BIBLIOGRAPHY YOGAYOG, BENJIE G. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
YOGAYOG, BENJIE G. APRIL 2007. Performance of Different Potting Media
Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.)
Cuttings for Sapling Production. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Valentino L. Macanes, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the best potting media for the growth and
development of Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and to find out what
potting media produces the most vegetative parts, with the longest primary roots, with the
heaviest vegetative and root weight. Likewise, the Return on Investment (ROI) for each
potting media was taken for economic considerations. The different potting media were
the mixtures of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil; Sand, Compost and Garden soil;
Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil; Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil; and Garden soil alone.
The study was conducted from November 2006-March 2007 at the Benguet State
University Sericulture Project in Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Results of the study revealed that the different potting media mixtures were
effective on the growth and development of Batac mulberry. However, the potting media
consisting of the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil appeared to be the
best potting media mixture among the other potting media treatments. It significantly
hastened root development of the mulberry cuttings giving vigorous growth with the most
number of leaves formed having heaviest weight. In addition, this potting media mixture
gave the longest and thickest primary root having most number of secondary roots and
root hairs. This indicated satisfactory performance when planted in the field.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Economic Importance of Mulberry………………………………………..
4
Asexual Propagation by Cuttings………………………………………….
4
Potting
Media…………………………………………………………….... 6
Sphagnum
moss…………………………………………………………....
7
Compost
…………………………………………………………………...
7
Rice
hull……………………………………………………………………
8
Coir
dusts…………………………………………………………………..
8
Sand
……………………………………………………………………….
9
Loam soil ………………………………………………………………….
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth
Increment…………………………………………………………. 14
Survival
Rate………………………………………………………………. 19
Number of Leaves Formed…………………………………………………
20
Weight of Leaves…………………………………………………………...
21
iii
Final Length of Primary Roots……………………………………………..
22
Root
Weight……………………………………………………………….. 24
Return On Investment (ROI)……………………………………………….
25
Soil
pH……………………………………………………………………... 26
Weather
Data………………………………………………………………. 27
Other
Observations………………………………………………………… 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………...
29
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………...
31
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………. 33
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry is a perennial plant attaining a height of fifteen (15) meters high. It is
scientifically known as Morus alba L. Mulberry is the sole food plant of the mulberry
silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Thus, the foundation of sericulture lies in the growing of
mulberry considering that the quality and quantity of silk produced depends on mulberry
leaf quantity and yield plus several important factors like silkworm race, climate,
temperature and humidity.
Mulberry is a deep rooted plant that requires soil capable of sufficient supply of
nutrients, water and air up to where the root system penetrates (Boraiah, 1986). The same
expert stated that the plantation soil should be fertile, deep friable, sandy loamy to loamy
in the texture and porous with good water-holding capacity. Slightly acidic soil with pH
ranging from 6.2-6.8 is ideal for the growth and development of the mulberry plants. On
the other hand, Dandin (1994) sated that the suitable range of soil atmospheric
temperature of a plantation is from 20oC-35oC.
Alvares and Kim (1994) stated that mulberry is a plant consisting of vegetative
parts (roots, stem and leaves) and reproductive organs (flowers and fruits). Although the
organs are different in form, structure and physiological function, they act on one another
in a given condition and combined harmonious actions for existence. In addition, external
conditions such as the application of organic fertilizers, method of cultivation and
management can also cause changes in form, which could be an indicator of
physiological growth and leaf quality. Propagation of mulberry can be made either by
seeds or vegetative production. Hardwood cutting, one of the vegetative methods, is the
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
2
most common in sub-tropical countries and tropical areas because of various advantages.
It is simple, mortality is low and the saplings produced are of good quality.
Propagation of mulberry saplings includes sexual and vegetative reproduction.
The vegetative reproduction contains grafting, cutting, and layering of these, means;
grafting is the most cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive procedure whereas
cutting is an easy, cheap, and least time consuming method. In temperate countries, most
of the mulberry varieties do not respond to cutting method without pre-treatment. That is
why grafting is the most common practice of propagation. Tropical varieties of mulberry,
however, easily respond to cutting method without artificial treatment (Das, 1987). He
also pointed out that cultivars with proven high yielding ability and good rooting capacity
would not only alleviate the propagation problem but also generate new hopes among
local farmers for easy and fruitful mulberry cultivation through cuttings in the field.
The rooting capacity of mulberry is one of the most important factors that
contribute to a better production because greater roots will tend to supply more food
nutrients to the crop for its growth and development. On the other hand, soil provides
plant nutrients, water and air for root growth besides anchorage to mulberry plants.
Mulberry is a deep-rooted, perennial, hardy and monoculture crop, hence, it is essential to
select suitable soil for mulberry cultivation.
In asexual or vegetative propagation like cuttings, the inherited characteristics of
the parent stock can be retained. In reality, the new plant is the continuation of the growth
and development of the parent stock. This method allows the genetic traits of the
mulberry to be used to keep the good characteristics of the good varieties, which allow
many good varieties to be produced (FAO, 1988).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
3
This study found ways to accelerate the vegetative reproduction of mulberry
through cuttings by determining the best potting medium combination for the growth and
development of the mulberry saplings.
The results of the study could help the local sericulture farmers, entrepreneurs,
researchers, and the students on which is the good mixture of potting media for rapid
mulberry propagation through cuttings.
The study determined the best potting media for the growth and development of
Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and found out what potting media
produces the heaviest roots and vegetative parts. Likewise, the Return on Investment
(ROI) for each potting media was taken for economic considerations.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project,
Ampassit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2006 to March 2007.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Economic Importance of Mulberry
Mulberry is the sole food for the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The quality of
mulberry has a predominating influence on the development of the worm and the quality
of the cocoons. Thus, if silkworm rearing and cocoon production is to be successful; it is
very necessary that the mulberry leaves to be feed to the worms are high in quality
(Omura, 1980).
Ray (1989) as cited by Cawa-it (2006) stated that aside from the sericultural
importance of mulberry, this plant has medical properties for various human diseases.
The mulberry leaves are considered to be diaphoretic and emollient while decoction of
leaves is used as a gargle for the inflammation of the throat. The fruit is laxative and
refrigerant and is used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. The juice of the black
mulberry is a medicine for convalescence after febrile disease. It checks thirst and cools
the blood. The root possesses astringent and anthelmintic properties while the bark is
used as purgative and vermifuge. Finally, the Morus nigra Linn. or black mulberry is
now in the headlines for its omnipotent medicinal properties which may even cure
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Asexual Propagation by cuttings
Hardwood cutting must be rooted under moist conditions that will prevent
excessive drying as some species are hard to root, taking several months to a year as
noted by Hartman et al. (1990). He further stated that after cuttings have been made and
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
5
placed under environmental conditions favorable for rooting, callus would usually
develop at the basal end of the cutting. The callus is irregular mass of parenchyma cells
in various stages of lignifications. This callus growth arises from young cells in the
region of the vascular cambium, although various cells of the cortex and pith may also
contribute to its formation is essential for rooting.
Root formation in cutting is not only affected by chemical treatments alone but
also by other factors like rooting medium, mechanical treatments as well as plant itself.
For instance, some species root much easily than others or the age of the parent stock,
cuttings taken from younger plants are usually more active in synthesis of food and cell
development (Adriance and Brinson, 1975).
The mulberry rooting is specialized with deep and wide propagating nature, in
other word, the rooting covers under ground with about 60 degree pilling cone form. This
is why the soil condition acts the important role of the mulberry trees (Hee, N.D).
Bautista (1994) reported that when cuttings are placed in rooting medium, growth
substances like auxins and other products of photosynthesis move from young leaves and
concentrate in sites requiring repair or regeneration of tissue such as curing of the
cuttings. She further stated that in leafless cuttings, auxins and other photosynthesis are
also present in smaller amounts in the stem. These indigenous and inherent auxins
interact with inherent factors in the stem cells to activate cell division, which later result
in the formation of a mass of unidentified cells called callus. The callus cells eventually
differentiate into root initials growth substances are manufacture from products of
photosynthesis, while the energy as well as simple compounds needed for cell division,
differentiation and formation of root initials came from respiration.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
6
In Karnataka and West Bengal, India the normal practice is to plant the cuttings
directly in the field; sometimes when the field is not ready for planting it becomes
necessary to preserve the cuttings in sandbeds under shade for about a week before
planting. This method of storage helps the formation of “callus” and such cuttings give
better performance (Ullal and Narashimhanna, 1987).
Diaz (2000) as cited by Aladog (2004) recommended that a mixture of 1:1:1
ricehull + compost + sand could be recommended for the growing of “Nonstop Rose
Peticoat (Begonia sp.)” under La Trinidad, Benguet conditions.
Potting Media
The potting soil, or medium in which a plant grows, must be of good quality. It
should be porous for root aeration and drainage but also capable of water and nutrient
retention. In order for a plant to form a new root system, it must have ready supply at the
cut surface (Anonymous, N.D).
Hartman et al. (1990) also added that the medium must retain enough moisture so
that watering does not have to be too frequent and sufficiently porous so that excess
water drains away, permitting adequate penetration of oxygen to the roots. An ideal
propagation medium provides sufficient porosity to allow good aeration and has a high
water-holding capacity. Water is required for major chemical reactions in plants
(Anonymous, N.D). The more air that is allowed, the healthier will be the root system.
This translates directly to the overall health and robustness of the plant (Birk, N.D).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
7
Sphagnum Moss
Commercial sphagnum moss is the dehydrated young residue or living portions of
acid-bog plants in the genus Sphagnum, such as S. papillosum, S. scapillaceum and S.
palustre. It is relatively sterile, light in weight and has a very high water holding capacity
being able to absorb 10-20 times its weight of water. The stem and leaf tissues of
sphagnum moss consist largely of groups of water holding cells. This material is
generally shredded either by hard or mechanically, before it is used in a propagating or
growing medium. It contains a specific fungi static substance, which accounts for its
ability to inhibit damping-off seedlings germinated in it (Hartman et al., 1990). In
addition, sphagnum moss provides better aeration when wet (Handreck and Black, 1994).
Compost
Compost was once a major component of potting mixes. The term “potting
mixes” in Britain for materials for pots showed that compost was an important potting
mix. Mature compost contributes nutrients and increases the readily available water
content otherwise very open mixes. Increasing the volume of compost made from general
organic wastes mainly of garden origin, from sewage’s sludge and from municipal solid
wastes can suppress pathogens (Handreck and Black, 1994).
Brady (1996) stated that compost is also used as mulches in vegetable or flower
gardens. This practice provides not only nutrients for the plants but soil cover for moist
conservation as well. Indoor potted plants also thrive on a mixture of highly composted
material.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
8
Rice Hull
Whole rice hulls are moderately resistant to decomposition. They hold little water
and improve aeration. They are useful lightweight component of mixes fro orchids and
are also used to increase the porosity of bedding mixes based on peat (Handreck and
Black, 1994).
Coir Dusts
Coir is the name given to the fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp
(middle layer) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera). The long fibers of coir are extracted
from the coconut husk and utilized in the manufacture of brushes, automobile seats,
mattress stuffings, drainage pipe filters, twine and other products. Traditionally, the short
fibers (2mm or less) and dusts ("pith") left behind have accumulated as a waste product
for which no industrial use had been discovered. Coir dusts accumulate in large piles or
"dumps" outside of the mills, which process the husks for extraction of the industrially
valuable long fibers. The high lignin and cellulose content of the pith prevents the piles
from breaking down further. It is this same characteristic that prevents oxidation and
resultant shrinkage of coir dust when it is used as a growing medium (Hume, 1949).
Coir dusts are very similar to peat in appearance. It is light to dark brown in color
and consists primarily of particles in the size range 0.2-2.0 mm (75-90%). Unlike
sphagnum peat, there are no sticks or other extraneous matter.
Coir dusts tend to be high in both sodium and potassium compared to the other
peats, but sodium is leached readily from the material under irrigation (Handreck, 1993).
The high levels of potassium present in coir dust prove more a benefit than any detriment
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
9
to plant growth. However, coir dust from other sources has also reportedly contained
chlorides at levels toxic to many plants. Thus, it is very important that salinity in the raw
material be monitored before processing into a horticultural amendment. It is evident, that
chemical properties of this material can vary widely from source to source (Evans et al.
1996).
Sand
Sand consists of small rock particles, 0.05 to 5.0 mm in diameter, formed as the
result of the weathering of various rocks, its mineral composition depending upon the
type of rocks. Quartz sand, consisting chiefly of a silica complex, is generally used for
propagation purposes. Sand is the heaviest of all rooting media being used, a cubic-foot
dry sand weighs about 4.5 kg. It is preferred to be fumigated or steam pasteurized before
use (Hartman et al., 1990).
Loam Soil
Denisen (1958) reported that loam soil can be used successfully especially if the
cuttings are to remain in the propagating media for sometime after rooting. Mixtures of
loam soil and sand are frequently used. He also stated that loam soil is high in nutrients
and more retentive of water and is well aerated.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study were mulberry cuttings of Batac variety, crowbar,
pruning shears, different potting media, 15.24 cm x 15.24 cm x 30.48 cm black
polyethylene bags, labeling materials and weighing scale.
The different rooting media served as the treatments with garden soil alone as
the control check. The garden soil was taken at Benguet State University Sericulture
Project at Ampassit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Each composition of the media was
equally weighed and mixed thoroughly as recommended by Diaz (2000). The 15.24 cm x
15.24 cm x 30.48 cm black polyethylene bags were filled up equally with each potting
media. The treatments were replicated five times. The experiment was laid out by
following the Complete Randomized Design (CRD).
The different treatments were as follows:
TREATMENT POTTING
MEDIA
MIXTURE
T0 Garden
Soil
(Control)
T1
Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T2
Sand + Compost + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T3
Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T4
Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil (1:1:1)
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
11
Selection of Mulberry Cuttings
The mulberry cuttings were selected from the healthy branches of Batac mulberry
trees at the mulberry plantation of Benguet State University Sericulture Project. The size
of the mulberry cuttings was 10-25 cm long and 1.27 cm in diameter having four (4)
healthy nodes.
To ensure growth of mulberry saplings, mulberry cuttings were soaked in tap
water for twelve hours and were kept under shade before planting. This aim to enhance
the initiation of callus on the cut surface.
Figure 1. Potting media mixture preparation by the author
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
12
Planting of Cuttings
The cuttings were planted individually by first making a hole at the center of the
prepared bags using a dibble, after which, the cuttings were planted in a slightly slanted
position. The depth of planting depends on the internodes of the topmost bud. Hence, the
cuttings were planted exposing only the topmost bud on the soil surface. Immediately
after planting, the cut surface of the newly planted mulberry cuttings were covered with
candle wax to prevent moisture loss. The planted mulberry cuttings were watered daily to
make the media moist.
Figure 2. Planting of mulberry cuttings
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
13
Data Gathered
1. Growth increment (cm). This data was gathered one month after planting and it
was done weekly thereafter. The shoots of the sample plants were measured from
the point of leaf attachment to the tip of the leaf using a foot rule. This was done
per treatment
2. Survival rate (%). Dead or wilted saplings and survived saplings were counted
and recorded during the termination of the study. Afterwards, the percentage
survival rate was computed following the formula:
No. of survived saplings
% of Survival = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Total no. of cuttings planted
3. No. of leaves formed. All the leaves that were formed were counted from the
sample plants. The leaves were counted during the termination of the study.
4. Weight of leaves (g). The weight of the leaves was taken after the conduct of the
experiment using a weighing scale.
5. Final length of primary root (cm). This was obtained by uprooting sample plants
per treatment after the experiment. The length of the primary roots was measured
from the base to the tip most part of the root using a foot rule.
6. Root weight (g). Weight of the roots was gathered after the study by weighing the
root per sample treatment.
7. Return on Investment (ROI). The costs and returns of the treatment media and the
projected sales of mulberry saplings was taken using the following formula:
Net Income
ROI= ---------------------------- x 100
Total
Investment
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
14
8. Soil pH. Soil samples were taken from the respective potted treatment before and
after the experiment. The samples were tested at BSU Soils Laboratory to
determine soil pH using pH meter.
9. Weather data. Weather data was gathered during the study at the PAG-ASA at
Benguet State University Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
10. Other observations. Other important observations such as pests and diseases, and
others were noted.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 1 shows the growth increment of the mulberry saplings from first to sixth
week after one month of planting. Statistical analysis showed highly significant
differences among the treatments. Growth increment in the first week showed that
mulberry plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave
the highest growth increment with a mean of 7.16 cm. On the other hand, no significant
difference were observed on plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden
soil (T2); Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3); Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) and
Garden soil alone (T0). However, cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) gave the
lowest growth increment with a mean of 4.36 cm.
Table 1. Final growth increment (cm) of the mulberry saplings from first to sixth week
one month after planting
MEAN (cm)
TREATMENTS 1ST wk 2nd wk
3rd wk
4th wk
5th wk
6th wk
AVERAGE
T0- Garden soil (control)
4.36 b
6.18 b
7.72 b
9.68 b
11.64 b
13.64 b
8.87 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum
7.16 a 9.96
a 12.60
a 16.96
a 21.48
a 27.
58
a 16.76
a
moss + Garden soil
T2- Sand + Compost +
4.49 b 7.52
b 9.22
b 12.36
b 15.50
b 19.20
b 11.46
b
Garden soil
T3- Sand + Rice hull +
5.06 b 6.20
b 8.22
b 10.62
b 12.52
b 14.32
b 9.49
b
Garden soil
T4- Sand + Coir dusts +
4.70 b 5.86
b 7.04
b 9.08
b 11.62
b 12.70
b 8.
52
b
Garden soil
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
16
On the second week, one month after planting, statistical analysis revealed
highly significant differences among the potting media treatments. The cuttings planted
in a mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) recorded the highest growth
increment with a mean of 9.96 cm. On the other hand, cuttings grown in the mixture of
Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) gave the lowest growth increment with a mean of
5.86 cm. No significant differences, however, was shown among the other treatments
applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and
Garden soil (T3), Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) and Garden soil alone (T0). These
results imply that the different potting media particularly Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
(T4) enhanced the growth increment of the plants during the second week.
Growth increment in the third week showed highly significant results as
revealed by statistical analysis. The highest mean of 12.60 cm was recorded on cuttings
grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1). On the other hand,
mulberry cuttings planted in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4)
exhibited the lowest growth increment with a mean of 7.04 cm. However, this potting
media was not significantly different with plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Compost
and Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), and Garden soil alone (T0). It
was also observed that during this period that insect pests like spanworms and mulberry
pyralids began to attack the mulberry plants affecting the growth.
Highly significant differences were noted on the growth increment of mulberry
saplings as shown by statistical analysis at fourth week one month after planting. The
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest growth
increment of the mulberry plants with 16.96 cm. This potting media gave better
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
17
performance on the growth of mulberry saplings. This fortifies the findings of Hartman
(1990) that sphagnum moss is relatively sterile, light in weight and has a very high
water-holding capacity and provide better aeration when wet (Handreck and Black,
1994). This suits to the recommendation of Hartman et al. (1990) that a rooting media
must be sufficiently porous so that excess water drains away, permitting adequate
penetration of oxygen to the roots, resulting to good plant growth. Meanwhile, cuttings
grown in a mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil gave the lowest growth increment
with a mean of 9.08 cm.
Likewise, highly significant differences among the treatments were observed on
the fifth week one month after planting. Mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand,
Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest growth increment of 21.48 cm.
Again, this observation confirms the findings of Hartman et al. (1990) that sphagnum
moss has a very high water-holding capacity being able to absorb 10-20 times its weight
of water which provides sufficient water to the roots. Water is required for major
chemical reactions in plants (Anonymous, N.D). On the other hand, the cuttings grown in
the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) gave the lowest growth increment of
11.62 cm. The other potting media treatments had no significant differences from each
other on the growth of mulberry plants.
The growth increment for the sixth week one month after planting also showed
highly significant differences among the treatments. Mulberry cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest on the growth
increment with a mean of 27.58 cm. The mulberry cuttings grown in this potting media
gave the consistent best performance growth from one week after one month planting up
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
18
to the sixth week. Meanwhile, the lowest growth increment was exhibited on plants
grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) with a mean of 12.70 cm.
The other media treatments were not significantly different from each other. Garden soil
alone (T0) gave a mean of 13.64 cm while a mean of 14.20 cm was taken from plants
applied with the mixture of Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3) while the plants applied
with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) had a mean of 19.20 cm.
The final results on growth increment showed that mulberry cuttings grown in
Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest overall growth increment of
16.76 cm. It gave the best growth performance to the mulberry cuttings. This result
agrees to the findings of Hartman (1990) that a medium must be sufficiently porous so
that excess water drains away, permitting adequate penetration of oxygen to the roots.
Meanwhile, the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil grown cuttings gave the
lowest overall average growth increment of 8.52 cm.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
19
Figure 3. Differences in the mulberry sapling growth increment as affected by different
potting media mixtures
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 2 shows the survival rate of mulberry cuttings two months after planting.
It shows that all mulberry cuttings planted in different potting media had a survival rate
of 100%. This revealed the good characteristics and properties provided by the different
rooting media mixtures to the mulberry cuttings.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
20
Table 2. Survival rate (%) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
Survival rate (%)
T0- Garden soil (control)
100
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
100
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
100
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
100
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
100
Number of Leaves Formed by Mulberry Saplings
Table 3 shows highly significant results among the treatments as revealed by
statistical analysis. Mulberry plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and
Garden soil (T1) gave the highest number of leaves formed with a mean of 12.60. On the
other hand, plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil gave the
lowest number of leaves formed with 5.40. However, no significant differences was
showed among the other treatments applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and
Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil
(T4) and Garden soil alone (T0). Meanwhile, the attack of insect pests like aphids and
mulberry pyralid greatly affected the vegetative growth of mulberry plants observed
during the study.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
21
Table 3. Number of leaves formed by the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T0- Garden soil (control)
6.60 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
12.60 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
8.40 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
7.00 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
5.40 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Weight of Leaves of Mulberry Saplings
Table 4 shows the weight of leaves of mulberry saplings two months after
planting. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among the treatments.
Mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
gave the highest weight of leaves with a mean of 3.28 g. On the other hand, saplings
applied with the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil (T4) had the lowest weight of
leaves with a mean of 1.50 g. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed on
plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), Sand, Compost and
Garden soil (T2) and Garden soil alone (T0). The infestation of aphids, mulberry pyralid
and other insect pests contributed to the low weight of leaves on the treatments.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
22
Table 4. Weight of leaves (g) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (g)
T0- Garden soil (control)
1.70 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
3.28 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
2.10 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
1.66 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
1.50 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Final Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the treatments as
shown in Table 5. The mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) grown
cuttings registered the highest length of primary roots with a mean of 22.96 cm while
cuttings applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) gave the lowest
in length with a mean of 14.64 cm. On the other hand, no significant differences were
noted on treatments applied with the mixture of Sand, Coir Dust and Garden Soil (T4);
Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3) and Garden soil alone (T0). It was also observed that
the primary roots of mulberry plants grown in Garden soil alone (T0) were thin and had
less roots while more and thicker roots were produced in all the other potting media
treatments.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
23
Table 5. Final length of primary roots (cm) of the mulberry saplings two months after
planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (cm)
T0- Garden soil (control)
21.220 ab
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
22.960 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
14.640 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
18.260 ab
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
17.580 ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Figure 4. Differences in length of primary roots of the mulberry saplings as affected by
different potting media mixtures
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
24
Root Weight of Mulberry Saplings.
Statistical analysis shows highly significant differences among the treatments as
shown in Table 6. The highest root weight was taken from mulberry cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) with a mean of 2.32 g. On the
other hand, cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) gave the lowest root weight having a
mean of 0.96 g. It was also visually observed that roots of mulberry cuttings grown in
Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2); Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3); and Sand,
Coir dust and Garden soil (T4) produces thick roots. However, the cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) produced more root hairs and
thicker primary root. Meanwhile, the roots of mulberry cuttings grown in Garden soil
alone (T0) produced thin and less roots. These results could be attributed to the moisture
holding capacity of the soil. On the other hand, sphagnum moss had a longer time to hold
moisture because of its dead leaf tissues consisting largely water holding cells while
garden soil alone does not retain enough moisture, thus, permitting the drying up of the
potting media.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
25
Table 6. Root weight (g) of the mulberry saplings after two months planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (g)
T0- Garden soil (control)
0.96 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
2.32 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
1.30 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
1.00 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
1.04 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
ROI of Each Potting Media
Table 7 shows the Return on Investment (ROI), Gross Return Sale, and Total
Cost of Production of producing 1000 mulberry saplings each treatment.
Highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 179% was computed in mulberry
cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) while the lowest ROI of 0.20% was realized in
the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil (T4). Meanwhile, the ROI of 49% was
obtained in cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1).
However, this is appropriate for mulberry sapling production since it produced the
longest primary roots with most roots hairs and vigorous growth among the other
treatments. This assures satisfactory results on field performance of the mulberry cuttings
grown in this media. The FAO Bulletin (1988) stated that the quality of saplings is
important in determining a plantation’s potential for quick high yields. The saplings
chosen should be those that are fresh, strong, vigorous and not infected with pests. Their
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
26
winter buds should be plump. Their root mass should be developmental. Finally, in newly
developed areas, the saplings must be strictly quarantined to prevent diseases from
spreading.
Table 7. Return on Investment (ROI) of each potting media projected at 1000 mulberry
saplings for each treatment
Gross
Total cost
Net
ROI
Rank
TREATMENTS
Return Sale
of prod’n
Income
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
T0- Garden soil (control)
5000
1790
3210
179
1
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
5000
3365 1635 49 2
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
5000
4490
510
11
4
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
5000
3590 1410 39 3
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
5000
4990 10
0.20 5
1 sapling = Php 5.00
Soil pH
Table 8 shows the soil pH of different potting media mixtures. The soil pH
before the planting of the mulberry cuttings ranged from 5.7-7.0. This is within the soil
pH range of mulberry which is 5.0-9.0 (Boraiah, 1986). It was observed that there was a
decrease on the soil pH of different potting media after the experiment although they are
still within the required soil pH for mulberry production. It was only the Garden soil
alone (T0) that gave a low soil pH of 4.4.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
27
The soil pH obtained in a mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
and Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) gave the ideal soil pH for mulberry production
of 6.2-6.8 as stated by Boraiah (1986).
Table 8. Soil pH of each potting media before and after the experiment
TREATMENTS
BEFORE
AFTER
T0- Garden soil (control)
5.7
4.4
T1- sand + sphagnum moss + garden soil
6.8 6.2
T2- sand + compost + garden soil
7.0
6.4
T3- sand + rice hull + garden soil
6.5
6.1
T4- sand + coir dust + garden soil
6.3
5.9
Weather Data
Table 9 shows the temperature, relative humidity and amount of rainfall during
the conduct of the study.
The month of November 2006 had the highest temperature range of 15.4 oC-
24.1 oC. On the other hand, the month of December 2006 gave 14-7 oC-23.3 oC. The
lowest temperature range was given by January 2007 with 13.7 oC-23.2 oC. These
temperature ranges were within the required temperature for mulberry production of 15
oC-24 oC as stated by Boraiah (1986). Meanwhile, the month of January 2007 had the
highest relative humidity with 89.0% but lowest rainfall of 0.01 mm. This was followed
by the month of November 2006 with 87% but with the highest rainfall of 72.4 mm.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
28
Table 9. Meteorological condition during the conduct of the experiment taken at PAG-
ASA, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
MONTH
TEMPERATURE (oC)
Relative
Amount of
Minimum Maximu
Hu
m midity (%)
Rainfall (mm)
November 2006
15.4
24.1
87.0
72.4
December 2006
14.7 23.3 84.0
43.2
January 2007
13.7 23.2 89.0
0.01
The month of December 2006 had the lowest relative humidity of 84.0% with a rainfall
of 43.2 mm.
Other Observations
The insect pests observed during the study were mulberry pyralids (Margaronia
phyloalis), leaf hoppers (Empoasca favae), span worms (Phthonandria atrilineata
Butler), aphids (Cavariella aegoodii), weevils (Myllocerus favae), snout beetles (Sthenias
grisator) and tussock caterpillars (Eucproctis fratterna Moore). These pests damaged the
mulberry plants by chewing and sucking the leaves and shoots of the mulberry plant. On
the other hand, the diseases observed were mulberry red rust (Aecidium mori Barclay)
and powdery mildew (Phyllactinia moricola P. Henn).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the best potting medium/media for the
growth and development of Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and to find
out what potting medium gave vigorous sapling growth with longest and thickest primary
root with most root hairs. Likewise, the Return on Investment for each rooting media was
taken.
The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used in the experiment with five
treatments namely: Garden soil (T0); Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (T1); Sand +
Compost + Garden soil (T2); Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil (T3); and Sand + Coir dusts
+ Garden soil (T4). Each treatment was replicated five times. Results showed that
mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
significantly enhanced the growth of mulberry cuttings during the first to sixth week one
month after planting, while mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts
and Garden soil (T4) registered the lowest growth increment. The findings further
revealed that the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) grown saplings
produces the thickest and longest roots. This was due to the high water-holding capacity
of sphagnum moss and better aeration which provides plant roots sufficient oxygen for
growth and development and enough water to supply the plant. Likewise, this potting
medium provided the ideal soil pH required by mulberry plant. In addition, high number
of leaves and high leaf weight were produced on the mulberry cuttings grown in this
potting media.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
30
Finally, this potting medium gave a 49% Return on Investment (ROI), the field
performance will be better as compared to the other potting media treatments considering
that their mixture lead better root development and vigorous plant growth.
Conclusion
The different potting media significantly enhanced the development of mulberry
plants. However, the mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss
and Garden soil (T1) gave the best results in all the parameters used to characterize the
best potting media despite an ROI of 49%. This treatment gave the highest average mean
of 16.76 cm, produced the highest number of leaves formed, the heaviest weight of leaves
and the longest length of primary roots and thicker roots as compared to the mulberry
cuttings planted in Garden soil alone (T0); Sand + Compost + Garden soil (T2); Sand +
Rice hull + Garden soil (T3); and Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil (T4).
Recommendation
The use of Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (T1) as potting media mixture is
recommended for mulberry sapling production despite an ROI of 49%. Although
additional expenses was incurred it gave high results in growth increment, number of
leaves formed, weight of leaves, length of primary roots and weight of roots. This insures
better field performance when planted.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
31
LITERATURE CITED
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flowering of zinnia (zinnia elegans). BS Thesis. Benguet State University. La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 14.
ALVARES V.D. and H. KIM. 1994. Manual on Mulberry Cultivation. (8th ed.) Bicutan,
Taguig, Metro Manila: PTRI Pp. 1-5.
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Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) and
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Sericulture, Bangalore University, P.K. Block, Bangalore. Suramya Publishers,
Bangalore. Pp. 16-17.
BRADY, N.C. 1984. The Nature and Properties of Soil. (11th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice
Hall, Inc. Pp. 241-242.
CAWA-IT, E.B. 2006. “Field efficacy evaluation of fungicides for the control of
mulberry red rust (Aecidium mori Barclay) in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis.
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CHANDRA SEKHAR S.M and K. THANGAVELU. 1980. Soil amelioration techniques
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Sericulture, “Global Silk Scenario 2001” CSR&TI-ICRETS, Mysore, India. Pp.
113-119.
DAS, B.C. 1987. Propagation of mulberry through cuttings. Indian Silk. 24 (1):12.
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Principle of Horticulture. P. 75.
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Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
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128.
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30-49.
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Turf. Australia: University of New South Wales Press. P. 113.
HANDRECK, K. A. 1993. Properties of coir dust, and its use in the formulation of
soilless potting media. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24: 349-363
HARTMAN, H.T., D.E. KESTER AND F.T. DAVIES JR. 1990. Plant Propagation:
Principles and Practices. (5th ed.) Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Pp. 25-241.
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Botany 3: 42-45.
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37-38.
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Banglore, India: Central Silk Board. Pp. 210-220.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1a. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the first week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
4.4
4.0
4.7
4.6
4.1
21.80
4.36
T1 6.1
6.2
10.7
5.6
7.2
35.80
7.16
T2
4.9 5.6 4.2 5.8 4.2 24.70 4.94
T3
6.1 4.1 4.9 4.2 5.4 24.70 4.94
T4 5.9
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.5
23.50
4.70
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 24.3736
6.09340
5.14**
.87
4.43
Error
20 23.7280
1.18640
TOTAL
24
48.1016
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=20.77%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
34
Appendix Table 1b. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the second week
one month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
6.9
5.2
5.9
6.5
6.4
30.90
6.18
T1 8.8
8.7
13.4
8.2
10.7
49.80
9.96
T2
7.1 8.8 5.7 10.1 5.9 37.60 7.52
T3
7.1 5.7 6.4 5.5 6.8 31.50 6.30
T4 7.3
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.7
29.30
5.86
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 56.7976
14.19940
7.26**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 39.1200
1.95600
TOTAL
24
95.9176
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=19.52%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
35
Appendix Table 1c. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the third week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
8.6
6.5
7.4
9.0
7.1
38.60
7.72
T1 10.5
10.5
15.6
11.6
14.9
63.10
12.62
T2
10.2 9.2 6.5 12.7 7.5 46.10
9.22
T3
9.4 6.4 9.3 6.8 9.2 41.10 8.22
T4 8.8
6.1
6.7
6.7
6.9
35.20
7.04
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
96.1736
24.04340
7.40**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
65.0040
3.25020
TOTAL
24
161.1776
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=20.11%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
36
Appendix Table 1d. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the fourth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
10.3
7.9
8.9
11.2
10.2
48.50
9.70
T1 13.9
13.4
24.3
14.6
18.6
84.80
16.96
T2
12.8 14.1 7.9 16.4 9.6 60.80
12.16
T3
13.6 7.9 11.4 8.2 12.0 53.10 10.62
T4 10.5
8.4
8.8
8.5
9.2
45.40
9.08
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 201.0320
50.25800
5.99**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
167.7680
8.38840
TOTAL
24
368.8000
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=24.67%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
37
Appendix Table 1e. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the fifth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
13.7
8.3
10.4
14.4
11.4
8.20
11.64
T1 17.3
16.7
29.4
18.4
25.6
107.40
21.48
T2
20.4 17.9 9.8 19.1 10.3 77.50
15.50
T3
14.3 8.5 14.9 9.4 15.5 62.60 12.52
T4 11.3
10.9
11.4
12.8
11.7
58.10
11.62
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 350.5064
87.62660
5.80**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 302.0560
15.10280
TOTAL
24
652.5624
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=26.71%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
38
Appendix Table 1f. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the sixth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
18.2
10.1
11.3
15.9
12.7
68.20
13.64
T1 24.9
26.0
36.1
22.8
28.1
137.90
27.58
T2
26.3 23.2 10.9 24.4 11.2 96.00
19.20
T3
19.1 9.8 16.3 10.2 16.2 71.60 14.32
T4 12.8
11.6
13.7
13.1
12.8
64.00
12.80
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 762.7384 190.68460
8.54**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 446.7680
22.33840
TOTAL
24
1209.5064
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=27.03%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
39
Appendix Table 1g. Overall average mean on the growth increment (cm) of mulberry
saplings at one month after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T0
8.87
T1 16.67
T2
11.46
T3
9.49
T4 8.52
ANOVA
Source of Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 231.83086 57.957714
6.36**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 182.31888
9.115944
TOTAL
24 414.149736
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=27.40%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
40
Appendix Table 2. Number of leaves formed of mulberry saplings two months after
planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
10
4
7
7
5
33
6.60
T1 10
15
15
9
14
63
12.60
T2
11 10 3 11 7 42
8.40
T3
9 4 8 4 10 35 7.00
T4 7
5
5
4
6
27
5.40
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
155.2000
38.8000
5.59**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
138.8000
6.9400
TOTAL
24
294.0000
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=32.93%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
41
Appendix Table 3. Weight of leaves (g) mulberry saplings two months after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
2.6
1.2
1.3
2.0
1.4
8.5
1.70
T1 2.5
3.4
4.2
2.8
3.5
16.4
3.28
T2
2.6 2.4 1.1 2.6 1.8 10.5
2.10
T3
2.2 1.2 1.9 1.1 1.9 8.3
1.66
T4 1.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
7.5
1.5
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 10.4624
2.6156
8.93**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 5.8600
0.2930
TOTAL
24
16.3224
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=26.43%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
42
Appendix Table 4. Final length of primary roots (cm) of mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
23.1
28.3
20.4
13.8
15.5
101.10
20.22
T1 18.3
18.7
29.4
25.6
22.8
114.80
22.96
T2
17.6 16.5 13.2 15.4 10.5 73.20
14.64
T3
22.6 19.1 17.6 17.6 14.4 91.30
18.26
T4 20.2
28.7
11.2
12.8
15.0
87.90
17.58
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
210.8024
52.7006
1.94 ns
2.87
4.43
Error
20
542.2920
27.1146
TOTAL
24
753.0944
ns = not significant
coefficient of variance=26.71%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
43
Appendix Table 5. Root weight (g) of mulberry saplings two months after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.9
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.6
4.80
0.96
T1 1.7
2.5
3.0
2.1
2.3
11.6
2.32
T2
2.0 1.5 0.6 1.5 0.9 6.50
1.30
T3
1.6 0.7 1.2 0.4 1.1 5.00
1.00
T4 1.3
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.8
5.20
1.04
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
6.5536
1.6384
7.29**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
4.4920
0.2246
TOTAL
24
11.0456
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=35.80%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
44
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
MARCH 23, 2006
Date
APLLICATION FOR ORAL DEFENSE
Name: BENJIE G. YOGAYOG
Major
filed:
SERICULTURE
Degree: BS AGRICULTURE
Minor
field:
SERICULTURE
Title of Thesis: PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT POTTING MEDIA MIXTURES
ON THE GROWTH AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF BATAC MULBERRY (Morus
alba Linn.) CUTTINGS FOR SAPLING PRODUCTION
Endorsed: VALENTINO L. MACANES
Adviser (Name & Signature)
Date and Time of Defense: March 15, 2006 @ 2:30 pm
Place of defense: AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX 110
Approved:
AURORA D. ALBIS
Instructor/Professor
Name & Signature
Noted:
EULOGIO V. CARDONA JR.
Department
Chairman
REPORT ON RESULT OF ORAL DEFENSE
Name and Signature
*Remarks
VALENTINO L. MACANES
______________________________
Adviser
ARNOLD M. INUMPA
______________________________
Co-Adviser
AURORA D. ALBIS
______________________________
Member, Advisory Committee
EULOGIO V. CARDONA JR.
______________________________
Department Chairman
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
YOGAYOG, BENJIE G. APRIL 2007. Performance of Different Potting Media
Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.)
Cuttings for Sapling Production. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Valentino L. Macanes, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the best potting media for the growth and
development of Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and to find out what
potting media produces the most vegetative parts, with the longest primary roots, with the
heaviest vegetative and root weight. Likewise, the Return on Investment (ROI) for each
potting media was taken for economic considerations. The different potting media were
the mixtures of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil; Sand, Compost and Garden soil;
Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil; Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil; and Garden soil alone.
The study was conducted from November 2006-March 2007 at the Benguet State
University Sericulture Project in Ampasit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Results of the study revealed that the different potting media mixtures were
effective on the growth and development of Batac mulberry. However, the potting media
consisting of the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil appeared to be the
best potting media mixture among the other potting media treatments. It significantly
hastened root development of the mulberry cuttings giving vigorous growth with the most
number of leaves formed having heaviest weight. In addition, this potting media mixture
gave the longest and thickest primary root having most number of secondary roots and
root hairs. This indicated satisfactory performance when planted in the field.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Economic Importance of Mulberry………………………………………..
4
Asexual Propagation by Cuttings………………………………………….
4
Potting
Media…………………………………………………………….... 6
Sphagnum
moss…………………………………………………………....
7
Compost
…………………………………………………………………...
7
Rice
hull……………………………………………………………………
8
Coir
dusts…………………………………………………………………..
8
Sand
……………………………………………………………………….
9
Loam soil ………………………………………………………………….
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth
Increment…………………………………………………………. 14
Survival
Rate………………………………………………………………. 19
Number of Leaves Formed…………………………………………………
20
Weight of Leaves…………………………………………………………...
21
iii
Final Length of Primary Roots……………………………………………..
22
Root
Weight……………………………………………………………….. 24
Return On Investment (ROI)……………………………………………….
25
Soil
pH……………………………………………………………………... 26
Weather
Data………………………………………………………………. 27
Other
Observations………………………………………………………… 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………...
29
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………...
31
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………. 33
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Mulberry is a perennial plant attaining a height of fifteen (15) meters high. It is
scientifically known as Morus alba L. Mulberry is the sole food plant of the mulberry
silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Thus, the foundation of sericulture lies in the growing of
mulberry considering that the quality and quantity of silk produced depends on mulberry
leaf quantity and yield plus several important factors like silkworm race, climate,
temperature and humidity.
Mulberry is a deep rooted plant that requires soil capable of sufficient supply of
nutrients, water and air up to where the root system penetrates (Boraiah, 1986). The same
expert stated that the plantation soil should be fertile, deep friable, sandy loamy to loamy
in the texture and porous with good water-holding capacity. Slightly acidic soil with pH
ranging from 6.2-6.8 is ideal for the growth and development of the mulberry plants. On
the other hand, Dandin (1994) sated that the suitable range of soil atmospheric
temperature of a plantation is from 20oC-35oC.
Alvares and Kim (1994) stated that mulberry is a plant consisting of vegetative
parts (roots, stem and leaves) and reproductive organs (flowers and fruits). Although the
organs are different in form, structure and physiological function, they act on one another
in a given condition and combined harmonious actions for existence. In addition, external
conditions such as the application of organic fertilizers, method of cultivation and
management can also cause changes in form, which could be an indicator of
physiological growth and leaf quality. Propagation of mulberry can be made either by
seeds or vegetative production. Hardwood cutting, one of the vegetative methods, is the
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
2
most common in sub-tropical countries and tropical areas because of various advantages.
It is simple, mortality is low and the saplings produced are of good quality.
Propagation of mulberry saplings includes sexual and vegetative reproduction.
The vegetative reproduction contains grafting, cutting, and layering of these, means;
grafting is the most cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive procedure whereas
cutting is an easy, cheap, and least time consuming method. In temperate countries, most
of the mulberry varieties do not respond to cutting method without pre-treatment. That is
why grafting is the most common practice of propagation. Tropical varieties of mulberry,
however, easily respond to cutting method without artificial treatment (Das, 1987). He
also pointed out that cultivars with proven high yielding ability and good rooting capacity
would not only alleviate the propagation problem but also generate new hopes among
local farmers for easy and fruitful mulberry cultivation through cuttings in the field.
The rooting capacity of mulberry is one of the most important factors that
contribute to a better production because greater roots will tend to supply more food
nutrients to the crop for its growth and development. On the other hand, soil provides
plant nutrients, water and air for root growth besides anchorage to mulberry plants.
Mulberry is a deep-rooted, perennial, hardy and monoculture crop, hence, it is essential to
select suitable soil for mulberry cultivation.
In asexual or vegetative propagation like cuttings, the inherited characteristics of
the parent stock can be retained. In reality, the new plant is the continuation of the growth
and development of the parent stock. This method allows the genetic traits of the
mulberry to be used to keep the good characteristics of the good varieties, which allow
many good varieties to be produced (FAO, 1988).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
3
This study found ways to accelerate the vegetative reproduction of mulberry
through cuttings by determining the best potting medium combination for the growth and
development of the mulberry saplings.
The results of the study could help the local sericulture farmers, entrepreneurs,
researchers, and the students on which is the good mixture of potting media for rapid
mulberry propagation through cuttings.
The study determined the best potting media for the growth and development of
Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and found out what potting media
produces the heaviest roots and vegetative parts. Likewise, the Return on Investment
(ROI) for each potting media was taken for economic considerations.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Sericulture Project,
Ampassit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2006 to March 2007.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Economic Importance of Mulberry
Mulberry is the sole food for the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The quality of
mulberry has a predominating influence on the development of the worm and the quality
of the cocoons. Thus, if silkworm rearing and cocoon production is to be successful; it is
very necessary that the mulberry leaves to be feed to the worms are high in quality
(Omura, 1980).
Ray (1989) as cited by Cawa-it (2006) stated that aside from the sericultural
importance of mulberry, this plant has medical properties for various human diseases.
The mulberry leaves are considered to be diaphoretic and emollient while decoction of
leaves is used as a gargle for the inflammation of the throat. The fruit is laxative and
refrigerant and is used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. The juice of the black
mulberry is a medicine for convalescence after febrile disease. It checks thirst and cools
the blood. The root possesses astringent and anthelmintic properties while the bark is
used as purgative and vermifuge. Finally, the Morus nigra Linn. or black mulberry is
now in the headlines for its omnipotent medicinal properties which may even cure
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Asexual Propagation by cuttings
Hardwood cutting must be rooted under moist conditions that will prevent
excessive drying as some species are hard to root, taking several months to a year as
noted by Hartman et al. (1990). He further stated that after cuttings have been made and
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
5
placed under environmental conditions favorable for rooting, callus would usually
develop at the basal end of the cutting. The callus is irregular mass of parenchyma cells
in various stages of lignifications. This callus growth arises from young cells in the
region of the vascular cambium, although various cells of the cortex and pith may also
contribute to its formation is essential for rooting.
Root formation in cutting is not only affected by chemical treatments alone but
also by other factors like rooting medium, mechanical treatments as well as plant itself.
For instance, some species root much easily than others or the age of the parent stock,
cuttings taken from younger plants are usually more active in synthesis of food and cell
development (Adriance and Brinson, 1975).
The mulberry rooting is specialized with deep and wide propagating nature, in
other word, the rooting covers under ground with about 60 degree pilling cone form. This
is why the soil condition acts the important role of the mulberry trees (Hee, N.D).
Bautista (1994) reported that when cuttings are placed in rooting medium, growth
substances like auxins and other products of photosynthesis move from young leaves and
concentrate in sites requiring repair or regeneration of tissue such as curing of the
cuttings. She further stated that in leafless cuttings, auxins and other photosynthesis are
also present in smaller amounts in the stem. These indigenous and inherent auxins
interact with inherent factors in the stem cells to activate cell division, which later result
in the formation of a mass of unidentified cells called callus. The callus cells eventually
differentiate into root initials growth substances are manufacture from products of
photosynthesis, while the energy as well as simple compounds needed for cell division,
differentiation and formation of root initials came from respiration.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
6
In Karnataka and West Bengal, India the normal practice is to plant the cuttings
directly in the field; sometimes when the field is not ready for planting it becomes
necessary to preserve the cuttings in sandbeds under shade for about a week before
planting. This method of storage helps the formation of “callus” and such cuttings give
better performance (Ullal and Narashimhanna, 1987).
Diaz (2000) as cited by Aladog (2004) recommended that a mixture of 1:1:1
ricehull + compost + sand could be recommended for the growing of “Nonstop Rose
Peticoat (Begonia sp.)” under La Trinidad, Benguet conditions.
Potting Media
The potting soil, or medium in which a plant grows, must be of good quality. It
should be porous for root aeration and drainage but also capable of water and nutrient
retention. In order for a plant to form a new root system, it must have ready supply at the
cut surface (Anonymous, N.D).
Hartman et al. (1990) also added that the medium must retain enough moisture so
that watering does not have to be too frequent and sufficiently porous so that excess
water drains away, permitting adequate penetration of oxygen to the roots. An ideal
propagation medium provides sufficient porosity to allow good aeration and has a high
water-holding capacity. Water is required for major chemical reactions in plants
(Anonymous, N.D). The more air that is allowed, the healthier will be the root system.
This translates directly to the overall health and robustness of the plant (Birk, N.D).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
7
Sphagnum Moss
Commercial sphagnum moss is the dehydrated young residue or living portions of
acid-bog plants in the genus Sphagnum, such as S. papillosum, S. scapillaceum and S.
palustre. It is relatively sterile, light in weight and has a very high water holding capacity
being able to absorb 10-20 times its weight of water. The stem and leaf tissues of
sphagnum moss consist largely of groups of water holding cells. This material is
generally shredded either by hard or mechanically, before it is used in a propagating or
growing medium. It contains a specific fungi static substance, which accounts for its
ability to inhibit damping-off seedlings germinated in it (Hartman et al., 1990). In
addition, sphagnum moss provides better aeration when wet (Handreck and Black, 1994).
Compost
Compost was once a major component of potting mixes. The term “potting
mixes” in Britain for materials for pots showed that compost was an important potting
mix. Mature compost contributes nutrients and increases the readily available water
content otherwise very open mixes. Increasing the volume of compost made from general
organic wastes mainly of garden origin, from sewage’s sludge and from municipal solid
wastes can suppress pathogens (Handreck and Black, 1994).
Brady (1996) stated that compost is also used as mulches in vegetable or flower
gardens. This practice provides not only nutrients for the plants but soil cover for moist
conservation as well. Indoor potted plants also thrive on a mixture of highly composted
material.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
8
Rice Hull
Whole rice hulls are moderately resistant to decomposition. They hold little water
and improve aeration. They are useful lightweight component of mixes fro orchids and
are also used to increase the porosity of bedding mixes based on peat (Handreck and
Black, 1994).
Coir Dusts
Coir is the name given to the fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp
(middle layer) of the coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera). The long fibers of coir are extracted
from the coconut husk and utilized in the manufacture of brushes, automobile seats,
mattress stuffings, drainage pipe filters, twine and other products. Traditionally, the short
fibers (2mm or less) and dusts ("pith") left behind have accumulated as a waste product
for which no industrial use had been discovered. Coir dusts accumulate in large piles or
"dumps" outside of the mills, which process the husks for extraction of the industrially
valuable long fibers. The high lignin and cellulose content of the pith prevents the piles
from breaking down further. It is this same characteristic that prevents oxidation and
resultant shrinkage of coir dust when it is used as a growing medium (Hume, 1949).
Coir dusts are very similar to peat in appearance. It is light to dark brown in color
and consists primarily of particles in the size range 0.2-2.0 mm (75-90%). Unlike
sphagnum peat, there are no sticks or other extraneous matter.
Coir dusts tend to be high in both sodium and potassium compared to the other
peats, but sodium is leached readily from the material under irrigation (Handreck, 1993).
The high levels of potassium present in coir dust prove more a benefit than any detriment
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
9
to plant growth. However, coir dust from other sources has also reportedly contained
chlorides at levels toxic to many plants. Thus, it is very important that salinity in the raw
material be monitored before processing into a horticultural amendment. It is evident, that
chemical properties of this material can vary widely from source to source (Evans et al.
1996).
Sand
Sand consists of small rock particles, 0.05 to 5.0 mm in diameter, formed as the
result of the weathering of various rocks, its mineral composition depending upon the
type of rocks. Quartz sand, consisting chiefly of a silica complex, is generally used for
propagation purposes. Sand is the heaviest of all rooting media being used, a cubic-foot
dry sand weighs about 4.5 kg. It is preferred to be fumigated or steam pasteurized before
use (Hartman et al., 1990).
Loam Soil
Denisen (1958) reported that loam soil can be used successfully especially if the
cuttings are to remain in the propagating media for sometime after rooting. Mixtures of
loam soil and sand are frequently used. He also stated that loam soil is high in nutrients
and more retentive of water and is well aerated.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in this study were mulberry cuttings of Batac variety, crowbar,
pruning shears, different potting media, 15.24 cm x 15.24 cm x 30.48 cm black
polyethylene bags, labeling materials and weighing scale.
The different rooting media served as the treatments with garden soil alone as
the control check. The garden soil was taken at Benguet State University Sericulture
Project at Ampassit, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. Each composition of the media was
equally weighed and mixed thoroughly as recommended by Diaz (2000). The 15.24 cm x
15.24 cm x 30.48 cm black polyethylene bags were filled up equally with each potting
media. The treatments were replicated five times. The experiment was laid out by
following the Complete Randomized Design (CRD).
The different treatments were as follows:
TREATMENT POTTING
MEDIA
MIXTURE
T0 Garden
Soil
(Control)
T1
Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T2
Sand + Compost + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T3
Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil (1:1:1)
T4
Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil (1:1:1)
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
11
Selection of Mulberry Cuttings
The mulberry cuttings were selected from the healthy branches of Batac mulberry
trees at the mulberry plantation of Benguet State University Sericulture Project. The size
of the mulberry cuttings was 10-25 cm long and 1.27 cm in diameter having four (4)
healthy nodes.
To ensure growth of mulberry saplings, mulberry cuttings were soaked in tap
water for twelve hours and were kept under shade before planting. This aim to enhance
the initiation of callus on the cut surface.
Figure 1. Potting media mixture preparation by the author
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
12
Planting of Cuttings
The cuttings were planted individually by first making a hole at the center of the
prepared bags using a dibble, after which, the cuttings were planted in a slightly slanted
position. The depth of planting depends on the internodes of the topmost bud. Hence, the
cuttings were planted exposing only the topmost bud on the soil surface. Immediately
after planting, the cut surface of the newly planted mulberry cuttings were covered with
candle wax to prevent moisture loss. The planted mulberry cuttings were watered daily to
make the media moist.
Figure 2. Planting of mulberry cuttings
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
13
Data Gathered
1. Growth increment (cm). This data was gathered one month after planting and it
was done weekly thereafter. The shoots of the sample plants were measured from
the point of leaf attachment to the tip of the leaf using a foot rule. This was done
per treatment
2. Survival rate (%). Dead or wilted saplings and survived saplings were counted
and recorded during the termination of the study. Afterwards, the percentage
survival rate was computed following the formula:
No. of survived saplings
% of Survival = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Total no. of cuttings planted
3. No. of leaves formed. All the leaves that were formed were counted from the
sample plants. The leaves were counted during the termination of the study.
4. Weight of leaves (g). The weight of the leaves was taken after the conduct of the
experiment using a weighing scale.
5. Final length of primary root (cm). This was obtained by uprooting sample plants
per treatment after the experiment. The length of the primary roots was measured
from the base to the tip most part of the root using a foot rule.
6. Root weight (g). Weight of the roots was gathered after the study by weighing the
root per sample treatment.
7. Return on Investment (ROI). The costs and returns of the treatment media and the
projected sales of mulberry saplings was taken using the following formula:
Net Income
ROI= ---------------------------- x 100
Total
Investment
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
14
8. Soil pH. Soil samples were taken from the respective potted treatment before and
after the experiment. The samples were tested at BSU Soils Laboratory to
determine soil pH using pH meter.
9. Weather data. Weather data was gathered during the study at the PAG-ASA at
Benguet State University Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
10. Other observations. Other important observations such as pests and diseases, and
others were noted.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth Increment of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 1 shows the growth increment of the mulberry saplings from first to sixth
week after one month of planting. Statistical analysis showed highly significant
differences among the treatments. Growth increment in the first week showed that
mulberry plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave
the highest growth increment with a mean of 7.16 cm. On the other hand, no significant
difference were observed on plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden
soil (T2); Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3); Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) and
Garden soil alone (T0). However, cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) gave the
lowest growth increment with a mean of 4.36 cm.
Table 1. Final growth increment (cm) of the mulberry saplings from first to sixth week
one month after planting
MEAN (cm)
TREATMENTS 1ST wk 2nd wk
3rd wk
4th wk
5th wk
6th wk
AVERAGE
T0- Garden soil (control)
4.36 b
6.18 b
7.72 b
9.68 b
11.64 b
13.64 b
8.87 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum
7.16 a 9.96
a 12.60
a 16.96
a 21.48
a 27.
58
a 16.76
a
moss + Garden soil
T2- Sand + Compost +
4.49 b 7.52
b 9.22
b 12.36
b 15.50
b 19.20
b 11.46
b
Garden soil
T3- Sand + Rice hull +
5.06 b 6.20
b 8.22
b 10.62
b 12.52
b 14.32
b 9.49
b
Garden soil
T4- Sand + Coir dusts +
4.70 b 5.86
b 7.04
b 9.08
b 11.62
b 12.70
b 8.
52
b
Garden soil
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
16
On the second week, one month after planting, statistical analysis revealed
highly significant differences among the potting media treatments. The cuttings planted
in a mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) recorded the highest growth
increment with a mean of 9.96 cm. On the other hand, cuttings grown in the mixture of
Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) gave the lowest growth increment with a mean of
5.86 cm. No significant differences, however, was shown among the other treatments
applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and
Garden soil (T3), Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) and Garden soil alone (T0). These
results imply that the different potting media particularly Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
(T4) enhanced the growth increment of the plants during the second week.
Growth increment in the third week showed highly significant results as
revealed by statistical analysis. The highest mean of 12.60 cm was recorded on cuttings
grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1). On the other hand,
mulberry cuttings planted in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4)
exhibited the lowest growth increment with a mean of 7.04 cm. However, this potting
media was not significantly different with plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Compost
and Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), and Garden soil alone (T0). It
was also observed that during this period that insect pests like spanworms and mulberry
pyralids began to attack the mulberry plants affecting the growth.
Highly significant differences were noted on the growth increment of mulberry
saplings as shown by statistical analysis at fourth week one month after planting. The
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest growth
increment of the mulberry plants with 16.96 cm. This potting media gave better
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
17
performance on the growth of mulberry saplings. This fortifies the findings of Hartman
(1990) that sphagnum moss is relatively sterile, light in weight and has a very high
water-holding capacity and provide better aeration when wet (Handreck and Black,
1994). This suits to the recommendation of Hartman et al. (1990) that a rooting media
must be sufficiently porous so that excess water drains away, permitting adequate
penetration of oxygen to the roots, resulting to good plant growth. Meanwhile, cuttings
grown in a mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil gave the lowest growth increment
with a mean of 9.08 cm.
Likewise, highly significant differences among the treatments were observed on
the fifth week one month after planting. Mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand,
Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest growth increment of 21.48 cm.
Again, this observation confirms the findings of Hartman et al. (1990) that sphagnum
moss has a very high water-holding capacity being able to absorb 10-20 times its weight
of water which provides sufficient water to the roots. Water is required for major
chemical reactions in plants (Anonymous, N.D). On the other hand, the cuttings grown in
the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) gave the lowest growth increment of
11.62 cm. The other potting media treatments had no significant differences from each
other on the growth of mulberry plants.
The growth increment for the sixth week one month after planting also showed
highly significant differences among the treatments. Mulberry cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest on the growth
increment with a mean of 27.58 cm. The mulberry cuttings grown in this potting media
gave the consistent best performance growth from one week after one month planting up
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
18
to the sixth week. Meanwhile, the lowest growth increment was exhibited on plants
grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil (T4) with a mean of 12.70 cm.
The other media treatments were not significantly different from each other. Garden soil
alone (T0) gave a mean of 13.64 cm while a mean of 14.20 cm was taken from plants
applied with the mixture of Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3) while the plants applied
with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) had a mean of 19.20 cm.
The final results on growth increment showed that mulberry cuttings grown in
Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) gave the highest overall growth increment of
16.76 cm. It gave the best growth performance to the mulberry cuttings. This result
agrees to the findings of Hartman (1990) that a medium must be sufficiently porous so
that excess water drains away, permitting adequate penetration of oxygen to the roots.
Meanwhile, the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil grown cuttings gave the
lowest overall average growth increment of 8.52 cm.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
19
Figure 3. Differences in the mulberry sapling growth increment as affected by different
potting media mixtures
Survival Rate of Mulberry Cuttings
Table 2 shows the survival rate of mulberry cuttings two months after planting.
It shows that all mulberry cuttings planted in different potting media had a survival rate
of 100%. This revealed the good characteristics and properties provided by the different
rooting media mixtures to the mulberry cuttings.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
20
Table 2. Survival rate (%) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
Survival rate (%)
T0- Garden soil (control)
100
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
100
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
100
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
100
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
100
Number of Leaves Formed by Mulberry Saplings
Table 3 shows highly significant results among the treatments as revealed by
statistical analysis. Mulberry plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and
Garden soil (T1) gave the highest number of leaves formed with a mean of 12.60. On the
other hand, plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil gave the
lowest number of leaves formed with 5.40. However, no significant differences was
showed among the other treatments applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and
Garden soil (T2), Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), Sand, Coir dusts and Garden soil
(T4) and Garden soil alone (T0). Meanwhile, the attack of insect pests like aphids and
mulberry pyralid greatly affected the vegetative growth of mulberry plants observed
during the study.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
21
Table 3. Number of leaves formed by the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T0- Garden soil (control)
6.60 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
12.60 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
8.40 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
7.00 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
5.40 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Weight of Leaves of Mulberry Saplings
Table 4 shows the weight of leaves of mulberry saplings two months after
planting. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences among the treatments.
Mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
gave the highest weight of leaves with a mean of 3.28 g. On the other hand, saplings
applied with the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil (T4) had the lowest weight of
leaves with a mean of 1.50 g. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed on
plants grown in the mixture of Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3), Sand, Compost and
Garden soil (T2) and Garden soil alone (T0). The infestation of aphids, mulberry pyralid
and other insect pests contributed to the low weight of leaves on the treatments.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
22
Table 4. Weight of leaves (g) of the mulberry saplings two months after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (g)
T0- Garden soil (control)
1.70 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
3.28 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
2.10 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
1.66 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
1.50 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Final Length of Primary Roots of Mulberry Saplings
Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the treatments as
shown in Table 5. The mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) grown
cuttings registered the highest length of primary roots with a mean of 22.96 cm while
cuttings applied with the mixture of Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) gave the lowest
in length with a mean of 14.64 cm. On the other hand, no significant differences were
noted on treatments applied with the mixture of Sand, Coir Dust and Garden Soil (T4);
Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3) and Garden soil alone (T0). It was also observed that
the primary roots of mulberry plants grown in Garden soil alone (T0) were thin and had
less roots while more and thicker roots were produced in all the other potting media
treatments.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
23
Table 5. Final length of primary roots (cm) of the mulberry saplings two months after
planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (cm)
T0- Garden soil (control)
21.220 ab
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
22.960 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
14.640 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
18.260 ab
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
17.580 ab
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Figure 4. Differences in length of primary roots of the mulberry saplings as affected by
different potting media mixtures
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
24
Root Weight of Mulberry Saplings.
Statistical analysis shows highly significant differences among the treatments as
shown in Table 6. The highest root weight was taken from mulberry cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) with a mean of 2.32 g. On the
other hand, cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) gave the lowest root weight having a
mean of 0.96 g. It was also visually observed that roots of mulberry cuttings grown in
Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2); Sand, Rice hull and Garden soil (T3); and Sand,
Coir dust and Garden soil (T4) produces thick roots. However, the cuttings grown in the
mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) produced more root hairs and
thicker primary root. Meanwhile, the roots of mulberry cuttings grown in Garden soil
alone (T0) produced thin and less roots. These results could be attributed to the moisture
holding capacity of the soil. On the other hand, sphagnum moss had a longer time to hold
moisture because of its dead leaf tissues consisting largely water holding cells while
garden soil alone does not retain enough moisture, thus, permitting the drying up of the
potting media.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
25
Table 6. Root weight (g) of the mulberry saplings after two months planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN (g)
T0- Garden soil (control)
0.96 b
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
2.32 a
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
1.30 b
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
1.00 b
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
1.04 b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
ROI of Each Potting Media
Table 7 shows the Return on Investment (ROI), Gross Return Sale, and Total
Cost of Production of producing 1000 mulberry saplings each treatment.
Highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 179% was computed in mulberry
cuttings grown in Garden soil alone (T0) while the lowest ROI of 0.20% was realized in
the mixture of Sand, Coir dust and Garden soil (T4). Meanwhile, the ROI of 49% was
obtained in cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1).
However, this is appropriate for mulberry sapling production since it produced the
longest primary roots with most roots hairs and vigorous growth among the other
treatments. This assures satisfactory results on field performance of the mulberry cuttings
grown in this media. The FAO Bulletin (1988) stated that the quality of saplings is
important in determining a plantation’s potential for quick high yields. The saplings
chosen should be those that are fresh, strong, vigorous and not infected with pests. Their
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
26
winter buds should be plump. Their root mass should be developmental. Finally, in newly
developed areas, the saplings must be strictly quarantined to prevent diseases from
spreading.
Table 7. Return on Investment (ROI) of each potting media projected at 1000 mulberry
saplings for each treatment
Gross
Total cost
Net
ROI
Rank
TREATMENTS
Return Sale
of prod’n
Income
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
T0- Garden soil (control)
5000
1790
3210
179
1
T1- Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil
5000
3365 1635 49 2
T2- Sand + Compost + Garden soil
5000
4490
510
11
4
T3- Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil
5000
3590 1410 39 3
T4- Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil
5000
4990 10
0.20 5
1 sapling = Php 5.00
Soil pH
Table 8 shows the soil pH of different potting media mixtures. The soil pH
before the planting of the mulberry cuttings ranged from 5.7-7.0. This is within the soil
pH range of mulberry which is 5.0-9.0 (Boraiah, 1986). It was observed that there was a
decrease on the soil pH of different potting media after the experiment although they are
still within the required soil pH for mulberry production. It was only the Garden soil
alone (T0) that gave a low soil pH of 4.4.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
27
The soil pH obtained in a mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
and Sand, Compost and Garden soil (T2) gave the ideal soil pH for mulberry production
of 6.2-6.8 as stated by Boraiah (1986).
Table 8. Soil pH of each potting media before and after the experiment
TREATMENTS
BEFORE
AFTER
T0- Garden soil (control)
5.7
4.4
T1- sand + sphagnum moss + garden soil
6.8 6.2
T2- sand + compost + garden soil
7.0
6.4
T3- sand + rice hull + garden soil
6.5
6.1
T4- sand + coir dust + garden soil
6.3
5.9
Weather Data
Table 9 shows the temperature, relative humidity and amount of rainfall during
the conduct of the study.
The month of November 2006 had the highest temperature range of 15.4 oC-
24.1 oC. On the other hand, the month of December 2006 gave 14-7 oC-23.3 oC. The
lowest temperature range was given by January 2007 with 13.7 oC-23.2 oC. These
temperature ranges were within the required temperature for mulberry production of 15
oC-24 oC as stated by Boraiah (1986). Meanwhile, the month of January 2007 had the
highest relative humidity with 89.0% but lowest rainfall of 0.01 mm. This was followed
by the month of November 2006 with 87% but with the highest rainfall of 72.4 mm.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
28
Table 9. Meteorological condition during the conduct of the experiment taken at PAG-
ASA, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
MONTH
TEMPERATURE (oC)
Relative
Amount of
Minimum Maximu
Hu
m midity (%)
Rainfall (mm)
November 2006
15.4
24.1
87.0
72.4
December 2006
14.7 23.3 84.0
43.2
January 2007
13.7 23.2 89.0
0.01
The month of December 2006 had the lowest relative humidity of 84.0% with a rainfall
of 43.2 mm.
Other Observations
The insect pests observed during the study were mulberry pyralids (Margaronia
phyloalis), leaf hoppers (Empoasca favae), span worms (Phthonandria atrilineata
Butler), aphids (Cavariella aegoodii), weevils (Myllocerus favae), snout beetles (Sthenias
grisator) and tussock caterpillars (Eucproctis fratterna Moore). These pests damaged the
mulberry plants by chewing and sucking the leaves and shoots of the mulberry plant. On
the other hand, the diseases observed were mulberry red rust (Aecidium mori Barclay)
and powdery mildew (Phyllactinia moricola P. Henn).
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the best potting medium/media for the
growth and development of Batac mulberry cuttings for sapling production and to find
out what potting medium gave vigorous sapling growth with longest and thickest primary
root with most root hairs. Likewise, the Return on Investment for each rooting media was
taken.
The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used in the experiment with five
treatments namely: Garden soil (T0); Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (T1); Sand +
Compost + Garden soil (T2); Sand + Rice hull + Garden soil (T3); and Sand + Coir dusts
+ Garden soil (T4). Each treatment was replicated five times. Results showed that
mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1)
significantly enhanced the growth of mulberry cuttings during the first to sixth week one
month after planting, while mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Coir dusts
and Garden soil (T4) registered the lowest growth increment. The findings further
revealed that the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss and Garden soil (T1) grown saplings
produces the thickest and longest roots. This was due to the high water-holding capacity
of sphagnum moss and better aeration which provides plant roots sufficient oxygen for
growth and development and enough water to supply the plant. Likewise, this potting
medium provided the ideal soil pH required by mulberry plant. In addition, high number
of leaves and high leaf weight were produced on the mulberry cuttings grown in this
potting media.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
30
Finally, this potting medium gave a 49% Return on Investment (ROI), the field
performance will be better as compared to the other potting media treatments considering
that their mixture lead better root development and vigorous plant growth.
Conclusion
The different potting media significantly enhanced the development of mulberry
plants. However, the mulberry cuttings grown in the mixture of Sand, Sphagnum moss
and Garden soil (T1) gave the best results in all the parameters used to characterize the
best potting media despite an ROI of 49%. This treatment gave the highest average mean
of 16.76 cm, produced the highest number of leaves formed, the heaviest weight of leaves
and the longest length of primary roots and thicker roots as compared to the mulberry
cuttings planted in Garden soil alone (T0); Sand + Compost + Garden soil (T2); Sand +
Rice hull + Garden soil (T3); and Sand + Coir dusts + Garden soil (T4).
Recommendation
The use of Sand + Sphagnum moss + Garden soil (T1) as potting media mixture is
recommended for mulberry sapling production despite an ROI of 49%. Although
additional expenses was incurred it gave high results in growth increment, number of
leaves formed, weight of leaves, length of primary roots and weight of roots. This insures
better field performance when planted.
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
31
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Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1a. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the first week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
4.4
4.0
4.7
4.6
4.1
21.80
4.36
T1 6.1
6.2
10.7
5.6
7.2
35.80
7.16
T2
4.9 5.6 4.2 5.8 4.2 24.70 4.94
T3
6.1 4.1 4.9 4.2 5.4 24.70 4.94
T4 5.9
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.5
23.50
4.70
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 24.3736
6.09340
5.14**
.87
4.43
Error
20 23.7280
1.18640
TOTAL
24
48.1016
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=20.77%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
34
Appendix Table 1b. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the second week
one month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
6.9
5.2
5.9
6.5
6.4
30.90
6.18
T1 8.8
8.7
13.4
8.2
10.7
49.80
9.96
T2
7.1 8.8 5.7 10.1 5.9 37.60 7.52
T3
7.1 5.7 6.4 5.5 6.8 31.50 6.30
T4 7.3
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.7
29.30
5.86
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 56.7976
14.19940
7.26**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 39.1200
1.95600
TOTAL
24
95.9176
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=19.52%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
35
Appendix Table 1c. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the third week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
8.6
6.5
7.4
9.0
7.1
38.60
7.72
T1 10.5
10.5
15.6
11.6
14.9
63.10
12.62
T2
10.2 9.2 6.5 12.7 7.5 46.10
9.22
T3
9.4 6.4 9.3 6.8 9.2 41.10 8.22
T4 8.8
6.1
6.7
6.7
6.9
35.20
7.04
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
96.1736
24.04340
7.40**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
65.0040
3.25020
TOTAL
24
161.1776
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=20.11%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
36
Appendix Table 1d. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the fourth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
10.3
7.9
8.9
11.2
10.2
48.50
9.70
T1 13.9
13.4
24.3
14.6
18.6
84.80
16.96
T2
12.8 14.1 7.9 16.4 9.6 60.80
12.16
T3
13.6 7.9 11.4 8.2 12.0 53.10 10.62
T4 10.5
8.4
8.8
8.5
9.2
45.40
9.08
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 201.0320
50.25800
5.99**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
167.7680
8.38840
TOTAL
24
368.8000
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=24.67%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
37
Appendix Table 1e. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the fifth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
13.7
8.3
10.4
14.4
11.4
8.20
11.64
T1 17.3
16.7
29.4
18.4
25.6
107.40
21.48
T2
20.4 17.9 9.8 19.1 10.3 77.50
15.50
T3
14.3 8.5 14.9 9.4 15.5 62.60 12.52
T4 11.3
10.9
11.4
12.8
11.7
58.10
11.62
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 350.5064
87.62660
5.80**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 302.0560
15.10280
TOTAL
24
652.5624
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=26.71%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
38
Appendix Table 1f. Growth increment (cm) of mulberry saplings on the sixth week one
month after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V TOTAL
AVERAGE
T0
18.2
10.1
11.3
15.9
12.7
68.20
13.64
T1 24.9
26.0
36.1
22.8
28.1
137.90
27.58
T2
26.3 23.2 10.9 24.4 11.2 96.00
19.20
T3
19.1 9.8 16.3 10.2 16.2 71.60 14.32
T4 12.8
11.6
13.7
13.1
12.8
64.00
12.80
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 762.7384 190.68460
8.54**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 446.7680
22.33840
TOTAL
24
1209.5064
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=27.03%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
39
Appendix Table 1g. Overall average mean on the growth increment (cm) of mulberry
saplings at one month after planting
TREATMENTS
MEAN
T0
8.87
T1 16.67
T2
11.46
T3
9.49
T4 8.52
ANOVA
Source of Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 231.83086 57.957714
6.36**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 182.31888
9.115944
TOTAL
24 414.149736
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=27.40%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
40
Appendix Table 2. Number of leaves formed of mulberry saplings two months after
planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
10
4
7
7
5
33
6.60
T1 10
15
15
9
14
63
12.60
T2
11 10 3 11 7 42
8.40
T3
9 4 8 4 10 35 7.00
T4 7
5
5
4
6
27
5.40
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
155.2000
38.8000
5.59**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
138.8000
6.9400
TOTAL
24
294.0000
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=32.93%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
41
Appendix Table 3. Weight of leaves (g) mulberry saplings two months after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
2.6
1.2
1.3
2.0
1.4
8.5
1.70
T1 2.5
3.4
4.2
2.8
3.5
16.4
3.28
T2
2.6 2.4 1.1 2.6 1.8 10.5
2.10
T3
2.2 1.2 1.9 1.1 1.9 8.3
1.66
T4 1.7
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
7.5
1.5
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4 10.4624
2.6156
8.93**
2.87
4.43
Error
20 5.8600
0.2930
TOTAL
24
16.3224
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=26.43%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
42
Appendix Table 4. Final length of primary roots (cm) of mulberry saplings two months
after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
23.1
28.3
20.4
13.8
15.5
101.10
20.22
T1 18.3
18.7
29.4
25.6
22.8
114.80
22.96
T2
17.6 16.5 13.2 15.4 10.5 73.20
14.64
T3
22.6 19.1 17.6 17.6 14.4 91.30
18.26
T4 20.2
28.7
11.2
12.8
15.0
87.90
17.58
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
210.8024
52.7006
1.94 ns
2.87
4.43
Error
20
542.2920
27.1146
TOTAL
24
753.0944
ns = not significant
coefficient of variance=26.71%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
43
Appendix Table 5. Root weight (g) of mulberry saplings two months after planting
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENTS I II III IV V
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
1.9
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.6
4.80
0.96
T1 1.7
2.5
3.0
2.1
2.3
11.6
2.32
T2
2.0 1.5 0.6 1.5 0.9 6.50
1.30
T3
1.6 0.7 1.2 0.4 1.1 5.00
1.00
T4 1.3
0.9
0.9
1.3
0.8
5.20
1.04
ANOVA
Source of
Degree of
Sum of
Mean of
Tabulated
Tabulated
variation
freedom
squares
squares
F
F0.05
F0.01
Treatment
4
6.5536
1.6384
7.29**
2.87
4.43
Error
20
4.4920
0.2246
TOTAL
24
11.0456
**=highly significant
coefficient of variance=35.80%
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
44
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
MARCH 23, 2006
Date
APLLICATION FOR ORAL DEFENSE
Name: BENJIE G. YOGAYOG
Major
filed:
SERICULTURE
Degree: BS AGRICULTURE
Minor
field:
SERICULTURE
Title of Thesis: PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT POTTING MEDIA MIXTURES
ON THE GROWTH AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF BATAC MULBERRY (Morus
alba Linn.) CUTTINGS FOR SAPLING PRODUCTION
Endorsed: VALENTINO L. MACANES
Adviser (Name & Signature)
Date and Time of Defense: March 15, 2006 @ 2:30 pm
Place of defense: AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX 110
Approved:
AURORA D. ALBIS
Instructor/Professor
Name & Signature
Noted:
EULOGIO V. CARDONA JR.
Department
Chairman
REPORT ON RESULT OF ORAL DEFENSE
Name and Signature
*Remarks
VALENTINO L. MACANES
______________________________
Adviser
ARNOLD M. INUMPA
______________________________
Co-Adviser
AURORA D. ALBIS
______________________________
Member, Advisory Committee
EULOGIO V. CARDONA JR.
______________________________
Department Chairman
Performance of Different Potting Media Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac
Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings for Sapling Production / Benjie G. Yogayog. 2007
Document Outline
- Performance of Different Potting Media
Mixtures on the Growth and Root Development of Batac Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.)
Cuttings for Sapling Production
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES