BIBLIOGRAPHY BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009. Performance of Celery (Apium
graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic Materials as Source of Nitrogen.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Magdalena D. Pandosen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Experimental
Area, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2008 to April 2009 to; to determine the performance of celery grown in soil
amended with organic materials as source of nitrogen. Specifically, the study was
conducted to: 1] determine the effects of different organic materials on the growth and
yield of celery; 2] determine the influence of organic materials on some soil properties;
3] compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released at different
growth stages of celery; and 4] identify the potential organic material as soil amendment
and source of N for celery production.
Application of different organic materials improved the growth and yield and dry
matter yield of celery.
Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower in situ proved to be the best for
celery production.
All organic materials generally enhanced the OM and available N content of the
soil but at varied levels. The peak of the available N release was noted at 45 DAT.
Further, the soil pH was slightly decreased by the different organic materials
except chicken manure which lowered the value.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………… 3
Organic Matter ………….………………………………..………...…….. 3
Organic Fertilizer...……….……………………………………...………. 4
Chicken Manure………………….……………………………..………... 4
Wild Sunflower .………..………………………………………………. 5
Vermicompost ….. …………………………………………………….... 6
Compost ……………………………………………………………….… 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………..……. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………..…. 10
Fresh Weight Per Plant………….……………………………………….. 12
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant
at Different Growth Stages…………….………………….…………….. 13
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 15 DAT...…….………….………………..... 14
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 30 DAT ...……..…………….……….….…. 15
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 45 DAT ………………………….……..….... 16
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 60 DAT………………….………………...... 17
Final Dry Matter Yield Per Plant …......…………………………….…... 18
Total Yield of Celery……..……………………………………………….. 19
Soil pH at Different Growth Stages...…..…………………………….…. 20
Soil pH 15 DAT …………………………………………………...…….. 21
Soil pH 30 DAT …………………………………………………...……. 22
Soil pH 45 DAT …………………………………………………………. 23
Soil pH 60 DAT ...………………………………………………….......... 24
Final Soil pH…………………………………………………………........ 25
Final Organic Matter (OM) Content of the Soil……………… .……..….. 26
Available Nitrogen (N) at Different Growth Stages …..…………..…..… 27
Available Nitrogen (N) 15 DAT.……………..………………..….......... 28
Available Nitrogen (N) 30 DAT ……..………………………..….......... 29
Available Nitrogen (N) 45 DAT ……..………………………………….. 30
Available Nitrogen (N) 60 DAT ………..……………………...…...….... 31
Final Available Nitrogen Content of the Soil …………………..……..…. 32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………..
34
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 35
Recommendation ……………………………………………………. 35
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………… 36
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………..... 39
1
INTRODUCTION
Celery (Apium graveolens Var PS) is one of the crops that thrive best in the
Cordillera, Philippines. This is distinctly a cool season crop which thrives best in areas
with a monthly mean temperature ranging from 15-180C. It grows best on sandy or sandy
loam soil with sufficient organic matter and soil pH requirement ranging from 6.0 to 6.8
(Knott and Deanon, 1987). It has a high marketable demand and price due to its uses like
pre-dinner and appetizers, salad, flavoring, soap, juices, and dressing as well as an
excellent vegetable, either stewed or creamed (Thompson and Kelly, 1959). It is a good
source of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium and food energy (Knot and Deanon, 1967).
Besides food purposes, it is used in aromatherapy and other traditional way of healing.
Eating celery reduces high blood pressure and gives the effect of calmness. Celery clears
uric acid from painful joints and may also help the treatment of arthritis and rheumatic
problems. It also helps the kidney by acting as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant
(Hippocrates, 2006).
Celery has become one of the most profitable cash crops, however, its production
entails a lot of expenses from the use of inorganic fertilizers apart from destroying the
soil. Organic matter is the major source of nitrogen. Amending the soil with organic
materials is one of the best alternative sources of N because it is cheaper, available and
abundant in the locality. Instead of being thrown away as waste, they can be used as
fertilizers for the crops. Organic matter was reported to improve the soil properties and
have a long effect on the natural fertility of the soil.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
2
The study was conducted to:
1.
determine the effects of different organic materials on the growth and
yield of celery;
2. determine the influence of organic materials on some soil properties;
3.
compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released
at different growth stages of celery; and
4.
identify the potential organic material as soil amendment and source of N
for celery production.
This study was conducted at the Soil Science Department experimental area,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November
2008 to March 2009.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Matter
Brady and Weil (2000) claimed that the organic matter binds mineral particles
into granular soil structure, reducing plasticity, cohesion and stickiness of clayey soils
which are largely responsible for the loose manageable condition of productive soils. It
also increases the amount of water that the soil can hold. They also stated that the
addition of organic mulch into the soil surface encourages earthworm activity, which in
turn leads to the production of burrows and other biosphere which in turn increases the
infiltration of water and decreases its loss as surface run off.
In 1987, Fellet as cited by Tuba-ang (2008) stated that when organic residues are
in the process of becoming soil humus, they supply some of the essential nutrients needed
by plants.
Aside from nutrient improvement of the soil properties, organic matter still gives
many more advantageous effects especially in the plant growth of crops (Brady and Weil,
1996). Various growth promoting compounds like vitamins, amino acids, auxins and
gibberellins are formed as organic matter decay.
Organic matter also increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil thereby
reducing leaching losses of elements such as calcium and magnesium. The mineralization
of the nutrient present in organic matter provides continuous supply of nitrogen, sulfur
and phosphorus to the crop (Tisdale and Nelson, 1975). Similar effect on soils was
corroborated by Brady and Weil (2000). In addition, the water holding capacity of the
soil was also enhanced together with other constituents for microorganisms are provided.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
4
Murakami (1991) stated that adding and returning of organic matter to the soil is
essential. It is only organic matter that can provide the necessary elements for growing
plants
Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer supply some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crops
and promote favorable soil properties, such as granulation, good tilth for efficient
aeration, easy root penetration and improvement of water holding capacity (PCARRD,
1982)
Dao-ines, (1994) stated that organic fertilizers improve the soil structure and
conserve soil moisture making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetable
requires soil rich in organic matter.
In addition, Kinoshita (1972) stated that organic fertilizers or droppings contain
mainly of nitrogen which tends to improve the physical properties of the soil.
In 1996, Brady and Weil as cited by Lazo (2006) stated that both fulvic and humic
acid in the soil solution even in small quantities enhances certain aspects of plant growth.
Components of these substances probably act as regulator of specific plant functions such
as cell elongation and lateral root initiation.
Chicken Manure
Growth of plants applied with chicken dung is enhanced, resulting to higher
marketable yield. This superiority of chicken dung may be attributed to more nutrient
contents, readily available nutrients or combination of both (Eslay, 1996).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
5
Jones, (1982) likewise found that manure contains essential plant nutrients
especially nitrogen , phosphorus, and potassium as well as some trace elements not
generally found in chemical fertilizer.
A study of Sumedca (1988) revealed that application of 1 ton/ha chicken manure
enhances growth and yield of cabbage. Application of 4 tns /ha of chicken manure,
however was suggested by HARC (1986) for a strawberry field under La Trinidad
condition.
In 1986, Pandosen reported that potato tubers responded more to chicken manure
application. The weight of marketable tubers applied with chicken manure was higher
than the weight of marketable tubers applied with compost. Plants with no organic
manure recorded the lowest weight of marketable tubers. Moreover Labutan (1996),
revealed that plants applied with chicken manure had heavier yield than those applied
with mushroom compost.
Wild Sunflower
Wild sunflower which is abundant in the highlands can be a perfect substitute
organic nitrogen source and as starter of compost for it hastens further decomposition.
Sunflower also increases the nutrient content of compost (Victor, 1974). Through
laboratory analysis, Pandosen (1986) found that fresh wild sunflower contains 3.76%
nitrogen and wild sunflower based compost contains 3.22% nitrogen. It is therefore a
good source of organic nitrogen.
Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh wild sunflower is
effective in improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied 1 week before
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
6
planting time. In the case of garden pea, Durante (1983) claimed that application of 8
tons of fresh wild sunflower per hectare gave highest yield.
Vermicompost
Vermicomposting is the final phase of the compost processes where compost is
turned into dirt and is dominated by soil microorganisms as opposed to ordinary compost.
Ordinary compost needs to be digested well before it can give it’s full benefits, while
worm casting ( Vermicompost) are as ready for plant use (Acme Warm Farm, 2002) as
cited by Lagman (2003).
In addition, Williams et al. (1993) reported that Vermicompost help incorporate
organic matter, improve soil structure and enhance water movement through the soil
which improve plant root growth.
Vermicompost has a pH of 7-7.5 and a C: N ratio of 12-15:1. Through chemical
analysis it contains 1.75- 2.5 %N, about 1.25-2 %K, calcium, magnesium, sulphate which
are 3- 5% times better than farm manure. Iron, zinc, manganese and copper are 200 to
700 ppm while cobalt, molybdenum and boron are also in the soluble form in sufficient
quantities (Singh, 2001).
Further, vermicompost has a nutrient and organic matter level much higher than
that of the surrounding soil. Each day, they produce nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
many micronutrients in a form that all plants can use (IES, 1984).
Smith (1984) studied that worms make other contribution such as adding calcium
carbonate. A compound which help moderate the pH. Certain earthworms can help
change acid to alkaline soils toward a more neutral pH.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
7
Compost
Application of compost enriches the soil organic matter, and improves the
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Compost application builds up
the water absorbing capacity of the soil. Soils with compost have less water evaporation
than the soil without compost (Dagoon and Sangatanan, 1985). They added that
application of compost activates soil microorganisms consequently increasing the
availability of nutrients that plant feed on.
Tan (1975) as cited by Imong (2003) revealed that composts are used to improve
the soil conditions in various ways. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for
easy tillage and improves soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrients.
Pel-o (2004) stated that composts increase the organic matter content of soil.
Addition of organic matter usually increases pH of acid soils.
Kinoshita (1972) as cited by Andaya (1996) reported that organic fertilizers such
as composts and manures are very important needs in vegetable production. They
maintain not only soil fertility but also continuous production of vegetables.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Organic materials such as Vermicompost, dry chicken manure, BSU compost,
fresh wild sunflower and fresh cabbage refuse, were gathered and chopped in the field.
Chemical reagents, glasswares and laboratory equipments, were used in the chemical
analysis.
Eight weeks old celery seedlings were first established in the nursery prior to
transplanting. Planting of seedlings were done per plot following a distance of 30x30 cm
double row with a total of 66 hills in a 10 m2 plot.
Organic materials, fresh wild sunflower, fresh cabbage refuse, and dry chicken
manure were placed and incorporated thoroughly at the center furrow of each plot. These
were covered with soil and left for 7 days before transplanting (DAT) following the
different treatments. Application of inorganic fertilizer at the rate of 120-120-120 kg/ha
N-P2O5-K2O. All the P and K and ½ of N were applied basally and the other half of N
was side dressed at hilling up. Other cultural management in growing celery like
weeding, irrigation, and other management practices were employed.
Destructive sampling was employed ay 15, 30, 45, 60 and 70 days after transplant
(DAT) for plant analysis. Random soil sampling was done by inserting a soil auger to a
depth of 20 cm, taking at least 5 borings on the designated area at the end each plot. The
soil and plant samples were taken simultaneously during the different growth stages of
celery, which are at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 70 DAT (harvest time).
The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
replicated three times with the following treatments:
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
9
Treatments:
T1- Control
T2-120-120-120-N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha
T3- 5 tons/ ha chicken manure
T4- 20 tons/ha Vermicompost
T5- 20 tons/ha BSU Compost
T6- 20 tons/ha Fresh Wild Sunflower
T7- 20 tons/ha Fresh Cabbage Refuse
The data gathered were:
A. Growth and Yield Parameters
1. Final height per plant (cm). Ten samples plants were randomly tagged from
different treatments for the determination of plants height.
2. Fresh weight per plant (kg). The fresh weight per plant was determined from
the same ten sample plants obt6ained in the determination of the final height sample
plants
3. Dry matter yield (DMY) per plant (gm). The plants were gathered 1 each per
treatment per growth stages and weighed for the determination of DMY. Plants were
chopped and sun dried, oven dried, weighed and average taken. The dry matter yield of
celery was obtained by drying the plant sample in a draft oven at a temperature of 700
Celsius, cooled in desiccator and weighed. The formula used was DMY = FW/
(1+%MC/100).
4. Total yield (kg/ha). The yield per plot was recorded and converted to tons per
hectare.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
10
B. Chemical Properties of the Soil
1. Soil pH. The pH of the soil was determined using the 1:2 CaCl2 solution by
electrometric method.
2. Organic matter content of the soil (%). The organic matter content of the soil
was analyzed using the Walkley and Black Method.
3. Available nitrogen (N) content of the soil (mg/kg). Ammonium nitrogen and
nitrate – nitrogen content of the soil at every growth stage were determined using the
Steam Distillation Method.
C. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was done using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to test the level of significance between means.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height Per Plant
Table 1 shows that celery plants grown under the control registered the lowest
mean of 47.00 cm. Promising effects of different organic materials were observed on the
height of the plants. It is observed that the individual effects of fresh wild sunflower and
chicken manure were found to be comparable to the recommended rate with means of
55.96 cm and 55.40 cm respectively. The result implies that fresh wild sunflower applied
in situ at a rate of 20 tons/ha can enhance celery growth similar to the recommended
inorganic fertilizer. Chicken manure applied in situ at a rate of 5 tons/ha was next. These
were followed in the order by BSU compost, Vermicompost and fresh cabbage refuse.
Table 1. Final height per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
47.00c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
55.97a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
55.40a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
50.37b
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
51.39b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
55.96a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
49.04bc
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
12
Organic materials therefore, are good sources of nutrients and organic matter for plants.
In agreement Brady and Weil (2000) reported that organic matter is a source of plant
nutrients phosphorus, sulfur and a primary source of nitrogen for most plants. Dao-ines,
(1994) stated that organic fertilizer improve the soil structure and conserve soil moisture
making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetables requires soil rich in organic
matter.
Fresh Weight Per Plant
Among the organic materials applied, fresh wild sunflower (20 tons/ ha)
registered the highest fresh weight with a mean of 1.257 kg (Table 2). Plots treated with
chicken manure at a rate of 5 tons/ha followed with a mean of 1.203 kg. Vermicompost,
BSU compost and fresh cabbage refuse came next respectively. Lightest plants were
registered by the control. A study conducted by Durante (1983) showed that application
of 8 tons/ha of fresh wild sunflower registered heavier garden pea pods.
The weight per plant obtained from the above organic materials however, are in
comparable with that of the result obtained from the use of the recommended rate of
inorganic fertilizer. The result could be attributed to the higher amount of NPK from the
inorganic fertilizer. Nutrients derived from organic materials vary from material to
material. Further, these come in smaller amounts and the release is slow. Organic
materials which are residues of dead and dying plants materials are reservoirs of nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur, and other macronutrient elements essential for plant growth (Jones,
1982).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
13
Table 2. Fresh weight per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
0.92d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
1.31a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
1.20b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.09c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.06c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
1.26ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.06c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plants at Different Growth Stages
Dry matter yield at different growth stages is shown in Figure 1. The use of fresh
wild sunflower at a rate of 20 tons/ha outranked the other organic materials in dry matter
yield of celery at 15 DAT to harvest (68 DAT). Application of chicken manure at a rate
of 5 tons/ha ranked second and respectively followed by fresh cabbage refuse,
vermicompost, BSU compost each having a rate of 20 tons/ha. The lowest DMY was
obtained from the control. It is evident that application of the different organic materials
does not match that of the inorganic fertilizer, however, application of the organic
materials either as fresh or dry is better than the use of composted materials.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
14
Figure 1. Dry matter yield (DMY) per plant at different growth stages as affected by
different organic materials
60
50
T1
T2
40
T3
i
e
l
d
30
T4
a
t
t
e
r
Y
T5
20
r
y M
T6
D (g)10
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 15 DAT
The dry matter yield per plant at 15 DAT is shown in Table 3. Plants treated with
fresh wild sunflower (20 tons/ha) registered the highest DMY of 2.47 grams which
proved to be comparable to the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer of 2.40 grams.
The result implies the fast decomposition and release of nitrogen from wild sunflower
when freshly applied in situ. Pandosen (1986) stated that chopped fresh wild sunflower
alone, are fully decomposed in two weeks (14 days) thus faster release of essential
nutrients. In addition Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh wild
sunflower is effective in improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied 1
week before planting time.
The lowest mean were observed in control.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
15
Table 3. Dry matter yield per plant 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
1.33d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
2.40ab
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
2.33ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.80bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.83bc
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
2.47a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.63cd
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 30 DAT
Dry matter yield of celery at 30 DAT amended with different organic materials as
a source of N is shown in Table 4. The highest DMY was obtained from plants grown in
plots treated with fresh wild sunflower with a mean of 13.467 grams. This result may be
due to the fast decomposition and high N content of the organic material, thus fast release
of nutrients to be utilized by the plants. Pandosen (1986) found that fresh application of
wild sunflower in situ proved to be better than sunflower-based compost in effecting
growth and yield of snap bean. Second to fresh wild sunflower is chicken manure
followed by Vermicompost, cabbage refuse and BSU compost.
The lowest dry matter yield was registered by the control.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
16
Table 4. Dry matter yield per plant 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
9.30d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
13.87a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
12.60b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
10.83c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
9.90cd
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
13.47ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
10.53c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 45 DAT
As the plants grow, they accumulate dry matter. It is shown in Table 5 that
amending the soil with organic materials like fresh wild sunflower, chicken manure fresh
cabbage refuse, vermicompost and BSU compost greatly increased the DMY 45 DAT in
their respective order. On the other hand, the control registered the lowest DMY 45 DAT.
It is also inferred in the result that dry or fresh organic materials, when applied in situ,
will result to a higher accumulated DMY than composted materials. This could be
attributed to the direct absorption of the released nutrients by the soil micelle in situ
where they are reserved for plant uptake, while composted materials may loose nutrients
during the decomposition process in the compost site. Santil (2009) stated that amending
the soil with either dry or fresh organic material to the field in situ gave better curd yield
of broccoli than the composted ones.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
17
Table 5. Dry matter yield per plant 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
18.83e
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
33.83a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
30.63bc
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
23.73d
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
23.73d
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
31.17b
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
28.47c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 60 DAT
Table 6 shows the dry matter yield of celery 60 DAT as affected by the different
organic materials as soil amendment and source of N. Application of fresh wild
sunflower with a mean of 51.8 g registered the highest. The use of chicken manure
cabbage refuse, vermicompost, BSU compost and control followed with means of 51.17,
45.83, 41.37, 39.30 and 31.77 grams respectively. The result may be due to the varied
decomposition rate and N contents of the organic materials. Cox and Jackson (1960)
found out that manure hasten decomposition process in soil because it contains many
organisms. American Corporation (1973) stated that organic manure when applied to the
soil release high amounts of nitrogen.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
18
Table 6. Dry matter yield per plant 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
31.77d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
53.67a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
51.17a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
41.37c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
39.30c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.80a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
45.83b
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Dry Matter Yield Per Plant
The dry matter yield of celery at harvest time is presented in Table 7. It is
observed that the effect of chicken manure and fresh wild sunflower are at par with the
recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer. The result implies that the fresh wild sunflower
and chicken manure, when added separately can provide the nutrient needs of celery.
This could be attributed to the varied nutrient contents of fresh wild sunflower and
chicken manure contents as previously mentioned. Jones (1982) found that manure
contains essential plants nutrients especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well
as some trace elements not generally found in chemical fertilizers.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
19
Table 7. Final dry matter yield per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
34.67d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
55.73a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
52.60a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
44.57bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
42.27c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
52.53a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
47.57b
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield of Celery
Table 8 shows the total yield of celery as affected by the different organic
materials. Application of fresh wild sunflower at a rate of 20 tons/ha produced the highest
mean total yield of 82.96 tons/ha. Plots treated with chicken manure at a rate of 5 tons/ha
came second with a mean of 79.40tons/ha and respectively followed by vermicompost,
BSU compost and fresh cabbage refuse, each having a rate of 20 tons per hectare and the
lowest mean were observed in the control. Result show that there’s a need to amend the
soil with organic materials as source of nutrient elements particularly N and enhance the
soil characteristics.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
20
Table 8. Total yield of celery as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (tons/ha)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
60.52d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
86.66a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
79.40b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
71.94c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
69.75c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
82.96ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
69.70c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Soil pH at Different Growth Stages
Figure 2 presents the soil pH as affected by the different organic materials at
different growth stages of celery. Amended plots with organic materials including the
control generally decreased soil pH 15 DAT to harvest (68 DAT). As observed from
early stage of the crop there was a decrease of soil pH from 15 to 45 DAT except for the
vermicompost and BSU compost with a slight decrease in value. On the other hand,
inorganic fertilizer (120-120-120 N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha) registered the lowest value of soil
pH of 4.23.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
21
Figure 2. Soil pH at different growth stages as affected by different organic materials
6
5
T1
T2
4
T3
3
l
pH
T4
S
oi
T5
2
T6
1
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Soil pH 15 DAT
Table 9 shows the pH of the soil 15 DAT as affected by different organic
materials as soil amendment and source of N. Plots treated with BSU compost (20
tons/ha) registered the highest soil pH of 5.30. Those plots treated with Vermicompost
(20 tons/ha) followed with a mean of 5.11. It appears that application of composted
materials increase the soil pH at an early growth stage while those applied either as dry or
fresh tend to decrease soil pH. This could be attributed to the release of organic acids
during the decomposition process. The lowest pH was obtained from plots treated with
chicken manure. This indicates the acidifying effect of chicken manure which close to the
effect of inorganic fertilizer.
Table 9. Soil pH 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
22
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.97bc
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.64c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.87bc
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
5.11ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
5.30a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.99ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.94bc
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
According to Davies et al. (1993) decomposed organic matter holds more
exchangeable and available nutrient cations such as Ca, Mg, and ammonium. The result
may be attributed to the readily available organic matter in retaining nutrients from
fertilizers applied but also in increasing the buffering capacity of the soil pH. Additions
of organic matter usually increase the pH of acid soils.
Soil pH 30 DAT
All of the soil pH 30 DAT as affected by the different organic materials
decreased, however, the highest soil pH was registered by those treated with composted
materials (Vermicompost and BSU compost), followed by those treated with fresh or dry
materials in situ. The lowest soil pH was observed in the control plots followed by those
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
23
Table 10. Soil pH 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.59c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.32d
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.78c
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.94ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
5.08a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.85b
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.92ab
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
treated with chicken manure as compared to the use of other organic materials. However,
acidification of the soil is greater still when inorganic fertilizers are used (Table 10).
Nelson and Tisdale (1975) stated that the additions of salts, such as those contained in
fertilizers, to sesquioxide-coated, interlayered minerals increase the hydrolysis of non
exchangeable Fe and Al resulting in an increase in the H+ ion concentration of the soil
solution, and hence a lower pH. The result conforms to the study of Fullen and Catt
(2004) that addition of organic matter increases in the soil pH of acid soils.
Soil pH 45 DAT
Table 11 shows the result of soil pH at 45 DAT as affected by the different
organic materials as soil amendment and as source of N. Obviously, plots treated with
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
24
Table 11. Soil pH 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.67b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.25c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.69b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.89a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.93a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.78ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.75ab
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
inorganic gave the lowest pH followed by the control (4.67) as compared to plots treated
with organic materials. The ammonium released from inorganic fertilizer undergoes
nitrification releasing H+ ion which lowers the soil pH (Tisdale and Nelson, 1975). It is
further observed from plots treated with organic materials that chicken manure
application registered the lowest pH compared to the others. This result could be
attributed to the fast decomposition rate and release of acids upon decomposition.
Soil pH 60 DAT
The pH of the soil 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials as
amendment and as a source of N is shown in Table 12. It is observed that the soil pH at
60 DAT further decreased but the slight changes are not significantly different among the
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
25
Table 12. Soil pH 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.59a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.14b
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.56a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.59a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.73a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.61a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.63a
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
organic materials. However, plots treated with chicken manure registered the lowest pH
which is comparable to the plots that received inorganic fertilizers. Results imply that
organic materials, upon decomposition release acids but minimal compared to those
released from inorganic fertilizers
Final Soil pH
Table 13 presents a slight increase in the final soil pH as affected by different
organic materials but the effect is negligible. It remains, however, that those treated with
chicken manure registered the lowest soil pH of 4.59 compared to the other organic
materials. The result implies a disadvantageous effect of chicken manure on the soil pH
even up to this growth stage (70 DAT).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
26
Table 13. Final soil pH as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.61a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.23b
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.59a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.63a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.75a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.68a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.77a
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Organic Matter Content of the Soil
All of the organic materials applied in situ has soil amendment greatly increased the
organic matter content of the soil (Table 14). The lowest organic matter was obtained
from the control. Application of vermicompost registered the highest organic matter
content with a mean of 1.766%. Those treated with fresh cabbage refuse and dry chicken
manure followed with means of 1.673% and 1.646% respectively. According to IES,
(1984) it stated that vermicompost has a nutrient and organic matter level, much higher
than that of the surrounding soil. Each day, they produce nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
and many micronutrients in a form that all plants can use.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
27
Table 14. Final organic matter content of the soil
TREATMENT
MEAN (%)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
0.88d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
1.45c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
1.65b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.77a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.50c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
1.51c
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.67b
Initial
0.81
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Available Nitrogen at Different Growth Stages
The available nitrogen as affected by the different organic materials at different
growth stages is shown in Figure 3. The use of organic materials generally increased the
available N content of the soil from an initial of 46.16 mg/kg. Application of fresh wild
sunflower gave the highest available N at 15 DAT, however at 30 DAT, a gradual
increase of available nitrogen from chicken manure in a dry state was observed.
The peak of the availability of nitrogen from organic materials is clear cut at 45 DAT. A
sudden decrease of available nitrogen was observed at 60 DAT then stabilized at 68 DAT
(harvest). Tuba-ang (2008) found that 13 weeks (90 days) incubation gave the highest
available nitrogen release, however, this is without a standing crop. Results reveal,
therefore, the influence of a crop on soil characteristics.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
28
Figure 3. Available N at different growth stages as affected by different organic materials
200
180
T1
160
140
T2
kg)
g/ 120
T3
(
m
100
e
N
T4
80
i
l
a
bl
T5
va 60
A 40
T6
20
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Available Nitrogen 15 DAT
The available N content of the soil 15 DAT is shown in Table 15. Among the
organic materials used, fresh wild sunflower applied at a rate of 20 tons/ha registered the
highest mean of 91.46 mg/kg followed by chicken manure with a mean of 76.64 mg/kg.
This result could be due to the high N content of wild sunflower (3.76%) and its fast
decomposition rate. Through chemical analysis, Pandosen (1986) found that wild
sunflower has 3.76% N, 0.0077% P, 4.44% K, 1.90 % Ca and .39% Mg. Further, full
decomposition of wild sunflower is 2 weeks (14 days).
Application of inorganic fertilizer on the other hand, registered the highest mean
of 102.71 mg/kg. This is due to the fact that inorganic fertilizer releases nutrients faster
than organic materials. The result is supported by the statement of Bautista et al. (1983)
Table 15. Available N 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
29
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
51.15b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
102.71a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
76.64ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
67.20ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
53.18b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
91.46ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
52.29b
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
that inorganic fertilizers release great quantities of nutrients which can be easily absorbed
by the roots of the plants.
Available Nitrogen 30 DAT
The available nitrogen content of the soil 30 DAT as influenced by different
organic materials as soil amendment and source of N is shown in Table 16. Chicken
manure (5 tons/ha) was found to have released the highest available N (116.53 mg/kg)
among organic materials applied. This is followed by fresh wild sunflower (115.25
mg/kg) with a slight difference of 1.28 mg/kg. This result could be due to the high N
content of chicken manure. Pure chicken manure contains 5% of nitrogen. According to
Brady (1990) he stated that animal manure is a good source of nitrogen and it’s the best
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
30
Table 16. Available N 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
62.72c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
178.01a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
116.53b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
79.84bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
65.99bc
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
115.25bc
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
103.99bc
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
material for maintaining the nitrogen content of the soil. In addition the superiority of
chicken manure may be attributed to its readily available nutrients.
Available Nitrogen 45 DAT
After 45 DAT, The available N of the soil was greatly increased by the different
organic materials amended to the soil (Table 17). Obviously, the control registered the
lowest available N of 62.87 mg/kg because it only depended on N content of the soil.
Further observation shows that plots treated with fresh wild sunflower registered the
highest followed by fresh cabbage refuse and chicken manure. The result shows that
application of the organic materials in situ either fresh or dry release more N than those
composted materials. In addition, the peak of N release was notable at this growth stage.
Table 17. Available N 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
31
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
62.87c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
178.52a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
139.50ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
130.21b
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
116.53b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
142.02ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
140.05ab
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
This could be attributed to the succulence of freshly applied organic materials, fast
decomposition rate and high N content of the organic material and low C:N ratio.
Available Nitrogen 60 DAT
Table 18 shows the available nitrogen content of the soil as affected by the
different organic materials as a source of N. A notable decline on the available N content
of the soil 60 DAT was observed. The result indicates that the N contained in the organic
materials used were released and utilized between 45 to 60 DAT. Results imply that after
45 DAT, nutrient elements start to be depleted.
Table 18. Available N 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
32
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
37.63a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
75.67a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
75.81a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
75.95a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
51.42a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.70a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
51.42a
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Available Nitrogen
The final available N in the soil is presented in Table 19. A decline in the available N in
the soil was observed as the plants grew older. It is inferred that plants utilized whatever
N is present in the soil. Further observation revealed that plots treated with vermicompost
(20 tons/ha) registered the highest available N with a mean of 75.33 mg/kg, indicating a
slow decomposition rate. The effect of vermicompost is more on physical properties
rather than on the available N released. According to Williams et al. (1993),
vermicompost helps incorporate organic matter, improve the soil structure, and increase,
and increase water movement through the soil and enhance plant root growth.
Table 19. Final available N content of the soil
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
33
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
37.77b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
74.99a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
51.28ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
75.33a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
62.72ab
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.00ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
50.86ab
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
34
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Experimental
Area, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2008 to April 2009 to; 1) determine the effect of organic materials on the
growth and yield of celery; 2) determine the influence of organic materials on some soil
properties; 3) compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released at
different growth stages of celery; and 4) identify the potential organic material good for
celery production.
Results show that application of fresh wild sunflower in situ effected the growth
and yield in terms of final height, fresh weight per plant and DMY at different growth
stages and total yield of celery plants. The favorable influence of different organic
materials on the growth and yield performance are in the order: chicken manure,
vermicompost, BSU compost, and cabbage refuse.
On the other hand, the soil pH was decreased by the application of different
organic materials at an early growth stage (15 DAT). However, as the materials
decomposed, the pH at 45 days after transplanting were slightly increased from soils
applied with BSU compost and vermicompost over the initial pH value. Further
observation showed that application of chicken manure decreased the soil pH to a greater
extent that it almost leveled with the acidifying effect of inorganic fertilizer. OM content
of the soil, on the other hand, was enhanced by all the organic materials used, however,
the use of vermicompost gave the highest final OM at harvest.
A general increase in the available N in the soil at different growth stages of
celery was observed. The peak of the rate of available N released from the different
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
35
organic materials was noted at 45 DAT. However, fresh wild sunflower proved to be the
best for celery production followed by chicken manure, vermicompost, fresh cabbage
refuse, BSU compost and the control, the last.
Conclusions
Proven from the results and findings, the following conclusions were made;
1) Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower in situ is the best soil amendment and
N source for celery production; 2) Application of different organic materials can
improve the organic matter and nitrogen contents of the soil.
Recommendations
Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower is recommended for celery
production. A follow up study is also recommended to verify findings and conclusions.
LITERATURE CITED
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
36
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BRADY, N. C. and R. R. WEIL 2000. The nature and properties of the soil. New York:.
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BRADY, N. C. and R. R. WEIL 1996. The nature and properties of the soil. 11th edition.
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COX, J.F. and D.M. JACKSON 1960. Crop Improvement and Soil Conservation. 2nd
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Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
37
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38
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APPENDICES
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
39
Appendix Table 1. Final height per plant (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
46.72 48.49 45.80 141.01 47.003
T2
56.51 55.00
56.39
107.96
55.967
T3
55.11
55.21
55.89
105.56
55.403
T4
51.85
51.02
48.25
98.93
50.373
T5
52.20
53.89
48.08
104.24
51.390
T6
55.92
55.87
56.09
99.21
55.960
T7
49.84
50.81
47.09
106.36
49.037
Total
368.15 369.66 357.59
1095.40
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
52.59
52.81
51.08
52.162
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
________________________________________________________________________
Blocks 2
12.3562
6.17806
Treatments 6 238.7442
39.7907 19.99** 3.00 4.82
Error 12
23.8896
1.9908
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
274.9899
**- highly significant CV = 2.705 %
Appendix Table 2. Fresh weight per plant (kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
40
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
0.80
0.95
1.00
2.75
0.917
T2
1.20
1.33
1.41
3.94
1.313
T3
1.20
1.17
1.24
3.61
1.203
T4
1.03
1.07
1.17
3.27
1.090
T5
1.01
1.10
1.06
3.17
1.057
T6
1.18
1.23
1.36
3.77
1.257
T7
1.00
1.04 1.13 3.17
1.056
Total
7.42
7.89
8.37
23.68
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.05
1.13
1.20
1.128
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2
0.0644
0.0322
Treatments 6
1.3386
0.0564
29.79 ** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.0227 0.0564
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
0.4257
** - highly significant CV = 3.859 %
Appendix Table 3. Dry matter yield per plant 15 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
41
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
1.20
0.90
1.30
3.40
1.33
T2
1.90
2.30
3.00
7.20
2.40
T3
2.40
2.10
2.50
7.00
2.33
T4
2.00
1.80
1.60
5.40
1.80
T5
1.80
1.70
2.00
5.50
1.83
T6
2.10
3.0
2.30
7.40
2.47
T7
1.30
1.70
1.90
4.90
1.63
Total
12.70
13.50
14.60
40.8
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.81
1.92
2.08
1.943
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.2600 0.1300
Treatments 6 4.2581 0.7096 6.58** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 1.2933 0.1078
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 30688.2407
** - highly significant CV = 16.898%
Appendix Table 4. Dry matter yield per plant 30 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
42
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
8.90
9.40
9.60
27.90
9.30
T2
14.20
13.00
14.40
41.60
13.87
T3
13.00
10.80
14.00
37.80
12.60
T4
11.00
10.30
11.20
32.50
10.83
T5
9.40
10.00
10.30
29.70
9.90
T6
13.00
12.50
14.90
40.40
13.47
T7
10.60
10.00
11.00
31.60
10.53
Total
80.1
76.00
85.40
241.50
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
11.44
10.85
12.20
11.500
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 6.3457 3.1729
Treatments 6 58.3733
9.7288
23.34** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 5.0009
0.4167
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 69.7200
** - highly significant CV = 5.614 %
Appendix Table 5. Dry matter yield per plant 45 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
43
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
19.00
18.50
19.00
56.50
18.33
T2
33.70
34.30
33.50
101.50
33.83
T3
32.00
28.50
31.40
91.90
30.63
T4
26.40
24.00
20.80
71.20
23.73
T5
24.00
23.20
24.00
71.20
23.73
T6
31.70
30.80
31.00
93.50
31.17
T7
28.40
28.00
29.00
85.40
28.47
Total
195.20
187.30
188.70
571.20
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
27.88
26.75
26.95
27.200
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 5.0771 2.5386
Treatments 6 501.4933 83.5822
51.15** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 19.6095 1.6341
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 527.1800
** - highly significant CV = 4.699 %
Appendix Table 6. Dry matter yield per plant 60 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
44
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
32.00
30.50
32.80
95.30
31.77
T2
54.00
55.00
52.00
161.00
53.68
T3
53.00
52.00
49.50
153.50
51.17
T4
41.00
38.50
44.60
124.10
41.37
T5
38.80
37.30
41.60
117.90
39.30
T6
55.60
48.00
51.80
153.40
51.80
T7
45.00
44.00
48.50
137.50
45.83
Total
319.40
304.30
321.00
944.70
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
45.62
43.47
45.85
44.986
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 24.2600 12.1300
Treatments 6 1142.6524 190.4421
38.96** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 58.6533 4.8878
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1225.5657
** - highly significant CV= 4.915 %
Appendix Table 7. Final dry matter yield per plant 70 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
45
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
34.00
32.00
38.00
104.00
34.67
T2
56.00
57.40
53.80
167.20
55.73
T3
54.80
52.00
51.00
157.8
52.60
T4
44.00
46.80
42.90
133.70
44.57
T5
42.80
39.00
45.00
126.80
42.27
T6
54.60
48.00
55.00
158.60
52.53
T7
46.30
46.40
50.00
142.70
47.57
Total
323.50
321.60
335.70
989.80
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
47.5
45.94
47.95
47.133
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 15.6124 7.8062
Treatments 6 956.6467 159.4411
22.86** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 82.7076 6.9756
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1055.9667
** - highly significant CV = 5.604 %
Appendix Table 8. Total yield of celery (tons/ha)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
46
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
52.80
62.70
66.00
181.50
60.52
T2
79.20
87.78
93.06
260.04
86.66
T3
79.20
77.22
81.84
238.26
79.40
T4
67.98
70.62
77.22
215.82
71.94
T5
66.66
69.96
69.96
209.22
69.75
T6
77.88
89.76
89.76
248.82
82.96
T7
66.00
74.48
74.48 209.12 69.70
Total
489.72
520.74
552.32
1562.78
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
69.96
74.39
78.90
74.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2
279.9188 139.9594
Treatments 6
1475.7980 245.9663
29.82 ** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 98.9631 8.2469
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
1854.6799
** - highly significant CV = 3.850 %
Appendix Table 9. Soil pH 15 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
47
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
5.00
4.95
4.95
14.90
4.97
T2
4.46
4.80
4.67
13.93
4.64
T3
4.66
5.14
4.80
14.60
4.87
T4
4.94
5.16
5.23
15.33
5.11
T5
5.45
5.12
5.32
15.89
5.30
T6
5.21
4.85
4.90
14.96
4.99
T7
4.86
5.02
4.93
14.81
4.94
Total
34.58 35.04 34.80
104.42
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.94
5.00
4.97
4.97
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0151 0.0076
Treatments 6 0.7352 0.1225 4.12* 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.3573 0.0298
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.1076
* significant CV = 3.47 %
Appendix Table 10. Soil pH 30 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
48
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.63
4.54
4.61
13.78
4.59
T2
4.38
4.32
4.27
12.97
4.32
T3
4.61
5.00
4.72
14.33
4.78
T4
4.87
5.02
4.93
14.82
4.94
T5
5.26
5.00
4.98
15.24
5.08
T6
4.87
4.79
4,90
14.56
4.85
T7
4.83
4.95
4.97
14.75
4.92
Total
33.45 33.62 33.38
100.45
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.28
4.80
4.77
4.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0044 0.0022
Treatments 6 1.1489 0.1915 13.91** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.1652 0.0138
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.3185
** - highly significant
CV = 2.453 %
Appendix Table 11. Soil pH 45 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
49
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.66
4.83
4.52
14.01
4.67
T2
4.18
4.27
4.30
12.75
4.25
T3
4.62
4.88
4.58
14.08
4.69
T4
4.81
4.96
4.90
14.67
4.89
T5
5.84
4.97
4.98
15.79
4.93
T6
4.61
4.89
4,85
14.35
4.78
T7
4.59
4.74
4.92
14.25
4.75
Total
32.31 33.54 33.05
98.9
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.61
4.79
4.72
4.71
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1096 0.0548
Treatments 6 0.9038 0.1906 14.63** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.1236 0.0103
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.3170
** - highly significant
CV = 2.155 %
Appendix Table 12. Soil pH 60 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
50
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.70
4.68
4.40
13.78
4.59
T2
4.23
3.98
4.20
12.41
4.14
T3
4.78
4.64
4.27
13.69
4.56
T4
4.68
4.49
4.60
13.77
4.59
T5
5.91
4.52
4.75
14.18
4.73
T6
4.49
4.56
4,78
13.83
4.61
T7
4.99
4.39
4.51
13.89
4.63
Total
32.78 31.26 31.51
95.55
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.68
4.46
4.50
4.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1893 0.0949
Treatments 6 0.6471 0.1079 3.36* 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.3851 0.0321
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.2220
* - highly significant
CV = 4.049 %
Appendix Table 13. Final soil pH
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
51
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.72
4.62
4.49
13.83
4.61
T2
4.45
3.96
4.28
12.69
4.23
T3
4.81
4.67
4.28
13.76
4.59
T4
4.72
4.37
4.80
13.89
4.63
T5
4.86
4.55
4.83
14.24
4.75
T6
4.58
4.60
4.86
14.04
4.68
T7
4.96
4.83
4.58
14.37
4.77
Total
33.1 31.60 32.12
96.82
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.72
4.51
4.58
4.61
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1519 0.0759
Treatments 6 0.5834 0.0972 2.79 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.4178 0.0348
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.1532
ns - not significant CV = 4.049 %
Appendix Table 14. Final organic matter content of the soil (%)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
52
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
0.97
0.87
0.81
2.65
0.883
T2
1.48
1.42
1.46
4.36
1.453
T3
1.62
1.64
1.68
4.94
1.646
T4
1.80
1.74
1.76
5.30
1.766
T5
1.48
1.50
1.52
4.50
1.500
T6
1.54
1.48
1.50
4.52
1.506
T7
1.68
1.70
1.64
5.02
1.673
Total
10.57
10.35
10.07
31.29
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.57
1.47
1.43
1.490
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0042 0.0021
Treatments 6 1.5134 0.2522 159.55** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.0189 0.0016
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.5366
** - highly significant CV = 2.669 %
Appendix Table 15. Available N 15 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
53
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
38.46
38.89
76.09
153.44
51.15
T2
115.38
116.66
76.08
308.12
102.71
T3
76.08
77.77
76.08
229.93
76.64
T4
39.77
81.39
80.45
201.61
67.20
T5
39.77
79.54
40.22
159.53
53.18
T6
78.65
77.77
117.97
247.39
91.46
T7
77.77
39.32
39.77
156.86
52.29
Total
465.88
511.34
506.66
1483.88
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
66.55
73.04
72.38
70.661
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 178.6439 89.3219
Treatments 6 7594.5985 1265.7664
2.52 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 6021.3523 501.7794
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 13794.5948
ns- not significant CV = 31.701 %
Appendix Table 16. Available N 30 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
54
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
76.08
74.46
188.17
62.72
T2
155.55
192.30
186.17
534.02
178.01
T3
117.97
77.77
153.84
349.58
116.53
T4
79.54
79.54
80.45
297.96
79.84
T5
79.54
78.65
39.77
197.96
65.99
T6
76.08
155.55
114.13
345.76
115.25
T7
116.66
116.66
78.65
311.97 103.99
Total
662.97
776.55
727.47
2166.99
______________________________________________________________________
Mean
94.71
110.93
103.92
103.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 927.1197
463.5598
Treatments 6 28464.8108
4744.1351 6.44** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 8845.1193 737.0933
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 38237.0498
** - highly significant CV = 26.310 %
Appendix Table 17. Available N 45 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
55
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
74.46
75.26
38.88
188.60
62.87
T2
188.17
190.21
157.17
535.55
178.52
T3
114.13
150.53
153.84
418.50
139.50
T4
157.30
116.66
116.66
390.62
130.21
T5
155.55
78.65
115.38
349.58
116.53
T6
153.84
155.55
116.66
426.05
142.02
T7
153.84
114.13
152.17
420.14
140.05
Total
997.29
880.99
850.76
2729.04
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
142.47
125.85
125.85
129.954
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 1710.0278 885.0139
Treatments 6 22133.6879 3688.9479
6.47** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 6844.5250 570.3771
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 30688.2407
** - highly significant CV = 18.378%
Appendix Table 18. Available N 60 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
56
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
38.04
37.23
112.90
37.63
T2
75.26
114.13
37.63
227.02
75.67
T3
76.08
75.26
76.08
227.42
75.81
T4
76.92
112.90
38.04
227.86
75.95
T5
76.92
38.88
38.46
154.26
51.42
T6
77.77
38.46
38.88
155.11
51.70
T7
38.04
77.77
38.46
154.27
51.42
Total
458.62
495.44
304.78
1258.84
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
65.51
70.77
43.57
59.945
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 2922.5568 1461.2784
Treatments 6 4398.8089
733.1348
1.51 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 5844.0788 487.0065
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 13165.4445
ns- not significant CV = 36.814 %
Appendix Table 19. Final available N content of the soil (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
57
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
37.63
38.04
113.30
37.77
T2
75.26
74.46
75.26
224.98
74.99
T3
76.92
38.46
38.46
153.84
51.28
T4
75.26
75.46
75.26
225.98
75.33
T5
75.26
75.26
37.63
188.15
62.72
T6
76.08
38.46
38.46
153.00
51.00
T7
38.46
38.04
76.08
153.88
50.86
Total
454.87
377.77
379.19
1211.83
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
64.98
53.96
54.17
57.706
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 555.8995 277.9497
Treatments 6 3495.4656
528.5776
2.14 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 3272.4620 272.7052
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 7323.8271
ns- not significant CV = 28.617 %
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009. Performance of Celery (Apium
graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic Materials as Source of Nitrogen.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Magdalena D. Pandosen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Experimental
Area, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2008 to April 2009 to; to determine the performance of celery grown in soil
amended with organic materials as source of nitrogen. Specifically, the study was
conducted to: 1] determine the effects of different organic materials on the growth and
yield of celery; 2] determine the influence of organic materials on some soil properties;
3] compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released at different
growth stages of celery; and 4] identify the potential organic material as soil amendment
and source of N for celery production.
Application of different organic materials improved the growth and yield and dry
matter yield of celery.
Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower in situ proved to be the best for
celery production.
All organic materials generally enhanced the OM and available N content of the
soil but at varied levels. The peak of the available N release was noted at 45 DAT.
Further, the soil pH was slightly decreased by the different organic materials
except chicken manure which lowered the value.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………… 3
Organic Matter ………….………………………………..………...…….. 3
Organic Fertilizer...……….……………………………………...………. 4
Chicken Manure………………….……………………………..………... 4
Wild Sunflower .………..………………………………………………. 5
Vermicompost ….. …………………………………………………….... 6
Compost ……………………………………………………………….… 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………..……. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………..…. 10
Fresh Weight Per Plant………….……………………………………….. 12
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant
at Different Growth Stages…………….………………….…………….. 13
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 15 DAT...…….………….………………..... 14
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 30 DAT ...……..…………….……….….…. 15
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 45 DAT ………………………….……..….... 16
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 60 DAT………………….………………...... 17
Final Dry Matter Yield Per Plant …......…………………………….…... 18
Total Yield of Celery……..……………………………………………….. 19
Soil pH at Different Growth Stages...…..…………………………….…. 20
Soil pH 15 DAT …………………………………………………...…….. 21
Soil pH 30 DAT …………………………………………………...……. 22
Soil pH 45 DAT …………………………………………………………. 23
Soil pH 60 DAT ...………………………………………………….......... 24
Final Soil pH…………………………………………………………........ 25
Final Organic Matter (OM) Content of the Soil……………… .……..….. 26
Available Nitrogen (N) at Different Growth Stages …..…………..…..… 27
Available Nitrogen (N) 15 DAT.……………..………………..….......... 28
Available Nitrogen (N) 30 DAT ……..………………………..….......... 29
Available Nitrogen (N) 45 DAT ……..………………………………….. 30
Available Nitrogen (N) 60 DAT ………..……………………...…...….... 31
Final Available Nitrogen Content of the Soil …………………..……..…. 32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………..
34
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 35
Recommendation ……………………………………………………. 35
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………… 36
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………..... 39
1
INTRODUCTION
Celery (Apium graveolens Var PS) is one of the crops that thrive best in the
Cordillera, Philippines. This is distinctly a cool season crop which thrives best in areas
with a monthly mean temperature ranging from 15-180C. It grows best on sandy or sandy
loam soil with sufficient organic matter and soil pH requirement ranging from 6.0 to 6.8
(Knott and Deanon, 1987). It has a high marketable demand and price due to its uses like
pre-dinner and appetizers, salad, flavoring, soap, juices, and dressing as well as an
excellent vegetable, either stewed or creamed (Thompson and Kelly, 1959). It is a good
source of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium and food energy (Knot and Deanon, 1967).
Besides food purposes, it is used in aromatherapy and other traditional way of healing.
Eating celery reduces high blood pressure and gives the effect of calmness. Celery clears
uric acid from painful joints and may also help the treatment of arthritis and rheumatic
problems. It also helps the kidney by acting as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant
(Hippocrates, 2006).
Celery has become one of the most profitable cash crops, however, its production
entails a lot of expenses from the use of inorganic fertilizers apart from destroying the
soil. Organic matter is the major source of nitrogen. Amending the soil with organic
materials is one of the best alternative sources of N because it is cheaper, available and
abundant in the locality. Instead of being thrown away as waste, they can be used as
fertilizers for the crops. Organic matter was reported to improve the soil properties and
have a long effect on the natural fertility of the soil.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
2
The study was conducted to:
1.
determine the effects of different organic materials on the growth and
yield of celery;
2. determine the influence of organic materials on some soil properties;
3.
compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released
at different growth stages of celery; and
4.
identify the potential organic material as soil amendment and source of N
for celery production.
This study was conducted at the Soil Science Department experimental area,
College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from November
2008 to March 2009.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Matter
Brady and Weil (2000) claimed that the organic matter binds mineral particles
into granular soil structure, reducing plasticity, cohesion and stickiness of clayey soils
which are largely responsible for the loose manageable condition of productive soils. It
also increases the amount of water that the soil can hold. They also stated that the
addition of organic mulch into the soil surface encourages earthworm activity, which in
turn leads to the production of burrows and other biosphere which in turn increases the
infiltration of water and decreases its loss as surface run off.
In 1987, Fellet as cited by Tuba-ang (2008) stated that when organic residues are
in the process of becoming soil humus, they supply some of the essential nutrients needed
by plants.
Aside from nutrient improvement of the soil properties, organic matter still gives
many more advantageous effects especially in the plant growth of crops (Brady and Weil,
1996). Various growth promoting compounds like vitamins, amino acids, auxins and
gibberellins are formed as organic matter decay.
Organic matter also increases the cation exchange capacity of the soil thereby
reducing leaching losses of elements such as calcium and magnesium. The mineralization
of the nutrient present in organic matter provides continuous supply of nitrogen, sulfur
and phosphorus to the crop (Tisdale and Nelson, 1975). Similar effect on soils was
corroborated by Brady and Weil (2000). In addition, the water holding capacity of the
soil was also enhanced together with other constituents for microorganisms are provided.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
4
Murakami (1991) stated that adding and returning of organic matter to the soil is
essential. It is only organic matter that can provide the necessary elements for growing
plants
Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizer supply some amount of the nutrient requirements of the crops
and promote favorable soil properties, such as granulation, good tilth for efficient
aeration, easy root penetration and improvement of water holding capacity (PCARRD,
1982)
Dao-ines, (1994) stated that organic fertilizers improve the soil structure and
conserve soil moisture making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetable
requires soil rich in organic matter.
In addition, Kinoshita (1972) stated that organic fertilizers or droppings contain
mainly of nitrogen which tends to improve the physical properties of the soil.
In 1996, Brady and Weil as cited by Lazo (2006) stated that both fulvic and humic
acid in the soil solution even in small quantities enhances certain aspects of plant growth.
Components of these substances probably act as regulator of specific plant functions such
as cell elongation and lateral root initiation.
Chicken Manure
Growth of plants applied with chicken dung is enhanced, resulting to higher
marketable yield. This superiority of chicken dung may be attributed to more nutrient
contents, readily available nutrients or combination of both (Eslay, 1996).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
5
Jones, (1982) likewise found that manure contains essential plant nutrients
especially nitrogen , phosphorus, and potassium as well as some trace elements not
generally found in chemical fertilizer.
A study of Sumedca (1988) revealed that application of 1 ton/ha chicken manure
enhances growth and yield of cabbage. Application of 4 tns /ha of chicken manure,
however was suggested by HARC (1986) for a strawberry field under La Trinidad
condition.
In 1986, Pandosen reported that potato tubers responded more to chicken manure
application. The weight of marketable tubers applied with chicken manure was higher
than the weight of marketable tubers applied with compost. Plants with no organic
manure recorded the lowest weight of marketable tubers. Moreover Labutan (1996),
revealed that plants applied with chicken manure had heavier yield than those applied
with mushroom compost.
Wild Sunflower
Wild sunflower which is abundant in the highlands can be a perfect substitute
organic nitrogen source and as starter of compost for it hastens further decomposition.
Sunflower also increases the nutrient content of compost (Victor, 1974). Through
laboratory analysis, Pandosen (1986) found that fresh wild sunflower contains 3.76%
nitrogen and wild sunflower based compost contains 3.22% nitrogen. It is therefore a
good source of organic nitrogen.
Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh wild sunflower is
effective in improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied 1 week before
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
6
planting time. In the case of garden pea, Durante (1983) claimed that application of 8
tons of fresh wild sunflower per hectare gave highest yield.
Vermicompost
Vermicomposting is the final phase of the compost processes where compost is
turned into dirt and is dominated by soil microorganisms as opposed to ordinary compost.
Ordinary compost needs to be digested well before it can give it’s full benefits, while
worm casting ( Vermicompost) are as ready for plant use (Acme Warm Farm, 2002) as
cited by Lagman (2003).
In addition, Williams et al. (1993) reported that Vermicompost help incorporate
organic matter, improve soil structure and enhance water movement through the soil
which improve plant root growth.
Vermicompost has a pH of 7-7.5 and a C: N ratio of 12-15:1. Through chemical
analysis it contains 1.75- 2.5 %N, about 1.25-2 %K, calcium, magnesium, sulphate which
are 3- 5% times better than farm manure. Iron, zinc, manganese and copper are 200 to
700 ppm while cobalt, molybdenum and boron are also in the soluble form in sufficient
quantities (Singh, 2001).
Further, vermicompost has a nutrient and organic matter level much higher than
that of the surrounding soil. Each day, they produce nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
many micronutrients in a form that all plants can use (IES, 1984).
Smith (1984) studied that worms make other contribution such as adding calcium
carbonate. A compound which help moderate the pH. Certain earthworms can help
change acid to alkaline soils toward a more neutral pH.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
7
Compost
Application of compost enriches the soil organic matter, and improves the
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Compost application builds up
the water absorbing capacity of the soil. Soils with compost have less water evaporation
than the soil without compost (Dagoon and Sangatanan, 1985). They added that
application of compost activates soil microorganisms consequently increasing the
availability of nutrients that plant feed on.
Tan (1975) as cited by Imong (2003) revealed that composts are used to improve
the soil conditions in various ways. It granulates the soil particles and makes it loose for
easy tillage and improves soil drainage aside from being a good source of plant nutrients.
Pel-o (2004) stated that composts increase the organic matter content of soil.
Addition of organic matter usually increases pH of acid soils.
Kinoshita (1972) as cited by Andaya (1996) reported that organic fertilizers such
as composts and manures are very important needs in vegetable production. They
maintain not only soil fertility but also continuous production of vegetables.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Organic materials such as Vermicompost, dry chicken manure, BSU compost,
fresh wild sunflower and fresh cabbage refuse, were gathered and chopped in the field.
Chemical reagents, glasswares and laboratory equipments, were used in the chemical
analysis.
Eight weeks old celery seedlings were first established in the nursery prior to
transplanting. Planting of seedlings were done per plot following a distance of 30x30 cm
double row with a total of 66 hills in a 10 m2 plot.
Organic materials, fresh wild sunflower, fresh cabbage refuse, and dry chicken
manure were placed and incorporated thoroughly at the center furrow of each plot. These
were covered with soil and left for 7 days before transplanting (DAT) following the
different treatments. Application of inorganic fertilizer at the rate of 120-120-120 kg/ha
N-P2O5-K2O. All the P and K and ½ of N were applied basally and the other half of N
was side dressed at hilling up. Other cultural management in growing celery like
weeding, irrigation, and other management practices were employed.
Destructive sampling was employed ay 15, 30, 45, 60 and 70 days after transplant
(DAT) for plant analysis. Random soil sampling was done by inserting a soil auger to a
depth of 20 cm, taking at least 5 borings on the designated area at the end each plot. The
soil and plant samples were taken simultaneously during the different growth stages of
celery, which are at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 70 DAT (harvest time).
The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
replicated three times with the following treatments:
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
9
Treatments:
T1- Control
T2-120-120-120-N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha
T3- 5 tons/ ha chicken manure
T4- 20 tons/ha Vermicompost
T5- 20 tons/ha BSU Compost
T6- 20 tons/ha Fresh Wild Sunflower
T7- 20 tons/ha Fresh Cabbage Refuse
The data gathered were:
A. Growth and Yield Parameters
1. Final height per plant (cm). Ten samples plants were randomly tagged from
different treatments for the determination of plants height.
2. Fresh weight per plant (kg). The fresh weight per plant was determined from
the same ten sample plants obt6ained in the determination of the final height sample
plants
3. Dry matter yield (DMY) per plant (gm). The plants were gathered 1 each per
treatment per growth stages and weighed for the determination of DMY. Plants were
chopped and sun dried, oven dried, weighed and average taken. The dry matter yield of
celery was obtained by drying the plant sample in a draft oven at a temperature of 700
Celsius, cooled in desiccator and weighed. The formula used was DMY = FW/
(1+%MC/100).
4. Total yield (kg/ha). The yield per plot was recorded and converted to tons per
hectare.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
10
B. Chemical Properties of the Soil
1. Soil pH. The pH of the soil was determined using the 1:2 CaCl2 solution by
electrometric method.
2. Organic matter content of the soil (%). The organic matter content of the soil
was analyzed using the Walkley and Black Method.
3. Available nitrogen (N) content of the soil (mg/kg). Ammonium nitrogen and
nitrate – nitrogen content of the soil at every growth stage were determined using the
Steam Distillation Method.
C. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis was done using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to test the level of significance between means.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height Per Plant
Table 1 shows that celery plants grown under the control registered the lowest
mean of 47.00 cm. Promising effects of different organic materials were observed on the
height of the plants. It is observed that the individual effects of fresh wild sunflower and
chicken manure were found to be comparable to the recommended rate with means of
55.96 cm and 55.40 cm respectively. The result implies that fresh wild sunflower applied
in situ at a rate of 20 tons/ha can enhance celery growth similar to the recommended
inorganic fertilizer. Chicken manure applied in situ at a rate of 5 tons/ha was next. These
were followed in the order by BSU compost, Vermicompost and fresh cabbage refuse.
Table 1. Final height per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
47.00c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
55.97a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
55.40a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
50.37b
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
51.39b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
55.96a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
49.04bc
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
12
Organic materials therefore, are good sources of nutrients and organic matter for plants.
In agreement Brady and Weil (2000) reported that organic matter is a source of plant
nutrients phosphorus, sulfur and a primary source of nitrogen for most plants. Dao-ines,
(1994) stated that organic fertilizer improve the soil structure and conserve soil moisture
making it ideal for vegetable production because vegetables requires soil rich in organic
matter.
Fresh Weight Per Plant
Among the organic materials applied, fresh wild sunflower (20 tons/ ha)
registered the highest fresh weight with a mean of 1.257 kg (Table 2). Plots treated with
chicken manure at a rate of 5 tons/ha followed with a mean of 1.203 kg. Vermicompost,
BSU compost and fresh cabbage refuse came next respectively. Lightest plants were
registered by the control. A study conducted by Durante (1983) showed that application
of 8 tons/ha of fresh wild sunflower registered heavier garden pea pods.
The weight per plant obtained from the above organic materials however, are in
comparable with that of the result obtained from the use of the recommended rate of
inorganic fertilizer. The result could be attributed to the higher amount of NPK from the
inorganic fertilizer. Nutrients derived from organic materials vary from material to
material. Further, these come in smaller amounts and the release is slow. Organic
materials which are residues of dead and dying plants materials are reservoirs of nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur, and other macronutrient elements essential for plant growth (Jones,
1982).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
13
Table 2. Fresh weight per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
0.92d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
1.31a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
1.20b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.09c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.06c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
1.26ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.06c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plants at Different Growth Stages
Dry matter yield at different growth stages is shown in Figure 1. The use of fresh
wild sunflower at a rate of 20 tons/ha outranked the other organic materials in dry matter
yield of celery at 15 DAT to harvest (68 DAT). Application of chicken manure at a rate
of 5 tons/ha ranked second and respectively followed by fresh cabbage refuse,
vermicompost, BSU compost each having a rate of 20 tons/ha. The lowest DMY was
obtained from the control. It is evident that application of the different organic materials
does not match that of the inorganic fertilizer, however, application of the organic
materials either as fresh or dry is better than the use of composted materials.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
14
Figure 1. Dry matter yield (DMY) per plant at different growth stages as affected by
different organic materials
60
50
T1
T2
40
T3
i
e
l
d
30
T4
a
t
t
e
r
Y
T5
20
r
y M
T6
D (g)10
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 15 DAT
The dry matter yield per plant at 15 DAT is shown in Table 3. Plants treated with
fresh wild sunflower (20 tons/ha) registered the highest DMY of 2.47 grams which
proved to be comparable to the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer of 2.40 grams.
The result implies the fast decomposition and release of nitrogen from wild sunflower
when freshly applied in situ. Pandosen (1986) stated that chopped fresh wild sunflower
alone, are fully decomposed in two weeks (14 days) thus faster release of essential
nutrients. In addition Yango (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh wild
sunflower is effective in improving the growth and yield of Bontoc rice when applied 1
week before planting time.
The lowest mean were observed in control.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
15
Table 3. Dry matter yield per plant 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
1.33d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
2.40ab
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
2.33ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.80bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.83bc
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
2.47a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.63cd
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 30 DAT
Dry matter yield of celery at 30 DAT amended with different organic materials as
a source of N is shown in Table 4. The highest DMY was obtained from plants grown in
plots treated with fresh wild sunflower with a mean of 13.467 grams. This result may be
due to the fast decomposition and high N content of the organic material, thus fast release
of nutrients to be utilized by the plants. Pandosen (1986) found that fresh application of
wild sunflower in situ proved to be better than sunflower-based compost in effecting
growth and yield of snap bean. Second to fresh wild sunflower is chicken manure
followed by Vermicompost, cabbage refuse and BSU compost.
The lowest dry matter yield was registered by the control.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
16
Table 4. Dry matter yield per plant 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
9.30d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
13.87a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
12.60b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
10.83c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
9.90cd
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
13.47ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
10.53c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 45 DAT
As the plants grow, they accumulate dry matter. It is shown in Table 5 that
amending the soil with organic materials like fresh wild sunflower, chicken manure fresh
cabbage refuse, vermicompost and BSU compost greatly increased the DMY 45 DAT in
their respective order. On the other hand, the control registered the lowest DMY 45 DAT.
It is also inferred in the result that dry or fresh organic materials, when applied in situ,
will result to a higher accumulated DMY than composted materials. This could be
attributed to the direct absorption of the released nutrients by the soil micelle in situ
where they are reserved for plant uptake, while composted materials may loose nutrients
during the decomposition process in the compost site. Santil (2009) stated that amending
the soil with either dry or fresh organic material to the field in situ gave better curd yield
of broccoli than the composted ones.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
17
Table 5. Dry matter yield per plant 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
18.83e
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
33.83a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
30.63bc
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
23.73d
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
23.73d
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
31.17b
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
28.47c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Dry Matter Yield Per Plant 60 DAT
Table 6 shows the dry matter yield of celery 60 DAT as affected by the different
organic materials as soil amendment and source of N. Application of fresh wild
sunflower with a mean of 51.8 g registered the highest. The use of chicken manure
cabbage refuse, vermicompost, BSU compost and control followed with means of 51.17,
45.83, 41.37, 39.30 and 31.77 grams respectively. The result may be due to the varied
decomposition rate and N contents of the organic materials. Cox and Jackson (1960)
found out that manure hasten decomposition process in soil because it contains many
organisms. American Corporation (1973) stated that organic manure when applied to the
soil release high amounts of nitrogen.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
18
Table 6. Dry matter yield per plant 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
31.77d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
53.67a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
51.17a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
41.37c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
39.30c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.80a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
45.83b
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Dry Matter Yield Per Plant
The dry matter yield of celery at harvest time is presented in Table 7. It is
observed that the effect of chicken manure and fresh wild sunflower are at par with the
recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer. The result implies that the fresh wild sunflower
and chicken manure, when added separately can provide the nutrient needs of celery.
This could be attributed to the varied nutrient contents of fresh wild sunflower and
chicken manure contents as previously mentioned. Jones (1982) found that manure
contains essential plants nutrients especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well
as some trace elements not generally found in chemical fertilizers.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
19
Table 7. Final dry matter yield per plant as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (g)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
34.67d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
55.73a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
52.60a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
44.57bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
42.27c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
52.53a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
47.57b
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total Yield of Celery
Table 8 shows the total yield of celery as affected by the different organic
materials. Application of fresh wild sunflower at a rate of 20 tons/ha produced the highest
mean total yield of 82.96 tons/ha. Plots treated with chicken manure at a rate of 5 tons/ha
came second with a mean of 79.40tons/ha and respectively followed by vermicompost,
BSU compost and fresh cabbage refuse, each having a rate of 20 tons per hectare and the
lowest mean were observed in the control. Result show that there’s a need to amend the
soil with organic materials as source of nutrient elements particularly N and enhance the
soil characteristics.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
20
Table 8. Total yield of celery as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (tons/ha)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
60.52d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
86.66a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
79.40b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
71.94c
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
69.75c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
82.96ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
69.70c
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Soil pH at Different Growth Stages
Figure 2 presents the soil pH as affected by the different organic materials at
different growth stages of celery. Amended plots with organic materials including the
control generally decreased soil pH 15 DAT to harvest (68 DAT). As observed from
early stage of the crop there was a decrease of soil pH from 15 to 45 DAT except for the
vermicompost and BSU compost with a slight decrease in value. On the other hand,
inorganic fertilizer (120-120-120 N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha) registered the lowest value of soil
pH of 4.23.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
21
Figure 2. Soil pH at different growth stages as affected by different organic materials
6
5
T1
T2
4
T3
3
l
pH
T4
S
oi
T5
2
T6
1
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Soil pH 15 DAT
Table 9 shows the pH of the soil 15 DAT as affected by different organic
materials as soil amendment and source of N. Plots treated with BSU compost (20
tons/ha) registered the highest soil pH of 5.30. Those plots treated with Vermicompost
(20 tons/ha) followed with a mean of 5.11. It appears that application of composted
materials increase the soil pH at an early growth stage while those applied either as dry or
fresh tend to decrease soil pH. This could be attributed to the release of organic acids
during the decomposition process. The lowest pH was obtained from plots treated with
chicken manure. This indicates the acidifying effect of chicken manure which close to the
effect of inorganic fertilizer.
Table 9. Soil pH 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
22
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.97bc
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.64c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.87bc
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
5.11ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
5.30a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.99ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.94bc
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
According to Davies et al. (1993) decomposed organic matter holds more
exchangeable and available nutrient cations such as Ca, Mg, and ammonium. The result
may be attributed to the readily available organic matter in retaining nutrients from
fertilizers applied but also in increasing the buffering capacity of the soil pH. Additions
of organic matter usually increase the pH of acid soils.
Soil pH 30 DAT
All of the soil pH 30 DAT as affected by the different organic materials
decreased, however, the highest soil pH was registered by those treated with composted
materials (Vermicompost and BSU compost), followed by those treated with fresh or dry
materials in situ. The lowest soil pH was observed in the control plots followed by those
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
23
Table 10. Soil pH 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.59c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.32d
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.78c
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.94ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
5.08a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.85b
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.92ab
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
treated with chicken manure as compared to the use of other organic materials. However,
acidification of the soil is greater still when inorganic fertilizers are used (Table 10).
Nelson and Tisdale (1975) stated that the additions of salts, such as those contained in
fertilizers, to sesquioxide-coated, interlayered minerals increase the hydrolysis of non
exchangeable Fe and Al resulting in an increase in the H+ ion concentration of the soil
solution, and hence a lower pH. The result conforms to the study of Fullen and Catt
(2004) that addition of organic matter increases in the soil pH of acid soils.
Soil pH 45 DAT
Table 11 shows the result of soil pH at 45 DAT as affected by the different
organic materials as soil amendment and as source of N. Obviously, plots treated with
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
24
Table 11. Soil pH 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.67b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.25c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.69b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.89a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.93a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.78ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.75ab
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
inorganic gave the lowest pH followed by the control (4.67) as compared to plots treated
with organic materials. The ammonium released from inorganic fertilizer undergoes
nitrification releasing H+ ion which lowers the soil pH (Tisdale and Nelson, 1975). It is
further observed from plots treated with organic materials that chicken manure
application registered the lowest pH compared to the others. This result could be
attributed to the fast decomposition rate and release of acids upon decomposition.
Soil pH 60 DAT
The pH of the soil 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials as
amendment and as a source of N is shown in Table 12. It is observed that the soil pH at
60 DAT further decreased but the slight changes are not significantly different among the
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
25
Table 12. Soil pH 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.59a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.14b
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.56a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.59a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.73a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.61a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.63a
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
organic materials. However, plots treated with chicken manure registered the lowest pH
which is comparable to the plots that received inorganic fertilizers. Results imply that
organic materials, upon decomposition release acids but minimal compared to those
released from inorganic fertilizers
Final Soil pH
Table 13 presents a slight increase in the final soil pH as affected by different
organic materials but the effect is negligible. It remains, however, that those treated with
chicken manure registered the lowest soil pH of 4.59 compared to the other organic
materials. The result implies a disadvantageous effect of chicken manure on the soil pH
even up to this growth stage (70 DAT).
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
26
Table 13. Final soil pH as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN
________________________________________________________________________
Control
4.61a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
4.23b
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
4.59a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
4.63a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
4.75a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
4.68a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
4.77a
Initial
4.88
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Organic Matter Content of the Soil
All of the organic materials applied in situ has soil amendment greatly increased the
organic matter content of the soil (Table 14). The lowest organic matter was obtained
from the control. Application of vermicompost registered the highest organic matter
content with a mean of 1.766%. Those treated with fresh cabbage refuse and dry chicken
manure followed with means of 1.673% and 1.646% respectively. According to IES,
(1984) it stated that vermicompost has a nutrient and organic matter level, much higher
than that of the surrounding soil. Each day, they produce nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
and many micronutrients in a form that all plants can use.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
27
Table 14. Final organic matter content of the soil
TREATMENT
MEAN (%)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
0.88d
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
1.45c
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
1.65b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
1.77a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
1.50c
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
1.51c
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
1.67b
Initial
0.81
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Available Nitrogen at Different Growth Stages
The available nitrogen as affected by the different organic materials at different
growth stages is shown in Figure 3. The use of organic materials generally increased the
available N content of the soil from an initial of 46.16 mg/kg. Application of fresh wild
sunflower gave the highest available N at 15 DAT, however at 30 DAT, a gradual
increase of available nitrogen from chicken manure in a dry state was observed.
The peak of the availability of nitrogen from organic materials is clear cut at 45 DAT. A
sudden decrease of available nitrogen was observed at 60 DAT then stabilized at 68 DAT
(harvest). Tuba-ang (2008) found that 13 weeks (90 days) incubation gave the highest
available nitrogen release, however, this is without a standing crop. Results reveal,
therefore, the influence of a crop on soil characteristics.
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
28
Figure 3. Available N at different growth stages as affected by different organic materials
200
180
T1
160
140
T2
kg)
g/ 120
T3
(
m
100
e
N
T4
80
i
l
a
bl
T5
va 60
A 40
T6
20
T7
0
15
30
45
60
70
DAT
Available Nitrogen 15 DAT
The available N content of the soil 15 DAT is shown in Table 15. Among the
organic materials used, fresh wild sunflower applied at a rate of 20 tons/ha registered the
highest mean of 91.46 mg/kg followed by chicken manure with a mean of 76.64 mg/kg.
This result could be due to the high N content of wild sunflower (3.76%) and its fast
decomposition rate. Through chemical analysis, Pandosen (1986) found that wild
sunflower has 3.76% N, 0.0077% P, 4.44% K, 1.90 % Ca and .39% Mg. Further, full
decomposition of wild sunflower is 2 weeks (14 days).
Application of inorganic fertilizer on the other hand, registered the highest mean
of 102.71 mg/kg. This is due to the fact that inorganic fertilizer releases nutrients faster
than organic materials. The result is supported by the statement of Bautista et al. (1983)
Table 15. Available N 15 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
29
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
51.15b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
102.71a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
76.64ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
67.20ab
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
53.18b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
91.46ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
52.29b
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
that inorganic fertilizers release great quantities of nutrients which can be easily absorbed
by the roots of the plants.
Available Nitrogen 30 DAT
The available nitrogen content of the soil 30 DAT as influenced by different
organic materials as soil amendment and source of N is shown in Table 16. Chicken
manure (5 tons/ha) was found to have released the highest available N (116.53 mg/kg)
among organic materials applied. This is followed by fresh wild sunflower (115.25
mg/kg) with a slight difference of 1.28 mg/kg. This result could be due to the high N
content of chicken manure. Pure chicken manure contains 5% of nitrogen. According to
Brady (1990) he stated that animal manure is a good source of nitrogen and it’s the best
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
30
Table 16. Available N 30 DAT as affected by different organic materials
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
62.72c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
178.01a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
116.53b
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
79.84bc
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
65.99bc
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
115.25bc
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
103.99bc
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
material for maintaining the nitrogen content of the soil. In addition the superiority of
chicken manure may be attributed to its readily available nutrients.
Available Nitrogen 45 DAT
After 45 DAT, The available N of the soil was greatly increased by the different
organic materials amended to the soil (Table 17). Obviously, the control registered the
lowest available N of 62.87 mg/kg because it only depended on N content of the soil.
Further observation shows that plots treated with fresh wild sunflower registered the
highest followed by fresh cabbage refuse and chicken manure. The result shows that
application of the organic materials in situ either fresh or dry release more N than those
composted materials. In addition, the peak of N release was notable at this growth stage.
Table 17. Available N 45 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
31
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
62.87c
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
178.52a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
139.50ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
130.21b
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
116.53b
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
142.02ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
140.05ab
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
This could be attributed to the succulence of freshly applied organic materials, fast
decomposition rate and high N content of the organic material and low C:N ratio.
Available Nitrogen 60 DAT
Table 18 shows the available nitrogen content of the soil as affected by the
different organic materials as a source of N. A notable decline on the available N content
of the soil 60 DAT was observed. The result indicates that the N contained in the organic
materials used were released and utilized between 45 to 60 DAT. Results imply that after
45 DAT, nutrient elements start to be depleted.
Table 18. Available N 60 DAT as affected by different organic materials
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
32
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
37.63a
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
75.67a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
75.81a
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
75.95a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
51.42a
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.70a
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
51.42a
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Available Nitrogen
The final available N in the soil is presented in Table 19. A decline in the available N in
the soil was observed as the plants grew older. It is inferred that plants utilized whatever
N is present in the soil. Further observation revealed that plots treated with vermicompost
(20 tons/ha) registered the highest available N with a mean of 75.33 mg/kg, indicating a
slow decomposition rate. The effect of vermicompost is more on physical properties
rather than on the available N released. According to Williams et al. (1993),
vermicompost helps incorporate organic matter, improve the soil structure, and increase,
and increase water movement through the soil and enhance plant root growth.
Table 19. Final available N content of the soil
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
33
TREATMENT
MEAN (mg/kg)
________________________________________________________________________
Control
37.77b
120-120-120 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O
74.99a
Dry chicken manure 5 tons/ha
51.28ab
Vermicompost 20 tons/ha
75.33a
BSU compost 20 tons/ha
62.72ab
Fresh wild sunflower 20 tons/ha
51.00ab
Fresh cabbage refuse 20 tons/ha
50.86ab
Initial
46.16
Means with the same letter/s are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
34
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Experimental
Area, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from
November 2008 to April 2009 to; 1) determine the effect of organic materials on the
growth and yield of celery; 2) determine the influence of organic materials on some soil
properties; 3) compare the soil pH, dry matter yield and amount of available N released at
different growth stages of celery; and 4) identify the potential organic material good for
celery production.
Results show that application of fresh wild sunflower in situ effected the growth
and yield in terms of final height, fresh weight per plant and DMY at different growth
stages and total yield of celery plants. The favorable influence of different organic
materials on the growth and yield performance are in the order: chicken manure,
vermicompost, BSU compost, and cabbage refuse.
On the other hand, the soil pH was decreased by the application of different
organic materials at an early growth stage (15 DAT). However, as the materials
decomposed, the pH at 45 days after transplanting were slightly increased from soils
applied with BSU compost and vermicompost over the initial pH value. Further
observation showed that application of chicken manure decreased the soil pH to a greater
extent that it almost leveled with the acidifying effect of inorganic fertilizer. OM content
of the soil, on the other hand, was enhanced by all the organic materials used, however,
the use of vermicompost gave the highest final OM at harvest.
A general increase in the available N in the soil at different growth stages of
celery was observed. The peak of the rate of available N released from the different
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
35
organic materials was noted at 45 DAT. However, fresh wild sunflower proved to be the
best for celery production followed by chicken manure, vermicompost, fresh cabbage
refuse, BSU compost and the control, the last.
Conclusions
Proven from the results and findings, the following conclusions were made;
1) Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower in situ is the best soil amendment and
N source for celery production; 2) Application of different organic materials can
improve the organic matter and nitrogen contents of the soil.
Recommendations
Application of 20 tons/ha fresh wild sunflower is recommended for celery
production. A follow up study is also recommended to verify findings and conclusions.
LITERATURE CITED
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
36
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BRADY, N. C. and R. R. WEIL 1996. The nature and properties of the soil. 11th edition.
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COX, J.F. and D.M. JACKSON 1960. Crop Improvement and Soil Conservation. 2nd
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Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
37
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Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
38
SINGH, D. 2001. Tropical Vermiculture. http;//www. Searle.com.au! Organic 20%
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APPENDICES
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
39
Appendix Table 1. Final height per plant (cm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
46.72 48.49 45.80 141.01 47.003
T2
56.51 55.00
56.39
107.96
55.967
T3
55.11
55.21
55.89
105.56
55.403
T4
51.85
51.02
48.25
98.93
50.373
T5
52.20
53.89
48.08
104.24
51.390
T6
55.92
55.87
56.09
99.21
55.960
T7
49.84
50.81
47.09
106.36
49.037
Total
368.15 369.66 357.59
1095.40
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
52.59
52.81
51.08
52.162
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
________________________________________________________________________
Blocks 2
12.3562
6.17806
Treatments 6 238.7442
39.7907 19.99** 3.00 4.82
Error 12
23.8896
1.9908
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
274.9899
**- highly significant CV = 2.705 %
Appendix Table 2. Fresh weight per plant (kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
40
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
0.80
0.95
1.00
2.75
0.917
T2
1.20
1.33
1.41
3.94
1.313
T3
1.20
1.17
1.24
3.61
1.203
T4
1.03
1.07
1.17
3.27
1.090
T5
1.01
1.10
1.06
3.17
1.057
T6
1.18
1.23
1.36
3.77
1.257
T7
1.00
1.04 1.13 3.17
1.056
Total
7.42
7.89
8.37
23.68
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.05
1.13
1.20
1.128
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2
0.0644
0.0322
Treatments 6
1.3386
0.0564
29.79 ** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.0227 0.0564
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
0.4257
** - highly significant CV = 3.859 %
Appendix Table 3. Dry matter yield per plant 15 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
41
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
1.20
0.90
1.30
3.40
1.33
T2
1.90
2.30
3.00
7.20
2.40
T3
2.40
2.10
2.50
7.00
2.33
T4
2.00
1.80
1.60
5.40
1.80
T5
1.80
1.70
2.00
5.50
1.83
T6
2.10
3.0
2.30
7.40
2.47
T7
1.30
1.70
1.90
4.90
1.63
Total
12.70
13.50
14.60
40.8
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.81
1.92
2.08
1.943
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.2600 0.1300
Treatments 6 4.2581 0.7096 6.58** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 1.2933 0.1078
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 30688.2407
** - highly significant CV = 16.898%
Appendix Table 4. Dry matter yield per plant 30 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
42
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
8.90
9.40
9.60
27.90
9.30
T2
14.20
13.00
14.40
41.60
13.87
T3
13.00
10.80
14.00
37.80
12.60
T4
11.00
10.30
11.20
32.50
10.83
T5
9.40
10.00
10.30
29.70
9.90
T6
13.00
12.50
14.90
40.40
13.47
T7
10.60
10.00
11.00
31.60
10.53
Total
80.1
76.00
85.40
241.50
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
11.44
10.85
12.20
11.500
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 6.3457 3.1729
Treatments 6 58.3733
9.7288
23.34** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 5.0009
0.4167
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 69.7200
** - highly significant CV = 5.614 %
Appendix Table 5. Dry matter yield per plant 45 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
43
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
19.00
18.50
19.00
56.50
18.33
T2
33.70
34.30
33.50
101.50
33.83
T3
32.00
28.50
31.40
91.90
30.63
T4
26.40
24.00
20.80
71.20
23.73
T5
24.00
23.20
24.00
71.20
23.73
T6
31.70
30.80
31.00
93.50
31.17
T7
28.40
28.00
29.00
85.40
28.47
Total
195.20
187.30
188.70
571.20
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
27.88
26.75
26.95
27.200
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 5.0771 2.5386
Treatments 6 501.4933 83.5822
51.15** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 19.6095 1.6341
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 527.1800
** - highly significant CV = 4.699 %
Appendix Table 6. Dry matter yield per plant 60 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
44
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
32.00
30.50
32.80
95.30
31.77
T2
54.00
55.00
52.00
161.00
53.68
T3
53.00
52.00
49.50
153.50
51.17
T4
41.00
38.50
44.60
124.10
41.37
T5
38.80
37.30
41.60
117.90
39.30
T6
55.60
48.00
51.80
153.40
51.80
T7
45.00
44.00
48.50
137.50
45.83
Total
319.40
304.30
321.00
944.70
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
45.62
43.47
45.85
44.986
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 24.2600 12.1300
Treatments 6 1142.6524 190.4421
38.96** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 58.6533 4.8878
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1225.5657
** - highly significant CV= 4.915 %
Appendix Table 7. Final dry matter yield per plant 70 DAT (g)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
45
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
34.00
32.00
38.00
104.00
34.67
T2
56.00
57.40
53.80
167.20
55.73
T3
54.80
52.00
51.00
157.8
52.60
T4
44.00
46.80
42.90
133.70
44.57
T5
42.80
39.00
45.00
126.80
42.27
T6
54.60
48.00
55.00
158.60
52.53
T7
46.30
46.40
50.00
142.70
47.57
Total
323.50
321.60
335.70
989.80
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
47.5
45.94
47.95
47.133
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 15.6124 7.8062
Treatments 6 956.6467 159.4411
22.86** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 82.7076 6.9756
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1055.9667
** - highly significant CV = 5.604 %
Appendix Table 8. Total yield of celery (tons/ha)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
46
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
52.80
62.70
66.00
181.50
60.52
T2
79.20
87.78
93.06
260.04
86.66
T3
79.20
77.22
81.84
238.26
79.40
T4
67.98
70.62
77.22
215.82
71.94
T5
66.66
69.96
69.96
209.22
69.75
T6
77.88
89.76
89.76
248.82
82.96
T7
66.00
74.48
74.48 209.12 69.70
Total
489.72
520.74
552.32
1562.78
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
69.96
74.39
78.90
74.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2
279.9188 139.9594
Treatments 6
1475.7980 245.9663
29.82 ** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 98.9631 8.2469
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20
1854.6799
** - highly significant CV = 3.850 %
Appendix Table 9. Soil pH 15 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
47
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
5.00
4.95
4.95
14.90
4.97
T2
4.46
4.80
4.67
13.93
4.64
T3
4.66
5.14
4.80
14.60
4.87
T4
4.94
5.16
5.23
15.33
5.11
T5
5.45
5.12
5.32
15.89
5.30
T6
5.21
4.85
4.90
14.96
4.99
T7
4.86
5.02
4.93
14.81
4.94
Total
34.58 35.04 34.80
104.42
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.94
5.00
4.97
4.97
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0151 0.0076
Treatments 6 0.7352 0.1225 4.12* 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.3573 0.0298
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.1076
* significant CV = 3.47 %
Appendix Table 10. Soil pH 30 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
48
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.63
4.54
4.61
13.78
4.59
T2
4.38
4.32
4.27
12.97
4.32
T3
4.61
5.00
4.72
14.33
4.78
T4
4.87
5.02
4.93
14.82
4.94
T5
5.26
5.00
4.98
15.24
5.08
T6
4.87
4.79
4,90
14.56
4.85
T7
4.83
4.95
4.97
14.75
4.92
Total
33.45 33.62 33.38
100.45
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.28
4.80
4.77
4.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0044 0.0022
Treatments 6 1.1489 0.1915 13.91** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.1652 0.0138
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.3185
** - highly significant
CV = 2.453 %
Appendix Table 11. Soil pH 45 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
49
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.66
4.83
4.52
14.01
4.67
T2
4.18
4.27
4.30
12.75
4.25
T3
4.62
4.88
4.58
14.08
4.69
T4
4.81
4.96
4.90
14.67
4.89
T5
5.84
4.97
4.98
15.79
4.93
T6
4.61
4.89
4,85
14.35
4.78
T7
4.59
4.74
4.92
14.25
4.75
Total
32.31 33.54 33.05
98.9
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.61
4.79
4.72
4.71
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1096 0.0548
Treatments 6 0.9038 0.1906 14.63** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.1236 0.0103
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.3170
** - highly significant
CV = 2.155 %
Appendix Table 12. Soil pH 60 days after transplanting (DAT)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
50
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.70
4.68
4.40
13.78
4.59
T2
4.23
3.98
4.20
12.41
4.14
T3
4.78
4.64
4.27
13.69
4.56
T4
4.68
4.49
4.60
13.77
4.59
T5
5.91
4.52
4.75
14.18
4.73
T6
4.49
4.56
4,78
13.83
4.61
T7
4.99
4.39
4.51
13.89
4.63
Total
32.78 31.26 31.51
95.55
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.68
4.46
4.50
4.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1893 0.0949
Treatments 6 0.6471 0.1079 3.36* 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.3851 0.0321
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.2220
* - highly significant
CV = 4.049 %
Appendix Table 13. Final soil pH
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
51
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
4.72
4.62
4.49
13.83
4.61
T2
4.45
3.96
4.28
12.69
4.23
T3
4.81
4.67
4.28
13.76
4.59
T4
4.72
4.37
4.80
13.89
4.63
T5
4.86
4.55
4.83
14.24
4.75
T6
4.58
4.60
4.86
14.04
4.68
T7
4.96
4.83
4.58
14.37
4.77
Total
33.1 31.60 32.12
96.82
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
4.72
4.51
4.58
4.61
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCESOF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.1519 0.0759
Treatments 6 0.5834 0.0972 2.79 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.4178 0.0348
_______________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.1532
ns - not significant CV = 4.049 %
Appendix Table 14. Final organic matter content of the soil (%)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
52
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
0.97
0.87
0.81
2.65
0.883
T2
1.48
1.42
1.46
4.36
1.453
T3
1.62
1.64
1.68
4.94
1.646
T4
1.80
1.74
1.76
5.30
1.766
T5
1.48
1.50
1.52
4.50
1.500
T6
1.54
1.48
1.50
4.52
1.506
T7
1.68
1.70
1.64
5.02
1.673
Total
10.57
10.35
10.07
31.29
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
1.57
1.47
1.43
1.490
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 0.0042 0.0021
Treatments 6 1.5134 0.2522 159.55** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 0.0189 0.0016
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 1.5366
** - highly significant CV = 2.669 %
Appendix Table 15. Available N 15 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
53
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
38.46
38.89
76.09
153.44
51.15
T2
115.38
116.66
76.08
308.12
102.71
T3
76.08
77.77
76.08
229.93
76.64
T4
39.77
81.39
80.45
201.61
67.20
T5
39.77
79.54
40.22
159.53
53.18
T6
78.65
77.77
117.97
247.39
91.46
T7
77.77
39.32
39.77
156.86
52.29
Total
465.88
511.34
506.66
1483.88
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
66.55
73.04
72.38
70.661
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 178.6439 89.3219
Treatments 6 7594.5985 1265.7664
2.52 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 6021.3523 501.7794
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 13794.5948
ns- not significant CV = 31.701 %
Appendix Table 16. Available N 30 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
54
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
76.08
74.46
188.17
62.72
T2
155.55
192.30
186.17
534.02
178.01
T3
117.97
77.77
153.84
349.58
116.53
T4
79.54
79.54
80.45
297.96
79.84
T5
79.54
78.65
39.77
197.96
65.99
T6
76.08
155.55
114.13
345.76
115.25
T7
116.66
116.66
78.65
311.97 103.99
Total
662.97
776.55
727.47
2166.99
______________________________________________________________________
Mean
94.71
110.93
103.92
103.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 927.1197
463.5598
Treatments 6 28464.8108
4744.1351 6.44** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 8845.1193 737.0933
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 38237.0498
** - highly significant CV = 26.310 %
Appendix Table 17. Available N 45 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
55
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
74.46
75.26
38.88
188.60
62.87
T2
188.17
190.21
157.17
535.55
178.52
T3
114.13
150.53
153.84
418.50
139.50
T4
157.30
116.66
116.66
390.62
130.21
T5
155.55
78.65
115.38
349.58
116.53
T6
153.84
155.55
116.66
426.05
142.02
T7
153.84
114.13
152.17
420.14
140.05
Total
997.29
880.99
850.76
2729.04
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
142.47
125.85
125.85
129.954
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 1710.0278 885.0139
Treatments 6 22133.6879 3688.9479
6.47** 3.00 4.82
Error 12 6844.5250 570.3771
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 30688.2407
** - highly significant CV = 18.378%
Appendix Table 18. Available N 60 DAT (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
56
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
38.04
37.23
112.90
37.63
T2
75.26
114.13
37.63
227.02
75.67
T3
76.08
75.26
76.08
227.42
75.81
T4
76.92
112.90
38.04
227.86
75.95
T5
76.92
38.88
38.46
154.26
51.42
T6
77.77
38.46
38.88
155.11
51.70
T7
38.04
77.77
38.46
154.27
51.42
Total
458.62
495.44
304.78
1258.84
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
65.51
70.77
43.57
59.945
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 2922.5568 1461.2784
Treatments 6 4398.8089
733.1348
1.51 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 5844.0788 487.0065
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 13165.4445
ns- not significant CV = 36.814 %
Appendix Table 19. Final available N content of the soil (mg/kg)
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
57
TREATMENT
REPLICATION TOTAL MEAN
I
II
III
T1
37.63
37.63
38.04
113.30
37.77
T2
75.26
74.46
75.26
224.98
74.99
T3
76.92
38.46
38.46
153.84
51.28
T4
75.26
75.46
75.26
225.98
75.33
T5
75.26
75.26
37.63
188.15
62.72
T6
76.08
38.46
38.46
153.00
51.00
T7
38.46
38.04
76.08
153.88
50.86
Total
454.87
377.77
379.19
1211.83
________________________________________________________________________
Mean
64.98
53.96
54.17
57.706
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCES OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES F .05 .01
Blocks 2 555.8995 277.9497
Treatments 6 3495.4656
528.5776
2.14 ns 3.00 4.82
Error 12 3272.4620 272.7052
________________________________________________________________________
Total 20 7323.8271
ns- not significant CV = 28.617 %
Performance of Celery (Apium graveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic
Materials as Source of Nitrogen. BERNARD, RANDY M. OCTOBER 2009
Document Outline
- Performance of Celery (Apiumgraveolens var PS) on Soil Amended with Organic Materials as Source of Nitrogen
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED