BIBLIOGRAPHY ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013. Genotype x Environment Interaction of
Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Grown Organically in Three Different
Locations of Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Tuludan, Atok, Topdac, Atok, and Balili, La Trinidad
to determine the best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield and
resistance to pest; determine the best garden pea genotypes adapted to organic production
in three locations of Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and determine the
interaction of garden pea entries with the environments represented by the three locations
of Benguet using the AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative Interaction) analysis
model. The field experiment was conducted from the month of September 2012 to January
2013.
Tuludan, Atok (2315 masl) was favorable for organic production of garden pea.
Entry Chinese had the highest number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant and
pods per plant that resulted to high pod yield. It also had high resistance to semi-looper,
mild resistance to pod borer and low incidence of Fusarium wilt.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Based on AMMI analysis, the best location for organic production of garden pea
was Tuludan, Atok (2315 masl) since plants produced high pod yield. Entry Chinese is
adapted at Tuludan, while CGP 13 is adapted at La Trinidad (1332 masl). Entries CGP 59,
CGP 34, and Betag may also be grown organically at Topdac, Atok (1459 masl).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea locally known as citzaro, is an annual legume grown for its edible pods
and matured seeds. In Benguet where the weather is generally cool throughout the year,
garden peas are not difficult to grow as this crop generally favors a relatively cool climate
(PCARRD, 1982).
Garden pea production is generally costly and subject to various pest such as
leafminer, fusarium wilt and powdery mildew (PCARRD, 2003). Organic production of
garden pea where chemical pesticides are not used may be an alternative to reduce cost of
production. However, organic garden pea is produced in limited quantities due to lack of
suitable varieties. Thus, the need for evaluation of possible varieties of garden pea for
organic production arises. Initial researches on evaluation of garden pea lines for organic
production were done however the challenge to continuously select varieties for organic
production in different locations remains (Tabangcura, 2012).
Garden pea varieties suitable for organic production have to be adapted to local
farmer’s fields and must be responsive to low inputs. This objective will be achieved with
systematic evaluation of garden pea lines in a multi-location trial to be able to select the
best adapted varieties to specific locations and to allow observation of varietal performance
across a wide range of test sites within the region. However, studies on suitability of
organic garden pea varieties to specific locations without the use of an appropriate tool to
analyze G x E interactions may result in unreliable selections and recommendations. A
very useful tool to identify suitable varieties is the Additive Main Effects Multiplicative
Interaction (AMMI) that offers a tremendously cost- effective option for increasing
accuracy.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
AMMI’s different estimates often lead to different rankings of the genotypes (varieties)
within each environment (location), and hence to different selections of the best material
(variety). The greater AMMI accuracy implies better selections, even with less field data.
The most accessible program to analyze G x E interactions is CropStat 7.2.2 version (Tad-
awan et al., 2007).
Thus, the study was conducted to:
1. determine the best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield
and resistance to pest;
2. determine the best garden pea entries adapted to organic production in three
locations of Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and
3. determine the interaction of garden pea entries with the environments represented
by the three locations of Benguet using the AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative
Interaction) analysis model.
This study was conducted at La Trinidad and Atok (Tuludan and Topdac), Benguet
from September 2012 to January 2013.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Garden pea
Garden pea locally known as a ‘chinese pea’, ‘snow pea’, ‘sweet pea’ or ‘sitsaro’,
is the most expensive vegetable legumes in the country. It is grown for its edible pods or
seeds. It grows well in Benguet, where the climate is cool throughout the year. Garden pea
seeds contain considerable amounts of digestable protein, carbohydrates, and minerals,
while the green pods are rich sources of vitamin A. garden peas is a popular ingredient in
‘chop suey’ and ‘pancit’. It also makes an important addition in soups, sautés, and any dish
with mushrooms, bamboo shoots, and shrimps. Recognizing its importance to the industry,
PCARRD-DOST identified sweet pea, among others, as a priority crop under the National
Vegetable R&D Program (PCARRD-DOST, 2003). The crop is also suitable as forage,
hay, silage, and green manure. Kenya export of garden peas in 2005 amounted to 2,206
tons at a value of KSh 729 million, and snow peas 1,739 tons at a value of KSh 448 million.
Total area of garden peas in 2005 was 5,313 hectares and for snow peas 1,550 hectares for
both local and export market (GIAA, undated).
The pea is cool season crop and thrives best when the weather is cool and when
ample moisture is available. The young plants will tolerate considerable cold and light
frosts, but the flower and green pods are often injured by heavy frost. If the crop is planted
late, maturity takes place when the temperatures are too high for optimum growth and
yields. Therefore, it is important to plant late enough to avoid freezes, yet early enough to
mature the crop before hot weather. Pea plants are very sensitive to drought and grow best
in regions of moderated rainfall with irrigation (McCollum and Ware, 1980).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Organic Production
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes
and enhances health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity.
It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs,
taking into the account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems, biological,
and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific
function within the system (Kristiansen and Reganold, 2006).
In the Philippine setting, the organic movement started as early as the 1980s from
a series of initiative from non-government organizations. Today the government
recognizes organic agriculture as the address to the problems in agricultural production and
increasing farmers’ earnings. Locally, organic agriculture has always been existent in the
Cordilleras. It is often referred as the indigenous farming practices much focused on
production for food sufficiency. The adoption of the mother technology or conventional
farming system or the use of chemical inputs came about in the Cordilleras when farmers
started to commercialize their production to earn more income. The province of Benguet,
credited as the salad bowl of the Philippines, is the main supplier of the country’s upland
vegetable requirements supplying almost 90% of the country’s total consumption. These
characteristics make the province a potential and suitable for organic agriculture. When the
Benguet Vegetable industry suffered a severe crisis with the cyanide scare and trade
liberalization of vegetables, niche market production, good production systems and
chemical-free farming were seen as the possible response to bring back the good image of
the local vegetable industry. Several initiatives were already carried out by the Local
Government Units to promote the shift to organic farming such as organizing farmer groups
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
to demonstrate the potentials organic farming. Among these groups include La TOP or La
Trinidad Organic Practitioners organized by the La Trinidad Municipal Agriculture Office
to demonstrate organic agriculture, marketing, personal development and organic eco-
tourism in La Trinidad (Ongpin Foundation, 2010).
Genotype x Environment Interaction
With regard to the comparison of plant material in a set of multi-environment yield
trials, the term genotype refers to a cultivar (i.e. with material genetically homogeneous,
such as pure lines or clones, or heterogeneous, such as open-pollinated populations) rather
than to an individual’s genetic make-up. The term environment relates to the set of climatic,
soil, biotic (pests and diseases) and management conditions in an individual trial carried
out at a given location in one year (in the case of annual crops) or over several years (in
the case of perennials). In particular, an environment identifies a given location-year
(annuals) or location-crop cycle (perennials) combination in the analysis of trials repeated
over time (FAO, 2002). G x E interaction means that difference of environment does not
have the same effects on a genotype. A specific difference environment may have greater
effects on some genotype than others than others. In other words, genotype A might be
superior to Genotype B in Environment X, but inferior in environment Y (Qian, 1997).
Purely environmental effects, reflecting the different ecological potential of sites
and management conditions, are not of direct concern for the breeding or recommendation
of plant varieties. Genotypic main effects (i.e. differences in mean yield between
genotypes) provide the only relevant information when genotype × environment (GE)
interaction effects are absent or ignored. However, differences between genotypes may
vary widely among environments in the presence of GE interaction effects as large as those
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
reported in extensive investigations). In general, GE interactions are considered a
hindrance to crop improvement in a target region. Moreover, such effects may contribute,
together with purely environmental effects, to the temporal and spatial instability of crop
yields. Temporal instability, in particular, has a negative effect on farmers’ income and, in
the case of staple crops, contributes to food insecurity at national and household level. On
the other hand, GE interactions may offer opportunities, especially in the selection and
adoption of genotypes showing positive interaction with the location and its prevailing
environmental conditions (exploitation of specific adaptation) or of genotypes with low
frequency of poor yield or crop failure (exploitation of yield stability) (FAO, 2002).
The study, “Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity Assessment” in Benguet
showed that there are changes in the climate that directly and indirectly affects agriculture
and biodiversity (Kiaso, 2012). Benguet with its very diverse climatic conditions and soil
types escalates the problem of GEI even further. To overcome this problem, the universal
practice of scientists in most crops when selecting genotypes, is to plant (Martin, 2004)
new cultivars, which are being tested, at several locations and over several years (IRRI,
2006) in yield (performance) trials to ensure that the selected genotypes have a high and
stable performance over a wide range of environments. The assessment of genotype
performance in genotype x location x year experiments is often difficult but is essential for
the successful selection of stable and high yielding varieties (Aremu et al., 2007).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted At Tuludan and Topdac, Atok, and Balili La Trinidad to
determine best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield and resistance
to pest; determine the best garden pea entries for organic production in three locations of
Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and determine the interaction of garden pea
entries with the environments represented by the three locations of Benguet using the
AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative Interaction) analysis model. The field
experiment was conducted from the month of September 2012 to January 2013.
In terms of location, plants in Tuludan had 100% survival at 35 DAE, highest
number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant and number of pods per plant. Plants
in Tuludan were also highly resistant to semi-looper at 50 and 60 DAE, as well as pod
borer at 60 and 72 DAE; had the least percentage of plants infected with Fusarium wilt at
60 DAE and late occurrence of powdery mildew (95 DAE). Entries grown in Tuludan had
the highest marketable and total pod yield and least weight of non-marketable pods.
In terms of garden pea entries, plant height at 35 DAE of entries Betag, CGP 59,
CGP 34 and CGP 13 were comparable while at 75 DAE entry Chinese was the tallest. Entry
Chinese had the highest number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant, and pods per
plant. Entry Betag had a comparable pod length with CGP 34. The entries were highly
resistant to semi-looper at 50 DAE. However at 60 DAE, only Chinese remained highly
resistant. The entries were mildly resistant to pod borer infestation at 72 DAE. Entry
Chinese had the highest pod yield.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Based on AMMI analysis, environment caused the most variation in G x E
interaction. Tuludan imparted the highest marketable and total pod yield. Chinese and CGP
13 had high pod yield. Chinese positively interacted with Tuludan, CGP 13 with La
Trinidad, and CGP 59, CGP 34 and Betag with Topdac.
Conclusions
Based on combined analysis, Tuludan is well suited for organic production of any
of the five garden pea entries evaluated for high pod yield and decreased pest and disease
infection. All the entries had no significant differences in terms of yield and thus may all
be considered for organic production.
Furthermore, Chinese organically grown in Tuludan is best for high yield and
resistance to pest.
Based on AMMI analysis, the environment caused the highest variation in G x E
interaction. Entry Chinese had high yield and is adapted in Tuludan. CGP 13, on the other
hand, had high yield and is specifically adapted in La Trinidad. Entries CGP 59, CGP 34
and Betag are adapted in Topdac.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Recommendations
Based on combined analysis, Tuludan, Atok is recommended for growing garden
pea organically due to high pod yield, low infestation of semi-looper and pod borer, and
late occurrence of powdery mildew. Entry Chinese and CGP 13 are recommended to be
grown organically due to high pod yield and resistance to pest.
Based on AMMI analysis, entry Chinese is recommended at Tuludan, Atok while
CGP 13 is recommended in La Trinidad. Entries CGP 59, CGP 34 and Betag may also be
grown in Topdac, Atok.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
AREMU, C.O ARIYU, O.J. and B.D.ADEWALE.2007.Assessment of selection
techniques in genotype x environment interaction in cowpea Vigna unguiculata (l.)
walp. African Journal of Agricultural Research. University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Nigeria: Academic Journals 2(8): 352-355.
FARSHADFAR, E. MAHMODI, N.and A. YAGHOTIPOOR.2011. AMMI stability and
simultaneous estimation of yield and yield stability in bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum) Australian Journal of Crop Science. Kermanshah, Iran: College of
Agriculture, Razi University. 5(13):1837-1844.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO). 2002. Genotype x
environment interactions. Challenges and opportunities for plant breeding and
cultivar
recommendations.
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on
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2012
from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4391E/y4391e05.htm#fnB3.
GENERAL INFORMATION AND AGRONOMIC ASPECTS (GIAA). Undated.
Geographical Distribution of Peas in Africa. Retrieved on June 23, 2012 from
http://www.infonet.biovision.org/default/ct/181/crops.
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IRRI). 2006. Multi-environment
trials-design and analysis. Retrieved on July 24, 2012 from http:// www.
knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/Lesson_6_Multi-environment _ trials
_design_and_analysis_htm.
JAIME V. ONGPIN FOUNDATION, INC. ENABLING COMMUNITIES TOWARDS
SELF-RELIANCE. 2010. Upscaling organic vegetable production in metro Baguio
and Benguet. Retrieved on July 24, 2012 from http:// www.
scribd.com/doc/31457615/Upscaling-Organic-Vegetable-Production-in - Metro-
Baguio-and-Benguet.
KIASO, J.P. 2012. Vulnerability and adaptation capacity assessment in Benguet. Retrieved
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24,
2012
from
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-
news/2012/05/13/climate-change-may-still-affect-benguet-221241.
KRISTIANSEN, P. TAJI, A. and J.REGANOLD. 2006. Organic agriculture a global
perspective. Australia and New Zealand: CSIRO Publishing. Pp. 1, 3 and 123,126
and 146
MARTIN J. A. A. 2004. A comparison of statistical methods to describe Genotype x
environment interaction and yield stability in multi-location Maize trials.
Bloemfontein: University of the Free State. Pp. 10-11.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
MCCOLLUM J. P. and G.W.WARE. 1980. Producing vegetable crops (3rd edition.). Illinois:
Interstate Printers &Publishers inc. Pp. 378-389.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD).1982. Benguet
techno guide for garden pea. Benguet: PCARRD. P1.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT–DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PCARRD-DOST). 2003. Garden pea.
Retrieved
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29,
2012
from
http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/joomla/index.php?option=comcontent&task=vie
w&id=836&itemid=590.
QIAN, H. 1997. Genotype x environment interaction. Retrieved on June 19, 2012 from
http://www.as.wvu.edu/~kgarbutt/gxe2.html.
RAJU, B.M.K.2002. A Study on AMMI Model and its Biplots: Journal of the Indian
Society of Agricultural Statistics. New Delhi: Indian Agricultural Statistics
Research Institute. 55(3): 297-299.
RAO, A.R and V.T.PRABHAKARAN.2003.Use of AMMI in Simultaneous Selection of
Genotypes for Yield and Stability: Journal of the Indian Society of Agricultural
Statistics New Delhi: Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. 59(1):76-77.
SHAGOL, C.C and TAD-AWAN, B.A.2008.G x E interaction of potato grown
organically. Research Journal. Benguet State University: Graduate School,
Benguet State University. P 1.
SHARMA, A., S. PATHAK., and S.SHARMA. 2006. Stability of diverse genotypes of
garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) under a mountainous agro-eco region of a high hill
and dry temperature. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. Palampur, India:
Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University. 38(2): 123.
TABANGCURA, J.L.2012. Output of CAR organic vegetable R&D program showcased.
Retrieved on September 13, 2012 from www.bsu_edu.ph/content/outputs-car-
organic_vegetable-rd_program-showcased.
TAD-AWAN, B.A, P.K. SIMONGO, EJ.D. SAGALLA, J.P. PABLO, C.G KISWA, and
C.C. SHAGOL. Participatory evaluation and selection of potato varieties for
organic production in the Northern Philippine highlands. Project reports. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp.76-84.
TANDANG L.L, KIMEU, A.M, AMLOS, B.A, BAGTILA, J.G, KEBASEN, B.B., and
G.R.MAGHIRANG. 2008. Development and Evaluation of Snap bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) Cultivars for the Philippine Highlands. In-house Review Report
formats for completed projects. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
2.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013. Genotype x Environment Interaction of
Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Grown Organically in Three Different
Locations of Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Tuludan, Atok, Topdac, Atok, and Balili, La Trinidad
to determine the best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield and
resistance to pest; determine the best garden pea genotypes adapted to organic production
in three locations of Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and determine the
interaction of garden pea entries with the environments represented by the three locations
of Benguet using the AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative Interaction) analysis
model. The field experiment was conducted from the month of September 2012 to January
2013.
Tuludan, Atok (2315 masl) was favorable for organic production of garden pea.
Entry Chinese had the highest number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant and
pods per plant that resulted to high pod yield. It also had high resistance to semi-looper,
mild resistance to pod borer and low incidence of Fusarium wilt.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Based on AMMI analysis, the best location for organic production of garden pea
was Tuludan, Atok (2315 masl) since plants produced high pod yield. Entry Chinese is
adapted at Tuludan, while CGP 13 is adapted at La Trinidad (1332 masl). Entries CGP 59,
CGP 34, and Betag may also be grown organically at Topdac, Atok (1459 masl).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea locally known as citzaro, is an annual legume grown for its edible pods
and matured seeds. In Benguet where the weather is generally cool throughout the year,
garden peas are not difficult to grow as this crop generally favors a relatively cool climate
(PCARRD, 1982).
Garden pea production is generally costly and subject to various pest such as
leafminer, fusarium wilt and powdery mildew (PCARRD, 2003). Organic production of
garden pea where chemical pesticides are not used may be an alternative to reduce cost of
production. However, organic garden pea is produced in limited quantities due to lack of
suitable varieties. Thus, the need for evaluation of possible varieties of garden pea for
organic production arises. Initial researches on evaluation of garden pea lines for organic
production were done however the challenge to continuously select varieties for organic
production in different locations remains (Tabangcura, 2012).
Garden pea varieties suitable for organic production have to be adapted to local
farmer’s fields and must be responsive to low inputs. This objective will be achieved with
systematic evaluation of garden pea lines in a multi-location trial to be able to select the
best adapted varieties to specific locations and to allow observation of varietal performance
across a wide range of test sites within the region. However, studies on suitability of
organic garden pea varieties to specific locations without the use of an appropriate tool to
analyze G x E interactions may result in unreliable selections and recommendations. A
very useful tool to identify suitable varieties is the Additive Main Effects Multiplicative
Interaction (AMMI) that offers a tremendously cost- effective option for increasing
accuracy.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
AMMI’s different estimates often lead to different rankings of the genotypes (varieties)
within each environment (location), and hence to different selections of the best material
(variety). The greater AMMI accuracy implies better selections, even with less field data.
The most accessible program to analyze G x E interactions is CropStat 7.2.2 version (Tad-
awan et al., 2007).
Thus, the study was conducted to:
1. determine the best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield
and resistance to pest;
2. determine the best garden pea entries adapted to organic production in three
locations of Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and
3. determine the interaction of garden pea entries with the environments represented
by the three locations of Benguet using the AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative
Interaction) analysis model.
This study was conducted at La Trinidad and Atok (Tuludan and Topdac), Benguet
from September 2012 to January 2013.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Garden pea
Garden pea locally known as a ‘chinese pea’, ‘snow pea’, ‘sweet pea’ or ‘sitsaro’,
is the most expensive vegetable legumes in the country. It is grown for its edible pods or
seeds. It grows well in Benguet, where the climate is cool throughout the year. Garden pea
seeds contain considerable amounts of digestable protein, carbohydrates, and minerals,
while the green pods are rich sources of vitamin A. garden peas is a popular ingredient in
‘chop suey’ and ‘pancit’. It also makes an important addition in soups, sautés, and any dish
with mushrooms, bamboo shoots, and shrimps. Recognizing its importance to the industry,
PCARRD-DOST identified sweet pea, among others, as a priority crop under the National
Vegetable R&D Program (PCARRD-DOST, 2003). The crop is also suitable as forage,
hay, silage, and green manure. Kenya export of garden peas in 2005 amounted to 2,206
tons at a value of KSh 729 million, and snow peas 1,739 tons at a value of KSh 448 million.
Total area of garden peas in 2005 was 5,313 hectares and for snow peas 1,550 hectares for
both local and export market (GIAA, undated).
The pea is cool season crop and thrives best when the weather is cool and when
ample moisture is available. The young plants will tolerate considerable cold and light
frosts, but the flower and green pods are often injured by heavy frost. If the crop is planted
late, maturity takes place when the temperatures are too high for optimum growth and
yields. Therefore, it is important to plant late enough to avoid freezes, yet early enough to
mature the crop before hot weather. Pea plants are very sensitive to drought and grow best
in regions of moderated rainfall with irrigation (McCollum and Ware, 1980).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Organic Production
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes
and enhances health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity.
It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs,
taking into the account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems, biological,
and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific
function within the system (Kristiansen and Reganold, 2006).
In the Philippine setting, the organic movement started as early as the 1980s from
a series of initiative from non-government organizations. Today the government
recognizes organic agriculture as the address to the problems in agricultural production and
increasing farmers’ earnings. Locally, organic agriculture has always been existent in the
Cordilleras. It is often referred as the indigenous farming practices much focused on
production for food sufficiency. The adoption of the mother technology or conventional
farming system or the use of chemical inputs came about in the Cordilleras when farmers
started to commercialize their production to earn more income. The province of Benguet,
credited as the salad bowl of the Philippines, is the main supplier of the country’s upland
vegetable requirements supplying almost 90% of the country’s total consumption. These
characteristics make the province a potential and suitable for organic agriculture. When the
Benguet Vegetable industry suffered a severe crisis with the cyanide scare and trade
liberalization of vegetables, niche market production, good production systems and
chemical-free farming were seen as the possible response to bring back the good image of
the local vegetable industry. Several initiatives were already carried out by the Local
Government Units to promote the shift to organic farming such as organizing farmer groups
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
to demonstrate the potentials organic farming. Among these groups include La TOP or La
Trinidad Organic Practitioners organized by the La Trinidad Municipal Agriculture Office
to demonstrate organic agriculture, marketing, personal development and organic eco-
tourism in La Trinidad (Ongpin Foundation, 2010).
Genotype x Environment Interaction
With regard to the comparison of plant material in a set of multi-environment yield
trials, the term genotype refers to a cultivar (i.e. with material genetically homogeneous,
such as pure lines or clones, or heterogeneous, such as open-pollinated populations) rather
than to an individual’s genetic make-up. The term environment relates to the set of climatic,
soil, biotic (pests and diseases) and management conditions in an individual trial carried
out at a given location in one year (in the case of annual crops) or over several years (in
the case of perennials). In particular, an environment identifies a given location-year
(annuals) or location-crop cycle (perennials) combination in the analysis of trials repeated
over time (FAO, 2002). G x E interaction means that difference of environment does not
have the same effects on a genotype. A specific difference environment may have greater
effects on some genotype than others than others. In other words, genotype A might be
superior to Genotype B in Environment X, but inferior in environment Y (Qian, 1997).
Purely environmental effects, reflecting the different ecological potential of sites
and management conditions, are not of direct concern for the breeding or recommendation
of plant varieties. Genotypic main effects (i.e. differences in mean yield between
genotypes) provide the only relevant information when genotype × environment (GE)
interaction effects are absent or ignored. However, differences between genotypes may
vary widely among environments in the presence of GE interaction effects as large as those
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
reported in extensive investigations). In general, GE interactions are considered a
hindrance to crop improvement in a target region. Moreover, such effects may contribute,
together with purely environmental effects, to the temporal and spatial instability of crop
yields. Temporal instability, in particular, has a negative effect on farmers’ income and, in
the case of staple crops, contributes to food insecurity at national and household level. On
the other hand, GE interactions may offer opportunities, especially in the selection and
adoption of genotypes showing positive interaction with the location and its prevailing
environmental conditions (exploitation of specific adaptation) or of genotypes with low
frequency of poor yield or crop failure (exploitation of yield stability) (FAO, 2002).
The study, “Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity Assessment” in Benguet
showed that there are changes in the climate that directly and indirectly affects agriculture
and biodiversity (Kiaso, 2012). Benguet with its very diverse climatic conditions and soil
types escalates the problem of GEI even further. To overcome this problem, the universal
practice of scientists in most crops when selecting genotypes, is to plant (Martin, 2004)
new cultivars, which are being tested, at several locations and over several years (IRRI,
2006) in yield (performance) trials to ensure that the selected genotypes have a high and
stable performance over a wide range of environments. The assessment of genotype
performance in genotype x location x year experiments is often difficult but is essential for
the successful selection of stable and high yielding varieties (Aremu et al., 2007).
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted At Tuludan and Topdac, Atok, and Balili La Trinidad to
determine best location for organic production of garden pea based on yield and resistance
to pest; determine the best garden pea entries for organic production in three locations of
Benguet based on yield and pest resistance; and determine the interaction of garden pea
entries with the environments represented by the three locations of Benguet using the
AMMI (Additive Main Effects Multiplicative Interaction) analysis model. The field
experiment was conducted from the month of September 2012 to January 2013.
In terms of location, plants in Tuludan had 100% survival at 35 DAE, highest
number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant and number of pods per plant. Plants
in Tuludan were also highly resistant to semi-looper at 50 and 60 DAE, as well as pod
borer at 60 and 72 DAE; had the least percentage of plants infected with Fusarium wilt at
60 DAE and late occurrence of powdery mildew (95 DAE). Entries grown in Tuludan had
the highest marketable and total pod yield and least weight of non-marketable pods.
In terms of garden pea entries, plant height at 35 DAE of entries Betag, CGP 59,
CGP 34 and CGP 13 were comparable while at 75 DAE entry Chinese was the tallest. Entry
Chinese had the highest number of flowers per plant, flower cluster per plant, and pods per
plant. Entry Betag had a comparable pod length with CGP 34. The entries were highly
resistant to semi-looper at 50 DAE. However at 60 DAE, only Chinese remained highly
resistant. The entries were mildly resistant to pod borer infestation at 72 DAE. Entry
Chinese had the highest pod yield.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Based on AMMI analysis, environment caused the most variation in G x E
interaction. Tuludan imparted the highest marketable and total pod yield. Chinese and CGP
13 had high pod yield. Chinese positively interacted with Tuludan, CGP 13 with La
Trinidad, and CGP 59, CGP 34 and Betag with Topdac.
Conclusions
Based on combined analysis, Tuludan is well suited for organic production of any
of the five garden pea entries evaluated for high pod yield and decreased pest and disease
infection. All the entries had no significant differences in terms of yield and thus may all
be considered for organic production.
Furthermore, Chinese organically grown in Tuludan is best for high yield and
resistance to pest.
Based on AMMI analysis, the environment caused the highest variation in G x E
interaction. Entry Chinese had high yield and is adapted in Tuludan. CGP 13, on the other
hand, had high yield and is specifically adapted in La Trinidad. Entries CGP 59, CGP 34
and Betag are adapted in Topdac.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
Recommendations
Based on combined analysis, Tuludan, Atok is recommended for growing garden
pea organically due to high pod yield, low infestation of semi-looper and pod borer, and
late occurrence of powdery mildew. Entry Chinese and CGP 13 are recommended to be
grown organically due to high pod yield and resistance to pest.
Based on AMMI analysis, entry Chinese is recommended at Tuludan, Atok while
CGP 13 is recommended in La Trinidad. Entries CGP 59, CGP 34 and Betag may also be
grown in Topdac, Atok.
Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013
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Genotype x Environment Interaction of Five Entries of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Grown Organically in Three Different Locations of Benguet.
ODIAS, MANNYLEN P. APRIL 2013