BIBLIOGRAPHY PACIO, MARK STEFAN M....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PACIO, MARK STEFAN M. APRIL 2010. Effect of Time of Application and
Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.
var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Magdalena D. Pandosen, MSc
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science Organic Demo
Farm, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November to February 2009
to determine the effect of time of application of wild sunflower on the yield of lettuce and
some soil properties; determine the effect of different rates of wild sunflower on the yield
of lettuce and some soil properties; and, determine the interaction effect between time of
application and different rates of wild sunflower on the yield of lettuce and some soil
properties.
Time of fresh wild sunflower application and different rates of wild sunflower
were the factors studied. Fresh wild sunflower application was done one week and two
weeks before planting. The different rates of wild sunflower added were 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5, and 15 tons/ha.
Increasing rates of fresh wild sunflower application significantly increases the
yield and shelf-life of lettuce provided it is applied one week before planting. Further, 15
t/ha fresh wild sunflower is best for lettuce production. Likewise, wild sunflower
improves the soil physical properties like Db, and WHC; chemical properties like pH,
OM, N, P, and K content of the soil.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Bibliography.…………………………………………………….…………………
i
Abstract……………………..……………….……………………………………..
i
Table of Contents……………….……………………………………..…………..
ii
INTRODUCTION…………………..……………………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………….. 3
Effect of Wild Sunflower………………………………………………….
3
Effect of Organic Fertilizers
on Plant Growth……………………………………………………………
4
Effect of Organic Fertilizers
on Post Harvest Quality………….………………………..……………….
4
Effect of Organic Fertilizers
On Soil……………………………………………………………..………
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS………..………..……………………………….
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………….
9
Soil Physical Properties……….…………………………………………...
9
Bulk Density (Db) of the Soil……………………………………...
9
Effect of time of application ………………………………
9
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower …………………………………………………..
9
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower …………………………………… 10
Water Holding Capacity (WHC)
of the Soil…………….……..……………………………. 11
Effect of time of application …………………………….. 11
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 12
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
12
Soil Chemical Properties…………………………………….…………….
12
Soil pH………………………………………..……………………
13
Effect of time of application ……………………………… 13
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 13
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
14
Organic Matter (OM) Content
of the Soil……………………………………………..……...……
15
Effect of time of application ………………………… …
15
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower …………………………………………………. 15
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
15
Total Nitrogen (N) Content
of the Soil…………………………………………………………
17
Effect of time of application …………………………..…
17
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower …………………………………………………
18
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
18
Available Phosphorus (P) Content
of the Soil ………………………………………………………....
19
Effect of time of application ………………………………
19
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 19
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
19
Exchangeable Potassium (K) Content
of the Soil………………………………………………………….
20
Effect of time of application ………………………………
20
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower …………………………………………………
21
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
22
Horticultural Parameters ………………………………………………….. 22
Total Yield per Plot ……………………………………………….
23
Effect of time of application ……………………………..
22
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 22
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ………………………...................
23
Computed Total Yield
per Hectare…………………………………………………….....
24
Effect of time of application ……………………………..
24
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 25
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ……………………………………
26
Shelf-life…………………………………………………………...
27
Effect of time of application ……………………………... 27
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 27
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower …………………………………...
27
Weight Loss……………………………………….……………….
28
Effect of time of application ………………………………
28
Effect of rates of wild
sunflower ………………………………………………… 29
Interaction effect between
time of application and
rates of wild sunflower ………………………………….... 30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION……………………
31
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………….
32
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………..
36
1
INTRODUCTION
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Linn) is a widely cultivated and universally grown
vegetable crop. In the Philippines, lettuce is considered as one of the most important
salad crop. Beside its palatable taste, lettuce is also popular due to its nutritive content.
Lettuce is usually grown in semi-temperate areas like Benguet. Production of
lettuce is fast income generating. Income is dependent however, on the yield and quality
of lettuce produced which are also affected by the agricultural practices employed.
Since lettuce is an important salad crop, good quality must be produced to satisfy
consumer demand. This could be attained through proper nutrition especially with
nitrogen that promotes vigorous vegetative growth. However, dependence on the use of
the chemical fertilizers without realizing its deleterious effects on the soil and
environment will eventually result to low quality production.
Organic fertilization in lettuce is an important way of improving the quality of the
crop. Organic fertilizers are good sources of nutrients for plant growth and also improve
soil structure. In sustainable agriculture, organic fertilizers are most required and
recommended.
Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages in terms of soil
improvement and conservation, good yield, and high quality of produce. There is an
assured reduction in production cost. Organic residues are easily obtained from
decomposed weeds, rice straws, alnus compost, etc. The fibrous portion of the organic
matter improves the physical properties. Its high humus content granulates sandy soils
and improves their nutrient and water holding capacity.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
2
Organic fertilizer application helps to improve soil properties and help maintain
stable soil moisture content. Because they contain a wide variety of nutrient elements,
they also help adjust and improve the nutrient balance in the soil. Improvement of soil
tilth and texture, increase in soil fertility and reduced fertilizer cost are the most
important benefits from organic fertilizers (Brady, 2000).
Wild sunflower has been known to be a good source of Nitrogen (N). Besides
being free, it is abundant in farms. Sunflower, as an organic fertilizer ensures vigorous
growth of plants and influences nutrient absorption due to its role in granulation thereby
improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Pandosen, 1986).
It is therefore necessary to study the use of organic fertilizers like wild sunflower
as an amendment and supplement to the soil as they improve the growth, yield, and
performance of lettuce.
The study was conducted to:
1. Determine the effect of time of wild sunflower application on the yield
of lettuce and some soil properties;
2. Determine the effect of different rates of wild sunflower on the yield of
lettuce and some soil properties; and,
3. Determine the interaction effect between time of wild sunflower
application and different rates of wild sunflower on the yield of lettuce and some soil
properties of the soil.
The study was conducted at the Soil Science Experimental area, College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November to February
2009.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Effect of Wild Sunflower
Umayat (1980) reported that extracts from wild sunflower can be used as
alternative control of weed manifestation. Aside from that, it inhibits the germination of
weed seeds when used as mulch in the field.
Bulwayan (1983) stated that as the rate of wild sunflower was raised from 3-6
tons per hectare, the weight of root nodule correspondingly increased. Further, as the rate
of sunflower increases, the N content of the soil also increases.
Durante (1983) also claimed that application of 8 tons of fresh wild sunflower per
hectare gave the highest mean yield in green pods of garden pea.
Pandosen (1986) claimed that the fresh chopped wild sunflower fertilized to snap
beans gave better results in terms of growth and yield, physical and chemical properties
in the soil and nutrient content of the plants than sunflower- based compost. Moreover,
the experiments conducted proved that wild sunflower is a potential as an organic
fertilizer for snap bean production.
According to Adchak (1993), application of 60 kg/ha urea in combination with 15
tons chopped fresh wild sunflower improved the growth and yield of cabbage plants.
Likewise, improved physical and chemical properties of the soil were also observed.
De la Cruz (1998) found that incorporation of chopped fresh sunflower was
effective in improving the growth and yield of cabbage rice when applied one week
before planting time.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
4
Effect of Organic Fertilizers on
Plant Growth
Organic fertilizer provides some of the elements essential for proper plant growth.
It assures farmers of lower stable fertilizer cost and reliable local raw materials. Organic
fertilizers are at least 50% to 60% cheaper than chemical fertilizers and is still effective in
increasing the fertility of the soil (Anon, Bulletin Today, 1982)
Plants fertilized with chicken manure were claimed to mature earlier and were
taller than the plants fertilized with sawdust, cow manure and pig manure (Toledo, 1982).
Effect of Organic Fertilizers on
Post Harvest Quality
Lungabas (1996) as cited by Lingaling (2006) claimed that compost appeared to
enhance the post harvest quality of tomato. She indicated the good visual quality rating
after storage, less loss of fruit quality and enhances sweetness of tomato. Furthermore,
she stated that compost enhances the period from freshness to shriveling of tomato and
she had recorded the longest shelf- life of tomato.
Koshino (1990) reported that nutrient elements from organic fertilizers are
released slowly which is particularly important in avoiding salt injury, ensuring a
continues supply of nutrients throughout the growing season and in producing better
quality products.
Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Soil
One of the most efficient ways of growing crops with the aid of productive soils is
the use of organic fertilizer which are obtained through decomposition of plants and
animal’s residue, which are now manufactured and available in the market. These organic
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
5
fertilizer do not only supply the necessary nutrient by the plants but application or
through incorporation in the soil before planting can also improve the soil structures and
conserve soil moisture, making it ideal for vegetables production because vegetables
require soils rich in organic matter (Daoines, 1994).
Organic fertilizer increase organic matter content. As a result, soil alkalinity is
increased. In addition, simple supply of organic matter helps to keep the soil loose and
prevents packing, facilitates digging and cultivating, enable roots of crops to penetrate the
soil, readily increases water holding capacity, and provides food for the growth in the
form of essential nutrients needed by the plants (Cooke, 1992). In addition, organic
matter binds particles into granular soil structure which is largely responsible for the
loose, easily managed condition of a productive soil. It also increases the amount of water
the soil can hold and proportion for plant growth (Brady and Weil, 2000).
Mabazza (1997) also claimed that organic fertilizers turn heavy soil lighter, more
crumbly, friable and they hold light soil particles together to act as anchor against erosion
and to increase the water holding capacity of the soil. They provide some of the large
quantities of N needed by plants and release nutrients present in the soil by turning them
into soluble compounds that can be absorbed by the roots of plants. Finally, they carry
considerable quantities of elements often insufficient in the soil and provide readily
available microelements, both activities promotes plant growth.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Romaine lettuce seeds (var. xanadu) were sown in plastic seedling trays. An area
of 210 square meters were thoroughly prepared for planting. This was subdivided into 42
plots measuring 1 x 5 meters each. The field layout followed the Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) involving factorial arrangement. The level of significance was
tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There were 14 treatment
combinations with 3 replications. The treatments were as follows:
FACTOR A – Time of Application
T1 = One week before planting
T2 = Two weeks before planting
FACTOR B – Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
R1 = Control
R2 = 2.5
R3 = 5.0
R4 = 7.5
R5 = 10.0
R6 = 12.5
R7 = 15.0
Young shoots of fresh wild sunflower measuring one foot long from the tip to the
base were gathered and chopped or shredded. These were incorporated to the soil at a
depth of 15 cm. The treatments requiring wild sunflower application two weeks before
planting (T2) were prioritized followed by application one week before planting (T1). At
exactly a week after, the lettuce seedlings were transplanted to all experimental plots.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
7
Strict implementation of other cultural management practices were done to ensure
normal growth and development.
The data gathered were as follows:
A. Soil Physical Properties
1. Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3). The bulk density was determined using
the core method. Db was computed using the formula
Db = Wt. of soil bulk (g)_
Vol. of soil (cm3)
Vol. of soil = vol. of core sampler
Vol. of core sampler = π r2h
2. Water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil (%). The water holding capacity
was determined through saturation method. The core samplers were packed with soil then
the bottom of the cylinders were soaked in water to be saturated through capillarity.
%WHC = Wt. of saturated soil - oven dry wt of soil (g) x 100
Weight of saturated soil (g)
B. Soil Chemical Properties
1. Soil pH. The initial and final soil pH were obtained using the pH meter in a
1:2.5 CaC12 solutions.
2. OM content of the soil (%). OM content of the soil was analyzed using the
Walkley and Black method.
3. Total Nitrogen nontent of the soil (%). The nitrogen content of the soil was
derived from OM by multiplying percent OM with 0.05.
4. Available Phosphorus content of the soil (ppm). The available phosphorous
content of the soil was analyzed using Bray No. 2 method.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
8
5. Exchangeable Potassium content of the soil (ppm). Exchangeable
Potassium content of the soil was determined using the Flame photometer method.
C. Horticultural Parameters:
a. Total yield (kg/5m2). This is the total weight of marketable and non-
marketable per plot.
b. Computed total yield (t/ha). This was obtained by converting the yield per
plot into tons per hectare.
Total yield in (t/ha) = Total weight (kg) x 10,000m2 /ha x 1 ton/1000 kg
5m2
D. Post Harvest Quality
1. Shelf-life. Representative samples per treatment were laid out on a table at
room temperature. The number of days from storage up to the time it was unfit for
consumption (e.g. discoloration, deformation of lettuce) were counted.
2. Weight loss. Weight loss was taken by subtracting the final weight of
sample per treatment from the initial weight of the sample.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Soil Physical Properties
Bulk Density (Db) of the Soil.
Bulk density is one of the soil parameters that favours yield. Lower bulk density
means the soil has better permeability for air and water exchange such that root
respiration and water absorption is facilitated. Mclaren (1990) stressed that higher bulk
density as an effect of compaction can influence root growth by inhibiting its
proliferation and density. This will result to poor essential nutrient absorption.
Organic matter can contribute to the improvement of bulk densities of soils.
Humus from the decomposed organic matter can facilitate soil granulation and
aggregation hereby creating pore spaces by its flocculating effect. This will give spaces
for root enlargement and penetration to the lower horizon of the soil profile.
Effect of time of application . Table 1 shows no significant effect of time of wild
sunflower application on the bulk density of the soil. Results imply that regardless of
whether wild sunflower is applied one week or two weeks before planting, bulk density
of the soil is affected.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. Bulk density was not significantly affected by
the rates of wild sunflower applied to the soil. However, it can be noted that the control
shows the highest bulk density while those applied with an increasing amount of wild
sunflower resulted to a decreasing bulk density.
It is observed that as the soil is applied with increasing rates from 2.5 to 12.5 t/ha
wild sunflower, the bulk density is also decreasing although the differences between
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
10
means are not statistically significant due to the slight differences. The result could be
attributed to the low rate increase.
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. Bulk
density of the soil was not significantly affected by the time and rates of application of
wild sunflower as shown in Table 1. Application of 2.5 to 12.5 tons/ha showed slight
differences irrespective of the time and rate of sunflower application.
Table 1. Bulk density (Db) of the soil as affected by time of application and rates of wild
sunflower
TREATMENT
Db (g/cm3)
Time of Application
One week before planting
1.068 a
Two weeks before planting
1.073 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
1.289 a
2.5
1.180 a
5.0
1.150 a
7.5
1.120 a
10.0
1.091 a
12.5
1. 001 a
R7 – 15.0
0.866a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
11
Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of the Soil
Effect of time of application. Table 2 presents the effect of time of application on
the water holding capacity of the soil as affected by time of wild sunflower application.
Statistical analysis showed no significance, though numerically, application of wild
sunflower one week before planting revealed a higher WHC by 0.14% when compared to
soils applied with wild sunflower two weeks after planting.
Table 2. WHC of the soil as affected by time of application and rates of wild sunflower
TREATMENT
WHC (%)
Time of Application
One week before planting
73.48 a
Two weeks before planting
73.34 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
70.71 ab
2.5
72.20 ab
5.0
72.36 ab
7.5
74.41 a
10.0
75.98 a
12.5
76.78 a
15.0
77.98a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
12
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. Water holding capacity of the soil was greatly
affected by the rates of wild sunflower application. It can be noted that increasing the
rates of wild sunflower application showed a corresponding increasing water held by the
soil. The increase in soil water-holding capacity could be attributed to the application of
organic matter (Brady and Weil, 1996) in the form of sunflower that influenced the result.
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. It was
observed that the interaction between time of wild sunflower application and rates of wild
sunflower applied to the soil showed no significant affect on the water holding capacity.
Soil Chemical Properties
Plants require essential nutrients for growth and development of cells and tissues.
Without these essential nutrients from the soil, vegetative growth to maturity will not be
possible to happen. Seeds may germinate and grow but if their food from the cotyledon
will be exploited and the soil cannot provide nutrients for the plants, the plants will
slowly wilt and certainly die and wither.
Essential elements are those that make up the cells and tissues of the plants.
Nitrogen for example is the component of proteins in plants and calcium makes up the
cell walls and also nutrients that are responsible in processes in plants like boron which is
responsible for mitosis or the so-called cell division. Without these complementary
functions of essential elements, plant activity to survive will not be possible (Pommel
1988).
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
13
Soil pH
Soil pH is one of the most important soil chemical properties that dictate crop
performance Brady and Weil (2000). At extreme levels, above or below the neutral level,
nutrient availability of the soil is being affected. In lower pH values (below 5.0 or lower)
acidity is being eyed as a problem of the soil that leads to unavailability of basic cations
essential for plant growth. Brady and Weil (2000) reported that at lower soil pH, the
hydrogen ion is predominating and becomes toxic to the plant roots.
On the other hand, at higher soil pH (above pH 7.0 or alkaline), plant nutrients
will be unavailable as a result of fixation. De La Cruz (1998) noted that plant perform
best at optimum soil pH ranges. He also mentioned that organic matter improves the
nutrient content of the soil and increase the soil pH after the decomposition process has
taken place.
Effect of time of application . The soil pH as affected by the time of application
of sunflower showed no significant difference however, it can be noted that soil applied
with wild sunflower one week before planting has a pH of 5.80 while those that applied
with the same organic fertilizer two weeks before planting had 5.28, having a mean
difference of 0.58.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower . Varying rates of wild sunflower significantly
affected the pH of the soil as shown in Table 3. This could be attributed to the amount of
wild sunflower applied where organic matter is derived. Highest soil pH (5.59) was
obtained from the highest rate of 15 tons/ha wild sunflower, while the control plots
recorded the lowest soil pH (4.84). Furthermore, it can be observed that application of
wild sunflower to the soil significantly increase the soil pH. Pandosen (1986) stressed
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
14
that organic matter contains considerable amounts of calcium and other basic cations that
may check the soil pH.
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. Table 3
presents the pH of the soil as affected by the time of application and varying rates of wild
sunflower. There are no observed statistical differences between the interaction effect of
time of wild sunflower application and rates of wild sunflower applied.
Table 3. Soil pH as affected by time of application and rates of wild sunflower
TREATMENT
SOIL pH
Time of Application
One week before planting
5.18 a
Two weeks before planting
5.13 a
Rates of wild sunflower (tons/ha)
Control
4.84 c
2.5
5.01 bc
5.0
5.13 bc
7.5
5.02 bc
10.0
5.15 bc
12.5
5.34 ab
15.0
5.60a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
15
Organic Matter (OM) Content of the Soil
Effect of time of application . Results of organic matter analysis reveal that the
time of wild sunflower application did not significantly affect the final OM content of the
soil. However, it can be served that soil applied with wild sunflower two weeks before
planting has higher organic matter of 1.946% compared to soils applied with wild
sunflower one week before planting with a mean of 1.870% having a difference of 0.076.
The result implies that some OM were not utilized, the fact that lettuce plants are
harvestable after two months.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower . The effect of the varying rates of wild
sunflower on the organic matter content of the soil is shown in Table 4. Increasing the
application of wild sunflower to the soil significantly increases the organic matter content
of the soil. This could be due to the decomposed wild sunflower leaves as source of
organic matter as claimed by Bulwayan (1983). Statistical analysis showed a significant
difference among the treatments. Highest organic matter content can be observed in soils
applied with 15 tons/ha wild sunflower while lowest was the control.
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower .
Figure 1 shows the organic matter content of the soil as affected by timing of application
and varying rates of wild sunflower. It can be observed that the organic matter of the soil
increases with the increasing amount of wild sunflower regardless of the time of
application. (Derek, 2004) reported that application of plant debris and other organic
residues will increase the organic matter content of the soil.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
16
Table 4. OM content of the soil as affected by time of application and rates of wild
sunflower
TREATMENT
OM (%)
Time of Application
One week before planting
1.870 a
Two weeks before planting
1.946 a
Rates of wild sunflower (t/ha)
Control
0.6995 d
2.5
1.280 c
5.0
1.768 b
7.5
1.907 b
10.0
2.458 a
12.5
2.490 a
15.0
2.753a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
3
) 2.5
2
t
t
e
r
(%
ONE WEEK
1.5
TWO WEEKS
1
a
n
i
c
Ma
0.5
rg
O 0
control
2.5
5 7.5 t/ha 10
12.5
15
Figure 1. Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower on
the OM content of the soil
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
17
Total Nitrogen (N) Content of the Soil
Effect of time of application . The total nitrogen content of the soil as affected by
the time of wild sunflower application is shown in Table 5. It can be noted that there is
no significant differences on the treatment means as per statistical analysis, however an
increase of .005 % nitrogen content was observed on two weeks wild sunflower
application as compared to soils applied one week before planting.
Table 5. Total N content of the soil as affected by time of application and rates of wild
sunflower
TREATMENT
TOTAL N (%)
Time of Application
One week before planting
0.09336 a
Two weeks before planting
0.09867 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
0.039500 g
2.5
0.063670 e
5.0
0.088170 e
7.5
0.094830 d
10.0
0.12260 c
12.5
0.12430 b
15.0
0.13900a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
18
Effect of rates of wild sunflower . Significant difference between treatment
means on total soil nitrogen content were observed when applied with different rates of
wild sunflower. Nitrogen content of the soil significantly increases with an increasing the
rate of application of wild sunflower. This could be attributed to the Nitrogen release
from wild sunflower. Wild sunflower is a good source of Nitrogen as was found by
Pandosen (1986) that fresh wild sunflower has 3.76 % Nitrogen. Likewise, (Tisdale and
Nelson, 1970) mentioned that the nitrogen content of the soil derived from the increasing
amounts of organic matter added determine the influence of the quantity of the nitrogen
in the soil
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower . The
nitrogen content of the soil as affected by time of application and different rates of wild
sunflower is presented in Figure 2. It can be observed that with the increasing level of
wild sunflower application, the soil N increased regardless of whether wild sunflower is
applied one week or two applied before planting. Highest nitrogen content of the soil
was observed in soils applied with 15 tons/ha wild sunflower which corresponded to the
highest
amount
of
organic
matter
content
(Mendiola,
1958).
0.16
) 0.14
0.12
0.1
ONE WEEK
0.08
TWO WEEKS
0.06
0.04
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
(
%
N 0.020
control
2.5
5
7.5 t/ha 10
12.5
15
Figure 2. Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower
on the total N content of the soil
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
19
Available Phosphorus (P) Content of the Soil
Effect of time of application . The available phosphorus content of the soils as
affected by the time of application of wild sunflower before planting is shown in Table 6.
It can be observed that a highly significant difference between the treatment means is
observed. They are comparable in terms of the amount of phosphorus as influenced by
the application of wild sunflower. The lower mean value registered by one week wild
sunflower application indicates that the plant absorbed the P. On the other hand, two
weeks wild sunflower application indicates that more P were not absorbed because of late
time of application. An organic material added to the soil has to undergo decay process in
order to release nutrient elements for plant absorption.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower . Significant differences were noted on the
available P content of the soil after harvest (Table 6). Application of increasing amounts
of wild sunflower to the soil significantly increased the phosphorus content of the soil.
The highest phosphorus content of the soil is observed in soils applied with 15 tons/ha
wild sunflower followed by those soils applied with 12.5, 10.0, 7.5, 5.0, and 2.5 tons/ha
with means 31.93, 31.18, 29.17, 27.91, and 26.82 ppm phosphorus, respectively. The
increased level of phosphorus content of the soil maybe attributed to the amount of wild
sunflower as source of organic matter content of the soil Palaleo (1978).
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower . The
interaction time application and rates of wild sunflower is shown in Table 6. It can be
observed that there is. This means that the soil responded well in the application of wild
sunflower that may have contributed to the organic matter content of the soil where this
phosphorus amounts were derived (Palaleo,1978).
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
20
Table 6. Available P content of the soil as affected by time of application and rates of
wild sunflower
TREATMENT
AVAILABLE P (ppm)
Time of Application
One week before planting
27.71 a
Two weeks before planting
30.71 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
22.67 d
2.5
26.82 c
5.0
27.91 bc
7.5
29.17 bc
10.0
31.18 abc
12.5
31.93 ab
15.0
34.78 a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Exchangeable Potassium (K) Content of the Soil
Effect of time of application. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant
differences on the treatment means as shown in Table 7. Higher potassium content of the
soil after two weeks of wild sunflower application registered higher K (264.8 ppm) as
compared to the one week application (251.6 ppm). The result implies that late
application of fresh wild sunflower also delays the release of nutrient elements, thereby
delaying plant absorption.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
21
Table 7. Exchangeable K content of the soil as affected by time of application and rates
of wild sunflower
TREATMENT
EXCHANGEABLE K
(ppm)
Time of Application
One week before planting
251.6 a
Two weeks before planting
264.8 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
218.3 d
2.5
239.1 cd
5.0
256.7 bc
7.5
262.2 ab
10.0
272.3 ab
12.5
277.5 ab
15.0
281.2 a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of rates of wild sunflower . Potassium content of the soil applied with the
varying rates of wild sunflower revealed significant differences among treatment means.
15 tons/ha wild sunflower with 281.2 ppm K. On the other hand, the lowest was the
control with only 218.3 ppm K. Results show that wild sunflower contribute potassium to
the soil as proven by Pandosen (1986).
The increasing amount of wild sunflower application resulted to increasing
amount of potassium in the soil. Pandosen (1986) found out through chemical analysis
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
22
that wild sunflower has 4.44% K. The increase of the potassium content of the soil may
again be due to the application of sunflower to the soil as source of organic matter that
had supplied the potassium content of the soil (Pataras, 1984).
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower . The
interaction between the time of application and the different rates of wild sunflower on
the exchangeable potassium content of the soil is not significant as shown in Table 7.
Horticultural Parameters
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of time of application . Table 8 shows the yield of plants per plot applied
with wild sunflower one week and two weeks before planting. Statistical analysis reveals
no significant difference between means obtained from the two times of application.
Lesser mean was obtained from the plots applied with wild sunflower one week before
planting as compared to two weeks after transplanting.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. Statistical analysis showed significant
differences among treatment means (Table 8). Plants in plots applied with 15 tons/ha
wild sunflower obtained the highest significant yield. This could be due to the amount of
wild sunflower that can be a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. Brady and Weil
(2000), Brady (1996) Lagman (2003) noted that the increased application of organic
matter increases the fertility of the soil that can be a source of essential elements for plant
growth that may have affected the trend of the yield. It can be noted that the highest
application of wild sunflower resulted to highest yield which maybe a result of more
nutrients available in the soil.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
23
Table 8. Total yield per plot as affected by time of application and rates of wild
sunflower
TOTAL YIELD
TREATMENT
(kg/5m2)
Time of Application
One week before planting
7.830a
Two weeks before planting
8.274a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
2.215g
2.5
4.605f
5.0
5.353e
7.5
8.197d
10.0
8.835c
12.5
10.840b
15.0
16.330a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
On the other hand, control with no application of wild sunflower as a source of
organic matter registered the lowest yield. This could be due to lesser nutrient reserves in
the soil. Furthermore, it can be observed that from the yield, addition of wild sunflower at
increasing amount resulted to increased yield. The more wild sunflower applied to the
soil, the more yield was obtained.
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. Yield
per plot as affected by the interaction between time of application and rates of wild
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
24
sunflower is shown in Figure 3. It can be observed that both timing of application
revealed similar trends in terms of the increasing yields control being the lowest and plots
applied with 15 tons/ha wild sunflower significantly the highest. This confirms what
Brady (2000) stated that increasing organic matter to the soil at maximum amounts can
increase the yield.
20
18
16
14
12
ONE WEEK
10
2.5
8
i
e
l
d
P
e
r
P
l
o
t
(
k
g
)
TWO
WEEKS
6
4
2
T
o
t
a
l
Y
0
control
2.5
5 7.5 tons/ha 10
12.5
15
Figure 3. Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower on
total yield per plot
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of time of application. Computed yield per hectare is shown in Table 9.
Statistical analysis showed no significant differences on the means. It can be observed
however that yield from the plots applied with wild sunflower two weeks before planting
is higher than those treatments applied with wild sunflower one week before planting.
This could be due to the release of organic materials from the decomposing wild
sunflower that are available for plant uptake.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
25
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. Table 9 shows the yield of lettuce as affected
by rates of wild sunflower. Results showed that plots applied with 15 tons/ha wild
sunflower obtained the highest significant yield. This result could be due to the large
amount of sunflower applied to the soil that could be the source of nutrients from the
organic matter that were decomposed. It can be observed that increase in the amount of
wild sunflower applied in the soil increase the yield which confirms the findings of
Lagman (2003) It can also be noted that lowest yield was registered in the control.
Table 9. Computed total yield per hectare as affected by time of application and rates of
wild sunflower
COMPUTE
D TOTAL
TREATMENT
YIELD ( t/ha)
Time of Application
One week before planting
7,868a
Two weeks before planting
8,274a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
2,382f
2.5
4,553e
5.0
5,370d
7.5
81,97c
10.0
8,835c
12.5
10,840b
15.0
16,330a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
26
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. It can
be observed that interaction between the two factors have similar trends. The yield
increased as the rate of wild sunflower increased both applied one week, and two weeks
before planting. Figure 4 shows that application of 15 tons/ha wild sunflower two weeks
before planting obtained the highest yield. This could be due to the timely release of
nutrients from the decomposed wild sunflower. For lettuce, nutrients may have been
released from the decomposed organic matter from the wild sunflower (Daoines, 1994).
20
18
e
c
t
a
r
e
16
14
12
ONE WEEK
10
i
e
l
d
P
e
r
H
8
TWO WEEKS
Y (tons/ha) 6
4
p
u
t
e
d
2
o
m
0
C
control
2.5
5
10
12.5
15
Figure 4. Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower on
the computed total yield per hectare
The result conforms with Makarat’s (1984) statement that readily available
nutrients in the soil contributed to faster growth and development of plants. Dagoon and
Sangatanan (1985) stressed that nutrient release from organic matter takes time for the
microorganisms to decompose the organic matter before the nutrients will be available
for plant absorption.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
27
Shelf-life
Effect of time of application. Table 10 shows the effect of time of application on
the shelf – life of harvested plants. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences
on the treatment means.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. Statistical analysis showed no significant
differences on the treatment means. Numerically, highest number of days keeping the
plants was observed in plants obtained from plots applied with 15 tons/ha of wild
sunflower. Koshino (1990) reported that plants that absorb complete nutrients can play a
significant role in lengthening the shelf-life of plants. Furthermore, he stressed that
nutrients when synthesized in plants prolongs cell turgidity that can keep the plants in
good shape for a longer period of time
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. It can
be observed that lowest number of days were observed in plants applied 2.5 tons/ha and
7.5 tons/ha at one week and two weeks before planting, respectively while highest
number of days were observed in plants from plots applied with 7.5 tons/ha and 15
tons/ha at one week and two weeks before planting, respectively.
It can be observed further that the two timing of application resulted to varying
fluctuation of the number of days of keeping. This confirmed to (Murakami, 1991) that
plants depend on the availability and quantity of essential nutrients in the soil for
development. This also conformed with the findings of Bautista and Mabesa (1977) that
the timing of application of nutrients to the soil affected plant utilization and synthesis of
nutrient in plant cells that may affect the fluctuation of the keeping quality of the plants.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
28
Table 10. Shelf-life as affected by time of application and rates of wild sunflower
TREATMENT
SHELF-LIFE (DAYS)
Time of Application
One week before planting
15.57 a
Two weeks before planting
15.29 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
15.00 a
2.5
13.67 a
5.0
15.67 a
7.5
15.17 a
10.0
15.50 a
12.5
16.33 a
15.0
16.67a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Weight Loss
Effect of time of application. No significant effect on weight loss of plants as
affected by time of application of wild sunflower is observed. However, application of
wild sunflower one week before planting is higher by 0.49 grams when compared to the
plants in plots applied with wild sunflower two weeks before planting. Koshino (1990)
stressed that absorption of nutrients affect the plant make up and since the source is from
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
29
organic matter (wild sunflower), its availability is dependent on the nutrient release from
the decomposing organic matter from the sunflower.
Effect of rates of wild sunflower. The effect of the varying rates of wild sunflower
to weight loss of harvested lettuce is shown in Table 11. Significant differences can be
observed on the treatment means. It can be noted that plants from plots applied with 15
tons/ha wild sunflower obtained the highest weight loss. The weight loss from this
treatment could be attributed to the highest obtained yields that have resulted to the
higher weight loss. On the other hand, lowest weight loss was observed in control.
Table 11. Weight loss as affected by time of application and rates of wild sunflower
TREATMENT
WEIGHT LOSS (G)
Time of Application
One week before planting
83.50 a
Two weeks before planting
83.01 a
Rates of Wild Sunflower (t/ha)
Control
61.92 c
2.5
78.15 b
5.0
81.37 ab
7.5
86.70 ab
10.0
88.27 ab
12.5
92.58 a
15.0
93.80a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
30
Interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower. The
interaction effect between time of application and rates of wild sunflower on the weight
loss of plants is not significant.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
31
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of time of wild sunflower
application on the yield of lettuce and some soil properties; determine the effect of
different rates of wild sunflower on the yield of lettuce and some soil properties; and,
determine the interaction effect between time of application and different rates of wild
sunflower on the yield of lettuce and some soil properties.
Fresh wild sunflower application one week and two weeks before planting
showed no significant effect on yield of lettuce and Db, WHC, soil pH, and total N
content of the soil. However, the available P and exchangeable K of the soil was greatly
increased after the harvest of lettuce.
Application of wild sunflower significantly increased the yield of lettuce.
Increasing the rate of wild sunflower application from 2.5 to 15 t/ha increased the yield
and shelf life of lettuce. Physical and chemical properties of the soil such as water
holding capacity, pH, OM, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were significantly
affected by the rates of wild sunflower applied.
On the other hand, interaction between time of application and rates of wild
sunflower significantly increased the yield per plot and computed yield but not soil
properties.
Conclusion
In line with the result of this research, it can be concluded that increasing rates of
fresh wild sunflower application significantly increases the yield and shelf-life of lettuce
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
32
provided it is applied one week before planting. Further, fresh wild sunflower improves
the soil properties.
Recommendations
It is recommended that application of 15 tons/ha wild sunflower leaves is best for
lettuce production.
A follow-up study using other crops especially root crops and legumes should be
done to investigate the impact of the wild sunflower leaves on tuber qualities and fruits of
legumes.
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
33
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34
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35
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Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
36
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
1.13
1.10
1.20
3.43
1.14
T1R2
1.13
1.10
1.20
3.43
1.14
T1R3
1.06
1.05
1.07
3.18
1.06
T1R4
1.03
1.10
1.07
3.20
1.07
T1R5
1.05
1.01
1.05
3.11
1.04
T1R6
1.01
1.02
1.04
3.07
1.02
T1R7
1.07
1.03
1.05
3.15
1.05
Subtotal
7.48
7.41
7.68
22.57
1.07
T2R1
1.14
1.09
1.13
3.36
1.12
T2R2
1.05
1.08
1.08
3.21
1.07
T2R3
1.07
1.10
1.05
3.22
1.07
T2R4
1.02
1.01
1.04
3.07
1.02
T2R5
1.06
1.02
1.11
3.19
1.06
T2R6
1.09
1.02
1.05
3.16
1.05
T2R7
1.01
1.02
1.30
3.33
1.11
Subtotal
7.44
7.34
7.76
22.54
1.07
TOTAL
14.92
14.75
15.44
45.11
x = 1.07
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
37
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
1.14
1.12
2.26
1.13
R2
1.14
1.07
2.21
1.11
R3
1.06
1.07
2.13
1.07
R4
1.07
1.02
2.09
1.05
R5
1.04
1.06
2.10
1.05
R6
1.02
1.05
2.08
1.04
R7
1.05
1.11
2.16
1.08
TOTAL
7.52
7.51
15.04
MEAN
1.07
1.07
x = 1.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.023
0.011
T
1
0.000
0.000
0.1300ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
0.036 0.006
2.3040 ns
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
0.012 0.002
0.7704 ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
0.069 0.003
TOTAL
41
ns -not significant
CV = 5.12 %
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
38
Appendix Table 2. Water holding capacity of the soil (%)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
67.70
71.30
73.15
212.15
70.72
T1R2
75.90
74.21
78.50
228.61
76.20
T1R3
76.11
71.43
69.35
216.89
72.30
T1R4
79.48
70.23
73.51
223.22
74.41
T1R5
74.61
75.03
78.30
227.94
75.98
T1R6
77.05
71.56
69.78
218.39
72.80
T1R7
70.91
73.07
71.97
215.95
71.98
Subtotal
521.76
506.83
514.56
1543.15
73.48
T2R1
68.91
67.55
70.33
206.79
68.93
T2R2
73.71
72.70
74.87
221.28
73.76
T2R3
75.91
75.96
74.70
226.57
75.52
T2R4
70.79
71.70
73.50
215.99
72.00
T2R5
78.90
78.15
75.05
232.10
77.37
T2R6
74.01
75.92
71.34
221.27
73.76
T2R7
70.93
71.71
73.81
216.45
72.15
Subtotal
513.16
513.69
513.60
1540.45
73.35
TOTAL
1034.92
1020.52
1028.16
3083.60
x = 73.415
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
39
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
70.72
68.93
139.65
69.82
R2
76.20
73.76
149.96
74.98
R3
72.30
75.52
147.82
73.91
R4
74.41
72.00
146.40
73.20
R5
75.98
77.37
153.35
76.67
R6
72.80
73.76
146.55
73.28
R7
71.98
72.15
144.13
72.07
TOTAL
514.38
513.48
1027.87
MEAN
73.48
73.35
x = 73.415
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
7.068 3.534
T
1
0.207 0.207
0.0340ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
168.325 28.054 4.5986**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
41.269 6.878
1.1275ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
158.615 6.101
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
3.36 %
ns -not significant
CV =
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
40
Appendix Table 3. Soil pH
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
5.12
4.59
4.85
14.56
4.85
T1R2
5.23
5.13
5.01
15.37
5.12
T1R3
5.37
5.27
5.08
15.72
5.24
T1R4
5.29
4.15
5.03
14.47
4.82
T1R5
5.39
5.2
5.22
15.81
5.27
T1R6
5.8
5.24
5.15
16.19
5.40
T1R7
5.7
5.4
5.55
16.65
5.55
Subtotal
37.90
34.98
35.89
108.77
5.18
T2R1
5.21
4.5
4.79
14.50
4.83
T2R2
5.03
4.58
5.1
14.71
4.90
T2R3
5.25
4.98
4.8
15.03
5.01
T2R4
5.35
5.18
5.09
15.62
5.21
T2R5
5.27
4.83
4.98
15.08
5.03
T2R6
5.38
5.4
5.05
15.83
5.28
T2R7
5.7
6.01
5.21
16.92
5.64
Subtotal
37.19
35.48
35.02
107.69
5.13
TOTAL
75.09
70.46
70.91
216.46
x = 5.155
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
41
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
4.85
4.83
9.69
4.84
R2
5.12
4.90
10.03
5.01
R3
5.24
5.01
10.25
5.13
R4
4.82
5.21
10.03
5.02
R5
5.27
5.03
10.30
5.15
R6
5.40
5.28
10.67
5.34
R7
5.55
5.64
11.19
5.60
TOTAL
36.26
35.90
72.15
MEAN
5.18
5.13
x = 5.155
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.931
0.466
8.9017
T
1
0.028 0.028
0.5309ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
2.186 0.364
6.9655**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
0.468 0.078
1.4905 ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
1.360 0.052
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
4.42 %
ns -not significant
CV =
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
42
Appendix Table 4. OM content of the soil (%)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
0.86
0.91
0.93
2.70
0.90
T1R2
1.35
1.27
1.4
4.02
1.34
T1R3
1.78
1.59
1.85
5.22
1.74
T1R4
2.03
1.79
1.89
5.71
1.90
T1R5
1.97
2.25
2.15
6.37
2.12
T1R6
2.07
2.18
2.7
6.95
2.32
T1R7
2.78
2.61
2.87
8.26
2.75
Subtotal
12.84
12.60
13.79
39.23
1.87
T2R1
0.57
0.73
0.67
1.97
0.66
T2R2
0.93
1.03
1.7
3.66
1.22
T2R3
1.73
1.96
1.7
5.39
1.80
T2R4
2.17
1.87
1.69
5.73
1.91
T2R5
2.87
2.98
2.53
8.38
2.79
T2R6
2.35
2.94
2.7
7.99
2.66
T2R7
2.57
2.91
2.98
8.46
2.82
Subtotal
13.19
14.42
13.97
41.58
1.98
TOTAL
26.03
27.02
27.76
80.81
x = 1.93
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
43
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
0.90
0.66
1.56
0.78
R2
1.34
1.22
2.56
1.28
R3
1.74
1.80
3.54
1.77
R4
1.90
1.91
3.81
1.91
R5
2.12
2.79
4.92
2.46
R6
2.32
2.66
4.98
2.49
R7
2.75
2.82
5.57
2.79
TOTAL
13.08
13.86
26.94
MEAN
1.87
1.98
x = 1.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.226 0.113
T
1
0.061 0.061
1.0896ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
19.383 3.231
57.9697**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
1.094 0.182
3.2710*
2.47 3.59
Error
26
1.449
0.056
TOTAL
41
22.213
** - highly significant
* - significant
CV = 12.26 %
ns -not significant
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
44
Appendix Table 5. Total N content of the soil (%)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
0.043
0.051
0.046
0.14
0.05
T1R2
0.067
0.063
0.07
0.20
0.07
T1R3
0.089
0.079
0.092
0.26
0.09
T1R4
0.101
0.089
0.094
0.28
0.09
T1R5
0.098
0.112
0.1075
0.32
0.11
T1R6
0.103
0.109
0.135
0.35
0.12
T1R7
0.139
0.13
0.143
0.41
0.14
Subtotal
0.64
0.63
0.69
1.96
0.09
T2R1
0.028
0.036
0.033
0.10
0.03
T2R2
0.046
0.051
0.085
0.18
0.06
T2R3
0.86
0.098
0.085
1.04
0.35
T2R4
0.108
0.093
0.084
0.29
0.10
T2R5
0.143
0.149
0.126
0.42
0.14
T2R6
0.117
0.147
0.135
0.40
0.13
T2R7
0.128
0.145
0.149
0.42
0.14
Subtotal
1.43
0.72
0.70
2.85
0.14
TOTAL
2.07
1.35
1.38
4.81
x = 0.115
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
45
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.04
R2
0.07
0.06
0.13
0.06
R3
0.09
0.35
0.43
0.22
R4
0.09
0.10
0.19
0.09
R5
0.11
0.14
0.25
0.12
R6
0.12
0.13
0.25
0.12
R7
0.14
0.14
0.28
0.14
TOTAL
0.65
0.95
1.60
MEAN
0.09
0.14
x = 0.115
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000 0.000
T
1
0.000 0.000 2.5423ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
0.046 0.008
65.7804**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
0.002 0.000
3.1929*
2.47 3.59
Error
26
0.003 0.000
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
1 %
* - significant
CV =
ns -not significant
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
46
Appendix Table 6. Available P content of the soil (ppm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
23.17
22.35
23.5
69.02
23.01
T1R2
27.03
25.9
27.85
80.78
26.93
T1R3
29.05
24.71
23.98
77.74
25.91
T1R4
30.75
24.85
26.96
82.56
27.52
T1R5
29.8
27.6
28.01
85.41
28.47
T1R6
31.3
31.5
27.6
90.40
30.13
T1R7
30.71
38.31
29.99
99.01
33.00
Subtotal
201.81
195.22
187.89
584.92
27.85
T2R1
22.71
20.59
23.7
67.00
22.33
T2R2
25.3
27.65
30.21
83.16
27.72
T2R3
31.05
29.78
28.9
89.73
29.91
T2R4
30.71
31.05
30.71
92.47
30.82
T2R5
37.9
34.35
29.41
101.66
33.89
T2R6
33.98
32.7
34.51
101.19
33.73
T2R7
34.7
36.8
38.15
109.65
36.55
Subtotal
216.35
212.92
215.59
644.86
30.71
TOTAL
418.16
408.14
403.48
1229.78
x = 29.28
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
47
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
23.01
22.33
45.34
22.67
R2
26.93
27.72
54.65
27.32
R3
25.91
29.91
55.82
27.91
R4
27.52
30.82
58.34
29.17
R5
28.47
33.89
62.36
31.18
R6
30.13
33.73
63.86
31.93
R7
33.00
36.55
69.55
34.78
TOTAL
194.97
214.95
409.93
MEAN
27.85
30.71
x = 29.28
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
9.233 4.616
T
1
94.320 94.320
15.6206**
4.22 7.72
R
6
554.547 92.424
15.3067**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
33.795 5.632
0.9328ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
156.993 6.038
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
* - significant
CV = 8.39 %
ns -not significant
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
48
Appendix Table 7. Exchangeable K content of the soil (ppm)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
210.21
217.9
215.31
643.42
214.47
T1R2
243.4
230.48
230.98
704.86
234.95
T1R3
253.75
260.38
251.05
765.18
255.06
T1R4
267.9
259.11
260.75
787.76
262.59
T1R5
248.21
258.21
270.31
776.73
258.91
T1R6
238.79
269.57
280.81
789.17
263.06
T1R7
257.24
271.03
287.9
816.17
272.06
Subtotal
1719.50
1766.68
1797.11
5283.29
251.59
T2R1
211.05
224.17
230.9
666.12
222.04
T2R2
250.15
248.79
230.71
729.65
243.22
T2R3
280.05
253.71
241.18
774.94
258.31
T2R4
267.4
247.98
269.8
785.18
261.73
T2R5
301.8
283.19
272.33
857.32
285.77
T2R6
298.05
297.29
280.79
876.13
292.04
T2R7
280.31
300.03
290.97
871.31
290.44
Subtotal
1888.81
1855.16
1816.68
5560.65
264.79
TOTAL
3608.31
3621.84
3613.79
10843.94
x = 258.19
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
49
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
214.47
222.04
436.51
218.26
R2
234.95
243.22
478.17
239.09
R3
255.06
258.31
513.37
256.69
R4
262.59
261.73
524.31
262.16
R5
258.91
285.77
544.68
272.34
R6
263.06
292.04
555.10
277.55
R7
272.06
290.44
562.49
281.25
TOTAL
1761.10
1853.55
3614.65
MEAN
251.59
264.79
x = 258.19
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
6.349 3.175
T
1
1827.672 1827.672 11.2499**
4.22 7.72
R
6
18482.188 3080.365 18.9605**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
1224.899 204.150 1.2566ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
4224.008 162.462
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
* - significant
CV = 4.94 %
ns -not significant
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
50
Appendix Table 8. Total yield (kg/5m2)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
2.00
1.90
2.23
6.13
2.04
T1R2
4.35
4.10
4.67
13.20
4.37
T1R3
4.83
4.71
5.01
14.55
4.85
T1R4
8.61
8.05
8.22
24.88
8.29
T1R5
8.97
8.50
8.97
26.44
8.81
T1R6
11.45
10.72
11.00
33.17
11.06
T1R7
15.64
14.34
15.86
45.84
15.28
Subtotal
55.64
52.32
55.96
164.13
7.81
T2R1
2.21
2.54
2.41
7.16
2.38
T2R2
4.58
4.70
4.92
14.92
4.73
T2R3
5.67
6.00
5.90
17.57
5.85
T2R4
8.02
7.90
8.38
24.30
8.10
T2R5
8.84
9.00
9.14
26.57
8.85
T2R6
10.00
10.53
11.31
31.84
10.61
T2R7
18.00
17.21
16.90
52.11
17.37
Subtotal
57.32
57.88
58.96
174.47
8.27
TOTAL
112.96
110.20
114.92
338.60
x = 8.04
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
51
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.04
2.38
4.42
2.21
R2
4.37
4.73
9.10
4.55
R3
4.85
5.85
10.70
5.35
R4
8.29
8.10
16.39
8.20
R5
8.81
8.85
17.66
8.83
R6
11.06
10.61
21.67
10.84
R7
15.28
17.37
32.65
16.33
TOTAL
54.70
57.89
112.59
MEAN
7.81
8.27
x = 8.04
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.695 0.347
T
1
2.064 2.064
15.3718**
4.22 7.72
R
6
780.341 130.057 968.7395** 2.47 3.59
T x R
6
6.638 1.106
8.2404**
2.47 3.59
Error
26
3.491 0.134
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
* - significant
CV = 4.55 %
ns -not significant
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
52
Appendix Table 9. Computed total yield (t/ha)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
2.00
1.90
2.23
61.13
2.04
T1R2
4.35
4.10
4.67
13.12
4.37
T1R3
4.83
4.71
5.01
14.55
4.85
T1R4
8.61
8.05
8.22
24.88
8.29
T1R5
8.97
8.50
8.97
26.44
8.81
T1R6
11.45
10.72
11.00
33.17
11.06
T1R7
15.64
14.34
15.86
45.84
15.28
Subtotal
55.85
52.32
55.96
219.13
54.70
T2R1
2.21
2.54
2.41
7.16
2.38
T2R2
4.58
4.70
4.92
14.92
4.73
T2R3
5.67
6.00
5.90
17.57
5.85
T2R4
8.02
7.90
8.38
24.30
8.10
T2R5
8.43
9.00
9.14
26.57
8.85
T2R6
10.00
10.53
11.31
31.84
10.61
T2R7
18.00
17.21
16.90
52.11
17.37
Subtotal
56.91
57.88
58.96
174.47
57.89
TOTAL
112.76
110.20
114.92
393.60
x = 56.30
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
53
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
2.04
2.38
4.42
2.21
R2
4.37
4.73
9.10
4.55
R3
4.85
5.85
10.70
5.35
R4
8.29
8.10
16.39
8.20
R5
8.81
8.85
17.66
8.83
R6
11.06
10.61
21.67
10.84
R7
15.28
17.37
32.65
16.33
TOTAL
54.70
57.89
112.59
MEAN
7.81
8.27
x = 56.30
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREE
TABULATE
OF
OF
SUM
MEAN
COMPUTE
D
VARIANC FREEDO
OF
OF
D
F
E
M
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
892704.762 446352.381
T
1
1728342.857 1728342.857 11.1877**
4.22 7.72
R
6
770433561.90 128405593.6
5
51
831.1810 ** 2.47 3.59
T x R
6
6793123.810 1132187.302 7.3288**
2.47 3.59
Error
26
4016628.571 154485.714
TOTAL
41
** - highly significant
CV = 30.13 %
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
54
Appendix Table 10. Shelf-life (Days)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
13.00
15.00
17.00
45.00
15.00
T1R2
15.00
12.00
10.00
37.00
12.33
T1R3
17.00
14.00
16.00
47.00
15.67
T1R4
17.00
16.00
18.00
51.00
17.00
T1R5
15.00
16.00
17.00
48.00
16.00
T1R6
15.00
17.00
18.00
50.00
16.67
T1R7
18.00
14.00
17.00
49.00
16.33
Subtotal
110.00
104.00
113.00
327.00
15.57
T2R1
15.00
16.00
14.00
45.00
15.00
T2R2
16.00
14.00
15.00
45.00
15.00
T2R3
18.00
15.00
14.00
47.00
15.67
T2R4
11.00
16.00
13.00
40.00
13.33
T2R5
16.00
14.00
15.00
45.00
15.00
T2R6
15.00
15.00
18.00
48.00
16.00
T2R7
17.00
18.00
18.00
53.00
17.67
Subtotal
108.00
108.00
107.00
323.00
15.38
TOTAL
218.00
212.00
220.00
650.00
x = 30.95
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
55
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
15.00
15.00
30.00
15.00
R2
12.33
15.00
27.33
13.67
R3
15.67
15.67
31.34
15.67
R4
17.00
13.33
30.33
15.17
R5
16.00
15.00
31.00
15.50
R6
16.67
16.00
32.67
16.34
R7
16.33
17.67
34.00
17.00
TOTAL
109.00
107.67
216.67
MEAN
15.57
15.38
x = 30.95
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.000 1.500
T
1
0.857 0.857
0.2971ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
34.619 5.770
2.0002 ns
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
32.810 5.468
1.8957 ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
75.000 2.885
TOTAL
41
146.286
ns -not significant
CV = 5.49 %
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
56
Appendix Table 11. Weight loss (kg)
TREATMENT
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I
II
II
T1R1
61.00
58.60
63.50
183.10
61.03
T1R2
78.70
85.80
76.90
241.40
80.47
T1R3
80.00
87.50
77.10
244.60
81.53
T1R4
90.00
89.70
95.10
274.80
91.60
T1R5
75.30
85.60
96.70
257.60
85.87
T1R6
100.30
98.70
77.10
276.10
92.03
T1R7
103.40
90.30
81.60
275.30
91.77
Subtotal
588.70
596.20
568.00
1752.90
83.47
T2R1
53.50
65.20
69.20
187.90
62.63
T2R2
70.80
76.70
80.00
227.50
75.83
T2R3
85.40
80.30
77.90
243.60
81.20
T2R4
87.60
79.80
77.50
244.90
81.63
T2R5
81.00
93.50
97.50
272.00
90.67
T2R6
91.50
89.20
98.70
279.40
93.13
T2R7
100.50
99.40
87.60
287.50
95.83
Subtotal
570.30
584.10
588.40
1742.80
82.99
TOTAL
1159.00
1180.30
1156.40
3495.70
x = 83.23
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
57
T x R TWO WAY TABLE
TREATMENT
T1
T2
TOTAL
MEAN
R1
61.03
62.63
123.67
61.83
R2
80.47
75.83
156.30
78.15
R3
81.53
81.20
162.73
81.37
R4
91.60
81.63
173.23
86.62
R5
85.87
90.67
176.53
88.27
R6
92.03
93.13
185.17
92.58
R7
91.77
95.83
187.60
93.80
TOTAL
584.30
580.93
1165.23
MEAN
83.47
82.99
x = 83.23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREE
SUM
MEAN
TABULATED
OF
OF
OF
OF
COMPUTED
F
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
23.499 11.750
T
1
2.429 2.429
0.0426ns
4.22 7.72
R
6
4320.906 720.151 12.6395**
2.47 3.59
T x R
6
249.829 41.638 0.7308ns
2.47 3.59
Error
26
1481.381 56.976
TOTAL
41
6078.044
** - highly significant
ns -not significant
CV = 9.07%
Effect of Time of Application and Different Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties.
LIPAWEN, MELANIE Y. MAY 2009
Document Outline
- Effect of Time of Application andDifferent Rates of Wild Sunflower on the Yield of Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.var. Xanadu) and Some Soil Properties
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES