BIBLIOGRAPHY LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012. Growth and Yield of Garden Pea
Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic Production in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: determine the effect of intercropping on the growth
and yield of garden pea entries and the best garden pea entry that will respond to
intercropping under organic production; to compare the growth and yield of garden pea
entries grown with marigold and onions; to determine the interaction effect of
intercropping and garden pea entries under organic production; and to determine the
profitability of growing garden pea entries intercropped with marigold and onion under
organic production.
Cropping system significantly affected the number and weight of marketable fresh
pods and total yield. High return on cash expense (ROCE) was obtained in garden pea
intercropped with onion. Among the entries, CGP 34 produced the highest number and
weight of marketable fresh pods and total yield and the most resistant to powdery mildew.
The interaction of garden pea entries and cropping system significantly affected the number
and weight of marketable fresh pods and total yield. Monocropping with CGP 34 is the
best combination to obtain high ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Under organic production in La Trinidad, garden pea intercrop with onion is
recommended. CGP 34 grown either as monocropped or intercropped with onion is
recommended.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the leading vegetable crops in Benguet.
The production of this crop is feasible under Benguet conditions. Being a high value crop,
it gives high income to farmers. Garden pea is grown from fresh pods. Nutritionally, a
matured garden pea seed contains high percentage of digestible protein, carbohydrates and
important minerals while fresh pods are rich in Vitamin A. However, limited supply could
be attributed to low production per area (Swaider and Ware, 2002).
At present, garden pea production is still short demand, which is attributed by
various factors such as rapid multiplication of major insect pests. Severe damage of the
crop accounts for the lower yield as well as the quality of the pods. One of the solutions to
low yield is the use of resistant varieties. These varieties, however, should be adapted to
alternative management system or organic production.
Organic farming is a system which avoids the use of any chemical or genetically
modified inputs, in which the biological potential of the soil, organic sources and
underground water resources are conserved and protected by adopting suitable cropping
pattern and methods of organic replenishment. Organic foods prevent people from
ingesting regular amounts of pesticides commonly found in commercial products. It
ensures that biodiversity remains available in the foods people eat and wildlife that live on
the farms. Influence of organic farming is especially favorable for weeds, insects, birds,
wildlife, soil flora as well as fauna. Ecofriendly weed control measures provide livelihood
rights to many untargeted plants (Deshmukh, 2010).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Intercropping in Organic Production
Intercropping can be adopted for organic farming systems as a practical alternative
to existing mainly sole-cropping strategies. Intercropping perspective in arable systems and
the potential area for intercrops in organic farming is large considering the possible
economic benefits and future legal requirement in feed and food industry. Re-introducing
intercropping in organic agriculture to a greater extent should not be reversion to old
methodology, but rather considering the usefulness of this old and sustainable cropping
practice in a modern, innovative and technology-oriented organic agriculture. Furthermore,
intercropping constitutes a concrete means to increase the diversification of agricultural
ecosystems, for which there is a worldwide appeal (Agricultural Research Institute, 2006).
It has been scheduled that the entire animal feed sources in organic farming should
be of organic origin from 2005 in the EU (EU Commission, 1999). This will require a
major increase in organic cereal and grain legume (protein) crop production, to balance the
worldwide organic deficits. As an example, the French deficit for organic feed protein,
considering complete organic feed supply, was 9000 tons in 1999. Intercropping is of
special relevance and importance in future organic farming systems, because it offers a
number of significant enhancements of both the net productivity of organic farming and
the ecosystems in farming regions as a result of the increased diversity of the cropping
system. For organic sector, intercropping is considered an effective means of self
regulation and resilience of the organic agro.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation and Lay-out
An area of 225 m² was used. The study was laid-out using split-plot design with
three replications.
The treatments were as follows:
Main crop: Cropping System (CS)
Subplot: Garden pea Entries (E)
CS₁= Garden pea
E₁= Betag
CS₂= Garden pea + Marigold
E₂= CGP 59
CS₃= Garden pea + Onion
E₃= CGP 34
E₄= CGP 13
E₅= Chinese
Planting Distance and Compost Application
The distance of planting were 30 cm. between rows and hills, at two seeds per hill.
Marigold and green onion was planted in between hills of garden pea as shown in the
diagram:
Legend:
X= garden pea O= Marigold/Green onion
Illustration: 15 cm
X O X O X O X O X O X O X
30cm
X O X O X O X O X O X O X
30cm
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
BSU growers compost at a rate of 2.5 kg/plot was mixed thoroughly with the soil a week
before planting.
Cultural Management Practices
Cultural practices such as hilling up, weeding and irrigation were uniformly done
in all the treatments. Trellising was done one month after planting.
The data gathered were:
1. Agro-climatic data. Minimum and maximum air temperature, percent relative
humidity, daily sunshine duration (minutes) and rainfall (millimeter) were taken from the
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) Agronomical Meteorological Station based at Benguet State University.
2. Maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was obtained by
counting the days from sowing to emergence.
b. Number of days from emergence to first flowering. This was recorded
by counting the days from emergence to first flowers.
c. Number of days from flowering to pod setting. This was obtained by
counting the days from flowering until the pods begin to develop.
d. Number of days from pod setting to pod maturity. This was recorded
by counting the days from pod setting to pod maturity.
e. Number of days from flowering to first harvest. This was recorded by
counting the days from flowering to first harvest or when seed zones were evident on the
pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
f. Number of days from emergence to first harvesting. This was recorded
by counting the days from emergence to first harvesting of fresh pods.
g. Number of days from emergence to last harvesting. This was recorded by
counting the days from flowering to last harvesting.
3. Flower characters
a. Number of clusters per plant. This was recorded by counting the flower
clusters per plant on ten sample plants per treatment per replication 50 DAP.
4. Pod characters
a. Pod length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the ten random sample
pods per treatment from the base to the tip of the pod.
b. Pod width (cm). This was obtained by measuring the broadest part of the
sample pods used in gathering pod length.
c. Number of pods per cluster. This was recorded by counting the nodes
bearing the first pod clusters in five sample plants per treatment.
d. Percent pod set per plant. This was computed using the formula:
Total Number of Pods per Plant
Pod Set (%) = ------------------------------------------- x 100
Total Number of Flowers per Plant
5. Plant Height (cm)
a. Height at 30 DAP. This was recorded by measuring the height of ten
sample plants taken at random per treatment using a meter stick.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
b. Height at Maturity. This was recorded by measuring the height of ten
sample plants taken at random per treatment during the last harvest.
6. Yield and yield components
a. Number and weight of marketable fresh pods per plot (kg/5m²). This was
recorded by counting and weighing the marketable pods per plot from first to the last
harvest. Considered as marketable pods were straight pods, smooth, and free from damage.
b. Number and weight of non-marketable pods per plot (kg/5m²). This was
recorded by counting and weighing the non-marketable pods per plot per treatment. These
were the pods that were over-matured, malformed and damaged by insect pests and
diseases.
c. Total yield per plot (kg/5m²). This was the sum of the weight of
marketable and non -marketable pods per plot per treatment throughout the harvest period.
d. Computed pod yield (tons/ha). This was recorded by multiplying the
total yield per plot in kg/5m² x 2.0, where 2.0 is the factor used to convert yield per
plot (kg/5m²) in ton/ha assuming one hectare effective area.
7. Reaction to powdery mildew. This was gathered using the following scale
used by Tandang et al. (2008):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No damage/infection
Highly resistant
2
1-25% infections
Mildly resistant
3
26-50% infections
R esistant
4
51-75% infections
Moderately Susceptible
5
76-100% infections
Very susceptible
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
8. Reaction to aphids infestation. This was determined using the following scale
(CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No damage/ infestation
Highly resistant
2
1-25% infestations
Mil dly resistant
3
26-50% infestations
Re
sistant
4
51-75% infestations
Moderately Susceptible
5
76-100% infestation
Ve ry susceptible
9. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was determined using the following
formula:
Gross Sales- Total Expenses
ROCE = ------------------------------------ x 100
Total Expenses
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Split- plot design with three replications. The significance among treatments means was
tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-climatic Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and sunshine
duration during the conduct of the study. The monthly mean temperature ranged from 14˚C
to 25˚C. Air temperature in January was higher than the other months of growing season.
The relative humidity was 84 % in January while in December, 87 % relative humidity was
noted. Rainfall was high during the month of December and low during the month of
January and November. The sunshine duration was high during the month of January.
Buena (2004) found out that the best planting time for garden pea was in the month
of November when sufficient moisture favors germination. Garden pea grows best in areas
with 10˚-25˚C and with a relative humidity ranging from 75 to 87%.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and sunshine duration during
the conduct of the study.
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE RELATIVE
RAINFALL
DAILY
˚C
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
SUNSHINE
MAX
MIN
(%)
(mm)
DURATION
(min)
November
24
15
86
2.20
257
December
17
14
87
6.40
244
January
25
14
84
3.20
340
February
22
14
86
3.40
293
Mean
26
14
86
4.00
284
Source: PAG-ASA Office, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Days to Emergence
Effect of Cropping System. Cropping system did not show any significant effect on the
number of days from sowing to emergence. Monocrop and garden pea intercropped with
marigold and onion emerged seven days after sowing.
Effect of Entry. No significance differences were observed among the five entries of garden
pea on the number of days from sowing to emergence.
Interaction Effect. Interaction was not significant between the cropping system and garden
pea entries on the number of days from sowing to emergence.
Days from Emergence to First Flowering
Effect of Cropping System. There was no significant difference observed on
cropping system on the number of days from emergence to first flowering (Table 2).
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences on the number of days
from emergence to first flowering among the garden pea entries. CGP 13 and Betag were
the earliest to flower while CGP 34 was the latest to bear flowers. This signifies that garden
pea entries have different characteristics relative to flowering.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems
and garden pea entries on days from emergence to first flowering.
Days from Emergence to First Harvesting
Effect of Cropping System. As shown in Table 2, cropping system has no
significant effect on the number of days from emergence to first harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Number of days from emergence to first flowering and last flowering of garden
pea entries as affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS
EMERGENCE TO FIRST EMERGENCE TO FIRST
FLOWERING
HARVESTING
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
35
50
Garden Pea + Marigold
35
50
Garden Pea + Onion
34
50
Entries (E)
Betag
36b
44a
CGP 59
29a
50b
CGP 34
43c
54c
CGP 13
29a
45a
Chinese
36b
54c
CS x E
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0.86
5.23
CVb (%)
2.46
4.00
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences observed among the
garden pea entries on the number of days from emergence to first harvesting (Table 2).
CGP 13 and Betag were the earliest to be harvested. CGP 34 and Chinese were the latest
to be harvested. The variations on the number of days to first harvesting among entries
could be attributed to varietal differences.
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction between cropping system and garden pea
entries was shown on days to harvest. CGP 13 intercropped with marigold and garden pea
as monocrop were earliest to harvest than those plants intercropped with onion.
Days from Flowering to Pod Setting and Pod
Setting to Pod Maturity
Effect of Cropping System. There was no significant difference on the cropping
system as shown in Table 3. All plants regardless of system took seven days from
flowering to pod setting.
Effect of Entry. Betag was the earliest on pod setting while Chinese and CGP 59
were the latest set pods. CGP 59 was the earliest to mature followed by Betag. Chinese and
CGP 13 had comparable pod maturities while CGP 34 was the latest pod mature. This
corroborates with the result of Gawidan (2006), which revealed that Betag set pod earlier
than other garden pea entries.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems
and garden pea entries on days from flowering to pod setting and pod setting to pod
maturity.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Number of days from flowering to pod setting and pod setting to pod maturity of
garden pea entries as affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF DAYS
FLOWERING
TO
POD POD SETTING TO POD
SETTING
MATURITY
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
7
9
Garden Pea + Marigold
7
9
Garden Pea + Onion
7
9
Entries (E)
Betag
5a
8b
CGP 59
8d
7a
CGP 34
6b
9c
CGP 13
7c
8b
Chinese
8d
8b
CS x E
ns
ns
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Number of Flower Clusters per Plant
Effect of Cropping System. There was no significant difference noted on the
number of flower clusters per plant in cropping systems (Table 4).
Effect of Entry. Significant difference was noted among the five garden pea entries
on the number of flower clusters per plant (Table 4). CGP 34, Chinese and Betag obtained
the highest number of flower clusters per plant. CGP 59 had the least number of flower
clusters
Table 4. Number of flower clusters per plant and percent pod set of garden pea entries as
affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
NUMBER
OF
FLOWER POD SET (%)
CLUSTER PER PLANT
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
8
64b
Garden Pea + Marigold
8
60a
Garden Pea + Onion
8
64b
Entries (E)
Betag
9a
60c
CGP 59
7c
52e
CGP 34
9a
79a
CGP 13
8b
57d
Chinese
9a
66b
CS x E
ns
ns
CVa (%)
9.83
3.50
CVb (%)
8.36
13.84
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
per plant. The variations on flower clusters per plant observed among entries could be
attributed to varietal differences.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems and
garden pea entries on flower clusters per plant.
Percent Pod Set per Plant
Effect of Cropping System. There was a significant difference noted on the percent
pod set per plant in cropping systems. Monocrop and garden pea intercropped with onion
had the highest percent pod set per plant while garden pea intercropped with marigold
obtained the least percent pod set per plant. This could be due to the susceptibility of plants
to powdery mildew when intercropped with marigold.
Effect of entry. Highly significant differences were noted among garden pea entries
in terms of percent pod set per plant (Table 4). CGP 34 was the highest to set pods and
CGP 59 has the least percent pod set per plant. There are factors that affect the development
of flowers and pods such as; pests and diseases, nutrients and water availability. Although,
pod set is also controlled by its genetic components (Laegreid, 1999).
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems
and garden pea entries on percent pod set per plant.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of Cropping System. There was no significant difference on the number of
pods produced per plant in cropping system.
Effect of Entry. Entry CGP 13, CGP 34 and Chinese obtained the highest number
of pods produced per plant while CGP 59 obtained the lowest pods produced per plant.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
This result corroborates with the result of Ossog (2010), which revealed that Chinese and
CGP 13 set pod earlier than the other entries evaluated.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between the cropping
systems and garden pea entries on number of pods per plant.
Height at 30 DAP and at Maturity
Effect of Cropping System. There was a significant difference noted on height of
plant at 30 DAP and height at 75 DAP in cropping system. Garden pea as monocrop had
the tallest plants at 30 DAP and at 75 DAP. The differences may be due to the competition
of plants for water availability and nutrients.
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences among garden pea entries on the
height at 30 DAP and at 75 DAP. CGP 34 was the tallest at 30 DAP and at 75 DAP. Betag,
CGP 13 and CGP 59 had comparable heights. These results were similar with the result of
Gawidan (2006) where CGP 34 was the tallest among the garden pea evaluated. The
differences may also due to the different genetic make-up of the garden pea entries.
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction was observed between cropping systems and
garden pea entries in terms of height at 30 DAP and height at 75 DAP of garden pea.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Plant height of garden pea entries at 30 and 75 DAP as affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
HEIGHT AT 30 DAP
HEIGHT
AT
MATURITY
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
42a
147a
Garden Pea + Marigold
40b
145b
Garden Pea + Onion
39b
144b
Entries (E)
Betag
39c
144c
CGP 59
39c
130d
CGP 34
43a
166a
CGP 13
39c
130d
Chinese
41b
157b
CS x E
ns
ns
CVa (%)
1.44
0.02
CVb (%)
1.49
0.04
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Reaction to Powdery Mildew
Effect of Cropping System. The three cropping systems had moderately susceptible
plants to powdery mildew (Table 6).
Effect of Entry. CGP 34 and Chinese were observed to be the most resistant among
the garden pea entries while CGP 59, CGP 13 and Betag were moderately susceptible to
powdery mildew. These similar results were also obtained by Ossog (2010), which showed
that Chinese and CGP 34 were resistant to powdery mildew. Laegreid (1999) stated that
the plant genetic characteristics such as yields, resistance to pest and diseases and the
adaptation to stresses are best to be considered in the production of crops.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems and
garden pea entries on their response to powdery mildew infection.
Reaction to Aphids
Effect of Cropping System. No significant difference on the different cropping
systems on the reaction to aphids infestation (Table 7).
Effect of Entry. It was observed that entries CGP 34, Chinese and Betag were resistant to
aphids infestation while entries CGP 13 and CGP 59 were moderately susceptible to aphid
infestation (Table 7). This can be attributed to varietal characteristics. It was observed that
CGP 34, Chinese and Betag had hard stems as compared with the other entries.
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction between the cropping systems and
garden pea entries on the reaction to aphids infestation was shown.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 6. Reaction to powdery mildew of garden pea entries as affected by cropping system
at 73 DAP
TREATMENT
RATING
DESCRIPTION
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
4
Moderately Susceptible
Garden Pea + Marigold
4
Moderately Susceptible
Garden Pea + Onion
4
Moderately Susceptible
Entries (E)
CGP 59
4b
Moderately Susceptible
Betag
4b
Moderately Susceptible
Chinese
3a
Resistant
CGP 13
4b
Moderately Susceptible
CGP 34
3a
Resistant
CS x E
ns
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Reaction of garden pea entries to aphid infestation as affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
RATING
DESCRIPTION
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
4
Moderately Susceptible
Garden Pea + Marigold
4
Moderately Susceptible
Garden Pea + Onion
4
Moderately Susceptible
Entries (E)
CGP 59
4a
Moderately Susceptible
Betag
3a
Resistant
Chinese
3b
Resistant
CGP 13
4b
Moderately Susceptible
CGP 34
3a
Resistant
CS x E
ns
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Pod Length
Effect of Cropping System. No significant difference was noted on the pod length
on cropping system. Garden pea as monocrop has the longest pods among the cropping
systems.
Effect of Entry. There was highly significant difference noted among the entries on
their pod length. CGP 13 has the longest pods while Chinese had the shortest pods among
garden pea entries (Table 8). This can be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the
garden pea entries.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction between cropping systems and garden
pea entries on pod length.
Table 8. Pod length and width of garden pea entries as affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
POD
LENGTH
WIDTH
(cm)
(cm)
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
6.70
1.30
Garden Pea + Marigold
6.69
1.29
Garden Pea + Onion
6.69
1.29
Entries (E)
Betag
6.90b
1.32b
CGP 59
6.70b
1.31b
CGP 34
6.90b
1.32b
CGP 13
7.50a
1.40a
6.20c
1.18c
Chinese
CS x E
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0.68
1.61
CVb (%)
0.91
0.41
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Pod Width
Effect of Cropping System. There was no significant difference noted on the width
of the pods as affected by garden pea intercrop with marigold and onion and garden pea
alone (Table 8).
Effect of Entry. Highly significant difference on pod width among garden pea
entries (Table 8). CGP 59 had the widest pods while the narrowest pods were measured on
Chinese. This may due to genetic characteristics of the different garden pea entries.
(Laegreid, 1999).
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems
and garden pea entries noted on pod width.
Number of Marketable Fresh Pods
Effect of Cropping System. There was a significant difference on the number of
marketable fresh pods in the different cropping system as shown in Table 9. Garden pea as
monocrop produced the highest number of marketable fresh pods followed by garden pea
intercropped with onion while garden pea intercropped with marigold had the least
marketable pods.
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences on the number of marketable
fresh pods among garden pea entries (Table 9). CGP 34 produced the highest number of
marketable fresh pods while CGP 59 produced the least number of marketable fresh pods.
Variations on the number of marketable fresh pods observed among entries could be
attributed to varietal differences.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Interaction Effect. The interaction between the cropping system and garden pea
entries were highly significant on the number of marketable fresh pods. CGP 34 monocrop
has the highest number of fresh pods followed by CGP 34 intercropped with onion and
CGP 34 intercropped with marigold has the least number of marketable fresh pods (Figure
1).
450
s
d
BETAG
o 400
p
le 350
CGP 59
b
ta
e 300
CGP 34
250
mark
f
CGP 13
o 200
r
e
b 150
CHINESE
m
u
N 100
50
0
Monocrop
Garden pea + Marigold
Garden pea + Onion
Cropping System
Figure 1. Interaction effect between cropping system and garden pea entries on the number
of marketable fresh pods
Number of Non-Marketable Fresh Pods
Effect of cropping system. Cropping system did not significantly affect the number
of non- marketable fresh pods (Table 9).
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences on the number of non-marketable
fresh pods among garden pea entries (Table 9). CGP 59 produced the least number of non-
marketable fresh pods while 34 produced the most number of non-marketable fresh pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Interaction Effect. No significant interaction between cropping systems and garden pea
entries on the number of non-marketable fresh pods was noted.
Weight of Marketable Pods
Effect of Cropping System. There was a significant difference noted on the weight
of the marketable fresh pods harvested as a result of monocrop and garden pea intercropped
with marigold and onion (Table 10). Garden pea as monocrop produced the highest
marketable fresh pods. This may be attributed to the high number of pods harvested per
plant. Intercropping garden pea with marigold and onion resulted in least number of
marketable fresh pods. the intercropping practice may have encourage competition for
sunlight and nutrients among plants.. Competition effect is most pronounced in
intercropping, since plants compete not only for sunshine and carbon dioxide in the air but
also for water and nutrients (Gomez and Gomez, 1983).
Effect of Entry. Entry CGP 34 produced the highest marketable yield while CGP 13
produced the lowest marketable fresh pods among the garden pea entries (Table 10). The
high yield of CGP 34 might be attributed to resistance to powdery mildew infection and
aphids infestation. It was observed that CGP 34 and Chinese were the least infected with
powdery mildew and aphids. CGP 13 on the other hand was susceptible to powdery mildew
and aphids infestation. As observed, garden pea entries vary on their pod width and length.
For instance, CGP 34 had the longest and broadest pods which may have contributed to
heavy pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 9. Number of marketable and non- marketable pod of garden pea entries
affected by
cropping system
TREATMENT
NUMBER
MARKETABLE POD
NON-MARKETABLE
POD
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
172a
39
Garden Pea + Marigold
80c
40
Garden Pea + Onion
103b
40
Entries (E)
CGP 59
59d
34a
Betag
91c
46b
Chinese
105b
48c
CGP 13
61d
46b
CGP 34
276a
69d
CS x E
*
ns
CVa (%)
12.95
14.99
CVb (%)
9.80
13.63
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Interaction Effect. There was a significant interaction between the cropping systems and
garden pea entries on weight of marketable fresh pods. Entry CGP 34 as monocrop had the
highest weight marketable fresh pods (Figure 2). Highest weight of marketable pods
harvested may indicate high number of marketable fresh pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
800
s
d
BETAG
o 700
p
h
CGP 59
600
fres
CGP 34
500
le
b
a
CGP 13
400
et
rk
CHINESE
300
ma
f 200
o
t 100
eigh
0
W
Monocrop
Garden pea + Marigold
Garden pea + Onion
Cropping System
Figure 2. Interaction effect of cropping system and garden pea entries on weight of
marketable pods
Weight of Non-Marketable Fresh Pods
Effect of Cropping System. Cropping system has a significant difference on weight
of non-marketable fresh pods (Table 10). Garden pea as monocrop had the highest weight
of non-marketable fresh pods. This may be attributed to the high number of pods harvested
per plant of garden pea entries.
Effect of Entry. Highly significant differences were noted among garden pea entries on
weight of non-marketable fresh pods. Betag had the highest weight of non-marketable pods
harvested.
Interaction Effect. There was no significant interaction between cropping systems and
different garden pea entries on weight of non-marketable fresh pods (Table 10).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 10. Weight of marketable and non-marketable fresh pods of garden pea entries as
affected by cropping system
TREATMENT
WEIGHT
MARKETABLE
POD
NON-MARKETABLE
(g/5m²)
POD (g/5m²)
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
307a
131c
Garden Pea + Marigold
160c
82a
Garden Pea + Onion
206b
100b
Entries (E)
Betag
157c
55a
CGP 59
130d
64b
CGP 34
480a
124e
CGP 13
129d
96d
Chinese
226b
73c
CS x E
*
ns
CVa
14.56
8.24
CVb
11.28
5.34
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Total and Computed Yield
Effect of Cropping System. There were significant differences on the total and
computed yield among the cropping systems (Table 11). Garden pea as monocrop had the
highest total and computed yield. The lowest yield was obtained in garden pea with
marigold. Low yield may be attributed to the allelophatic effects of marigold on garden pea
plants Koockeki (2008).
Effect of Entry. There were highly significant differences observed among garden pea
entries on total and computed yield (Table 11). CGP 34 produced the highest total yield.
CGP 34 was noted to produce the most number and heaviest marketable fresh pods. the
high yield of CGP 34 could be attributed to its wide and long pods as mentioned in the
earlier results.
Interaction Effect. There was a significant interaction observed between cropping
systems and garden pea entries in terms of total yield and computed yield (Figures 3 and
4). The highest yield was obtained from CGP 34 as monocrop.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Table 11. Total yield and computed yield per plot of garden pea entries affected by
cropping system
TREATMENT
TOTAL YIELD (g/5m²) COMPUTED YIELD (t/ha)
Cropping System (CS)
Monocrop
389a
1.10a
Garden Pea + Marigold
289c
0.65c
Garden Pea + Onion
306b
0.77b
Entries (E)
Betag
238c
0.68b
CGP 59
238c
0.63b
CGP 34
610a
1.22a
CGP 13
235d
0.64b
Chinese
319b
0.84b
CS x E
*
*
CVa
9.64
12.93
CVb
4.36
12.66
*Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
900
BETAG
800
CGP 59
700
t 600
CGP 34
lo
p
er 500
CGP 13
p
ield
y 400
CHINESE
l
a
Tot 300
200
100
0
Monocrop
Garden pea + Marigold
Garden pea + Onion
Cropping system
Figure 3. Interaction effect between cropping system and garden pea entries on total yield
per
plot
1.8
BETAG
1.6
CGP 59
1.4
a)
CGP 34
/h 1.2
(t
ld
CGP 13
1
ie
y
0.8
CHINESE
ted
u
p 0.6
Com 0.4
0.2
0
Monocrop
Garden pea + Marigold
Garden pea + Onion
Cropping system
Figure 4. Interaction effect between cropping system and garden pea entries on computed
yield (t/ha)
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Return on cash expense (ROCE) is shown in Table 12. Garden pea entries
intercropped with onion had the highest ROCE with 74% while garden pea entries
intercropped with marigold had the least return on cash expense of 1 %. Among the entries
CGP 34 exhibited the highest ROCE in all cropping systems. The combination of CGP 34
and monocropping, however, had the highest ROCE among the combinations of entry and
cropping system.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The effect of cropping system and garden pea entries were studied under organic
production. The entries were Betag, CGP 59, CGP 34, CGP 13 and Chinese while cropping
systems were monocrop, garden pea with marigold and garden pea with onion.
Findings revealed that the effect of cropping system on some parameters did not
differ significantly on number of days from emergence to first flowering, from emergence
to first harvesting, from flowering to pod setting, pod setting to pod maturity and the
number of flower clusters per plant.
On yield parameters, significant differences on the number and weight of
marketable fresh pods, total yield per plot and the computed yield of garden pea as affected
by cropping system was noted.
For powdery mildew and aphid resistance, cropping system had no significant
influence. In terms of ROCE garden pea intercropped with onion obtained the highest
return on cash expense among the cropping systems.
The different garden pea entries significantly different on plant characters such as
maturity, number of flower clusters per plant, height, powdery mildew and aphid
resistance, number and weight of marketable pods, total and computed yield. CGP 34 was
the best performer in terms of marketable fresh pods and resistance to powdery mildew.
Chinese ranked second in terms of yield and was also resistant to powdery mildew.
The interaction of garden pea entries and cropping system was not significant in
most of the parameters. Significant interaction, however, between cropping system and
garden pea entries was noted the number and weight of marketable fresh pods and total
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
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DOLIQUE, V.B. 1982. The Effect of Intercropping Snap Bush Bean in the Growth and
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University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 28.
GAWIDAN, L.P. 2006. Fresh pod and Seed Yield of Garden pea entries in La Trinidad
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GOMEZ, A.A. and A.K. GOMEZ. 1983. Multiple Cropping in the Humid Tropics of
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HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURE
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 2006. Traditional Farming
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Growth and Yield of Garden Pea Entries as Affected by Intercropping Under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet | LUMADAY, JULIMAR D. APRIL 2012