An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOMAS, ROLDAN R. APRIL 2007. An Evaluation of Department of
Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jo Ann Guillao, BA
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate the management of Department of Agriculture
dispersed animals by recipients from the different barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
Specifically, this study was conducted to determine a) the recipients of the Department of
Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project; b) their purposes and reasons in applying for the
Animal Dispersal Project; c) the assistance and training given to recipients prior to the
dispersal; d) the managements activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock
production in terms: d.1. cost and usage of input, d.2. output or livestock production, d.3.
waste management or environmental responsibility: e) the problem encountered by the
respondents in managing the dispersed animal; f) the coping mechanisms done by the
respondents relative to identified problems in swine raising.
The findings on the profile of the recipients revealed that majority of the
respondents were of middle age, female, married and most of them finished secondary
education.
The common reasons and purposes of the respondents in applying for the Animal
Dispersal Project were to try to raise swine and to have additional income.
Majority of the respondents attended the training and seminars related to swine
production provided by Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO). Training and seminars
include Hog Raising Management and Breeding Management to prepare the recipients of
their task and responsibilities as swine raisers.
Findings of the study revealed as well that common management activity of
recipients that was significant to managing their cost and input usage is the kind of food
they feed their livestock. Most of the respondents mentioned that they used kitchen refuse
and indigenous feeds to supplement the food of the livestock aside from feeding the
livestock with commercial feeds. In terms of output or livestock production, considerable
number of respondents claimed that their livestock have produced six to ten (6 – 10)
number of piglets which is considered as a good number of output as identified by MAO.
All respondents also recognized the importance of waste or environmental management
so all have designed their waste disposal system either through septic tank or compost pit.
The common problems of the respondents encountered in swine production were
high price of commercial feeds, slow growth of the livestock and limited budget for
swine production. The respondents used mix feeding method to reduce their feeds cost.
Vaccine and deworming were given to their livestock to protect the livestock against
diseases. To further cope with their technical problems related to insemination breeding,
they consulted the Municipal Agriculture Office for assistance. Other observed signs of
discomforts of the livestock were also referred to the Municipal Agriculture Office.
ii
In conclusion, we can say that the Animal Dispersal Project provides additional
income to the recipients. Proper assistance to the recipients is recommended to cope with
their technical problems regarding swine production.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………
i
Table Contents …………………………………………………………………...
iv
INTODUCTION
Rationale…………….……………………………………………………
1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………...
2
Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………..
3
Importance of the study…………………………………………………..
3
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………….
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Livestock Production……………………………………………………..
5
Livestock Management…………………………………………………..
6
Marketing of Swine………………………………………………………
8
Problems Encountered by Recipients…………………………………….
8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study ..………………………………………….
10
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………...
10
Data Collection…………………………………………………………...
10
Data Gathered…………………………………………………………….
11
iv
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………..
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………….….
12
Livelihood of the Respondents
Aside from Swine Raising ………..……………………………………..
14
Purpose and Reasons of Recipients
in Applying for the Animal Dispersal project……………………………
14
Plans of the respondents after Finishing the
Contract with MAO………………………………………………………
15
The Training and Assistance Given by MAO
to the Recipients………………………………………………………….
16
Management Activities…………………………………………………..
17
Production Cycle Attained by the Respondents………………………….
20
Marketing and Selling System …………………………………………..
21
Selling Prices of Swine in Different Age………………………………..
21
Payment Modes by Respondents………………………………………..
23
Problems Encountered…………………………………………………...
24
Consultation done by the Respondents
Regarding their Technical Problems ……………………………………
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary………………………………………………………………….
27
Conclusions……………………………………………………………....
29
Recommendations………………………………………………………..
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………...
30
v
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Researches and development projects were being financed and technically
supported by the government agencies to increase production. Aside from farming
business, livestock production has been introduced to farmers with low farm production
and low income. Livestock production projects are considered as a living bank for farmers
providing flexible financial reserve for periods of economic stress and a buffer against crop
failure. Its serves as a source for livelihood and income among subsistence farmers and
absorbs surplus labor in agriculture.
The livestock sector of the Philippines contributes 23 percent of total gross value-
added to the agriculture potential for greater contribution to the overall economic growth.
(Dinamling, 2003). In the mid-nineties the Department of Agriculture (DA) introduced a
strategy to meet the shortage of livestock. The Department of Agriculture (DA) adopted
the Barangay Livestock Breeding Loan Program (BLBLP) for farmers with low farm
productivity and low income. This program provides the farmer with animals for breeding
purposes, payable in kind from the first offspring. This was implemented to promote small-
scale livestock production among low-income farmers. It was done to show case new
technology of livestock raising to provide additional income for farmers and continue
linkage and partnership with Local Government Unit (LGU).
Livestock production is generally done in the backyards of the farming
households. Backyard livestock raising is usually treated as an added activity where free
labor hours are used for productive use. Backyard livestock production covers eighty-seven
percent of the total production while commercial livestock raising is only thirteen percent
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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which means that our livestock raising is also treated as sideline activity rather than
business purposes (The Philippines Livestock Industry, 2006).
Statement of Problem
The study is primarily concerned to evaluate Department of Agriculture Dispersal
Project in selected barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet. The focus of evaluation was based
on the feedbacks of the recipients about the project.
Specifically, the study seek to answer the following questions:
1. Who were the recipients of the project?
2. What were the purposes and reasons of recipients in applying for the Animal
Dispersal Project?
3. What was the assistance or training given to the recipients prior to the
dispersal?
4. What were the management activities utilized by the recipients related to
livestock production in terms of:
a. Cost and usage of Input
b. Output or livestock production
c. Waste management or environmental responsibility
5. What were the problems encountered by the recipients in managing the
dispersed animals?
6. How did the recipients respond or cope with those problems identified?
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Objectives of the Study
The study aimed:
1. To identify the recipients of the project.
2. To identify the purposes and reasons of recipients in applying for the Animal
Dispersal project.
3. To know the assistance or training given by MAO to the recipients prior to the
dispersal.
4. To describe the management activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock
production in the different areas in terms of:
a. Cost and usage of Input
b. Output or livestock dispersal
c. Waste or environmental responsibility
5. To describe the problems encountered by the recipients in managing the dispersed
animals and describe their respond or how they cope with their problems identified.
Importance of the Study
This study will provide information that will help the policy makers, development
planners, community organizers, field officers and other concerned officials in identifying
and minimizing problems encountered by the recipients related to swine production.
Feedbacks from the study will also help project implementers to take necessary corrective
measures that will improve attainment of the objectives of similar program. Finally, the
study will serve as a reference for future research work relative to animal dispersal
program.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study had sixty respondents who were recipients of the animal dispersal project
from 2000 to 2006. The study aimed to seek the general assessment of the Department of
Agriculture (DA) Animal Dispersal Project from the perspective of the recipients of the
project. The focus of the evaluation is based on the feedbacks of the swine raisers who
have availed dispersed livestock provided by the Department of Agriculture. The
respondents of the study included recipients of the Animal Dispersal Project from 2000 to
2006. The study does not focus on evaluating the project as a whole neither did it covers
other livestock producers except swine raisers. They came from selected barangays of La
Trinidad, Benguet which includes Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang
and Wangal.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Livestock Production
Backyard farming still dominates the country’s livestock industry. Reports showed
that livestock sub sectors shares more than seventy percent production than commercial
farming. Livestock specialists from the World Bank also conducted two studies related to
the Livestock Revolution in 2001. Their study, “Livestock Development: Implications for
Rural Poverty, the Environment, and Global Food Security” argued that “livestock can
play an important role in poverty reduction, its effects on the environment can be
adequately managed, and that livestock can make an important contribution to global food
security provided that an appropriate policy framework is put in place (Department of
Agriculture, 2006).
Trends in livestock production showed that it had been declining primarily because
slaughter rate has been climbing in response to increasing consumer demand despite
production cut down due to inefficient breeding practices (Department of Agriculture,
2006).
Production of carabao likewise posted a decreasing growth from 24,188 heads in
2000 to 21,750 heads in 2001 or by ten percent. Swine production recorded a stable
production from 2000 to 2001 with 117,835 to 116933, respectively. Market
opportunities, healthy physical characteristics of breeders and favorable environmental
condition, which lessens disease infestations, contribute to the increase in production. The
trend in goat production is almost similar with cattle production. This ruminant animal is
known to have low tolerability to lower temperature particularly rain and is susceptible to
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parasitic infestations brought about by increasing water levels or flooding of low level
areas (Department of Agriculture, 2006).
Regional livestock live weight production produces 77.61 thousand MT, equivalent
to total value of 8.55 million pesos. Pork contributed the biggest production value of 89.61
percent, 20.14 % contributed by beef, carabeef contributed 7.09 %, chevon contributed
2.52 %, and dairy contributed the lowest production value of 0.11% (NAREA.1992). In
Benguet, based on the record of the Provincial Veterinarian Office (PVO) in 2005,
Benguet has produced 15,610 heads of cattle, 6,221 heads of carabao, 42,046 heads of
swine and 5,339 heads of goat (PVO, 2005). La Trinidad livestock production contributed
529 heads of cattle, 53 heads of carabao, 5,150 heads of swine and 199 heads of goat.
Meanwhile, poultry production contributed 26, 882 heads (MAO, 2006).
Backyard raising is an additional source of income to relieve farmers of possible
financial recession. To improve the livestock production of La Trinidad, the Municipal
Agriculture Office implemented the dispersal project. From of 2000 to 2006, MAO
dispersed 106 head of female piglets, 26 heads of female cattle and a female carabao in the
different barangays namely Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang and
Wangal. In preparation for the dispersal, the Municipal Agriculture Office of La Trinidad
conducted training and seminars to aid recipients in managing their livestock production.
Livestock Management
Common management in livestock includes provision of adequate portable water,
proper handling of sick animals, breeding practices and waste management (Mercks,
1998).
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Relative to this, Nery (1991) stated that in raising livestock, swine raisers should
apply technical skills like feed conversion rate, capacity utilization and machine efficiency
to aid production. Aside from these, recipients should continuously update themselves of
information in the areas of genetic breeding, feeding nutrition, animal health and hygiene,
sanitation and safety.
Since swine are kept in variety of production systems, management techniques will
vary. Each system requires a degree of management sufficient for swine to experience a
reasonable level of comfort and well-being. Daily care schedule should be consistent
enough to allow the swine to develop a routine. Extreme in climatic change should be
anticipated as much as possible so appropriate provisions can be made to modify wide
environmental variations. Swine raisers must take precaution against the transmission of
pathogens between pen and facilities. Pens should be kept clean to provide comfort and
health of swine (UCCE, 2006).
Feedstuff should be free from molds, toxin, or other harmful impurities. The diet
must meet the nutritional needs of the swine and must fit to the purpose for which it is
being feed like grower, reduction and lactation. Compound, such as antibiotics that are
approved to be added to the feeds, water or injected to sustain nutrient shortage are used
(UCCE, 2006).
Equally important to swine raising is nutrition and feeding, it is extremely
important that the livestock raiser has a good understanding of nutrient requirement during
pulse cycle (Pio, 2003).
Vaccination constituted the major part to control diseases. Vaccination programs
are needed as a preventive measure against pest and diseases that might attack there
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livestock. Appropriate vaccinations should be given in accordance with the manufacturer
guidelines, government regulation and veterinarian’s recommendations. The most common
time for administering vaccines before farrowing (NPPC, 1996).
Marketing of Swine
A marketing strategy should be developed before beginning a swine production
enterprise. In choosing marketing strategy producers should account the different cost in
transportation expenses, shrink losses, selling cost and conveniences of both producers and
buyers. One of the most popular options in marketing of swine is the direct selling. This
option has advantages for both parties swine produces and the buyers. The buyers and
sellers know the prices and a delivery condition of the livestock in advance and the
producers reduces animals stress and diseases risk (NPPC, 1996).
Problems Encountered by Farmers
Feed is one of the resources in swine production that largely affect input costs. The
continuous increase in the price of feeds usually comprises 70% to 80% of swine
production cost. For this reason, swine are not fed with pure commercial feeds only but
also with other feeds substitutes, Livestock raisers even turn to cheap and unconventional
feed formulation that allow their animals to gain more weight rapidly. Thus, the kind and
quality of feeds must be carefully considered to assure the general health and well being of
pigs.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Waste disposal is another perennial problem in livestock enterprise. Several
experienced swine raisers offered ways to manage manure disposal to maintain sanitation,
which is also important in swine production. For waste in pig farms, the installation of
biogas digesters is recommended. There are at present more than one hundred biogas
digesters installed in selected cooperator farms (NEDA, 2006).
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the selected barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet which
includes, Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang and Wangal. Respondents
of the study were the recipients of the Animal Dispersal Project from the said barangays.
These selected barangays are shown in Figure 1.
The study was conducted from January to February 2007.
Respondents of the Study
There were sixty respondents of the study which were selected from the eight (8)
barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
The respondents were randomly selected after obtaining the list of recipients of
Animal Dispersal Project from the office of the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO),
covering the period 2000 to 2006.
Data Collection
The researcher gathered relevant information through primary and secondary data.
Primary data were gathered by survey questionnaire (Documentation of data collection is
presented in Appendix D and C). The researcher has also conducted informal interviews
with key implementators of the Animal Dispersal Project in La Trinidad to validate and
clarify some information. To further complement the study, secondary data were taken
from published materials like: books, journals, magazines, electronics source and
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unpublished materials taken from researches. These materials were collected from Benguet
State University library and in the internet.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include the profile of the respondents, the reasons, purposes and
plans of the respondents in applying for the animal dispersal project, the assistance given
by MAO to the respondents, the management activities done by recipients and information
regarding the problems of the respondents.
Data Analysis
In analyzing the results, the collected data were consolidated, categorized and
tabulated. Descriptive statistics were employed such as frequency counts, percentages
and averages to aid interpretation of data.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the sixty respondents. The respondents were
generally composed of sixty percent female and forty percent male. With this, it is
apparent that females are more active in swine production rather than males. The males
usually opted to work in the fields.
As seen from the table 1 majority of the respondents were married, six were
widow/widower and four were single.
As to the level of education attained, many were high school graduate which is
twenty-eight percent of the total respondents. Elementary graduates totaled thirteen
equivalent to twenty-one percent, college level and vocational graduates represented
fifteen percent of the total respondents. Meanwhile, there were six respondents who were
college graduate and had reached high school level.
Table 1 also shows the household size of the respondents. Thirty-five of the
respondents have a range of 1- 5 family members, nineteen have 6 – 10 family members
and six have 11 - 15 family members in the family.
There were twenty-three respondents who belong to the age bracket of 41- 50
years old, following in number are those thirty-one to forty aged to which twenty of the
respondent belong, twenty respondents aged between 31- 40 years old, eight respondents
belong to the aged bracket 51- 60, about seven respondents aged between 20 – 30 years
old and two of the respondents aged between 61- 71 years old. This shows that
respondents with younger age were the beginners in swine production.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Gender
Male
24
40
Female
36
60
TOTAL
60
100
Civil status
Single
4
6.7
Married
50
83.3
Widow/widower
6
10
TOTAL
60
100
Educational Status
College graduate
6
10
College level
9
15
High school graduate
17
28.3
High school level
6
10.0
Elementary graduate
13
21.7
Vocational
9
15.0
TOTAL
60
100
Household Size
1 - 5
35
58.3
6 - 10
9
31.6
11 - 15
6
10.0
TOTAL
60
100
Age
20 – 30
7
11.7
31 – 40
20
33.3
41 – 50
23
38.3
51 – 60
8
13.3
61- 71
2
3.3
Total
60
100
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Livelihood of The Respondents
Aside from Swine Raising
Table 2 shows the main livelihood of the respondents. There were twenty-nine of
the respondents who were farmers, fourteen of the respondents were involve in
businesses such as sari-sari store, knitting, weaving and driving, thirteen were
housekeepers, and four were employed in the government. Almost all of the respondents
mentioned that the Animal Dispersal project is a big help for them as a starting capital in
swine production. They also mentioned that such opportunities provided additional
monetary benefit especially for housekeepers who were practically left at home doing
household activities.
Table 2. Livelihood of respondents aside from swine raising
CATEGORIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Farmer
29
48.3
Self- employed (e.g., business)
14
23.3
Housekeepers
13
21.7
Government employee
4
6.7
Total
60
100
Purpose and Reasons of Recipients in Applying
for the Animal Dispersal Project
Several reasons and purposes of the respondents in applying for the animal
dispersal project were also identified. Almost all of the respondents mentioned that they
availed of the project because of financial problems.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Table 3 shows about, forty- four or 73.3% respondents who want to availed the
“free” livestock, forty-three or 71.7% said that they want to try their luck in swine
production, thirty-seven or 61.7% of the respondents were influenced by other raisers and
eight or 13.3% of the respondents preferred to use the livestock for home consumption.
The respondents have also mentioned that development program like Rural Improvement
Club helped them to avail the livestock.
Table 3. Reasons and purpose of respondents
REASONS AND PURPOSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
To try to raise swine
43
71.7
To get a “free” livestock
44
73.3
Influence of other swine raisers
37
61.7
To have a source of additional
49
81.7
Income
Others
8
13.3
TOTAL
Plans after Finishing the Contract
with MAO
Table 4 also shows the plans of the recipients after finishing the contract with
MAO. Based on the table there were twenty-nine or 48.3% of the respondents who want
to expand livestock production, twenty-seven or 45% of the respondents who want to
stop with swine raising due to problems mentioned in Table 10, four or 6.7% of the
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
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respondents slaughtered the livestock intended for home consumption. Some of the
recipients stop swine raising without paying their livestock that they get from Municipal
Agriculture Office.
The Training and Assistance Given by MAO
to the Recipients
The Municipal Agriculture Office and Provincial Veterinarian Office (PVO)
conducted trainings and seminars to prepare and assist the respondents in their swine
production especially in the area of artificial breeding or the insemination method in
swine production. The office has also conducted monitoring activities on the performance
of the swine raisers to ensure the well being of their livestock. To further sustain the
growth and development of the livestock, MAO provided consultation services until the
livestock will farrow. Other technical problems related to livestock diseases were also
referred to the Municipal Agriculture Office.
Table 5 shows the training and seminars conducted by the MAO and PVO. Forty-
one or 68.3% of the respondents attended the training and seminars on hog raising
management while only nine or 13.3% attended the training and seminar on breeding
management.
Majority of the respondents said that they have a background on swine
management while few of them were beginners in swine production.
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Table 4. Plans of the recipient after finishing the contract with MAO
PLANS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
To expand livestock production
29
48.3
To stop swine raising and after
selling the livestock
27
45.0
To slaughter the swine for home
consumption
4
6.70
*Multiple response
Table 5. Training and seminars attended by the recipients
TRAINING/SEMINAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Hog Raising Management
41
68.3%
Breeding Management
9
13.3%
Swine Management
10
16.7
TOTAL
60
100
Management Activities
Table 6 shows the management activities commonly done by the respondents in
swine production.
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As shown from table 6, forty-eight or 80% of the respondents identified feeding,
washing and cleaning their livestocks twice as part of their daily chores to keep their
swine healthy. Collecting kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds were done twice in a week.
As presented in table 6, sixty percent respondents have claimed that they used
commercial feeds to feed their swine when the livestocks are a week of age to forty-five
days of age. However, due to budget constraint, swine raisers opted to use substitutes for
commercial feeds with other feedstuffs like kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds.
Respondents from Tawang, Pico, Lubas and Puguis often feed their swine with kitchen
refuse usually collected from their neighborhoods. Meanwhile Beckel, Wangal, Shilan
and Bening frequently fed their livestocks with farm waste vegetable like taro, chayote,
cabbage and other indigenous feedstuffs.
Preventive measures against disease were needed to ensure the health of the
livestock. Forty-nine of the respondents claim that they give vaccines to their livestock,
fifty-one or 85% of the total respondents dewormed their livestock and nine of the
respondents said that they isolate their livestock when their livestock is sick.
Waste disposal is another perennial problem of swine raisers. Most of the
respondents said that their neighbors complained about the unpleasant smell of their
livestock waste. To cope with this, they practiced waste disposal management. Three or
5% of the respondents dispose their livestock waste through septic tank and most of them
dispose through composting and through canals.
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Table 6. Management activities
ACTIVITY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Feeding Twice
48
80
Thrice
12
20
TOTAL
60
100
Cleaning and Washing
Once
16
26.67
Twice
34
56.67
Thrice
10
16.67
TOTAL
60
100
Collecting of Feedstuff
Once
9
15
Twice
47
78.33
Thrice
4
6.67
TOTAL
60
100
*Kinds of Feeds used by the Respondents
Kitchens refuse
34
56.7
Indigenous feeds
56
93.3
Commercially available feeds
60
100
* Multiple responses
*Preventive Measures against Disease
Vaccination of animal
49
81.7
Deworming
51
85
Isolation of sick animal
9
15
*multiple response
*Waste Disposal Management
Through septic tank
3
5.0
Through compost pit
49
81.7
Canal
57
95
*Multiple response
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Production Cycle Attained
by the Respondents
Table 7 shows the production cycles attained by the respondents in swine raising.
At this point, thirty-four respondents attained a one cycle, nine respondents attained two
cycles and two respondents attained three cycles. The rest of the respondents totaling to
twenty-six were those who generally did not attain their production cycle. Among the
respondents who attained their production cycle, twenty claimed that their livestock
produced 6-10 newborn piglets in a cycle of production, nine respondents achieved 1-5
piglets and five respondents achieved 11 and above number of piglets.
Table 7. Production cycle attained by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Cycles that respondents
attained in livestock production
One cycle
23
67.6
Two cycle
9
26.4
Three cycle
2
5.8
TOTAL
34
100
Number of newborn piglets
1-5
9
26.5
6-10
20
58.8
More than 10
5
14.7
TOTAL
34
100
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Marketing and Selling System
Table 8 shows that thirty-nine or 65.1%of the respondents sold swine after they
attained a production cycles. The table also shows that twenty-one or 35% of the
respondents did not sold swine, among the respondent who did not sold swine were the
respondents who did not yet attained their production cycle and also the respondents
slaughter their livestock for home consumption.
Among the respondents who sold swine, twenty-eight or 71.8% of the
respondents sold their swine in per head basis (“bulto”) others sold their livestock in kilo
either live weight or dressed weight.
Majority thirty-one or 79.5% of the buyers were direct buyers, four or 10.3% were
sold to livestock traders and also same percentage sold in slaughterhouse. Seller usually
calculated value of the livestock based on their personal estimations.
Selling Prices of Swine in Different Ages
Table 9 shows the prices of livestocks sold at different ages. Livestock with forty-
five days of age is priced at PhP 2,000, PhP 1,800 and PhP 1,600. Among the twenty-six
respondents, there were thirteen or 21.7% of the respondents who sold their piglets at PhP
2,000, seven or 11.7% of the respondents sold their piglets at PhP 1,800, and six or 10%
of the respondents sold their piglets to PhP 1,600.The respondents also sold their fattener
swine in different price. There were six or 46.2% of the respondents who sold their
livstock PhP 6,000.00 while two or 15.4 % of the respondents sold their livestock to
above PhP 10,500.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
22
Majority of the respondents sold 4-5 heads of piglets and about two to four heads
of fattener swine. This finding shows that the respondents sold more piglets than fattener
because they have a limited budget of expenses for swine production. The sales of the
piglets usually used for the second cycle of production and some amount were spent for
family needs.
Table 8. Marketing and selling system
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Recipient’s response weather they sold swine
Yes
39
65.1
No
21
35
TOTAL
60
100
Selling basis
Per head basis
28
71.8
Per kilo (live weight)
4
10.3
Per kilo (dressed weight)
7
17.9
Total
39
100
Buyers
Direct buyers
31
79.5
Slaughterhouse
4
10.3
Livestock traders
4
10.3
TOTAL
39
100
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
23
Table 9. Selling prices of swine in different ages
PRICE (Php) PER HEAD
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Piglet (45 days)
2,000
13
50
1,800
7
26.9
1,600
6
23.1
TOTAL
26
100
Fattener Swine (5-6 month)
6,000
6
46.2
7,500
2
15.4
9,000
3
23
10,500
2
15.4
TOTAL
13
100
Payment Modes by Respondents
The table 10 shows the modes of payment of the respondents as a replacement of
the dispersed animal initially given to them by the Municipal Agriculture Office.
Twenty-seven or 45% of the respondents paid the livestock. Three or 5% of the
respondents paid in cash paid PhP 4,000.00, which is equivalent to the worth of two
piglets.
Based to the table 10 thirty-three or 55% of the respondents did not yet pay their
livestock due to the following conditions of the respondents; some of the respondents did
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
24
not yet attained production cycle and others discontinued with livestock production.
However, to comply with the MAO conditions, respondents promised to pay the
dispersed livestock as soon their livestock will farrow.
Table 10. Payment modes by respondents
MODE OF PAYMENT
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Fully Paid
Paid in kind
24
40
Paid in cash
3
5
Did not pay at all
33
55
TOTAL
60
100
Problems Encountered
The common problems of the respondents regarding swine production were:
limited budget in livestock expenses, high prices of commercial feeds, waste disposal,
slow growth of their livestock and absence of permanent buyers.
To cope with the fluctuating prices of commercial feeds, respondents usually give
substitute food for their livestock like kitchen refuse and farm waste vegetables. In any
case, respondents practice mixed feeding to provide the basic need of their livestock.
However this practice seemed to delay the physical growth of livestock.
The swine raisers also encountered problems in selling their livestock. The
respondents mentioned that buyers are not available when their livestock is ready for sale.
To cope with this problem, respondents butcher their livestock and sold it to direct
buyers.
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Other problems that affect swine raisers were also mentioned like the lack of
knowledge in managing parasites and diseases of livestock.
Table 11. Problems encountered by the respondent in swine raising
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Production
Sickly animal
12
20
The gilt failed to farrow
14
23.3
The disperse animal die
2
3.3
Slow growth
38
63.3
High mortality
6
10
High price of feeds supplements
50
83.3
Poor housing Facilities
9
11.7
Limited area for expansion
8
13.3
*Multiple response
Marketing
Inaccessible farm to market road
15
25
Delayed payment of buyers
6
10
No permanent buyers
38
63.3
*Multiple response
Financial Management
Limited budget for livestock
expenses
55
91.7
*Multiple response
Human Resource
Lack of technical knowledge
in livestock managements
8
13.3
Lack of assistances of the officer
in charges in animal dispersal
13
21.7
projects
*Multiple response
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Consultation done by the Respondents
Regarding their Technical Problems
To cope with these problems encountered, swine raisers made consultation with
some offices or individuals who were considered expert and knowledgeable in swine
production. The respondents consulted the MAO when their livestock farrowed and when
they observed other signs of discomforts affecting their livestock. They asked for
assistance especially on insemination breeding. The respondents also reported the number
and sex of piglets for proper assistance and guidance.
As shown in table 12, recipients consulted the MAO and other individuals
regarding their technical problems. Seventy-five of the respondents consulted the MAO
or PVO regarding their problems while four or 6.7% respondents consulted other swine
raisers or just do the treatment by themselves.
Table 12. Consultation done by the respondents regarding their technical problems
PERSON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE%
The MAO/ PVO
45
75
Veterinarian
7
11.7
Other raisers
4
6.7
Treat by their self
4
6.7
TOTAL
60
100
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to identify the recipients of the project, to identify the
purposes and reasons of the respondents in applying for the Animal Dispersal Project, to
know the assistance and training given to the recipients prior to the dispersal, to describe
the management activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock production in
terms; a. cost and usage of input, b. output or livestock dispersal, c. waste or
environmental responsibility, to describe the problems encountered by the respondents in
managing the dispersed animal and to identify the coping mechanism done by the
respondents.
This study was conducted from January to February 2007 with sixty respondents
from selected barangays of La Trinidad. The findings were: majority of the respondents
were females, eighty-three percent of the respondents were married there were seventeen
respondents who finished high school and six percent of the respondents graduated in
college. As to the household size fifty-eight percent of the respondents had a family
members between 1-5. Most of respondents belong to the age bracket 41-50 years old.
Livelihood of the recipients aside from swine raising include farming, knitting, store
keeping and being employed in the government.
The common reasons of the respondents in applying for the Animal Dispersal
Project were the following; to try to raise swine, to get “free” livestock and to have a
source of additional source of income.
Majority of the respondents attended the training and seminars about swine
raising that provided by the MAO.
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Management activities of swine raisers include feeding, clean, washing, collection
of feedstuff, vaccination and deworming of livestock and waste disposal. Most of the
respondents feed, wash and clean their livestock twice a day to keep their swine with
kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds when commercial feeds are not available. To further
livestocks, swine raisers deworm and provide vaccines to their livestock.
In selling their livestock, majority of the sold their livestock in per head basis
(“bulto”). While others sold their livestock per kilo either live weight or dressed weight.
Respondents usually price their livestock based on their personal estimation as long as
they could recoup their production cost.
Results of the study also showed that respondents encountered several problems
related to swine production that include: high price of commercial feeds slow growth of
livestock and limited budget.
To cope with their problem on the high prices of commercial feeds, respondents
use mix feeding for their livestock they used indigenous feeding and kitchen refuse to
substitutes the commercial feeds. When technical problems arise swine raisers consulted
the MAO for assistance and guidance. They also consulted veterinarians and other swine
raisers who are considered expert and knowledgeable about their
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29
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Animal dispersal project had helped recipients to have a starting capital in
backyard raising and had helped recipients to augment their income.
2. The recipients gained additional knowledge regarding swine management from
the training and seminars they attended that provided by MAO.
3. Continuous monitoring on the part of program implementors to attain objectives
of the project.
4. Recipients must be guided accordingly especially in dealing with their technical
problems.
Recommendations
Based on the discussions and findings of the study, the following
recommendations are derived:
1. The agency implementers should be aware of the problems that arise in swine
management by continuous monitoring or contact with the beneficiaries.
2. To ensure of profitability, more heads raised the higher net return. MAO should
consider giving additional livestock to be dispersed additional livestocks to be
recipients.
3. for better marketing of livestock, marketing and selling practices must be
developed like a place as market outlet where swine producers can readily sell
their livestock.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
COLE. H.H.1992. Introduction to Livestock Production. San Francisco and London. WH.
Freeman and Company.Pp39-40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1992. Cordillera Administrative Region
Agricultural Development Frame Work. Philippines. UPLB Los Banos. Pp. 6-9.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2006. Backyard Farming. Retrieved December
12,2006 from http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/indsit.asp
DINAMLING D.J. 2003. Assessment of animal dispersal in Lamut, Ifugao, Philippines.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.1-5.
GALASGAS, M.K. 1996. Input and output in swine production and marketing in selected
barangays of Bokod Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 20
MAO. 2006. Animal Population Survey. Municipality of La Trinidad, Benguet
Municipal Agriculture Office. Km.5 La Trinidad Trading Post.
MERCK, M. 1998. Cattle Production. Department of Animal Science. College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University. Pp. 1-5
NAREA. 1992. The National Agriculture Research and Extensions Agenda. Philippines.
Bureau of Agriculture Research (BAB). Department of Agriculture. Pp. 6
NERY, M.R. 1991. DA May Lease out Portion of its Animals Stock Farm. Animal
Husbandry Agricultural. J.21. (1). Pp.63-65.
NEDA. 2000. The Ginintuang Masaganang ANI Program for Livestock . Retrieved
November 8,2006 from http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/indsit.asp
NPPC.1996. Swine Care Handbook. Retrieved March 29, 2007 from
http://sanangelo.temu.edu/ded/swine/swininecar.htm
PIO, Q.A.2003. Management practice problems of backyard swine raisers in Balbalan,
Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.4
PVO. 2005. Animal Population Survey. Office of Provincial Veterinarian. Provincial
Capitol, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines.
UCCE. Animal Care Series California Pork Industry Group University of California
Cooperative Extension. Retrieved March 26, 2007 from
http://.www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetx/INF-SW_CareParax.html
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
31
UPLB RURAL DEVELOPMENT STUDY TEAM.1991. The Philippines Rural
Development Problems, Issues and Direction. University of the Philippines, Los
Banos, Laguna.
WIKIPEDIA THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA. (n.d.). Benguet Economy. Retrieved
December 14,2006 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
TOMAS, ROLDAN R. APRIL 2007. An Evaluation of Department of
Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jo Ann Guillao, BA
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate the management of Department of Agriculture
dispersed animals by recipients from the different barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
Specifically, this study was conducted to determine a) the recipients of the Department of
Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project; b) their purposes and reasons in applying for the
Animal Dispersal Project; c) the assistance and training given to recipients prior to the
dispersal; d) the managements activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock
production in terms: d.1. cost and usage of input, d.2. output or livestock production, d.3.
waste management or environmental responsibility: e) the problem encountered by the
respondents in managing the dispersed animal; f) the coping mechanisms done by the
respondents relative to identified problems in swine raising.
The findings on the profile of the recipients revealed that majority of the
respondents were of middle age, female, married and most of them finished secondary
education.
The common reasons and purposes of the respondents in applying for the Animal
Dispersal Project were to try to raise swine and to have additional income.
Majority of the respondents attended the training and seminars related to swine
production provided by Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO). Training and seminars
include Hog Raising Management and Breeding Management to prepare the recipients of
their task and responsibilities as swine raisers.
Findings of the study revealed as well that common management activity of
recipients that was significant to managing their cost and input usage is the kind of food
they feed their livestock. Most of the respondents mentioned that they used kitchen refuse
and indigenous feeds to supplement the food of the livestock aside from feeding the
livestock with commercial feeds. In terms of output or livestock production, considerable
number of respondents claimed that their livestock have produced six to ten (6 – 10)
number of piglets which is considered as a good number of output as identified by MAO.
All respondents also recognized the importance of waste or environmental management
so all have designed their waste disposal system either through septic tank or compost pit.
The common problems of the respondents encountered in swine production were
high price of commercial feeds, slow growth of the livestock and limited budget for
swine production. The respondents used mix feeding method to reduce their feeds cost.
Vaccine and deworming were given to their livestock to protect the livestock against
diseases. To further cope with their technical problems related to insemination breeding,
they consulted the Municipal Agriculture Office for assistance. Other observed signs of
discomforts of the livestock were also referred to the Municipal Agriculture Office.
ii
In conclusion, we can say that the Animal Dispersal Project provides additional
income to the recipients. Proper assistance to the recipients is recommended to cope with
their technical problems regarding swine production.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………
i
Table Contents …………………………………………………………………...
iv
INTODUCTION
Rationale…………….……………………………………………………
1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………...
2
Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………..
3
Importance of the study…………………………………………………..
3
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………….
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Livestock Production……………………………………………………..
5
Livestock Management…………………………………………………..
6
Marketing of Swine………………………………………………………
8
Problems Encountered by Recipients…………………………………….
8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study ..………………………………………….
10
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………...
10
Data Collection…………………………………………………………...
10
Data Gathered…………………………………………………………….
11
iv
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………..
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………….….
12
Livelihood of the Respondents
Aside from Swine Raising ………..……………………………………..
14
Purpose and Reasons of Recipients
in Applying for the Animal Dispersal project……………………………
14
Plans of the respondents after Finishing the
Contract with MAO………………………………………………………
15
The Training and Assistance Given by MAO
to the Recipients………………………………………………………….
16
Management Activities…………………………………………………..
17
Production Cycle Attained by the Respondents………………………….
20
Marketing and Selling System …………………………………………..
21
Selling Prices of Swine in Different Age………………………………..
21
Payment Modes by Respondents………………………………………..
23
Problems Encountered…………………………………………………...
24
Consultation done by the Respondents
Regarding their Technical Problems ……………………………………
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary………………………………………………………………….
27
Conclusions……………………………………………………………....
29
Recommendations………………………………………………………..
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………...
30
v
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Researches and development projects were being financed and technically
supported by the government agencies to increase production. Aside from farming
business, livestock production has been introduced to farmers with low farm production
and low income. Livestock production projects are considered as a living bank for farmers
providing flexible financial reserve for periods of economic stress and a buffer against crop
failure. Its serves as a source for livelihood and income among subsistence farmers and
absorbs surplus labor in agriculture.
The livestock sector of the Philippines contributes 23 percent of total gross value-
added to the agriculture potential for greater contribution to the overall economic growth.
(Dinamling, 2003). In the mid-nineties the Department of Agriculture (DA) introduced a
strategy to meet the shortage of livestock. The Department of Agriculture (DA) adopted
the Barangay Livestock Breeding Loan Program (BLBLP) for farmers with low farm
productivity and low income. This program provides the farmer with animals for breeding
purposes, payable in kind from the first offspring. This was implemented to promote small-
scale livestock production among low-income farmers. It was done to show case new
technology of livestock raising to provide additional income for farmers and continue
linkage and partnership with Local Government Unit (LGU).
Livestock production is generally done in the backyards of the farming
households. Backyard livestock raising is usually treated as an added activity where free
labor hours are used for productive use. Backyard livestock production covers eighty-seven
percent of the total production while commercial livestock raising is only thirteen percent
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
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2
which means that our livestock raising is also treated as sideline activity rather than
business purposes (The Philippines Livestock Industry, 2006).
Statement of Problem
The study is primarily concerned to evaluate Department of Agriculture Dispersal
Project in selected barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet. The focus of evaluation was based
on the feedbacks of the recipients about the project.
Specifically, the study seek to answer the following questions:
1. Who were the recipients of the project?
2. What were the purposes and reasons of recipients in applying for the Animal
Dispersal Project?
3. What was the assistance or training given to the recipients prior to the
dispersal?
4. What were the management activities utilized by the recipients related to
livestock production in terms of:
a. Cost and usage of Input
b. Output or livestock production
c. Waste management or environmental responsibility
5. What were the problems encountered by the recipients in managing the
dispersed animals?
6. How did the recipients respond or cope with those problems identified?
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
3
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed:
1. To identify the recipients of the project.
2. To identify the purposes and reasons of recipients in applying for the Animal
Dispersal project.
3. To know the assistance or training given by MAO to the recipients prior to the
dispersal.
4. To describe the management activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock
production in the different areas in terms of:
a. Cost and usage of Input
b. Output or livestock dispersal
c. Waste or environmental responsibility
5. To describe the problems encountered by the recipients in managing the dispersed
animals and describe their respond or how they cope with their problems identified.
Importance of the Study
This study will provide information that will help the policy makers, development
planners, community organizers, field officers and other concerned officials in identifying
and minimizing problems encountered by the recipients related to swine production.
Feedbacks from the study will also help project implementers to take necessary corrective
measures that will improve attainment of the objectives of similar program. Finally, the
study will serve as a reference for future research work relative to animal dispersal
program.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
4
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study had sixty respondents who were recipients of the animal dispersal project
from 2000 to 2006. The study aimed to seek the general assessment of the Department of
Agriculture (DA) Animal Dispersal Project from the perspective of the recipients of the
project. The focus of the evaluation is based on the feedbacks of the swine raisers who
have availed dispersed livestock provided by the Department of Agriculture. The
respondents of the study included recipients of the Animal Dispersal Project from 2000 to
2006. The study does not focus on evaluating the project as a whole neither did it covers
other livestock producers except swine raisers. They came from selected barangays of La
Trinidad, Benguet which includes Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang
and Wangal.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Livestock Production
Backyard farming still dominates the country’s livestock industry. Reports showed
that livestock sub sectors shares more than seventy percent production than commercial
farming. Livestock specialists from the World Bank also conducted two studies related to
the Livestock Revolution in 2001. Their study, “Livestock Development: Implications for
Rural Poverty, the Environment, and Global Food Security” argued that “livestock can
play an important role in poverty reduction, its effects on the environment can be
adequately managed, and that livestock can make an important contribution to global food
security provided that an appropriate policy framework is put in place (Department of
Agriculture, 2006).
Trends in livestock production showed that it had been declining primarily because
slaughter rate has been climbing in response to increasing consumer demand despite
production cut down due to inefficient breeding practices (Department of Agriculture,
2006).
Production of carabao likewise posted a decreasing growth from 24,188 heads in
2000 to 21,750 heads in 2001 or by ten percent. Swine production recorded a stable
production from 2000 to 2001 with 117,835 to 116933, respectively. Market
opportunities, healthy physical characteristics of breeders and favorable environmental
condition, which lessens disease infestations, contribute to the increase in production. The
trend in goat production is almost similar with cattle production. This ruminant animal is
known to have low tolerability to lower temperature particularly rain and is susceptible to
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
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6
parasitic infestations brought about by increasing water levels or flooding of low level
areas (Department of Agriculture, 2006).
Regional livestock live weight production produces 77.61 thousand MT, equivalent
to total value of 8.55 million pesos. Pork contributed the biggest production value of 89.61
percent, 20.14 % contributed by beef, carabeef contributed 7.09 %, chevon contributed
2.52 %, and dairy contributed the lowest production value of 0.11% (NAREA.1992). In
Benguet, based on the record of the Provincial Veterinarian Office (PVO) in 2005,
Benguet has produced 15,610 heads of cattle, 6,221 heads of carabao, 42,046 heads of
swine and 5,339 heads of goat (PVO, 2005). La Trinidad livestock production contributed
529 heads of cattle, 53 heads of carabao, 5,150 heads of swine and 199 heads of goat.
Meanwhile, poultry production contributed 26, 882 heads (MAO, 2006).
Backyard raising is an additional source of income to relieve farmers of possible
financial recession. To improve the livestock production of La Trinidad, the Municipal
Agriculture Office implemented the dispersal project. From of 2000 to 2006, MAO
dispersed 106 head of female piglets, 26 heads of female cattle and a female carabao in the
different barangays namely Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang and
Wangal. In preparation for the dispersal, the Municipal Agriculture Office of La Trinidad
conducted training and seminars to aid recipients in managing their livestock production.
Livestock Management
Common management in livestock includes provision of adequate portable water,
proper handling of sick animals, breeding practices and waste management (Mercks,
1998).
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
7
Relative to this, Nery (1991) stated that in raising livestock, swine raisers should
apply technical skills like feed conversion rate, capacity utilization and machine efficiency
to aid production. Aside from these, recipients should continuously update themselves of
information in the areas of genetic breeding, feeding nutrition, animal health and hygiene,
sanitation and safety.
Since swine are kept in variety of production systems, management techniques will
vary. Each system requires a degree of management sufficient for swine to experience a
reasonable level of comfort and well-being. Daily care schedule should be consistent
enough to allow the swine to develop a routine. Extreme in climatic change should be
anticipated as much as possible so appropriate provisions can be made to modify wide
environmental variations. Swine raisers must take precaution against the transmission of
pathogens between pen and facilities. Pens should be kept clean to provide comfort and
health of swine (UCCE, 2006).
Feedstuff should be free from molds, toxin, or other harmful impurities. The diet
must meet the nutritional needs of the swine and must fit to the purpose for which it is
being feed like grower, reduction and lactation. Compound, such as antibiotics that are
approved to be added to the feeds, water or injected to sustain nutrient shortage are used
(UCCE, 2006).
Equally important to swine raising is nutrition and feeding, it is extremely
important that the livestock raiser has a good understanding of nutrient requirement during
pulse cycle (Pio, 2003).
Vaccination constituted the major part to control diseases. Vaccination programs
are needed as a preventive measure against pest and diseases that might attack there
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
8
livestock. Appropriate vaccinations should be given in accordance with the manufacturer
guidelines, government regulation and veterinarian’s recommendations. The most common
time for administering vaccines before farrowing (NPPC, 1996).
Marketing of Swine
A marketing strategy should be developed before beginning a swine production
enterprise. In choosing marketing strategy producers should account the different cost in
transportation expenses, shrink losses, selling cost and conveniences of both producers and
buyers. One of the most popular options in marketing of swine is the direct selling. This
option has advantages for both parties swine produces and the buyers. The buyers and
sellers know the prices and a delivery condition of the livestock in advance and the
producers reduces animals stress and diseases risk (NPPC, 1996).
Problems Encountered by Farmers
Feed is one of the resources in swine production that largely affect input costs. The
continuous increase in the price of feeds usually comprises 70% to 80% of swine
production cost. For this reason, swine are not fed with pure commercial feeds only but
also with other feeds substitutes, Livestock raisers even turn to cheap and unconventional
feed formulation that allow their animals to gain more weight rapidly. Thus, the kind and
quality of feeds must be carefully considered to assure the general health and well being of
pigs.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
9
Waste disposal is another perennial problem in livestock enterprise. Several
experienced swine raisers offered ways to manage manure disposal to maintain sanitation,
which is also important in swine production. For waste in pig farms, the installation of
biogas digesters is recommended. There are at present more than one hundred biogas
digesters installed in selected cooperator farms (NEDA, 2006).
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the selected barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet which
includes, Beckel, Bening, Lubas, Pico, Puguis, Shilan, Tawang and Wangal. Respondents
of the study were the recipients of the Animal Dispersal Project from the said barangays.
These selected barangays are shown in Figure 1.
The study was conducted from January to February 2007.
Respondents of the Study
There were sixty respondents of the study which were selected from the eight (8)
barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet.
The respondents were randomly selected after obtaining the list of recipients of
Animal Dispersal Project from the office of the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO),
covering the period 2000 to 2006.
Data Collection
The researcher gathered relevant information through primary and secondary data.
Primary data were gathered by survey questionnaire (Documentation of data collection is
presented in Appendix D and C). The researcher has also conducted informal interviews
with key implementators of the Animal Dispersal Project in La Trinidad to validate and
clarify some information. To further complement the study, secondary data were taken
from published materials like: books, journals, magazines, electronics source and
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
11
unpublished materials taken from researches. These materials were collected from Benguet
State University library and in the internet.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include the profile of the respondents, the reasons, purposes and
plans of the respondents in applying for the animal dispersal project, the assistance given
by MAO to the respondents, the management activities done by recipients and information
regarding the problems of the respondents.
Data Analysis
In analyzing the results, the collected data were consolidated, categorized and
tabulated. Descriptive statistics were employed such as frequency counts, percentages
and averages to aid interpretation of data.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the sixty respondents. The respondents were
generally composed of sixty percent female and forty percent male. With this, it is
apparent that females are more active in swine production rather than males. The males
usually opted to work in the fields.
As seen from the table 1 majority of the respondents were married, six were
widow/widower and four were single.
As to the level of education attained, many were high school graduate which is
twenty-eight percent of the total respondents. Elementary graduates totaled thirteen
equivalent to twenty-one percent, college level and vocational graduates represented
fifteen percent of the total respondents. Meanwhile, there were six respondents who were
college graduate and had reached high school level.
Table 1 also shows the household size of the respondents. Thirty-five of the
respondents have a range of 1- 5 family members, nineteen have 6 – 10 family members
and six have 11 - 15 family members in the family.
There were twenty-three respondents who belong to the age bracket of 41- 50
years old, following in number are those thirty-one to forty aged to which twenty of the
respondent belong, twenty respondents aged between 31- 40 years old, eight respondents
belong to the aged bracket 51- 60, about seven respondents aged between 20 – 30 years
old and two of the respondents aged between 61- 71 years old. This shows that
respondents with younger age were the beginners in swine production.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Gender
Male
24
40
Female
36
60
TOTAL
60
100
Civil status
Single
4
6.7
Married
50
83.3
Widow/widower
6
10
TOTAL
60
100
Educational Status
College graduate
6
10
College level
9
15
High school graduate
17
28.3
High school level
6
10.0
Elementary graduate
13
21.7
Vocational
9
15.0
TOTAL
60
100
Household Size
1 - 5
35
58.3
6 - 10
9
31.6
11 - 15
6
10.0
TOTAL
60
100
Age
20 – 30
7
11.7
31 – 40
20
33.3
41 – 50
23
38.3
51 – 60
8
13.3
61- 71
2
3.3
Total
60
100
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
14
Livelihood of The Respondents
Aside from Swine Raising
Table 2 shows the main livelihood of the respondents. There were twenty-nine of
the respondents who were farmers, fourteen of the respondents were involve in
businesses such as sari-sari store, knitting, weaving and driving, thirteen were
housekeepers, and four were employed in the government. Almost all of the respondents
mentioned that the Animal Dispersal project is a big help for them as a starting capital in
swine production. They also mentioned that such opportunities provided additional
monetary benefit especially for housekeepers who were practically left at home doing
household activities.
Table 2. Livelihood of respondents aside from swine raising
CATEGORIES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Farmer
29
48.3
Self- employed (e.g., business)
14
23.3
Housekeepers
13
21.7
Government employee
4
6.7
Total
60
100
Purpose and Reasons of Recipients in Applying
for the Animal Dispersal Project
Several reasons and purposes of the respondents in applying for the animal
dispersal project were also identified. Almost all of the respondents mentioned that they
availed of the project because of financial problems.
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Table 3 shows about, forty- four or 73.3% respondents who want to availed the
“free” livestock, forty-three or 71.7% said that they want to try their luck in swine
production, thirty-seven or 61.7% of the respondents were influenced by other raisers and
eight or 13.3% of the respondents preferred to use the livestock for home consumption.
The respondents have also mentioned that development program like Rural Improvement
Club helped them to avail the livestock.
Table 3. Reasons and purpose of respondents
REASONS AND PURPOSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
To try to raise swine
43
71.7
To get a “free” livestock
44
73.3
Influence of other swine raisers
37
61.7
To have a source of additional
49
81.7
Income
Others
8
13.3
TOTAL
Plans after Finishing the Contract
with MAO
Table 4 also shows the plans of the recipients after finishing the contract with
MAO. Based on the table there were twenty-nine or 48.3% of the respondents who want
to expand livestock production, twenty-seven or 45% of the respondents who want to
stop with swine raising due to problems mentioned in Table 10, four or 6.7% of the
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
16
respondents slaughtered the livestock intended for home consumption. Some of the
recipients stop swine raising without paying their livestock that they get from Municipal
Agriculture Office.
The Training and Assistance Given by MAO
to the Recipients
The Municipal Agriculture Office and Provincial Veterinarian Office (PVO)
conducted trainings and seminars to prepare and assist the respondents in their swine
production especially in the area of artificial breeding or the insemination method in
swine production. The office has also conducted monitoring activities on the performance
of the swine raisers to ensure the well being of their livestock. To further sustain the
growth and development of the livestock, MAO provided consultation services until the
livestock will farrow. Other technical problems related to livestock diseases were also
referred to the Municipal Agriculture Office.
Table 5 shows the training and seminars conducted by the MAO and PVO. Forty-
one or 68.3% of the respondents attended the training and seminars on hog raising
management while only nine or 13.3% attended the training and seminar on breeding
management.
Majority of the respondents said that they have a background on swine
management while few of them were beginners in swine production.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Table 4. Plans of the recipient after finishing the contract with MAO
PLANS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
To expand livestock production
29
48.3
To stop swine raising and after
selling the livestock
27
45.0
To slaughter the swine for home
consumption
4
6.70
*Multiple response
Table 5. Training and seminars attended by the recipients
TRAINING/SEMINAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Hog Raising Management
41
68.3%
Breeding Management
9
13.3%
Swine Management
10
16.7
TOTAL
60
100
Management Activities
Table 6 shows the management activities commonly done by the respondents in
swine production.
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As shown from table 6, forty-eight or 80% of the respondents identified feeding,
washing and cleaning their livestocks twice as part of their daily chores to keep their
swine healthy. Collecting kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds were done twice in a week.
As presented in table 6, sixty percent respondents have claimed that they used
commercial feeds to feed their swine when the livestocks are a week of age to forty-five
days of age. However, due to budget constraint, swine raisers opted to use substitutes for
commercial feeds with other feedstuffs like kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds.
Respondents from Tawang, Pico, Lubas and Puguis often feed their swine with kitchen
refuse usually collected from their neighborhoods. Meanwhile Beckel, Wangal, Shilan
and Bening frequently fed their livestocks with farm waste vegetable like taro, chayote,
cabbage and other indigenous feedstuffs.
Preventive measures against disease were needed to ensure the health of the
livestock. Forty-nine of the respondents claim that they give vaccines to their livestock,
fifty-one or 85% of the total respondents dewormed their livestock and nine of the
respondents said that they isolate their livestock when their livestock is sick.
Waste disposal is another perennial problem of swine raisers. Most of the
respondents said that their neighbors complained about the unpleasant smell of their
livestock waste. To cope with this, they practiced waste disposal management. Three or
5% of the respondents dispose their livestock waste through septic tank and most of them
dispose through composting and through canals.
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Table 6. Management activities
ACTIVITY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Feeding Twice
48
80
Thrice
12
20
TOTAL
60
100
Cleaning and Washing
Once
16
26.67
Twice
34
56.67
Thrice
10
16.67
TOTAL
60
100
Collecting of Feedstuff
Once
9
15
Twice
47
78.33
Thrice
4
6.67
TOTAL
60
100
*Kinds of Feeds used by the Respondents
Kitchens refuse
34
56.7
Indigenous feeds
56
93.3
Commercially available feeds
60
100
* Multiple responses
*Preventive Measures against Disease
Vaccination of animal
49
81.7
Deworming
51
85
Isolation of sick animal
9
15
*multiple response
*Waste Disposal Management
Through septic tank
3
5.0
Through compost pit
49
81.7
Canal
57
95
*Multiple response
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Production Cycle Attained
by the Respondents
Table 7 shows the production cycles attained by the respondents in swine raising.
At this point, thirty-four respondents attained a one cycle, nine respondents attained two
cycles and two respondents attained three cycles. The rest of the respondents totaling to
twenty-six were those who generally did not attain their production cycle. Among the
respondents who attained their production cycle, twenty claimed that their livestock
produced 6-10 newborn piglets in a cycle of production, nine respondents achieved 1-5
piglets and five respondents achieved 11 and above number of piglets.
Table 7. Production cycle attained by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Cycles that respondents
attained in livestock production
One cycle
23
67.6
Two cycle
9
26.4
Three cycle
2
5.8
TOTAL
34
100
Number of newborn piglets
1-5
9
26.5
6-10
20
58.8
More than 10
5
14.7
TOTAL
34
100
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Marketing and Selling System
Table 8 shows that thirty-nine or 65.1%of the respondents sold swine after they
attained a production cycles. The table also shows that twenty-one or 35% of the
respondents did not sold swine, among the respondent who did not sold swine were the
respondents who did not yet attained their production cycle and also the respondents
slaughter their livestock for home consumption.
Among the respondents who sold swine, twenty-eight or 71.8% of the
respondents sold their swine in per head basis (“bulto”) others sold their livestock in kilo
either live weight or dressed weight.
Majority thirty-one or 79.5% of the buyers were direct buyers, four or 10.3% were
sold to livestock traders and also same percentage sold in slaughterhouse. Seller usually
calculated value of the livestock based on their personal estimations.
Selling Prices of Swine in Different Ages
Table 9 shows the prices of livestocks sold at different ages. Livestock with forty-
five days of age is priced at PhP 2,000, PhP 1,800 and PhP 1,600. Among the twenty-six
respondents, there were thirteen or 21.7% of the respondents who sold their piglets at PhP
2,000, seven or 11.7% of the respondents sold their piglets at PhP 1,800, and six or 10%
of the respondents sold their piglets to PhP 1,600.The respondents also sold their fattener
swine in different price. There were six or 46.2% of the respondents who sold their
livstock PhP 6,000.00 while two or 15.4 % of the respondents sold their livestock to
above PhP 10,500.
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Majority of the respondents sold 4-5 heads of piglets and about two to four heads
of fattener swine. This finding shows that the respondents sold more piglets than fattener
because they have a limited budget of expenses for swine production. The sales of the
piglets usually used for the second cycle of production and some amount were spent for
family needs.
Table 8. Marketing and selling system
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Recipient’s response weather they sold swine
Yes
39
65.1
No
21
35
TOTAL
60
100
Selling basis
Per head basis
28
71.8
Per kilo (live weight)
4
10.3
Per kilo (dressed weight)
7
17.9
Total
39
100
Buyers
Direct buyers
31
79.5
Slaughterhouse
4
10.3
Livestock traders
4
10.3
TOTAL
39
100
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
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Table 9. Selling prices of swine in different ages
PRICE (Php) PER HEAD
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Piglet (45 days)
2,000
13
50
1,800
7
26.9
1,600
6
23.1
TOTAL
26
100
Fattener Swine (5-6 month)
6,000
6
46.2
7,500
2
15.4
9,000
3
23
10,500
2
15.4
TOTAL
13
100
Payment Modes by Respondents
The table 10 shows the modes of payment of the respondents as a replacement of
the dispersed animal initially given to them by the Municipal Agriculture Office.
Twenty-seven or 45% of the respondents paid the livestock. Three or 5% of the
respondents paid in cash paid PhP 4,000.00, which is equivalent to the worth of two
piglets.
Based to the table 10 thirty-three or 55% of the respondents did not yet pay their
livestock due to the following conditions of the respondents; some of the respondents did
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
24
not yet attained production cycle and others discontinued with livestock production.
However, to comply with the MAO conditions, respondents promised to pay the
dispersed livestock as soon their livestock will farrow.
Table 10. Payment modes by respondents
MODE OF PAYMENT
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Fully Paid
Paid in kind
24
40
Paid in cash
3
5
Did not pay at all
33
55
TOTAL
60
100
Problems Encountered
The common problems of the respondents regarding swine production were:
limited budget in livestock expenses, high prices of commercial feeds, waste disposal,
slow growth of their livestock and absence of permanent buyers.
To cope with the fluctuating prices of commercial feeds, respondents usually give
substitute food for their livestock like kitchen refuse and farm waste vegetables. In any
case, respondents practice mixed feeding to provide the basic need of their livestock.
However this practice seemed to delay the physical growth of livestock.
The swine raisers also encountered problems in selling their livestock. The
respondents mentioned that buyers are not available when their livestock is ready for sale.
To cope with this problem, respondents butcher their livestock and sold it to direct
buyers.
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Other problems that affect swine raisers were also mentioned like the lack of
knowledge in managing parasites and diseases of livestock.
Table 11. Problems encountered by the respondent in swine raising
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Production
Sickly animal
12
20
The gilt failed to farrow
14
23.3
The disperse animal die
2
3.3
Slow growth
38
63.3
High mortality
6
10
High price of feeds supplements
50
83.3
Poor housing Facilities
9
11.7
Limited area for expansion
8
13.3
*Multiple response
Marketing
Inaccessible farm to market road
15
25
Delayed payment of buyers
6
10
No permanent buyers
38
63.3
*Multiple response
Financial Management
Limited budget for livestock
expenses
55
91.7
*Multiple response
Human Resource
Lack of technical knowledge
in livestock managements
8
13.3
Lack of assistances of the officer
in charges in animal dispersal
13
21.7
projects
*Multiple response
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
26
Consultation done by the Respondents
Regarding their Technical Problems
To cope with these problems encountered, swine raisers made consultation with
some offices or individuals who were considered expert and knowledgeable in swine
production. The respondents consulted the MAO when their livestock farrowed and when
they observed other signs of discomforts affecting their livestock. They asked for
assistance especially on insemination breeding. The respondents also reported the number
and sex of piglets for proper assistance and guidance.
As shown in table 12, recipients consulted the MAO and other individuals
regarding their technical problems. Seventy-five of the respondents consulted the MAO
or PVO regarding their problems while four or 6.7% respondents consulted other swine
raisers or just do the treatment by themselves.
Table 12. Consultation done by the respondents regarding their technical problems
PERSON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE%
The MAO/ PVO
45
75
Veterinarian
7
11.7
Other raisers
4
6.7
Treat by their self
4
6.7
TOTAL
60
100
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to identify the recipients of the project, to identify the
purposes and reasons of the respondents in applying for the Animal Dispersal Project, to
know the assistance and training given to the recipients prior to the dispersal, to describe
the management activities utilized by the recipients related to livestock production in
terms; a. cost and usage of input, b. output or livestock dispersal, c. waste or
environmental responsibility, to describe the problems encountered by the respondents in
managing the dispersed animal and to identify the coping mechanism done by the
respondents.
This study was conducted from January to February 2007 with sixty respondents
from selected barangays of La Trinidad. The findings were: majority of the respondents
were females, eighty-three percent of the respondents were married there were seventeen
respondents who finished high school and six percent of the respondents graduated in
college. As to the household size fifty-eight percent of the respondents had a family
members between 1-5. Most of respondents belong to the age bracket 41-50 years old.
Livelihood of the recipients aside from swine raising include farming, knitting, store
keeping and being employed in the government.
The common reasons of the respondents in applying for the Animal Dispersal
Project were the following; to try to raise swine, to get “free” livestock and to have a
source of additional source of income.
Majority of the respondents attended the training and seminars about swine
raising that provided by the MAO.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
28
Management activities of swine raisers include feeding, clean, washing, collection
of feedstuff, vaccination and deworming of livestock and waste disposal. Most of the
respondents feed, wash and clean their livestock twice a day to keep their swine with
kitchen refuse and indigenous feeds when commercial feeds are not available. To further
livestocks, swine raisers deworm and provide vaccines to their livestock.
In selling their livestock, majority of the sold their livestock in per head basis
(“bulto”). While others sold their livestock per kilo either live weight or dressed weight.
Respondents usually price their livestock based on their personal estimation as long as
they could recoup their production cost.
Results of the study also showed that respondents encountered several problems
related to swine production that include: high price of commercial feeds slow growth of
livestock and limited budget.
To cope with their problem on the high prices of commercial feeds, respondents
use mix feeding for their livestock they used indigenous feeding and kitchen refuse to
substitutes the commercial feeds. When technical problems arise swine raisers consulted
the MAO for assistance and guidance. They also consulted veterinarians and other swine
raisers who are considered expert and knowledgeable about their
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
29
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Animal dispersal project had helped recipients to have a starting capital in
backyard raising and had helped recipients to augment their income.
2. The recipients gained additional knowledge regarding swine management from
the training and seminars they attended that provided by MAO.
3. Continuous monitoring on the part of program implementors to attain objectives
of the project.
4. Recipients must be guided accordingly especially in dealing with their technical
problems.
Recommendations
Based on the discussions and findings of the study, the following
recommendations are derived:
1. The agency implementers should be aware of the problems that arise in swine
management by continuous monitoring or contact with the beneficiaries.
2. To ensure of profitability, more heads raised the higher net return. MAO should
consider giving additional livestock to be dispersed additional livestocks to be
recipients.
3. for better marketing of livestock, marketing and selling practices must be
developed like a place as market outlet where swine producers can readily sell
their livestock.
An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
COLE. H.H.1992. Introduction to Livestock Production. San Francisco and London. WH.
Freeman and Company.Pp39-40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1992. Cordillera Administrative Region
Agricultural Development Frame Work. Philippines. UPLB Los Banos. Pp. 6-9.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2006. Backyard Farming. Retrieved December
12,2006 from http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/indsit.asp
DINAMLING D.J. 2003. Assessment of animal dispersal in Lamut, Ifugao, Philippines.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.1-5.
GALASGAS, M.K. 1996. Input and output in swine production and marketing in selected
barangays of Bokod Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU. La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 20
MAO. 2006. Animal Population Survey. Municipality of La Trinidad, Benguet
Municipal Agriculture Office. Km.5 La Trinidad Trading Post.
MERCK, M. 1998. Cattle Production. Department of Animal Science. College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University. Pp. 1-5
NAREA. 1992. The National Agriculture Research and Extensions Agenda. Philippines.
Bureau of Agriculture Research (BAB). Department of Agriculture. Pp. 6
NERY, M.R. 1991. DA May Lease out Portion of its Animals Stock Farm. Animal
Husbandry Agricultural. J.21. (1). Pp.63-65.
NEDA. 2000. The Ginintuang Masaganang ANI Program for Livestock . Retrieved
November 8,2006 from http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/indsit.asp
NPPC.1996. Swine Care Handbook. Retrieved March 29, 2007 from
http://sanangelo.temu.edu/ded/swine/swininecar.htm
PIO, Q.A.2003. Management practice problems of backyard swine raisers in Balbalan,
Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.4
PVO. 2005. Animal Population Survey. Office of Provincial Veterinarian. Provincial
Capitol, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines.
UCCE. Animal Care Series California Pork Industry Group University of California
Cooperative Extension. Retrieved March 26, 2007 from
http://.www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetx/INF-SW_CareParax.html
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in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
31
UPLB RURAL DEVELOPMENT STUDY TEAM.1991. The Philippines Rural
Development Problems, Issues and Direction. University of the Philippines, Los
Banos, Laguna.
WIKIPEDIA THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA. (n.d.). Benguet Economy. Retrieved
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An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project
in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet / Roldan R. Tomas. 2007
Document Outline
- An Evaluation of Department of Agriculture Animal Dispersal Project in Selected Barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Livestock Production
- Livestock Management
- Marketing of Swine
- Problems Encountered by Farmers
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Profile of the Respondents
- Livelihood of The Respondents
- Purpose and Reasons of Recipients in Applying for the animal Dispersal Project
- Plans after Finishing the Contract with MAO
- The Training and Assistance Given by MAOto the Recipients
- Management Activities
- Production Cycle Attained by the Respondents
- Marketing and Selling System
- Selling Prices of Swine in Different Ages
- Payment Modes by Respondents
- Problems Encountered
- Consultation done by the Respondents
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED