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.60
0.80
0.50
0.40
0.30
2.6
0.52cd
T1
0.70
0.80
1.20
0.50
0.50
3.7
0.74cdb
T2
1.20
0.50
0.20
0.10
0.10
2.1
0.42d
T3
0.60
0.60
1.10
1.20
0.70
4.2
0.84cdb
T4
0.70
1.20
0.80
0.90
0.80
4.4
0.88cdb
T5
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.20
0.10
1.6
0.32d
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.60
1.10
0.50
0.70
1.20
4.1
0.82cdb
T1
1.20
1.50
.340
1.20
0.50
7.8
1.56ad
T2
1.10
0.70
0.90
1.21
0.20
4.11
0.82cdb
T3
0.30
3.40
2.40
1.30
1.40
8.8
1.76a
T4
1.20
0.60
0.80
0.60
0.90
4.1
0.82cdb
T5
0.30
0.60
1.00
0.20
0.20
2.3
0.46d
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
31
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.10
0.90
0.70
1.30
0.50
4.5
0.90abc
T1
3.10
0.70
0.20
2.50
0.50
7.0
1.40abc
T2
1.30
2.10
1.10
0.40
0.60
5.5
1.10cadb
T3
1.20
1.60
0.50
0.30
2.10
5.8
1.14abcd
T4
0.60
0.60
1.00
0.90
0.90
4.0
0.80bcd
T5
1.10
0.50
0.30
0.60
0.2
2.7
0.54cd
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree
Sum of
Mean square F value
Pr >F
Variance
of
square
freedom
Variety 2 3.09920222
1.54960111
4.30*
0.0173
Treatment 5 7.24067222
1.44813444
4.2**
0.0029
Variety *
10 2.70294444
0.27029444
0.75ns 0.6759
treatment
Error 72
25.96768000
0.36066222
Total 89
39.01049889
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 68.23588%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
32
Appendix Table 4.Average length of primary root (cm) formed by mulberry saplings two
months after planting.
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.30
6.10
5.10
3.40
2.10
21
4.20cab
T1
1.10
4.20
5.50
5.60
5.50
21.9
4.38cab
T2
6.80
3.60
1.50
1.10
1.10
14.1
2.82c
T3
4.80
4.70
6.10
6.00
5.10
26.7
5.34cab
T4
4.20
5.10
6.20
6.70
6.50
28.7
5.74cab
T5
3.10
4.10
5.10
1.20
1.20
14.7
2.94c
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
4.10
9.20
2.10
5.30
1.70
22.4
4.48cab
T1
6.30
7.80
6.00
8.10
4.10
32.3
5.46ab
T2
8.30
5.30
7.40
6.10
1.20
28.3
5.66cab
T3
5.80
5.30
9.20
8.60
8.00
36.9
7.38a
T4
1.50
3.60
2.10
5.20
7.80
20.2
4.04cab
T5
4.50
5.10
2.00
2.20
3.10
16.9
3.38cb
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
33
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
5.10
7.30
6.40
5.10
4.30
28.2
5.64cab
T1
10.50
5.70
1.00
10.10
5.10
32.4
6.48ab
T2
7.50
8.90
1.10
2.60
5.60
25.7
5.14cab
T3
5.60
8.90
5.70
5.20
4.60
30
6.00cab
T4
7.40
5.60
.90
7.60
7.30
28.8
5.72cab
T5
2.10
4.30
1.10
5.40
1.10
14
2.80c
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Some of
Mean square
F value
Pr > F
variance
freedom
square
Variety
2
21.36022222
10.68011111ns
2.15
0.1242
Treatment
5
93.57555556
18.71511111** 3.76
0.0044
Variety *
10
43.39444444
4.33944444ns
0.87
0.5624
treatment
Error
72
358.05600000
4.97300000
Total
89
516.38622222
**=
highly
significant
Coefficient of variance 45.28475%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
34
Appendix Table 5.Average weight of roots formed by mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATION
ALFONSO
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.4
0.48c
T1
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
2.3
0.46c
T2
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.3
2.1
0.42c
T3
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
2.8
0.52cb
T4
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.6
3.2
0.64cab
T5
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.2
2.0
0.50c
REPLICATION
BATAC
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.2
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.6
0.52cb
T1
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.6
0.4
3.8
0.76ab
T2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.2
2.2
0.44c
T3
0.4
2.0
1.7
0.9
0.8
5.8
1.16ab
T4
0.5
0.4
0.2
1.2
0.9
3.2
0.64cab
T5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
2.1
0.42c
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
35
REPLICATION
KANVA‐2
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.0
0.7
0.6
1.5
0.3
4.1
0.82cab
T1
2.1
0.6
0.5
2.5
0.3
6.0
1.20a
T2
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.5
3.2
0.64cab
T3
0.6
1.6
0.6
0.1
2.2
5.1
1.02cab
T
4
0.7
0.2
1.2
0.3
0.7
3.1
0.62cab
T5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
1.8
0.36c
ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
F value
Pr >F
Variance
freedom
square
square
Variety
2
1.12622222
0.56311111
3.03*
0.0545
Treatment
5
2.42188889
0.48437778
2.61*
0.0319
Variety *
10
1.93511111
0.19351111
1.04ns
0.4186
treatment
Error
72
13.38000000
0.18583333
Total
89
18.86322222
**=
Highly
significant Coefficient of variance 66.77720%
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
36
Appendix Table 6. Survival rate (%) of mulberry saplings two months after planting.
Mulberry Variety
Treatment Alfonso Batac Kanva-2
T0 100%
100%
100%
T1
100%
100%
100%
T2
100%
100%
100%
T3
100%
100%
100%
T4
100%
100%
100%
T5
100%
100%
100%
Appendix Table 7. Rooting Media pH of the different treatments on the different
mulberry variety before and after the experiment.
Mulberry Variety
ALFONSO BATAC KANVA-2
Treatment
Before After Before After Before After
T0
5.27 5.17 5.27 5.08 5.30 5.09
T1
6.92 6.32 6.92 6.21 6.92 6.24
T2
8.21 8.21 8.21 8.12 8.21 8.14
T3
6.29 6.19 6.29 6.19 6.29 6.21
T4
6.17 6.11 6.18 6.13 6.77 6.11
T5
9.16 9.15 9.36 9.27 9.36 9.25
Evaluation of Different Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties
(Morus alba Linn) for Sapling Production /Lorna F. Langawit. 2008
Document Outline
- Evaluation of Different
Rooting Media on Cuttings Different Mulberry Varieties (Morus alba Linn) for Sapling
Production
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES