BIBLIOGRAPHY DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013. Evaluation and Screening of Potato
Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT) Under Organic Production System.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Semi-temperate Vegetable Research and Development
Center (STVRDC) greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August to December
2012 to; evaluate the ability of the different potato accessions as planting material using
the rapid multiplication technique (RMT); identify the best potato accession/s suited for
rapid multiplication technique under organic production and determine the profitability of
the different potato accessions for rooted stem cutting production.
Potato accessions 303224 and 305786 significantly produced the highest number
of roots and leaves, plant survival, plant vigor and high resistance to late blight and leaf
miner and highest return on cash expense.
Potato accessions 303224 and 305786 including 303203, 304416, 307251, 307521
and Tawid are recommended for stem cutting production under organic management
systems.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important dicotyledonous source
of human food. It is a well-known source of energy and provides negligible amount of
proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It ranks as the fifth major food crop of the world, exceeded
by grasses, wheat, rice, corn, and barley (Woolfe (1987).
Among the root crops in the Philippines, potato is considered as a major cash crop
especially in the highlands. Benguet province is the major potato producer contributing
62% of the total volume produced in the country (BAS, 2007). Production however, is
affected by many factors such as insect pest, diseases, unfavorable environmental
conditions and lack of planting materials. Potatoes are traditionally grown from tubers.
However, with continuous planting of the seed tubers, many problems occur. One of the
problems is the occurrence of diseases such as virus which results in low quality tubers.
Farmers also have low yielding seed. Due to the problem, an alternative system of
producing planting materials is the rapid multiplication technique (RMT).
RMT technology can help farmers produce an adequate yield, increase the profit
and increase the food production that will cope up with the increasing population of our
country. In the developing countries of Asia, cuttings are used as a source of good quality
planting materials and a promising tool to low-cost potato production in enabling the rapid
and timely increase of new cultivars and preventing possible occurrence of diseases
(Escobar and Zaag, 1985).
Furthermore, stem cutting production is an alternative way to produce clean,
affordable planting materials that can produce 20-60 cuttings from each mother plant.
Using stem cutting breaks the contact of tuber with soil-borne pathogens.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The lack of planting materials coupled with the use of synthetic inputs contributes
to low production of potato in the highlands. One solution to this problem may be the use
of RMT under organic production. Planting new varieties would be better if farmers would
shift to alternative ways of production rather than the conventional way. Briones (1997)
stated that organic farming practices the use of organic fertilizer and diverse cropping
system, without the use of any chemical pesticides.
Organic production is long term and environmentally safe means of limiting
damage from the attack of pest and diseases (Wang et al., 2001). An important practice in
organic farming is the use of variety that performs well and resistant to pest and diseases.
It is important to use rapid multiplication technique because this technique results
in the fast production of clean, affordable and low-cost planting materials for farmers. The
ability of different accessions of potato produce stem cuttings should be evaluated since
not all accessions root vigorously. Once a potato accession with good rooting ability is
identified, then the rooted stem cuttings as planting materials can be planted under organic
production.
The study aimed to
1. evaluate the ability of different potato accessions using the rapid multiplication
technique (RMT);
2. identify the best potato accession/s suited for rapid multiplication technique
under organic production and;
3. Determine the profitability of the different potato accessions for rooted stem
cutting production.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The study was conducted at Semi-temperate Vegetable Research and Development Center
(STVRDC) greenhouse at the Benguet State University (BSU) experimental station, Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2012 to December 2012.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Use of Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
According to Escobar and Zaag (1985) the use of cuttings in developing countries
like Asia is a very promising tool for low-cost production enabling the rapid and timely
increase of new cultivar and preventing possible occurrence of tuber-borne diseases.
The use of stem cutting as a planting material, as an alternative to seed tubers can reduce
the cost of seeds by as much as 40% (NPRCRTC, 1996). Furthermore, Dalang et al., (1986)
reported that investment can be reduced to one half by using a cheaper alternative way of
producing clean planting material like stem cutting.
Stem cutting technique requires planting tubers which serves as a mother plant.
Tuber brachlets, usually cut from 2-3 inches long, permit the production of strong roof
system 15 days after cutting. One mother plant gives 20-60 additional plants from each of
which more branches can be excised. This technique also requires great labor and takes a
long time before the desired tubers are obtained (Carpio, 1982). Dalang et al., (1986) stated
that a mother plant can produce 20-100 stem cuttings and having 1/2 to 1 kg tubers per
plant.
According to Marcelo (2005) 703309, 720071, IP84007.67, Igorota, Alpha, Astra and FJ1
were the best for rooted stem cutting production in La Trinidad. More stems cutting can be
produced at 60 days after planting.
The technique such as single node and sprout cutting and leaf bud cutting have been
developed for the use in screening germplasm, disease elimination, and seed program.
These techniques have been adopted for rapid production using local materials available in
developing countries in need innovative techniques to shorten the multiplication cycle.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
RMT combines the use of sprout, single-node and stem cuttings to produce large number
of cuttings transplanted to the field for further multiplication (CIP, 1984).
Organic Production
Organic production is a holistic system that aims to increase the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organism, plant
livestock and people.
Organic farming conserves and maintains the ecological balance of the
environment. It avoids the contamination of the air, soil, water and the crop itself. Organic
farming preserves and enhances top soil and it increases the chances that future generation
can continue growing food (Balfour, 2000).
According to PCARRD (2000) organic farming is used on farm manures in crop
production which includes incorporation of crop residues, animal manures, green manures,
or compost. Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages to organic growers, to
soil properties and to crop yields. An organic fertilizer provides some essential elements
for proper plant growth. It assures farmers of lower stable fertilizer cost and reliable local
raw materials.
Evaluation of Potato Accessions
under Organic Production
According to Lem-ew (2007) among the potato entries evaluated in La Trinidad, 96-06,
13.1.1, and 5.19.2.2 are recommended for profitable production of organic potato. In
Buguias, potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced the highest marketable tubers
and were resistant to late blight under organic production (Sawac, 2010). In another study
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
on tuberlet production, potato accessions 380679.3, 8.20.41, and P3 performed the best
(Loque, 2007).
Montes (2006) found that potato genotypes IP 84007.67, 676089 and Ganza had high yield
and were resistant to late blight in La Trinidad. Likewise, Delfin (2012) found that potato
progenies 306522, 307249, 307251, 307256, 307258 were potential accessions for organic
production in the same locality.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Potting Media
The soil that was used as a potting media was collected from the mountain in Atok,
Benguet. Soil was sieved to remove stones and big particles. The soil was mixed with
vermicast compost with a ratio of 3:1 using a pail (16 liters) as a measuring tool. Three
pails of soil were mixed with 1 pail of vermicast. After mixing, the substrate was placed in
the each pot measuring 7” x 11”.
Growing of Mother Plants
Mother plants were from the stem cutting mother plants, tubers or sprouts. Cutting
of the sprouts and tubers as mother plants was done using Lysol (1 tbsp/li of water) as
disinfectant. After cutting each accession, blades were dipped in Lysol.
Rapid Multiplication Technique
There were 120 stem cuttings per accession, thus a total of 30 per replication. After
2-3 weeks, first cutting was done. Like the cutting of the mother plants, blades were dipped
in Lysol before and after cutting every accession. Stem cuttings were planted in seed trays
with 104 hills. Mist irrigation was done once a day for at least five days a week.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Potato accessions and their sources:
Accession
Source
303203
CIP, Peru
303223
CIP, Peru
303224
CIP, Peru
303405
NPRCRTC
304416
CIP, Peru
305180
CIP, Peru
305786
CIP, Peru
306468
CIP, Peru
306521
CIP, Peru
306522
CIP, Peru
307251
CIP, Peru
307521
CIP, Peru
Tawid
NPRCRTC
Watwat
NPRCRTC
Granola Selection
Mankayan, Benguet
Experimental Design
The study was laid out using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications
inside the greenhouse.
Stem Cutting Production (NPRCRTC, 1998)
Materials in disinfecting. Sanitation was done to prevent the spread of diseases and viruses.
The other materials such as plastic trays were dipped in disinfecting solutions.
Knives/blades were dipped in a disinfecting solution (Lysol at 1 tbsp/li of water or 10%
sodium hypochlorite (10 ml/li).
Plant parts. The apical shoots were cut when mother plants have three to four simple
leaves. These shoots were cut just above the node using a sterilized sharp scalpel or blade.
Blades were dipped in soap or Lysol solution before cutting the next plant. Removal of the
apical shoots stimulates the growth of axillary lateral shoots. The lateral shoots are then
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
cut after 12 to 14 days. Harvesting of stem cutting was done continuously at weekly
intervals.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Percent survival (%). This was recorded by counting the number of plants that
survived expressed in percentage.
Number of plants survived
% Plant Survival =
x 100
Number of plants planted
2. Plant vigor of stem cutting. This was recorded at 14, 21and 28 DAP per accession
using the following scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are strong with robust
Highly Vigorous
stem and leaves.
2
Plants are moderately strong
Moderately Vigorous
with robust stem and leaves
are light green in color
3
Better than less vigorous
Vigorous
4
Plants are weak with few thin
Less Vigorous
stems and leaves are pale.
5
Plants are weak with few stem
Poor Vigorous
and leaves are very pale.
3. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of pest was observed 14, 21 and 28 DAP the
cuttings per accession by following the scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Less infested (1-20%)
High resistant
2
Moderately infested (21-
Moderately resistant
40%)
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Remarks
3
41-60% of the plant per plot
Susceptible
is infested
4
Severely infested (61-80%)
Moderately
susceptible
5
Most serious (81-100%)
Very susceptible
4. Reaction to late blight. Ratings were done at 14, 21 and 28 DAP using CIP (Henfling,
1987) ratings as follows.
CIP Scale
Blight
Symptom
Value
Mean
Limits
1
0
No late blight observation.
2
2.5
Traces-<5
Late blight present maximum ten
lesion per plant.
3
10
5-<15
Plants look healthy but lesions are
easily seen at closer distance
maximum foliage are affected by or
destroyed correspond to more than 20
leaflet.
4
25
15-<35
Late blight easily seen on most plants
about 25% of foliage are covered with
lesions.
5
50
35-<65
Plots look green, however, all plants
are affected. Lower leaves are dead.
About half the area is destroyed.
6
75
65-<85
Plots look green with brown flecks.
About 75% of each plant is affected.
Leaves of the lower half of the plants
are destroyed.
7
90
85-<95
Plots neither predominantly green nor
brown. Only top leaves are green. Any
stems have large lesions.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
11
CIP Scale
Blight
Symptom
Value
Mean
Limits
8
97.5
95-<100
Plot is brown colored. Few top leaves
have some green areas most stem are
lesions or are dead. All leaves have
lesions or are dead.
9
100
All leaves and stem are dead.
6. Number of days from planting up to the first cutting. This was taken by counting
the number of days from planting to the first cutting per accession.
7. Height (cm) of the stem cutting. Stem cuttings were measured 14, 21 and 28 days after
transplanting. Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of the tallest shoot.
8. Number of leaves. This was taken by counting the number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28
days after planting of the stem cutting. Ten samples was used in the gathering the data per
replication.
9. Number of roots. This was taken by counting the no. of roots of stem cutting at 14, 21
and 28 days after planting. Three samples was used in the gathering the data per replication.
10. Number and weight of tuberlets produced. This was taken by counting the
number and weighing the tuberlets produced per accession.
11. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was the actual expenses during the
conduct of the study and computed using the following formula:
Gross income - Production cost
ROCE =
x 100
Production cost
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-Climatic Data
The temperature, light intensity, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the
conduct of the study from August 2012 to December 2012 are shown in Table 1. The
temperature range during the conduct of the study is from 13.1o C to 24.2o C. The highest
relative humidity was 91% and the lowest relative humidity is 86%, the total amount of
rainfall ranges from 0.01 to 1.44. The sunshine duration was high in the month of October
and low at August. Zaag et.al (1985) cited that the best temperature range for stem cutting
production is 12 oC- 28 oC. The conditions during the study are therefore, favorable for
stem cutting production.
Table 1. The temperature, light intensity, amount of rainfall and relative humidity from
August 2012 to December 2012
TEMPERATURE
SUNSHINE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MONTH
(0C)
DURATION
HUMIDITY
Min
Max
(minutes)
(%)
(mm)
August
16.6
21.9
80.5
91
66.4
September
18.5
22.5
253.6
86
144.3
October
13.1
23.7
315.5
87
0.21
November
15.2
24.2
408.6
89.5
1.41
December
14.5
24.2
377.7
89
0.01
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Percent Survival
Table 2 shows the percent survival of the potato accessions taken at 14 and 21 DAP.
Significant differences among the accessions were observed. Accessions Tawid, 307521,
305786, 303224, 303203, 307251, 304416 and 303405 had the highest percent survival at
14 days after planting having a means ranging from 95.83 – 100%.
Significant differences were also obtained at 21 DAP as shown in Table 2. Accessions
305786, 303224, and 304416 maintained their survival at 21 DAP with a means ranging
from 96.67 to 100%. Accession 303224, 305786, 307251, 307521 and Tawid consistently
had 100% survival which may indicate good performance for rooted stem cutting
production.
Table 2. Percent survival of 15 potato accessions for RMT under organic production at 14
and 21 DAP
ACCESSION
PLANT SURVIVAL
14 DAP
21 DAP
303203
96.67a
91.67ab
303223
91.67ab
65.83cde
303224
100.00a
100.00a
303405
95.83a
73.34bcd
304416
98.33a
96.67a
305180
67.50c
50.84e
305786
100.00a
100.00a
306468
79.17bc
77.50abcd
306521
89.17ab
60.83de
306522
85.00ab
60.00de
307251
100.00a
90.83ab
307521
100.00a
84.17abc
Tawid
100.00a
86.67abc
Watwat
83.33b
60.83de
Granola Selection
91.67ab
74.17bcd
CV%
10.67
17.48
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Vigor of Stem Cuttings
All potato accessions at 14 DAP were all highly vigorous. At 21 DAP, accessions
304416, 306468, 307251, 305786, 303203, and Watwat were highly vigorous while the
rest of the accessions were moderately vigorous.
Reaction to Leaf Miner
All of the potato accessions were highly resistant to leaf miner incidence at 14, 21
and 28 DAP.
Reaction to Late Blight
All of the 15 potato accessions at 14 days after planting were highly resistant to late blight.
At 21 DAP, accessions 303405, 305180 and 306468 were moderately resistant while the
rest of the accessions were resistant.
At 28 DAP, potato accession 303405 was moderately resistant while accessions 303223,
304416, 306522, 307251, 303224, 305786, 303203, 307521, Watwat, Tawid, and Granola
were highly resistant.
Number of Days From Planting
up to the First Cutting
All accessions were planted at the same time, however, potato accession 306522 was the
latest to be cut at 40 DAP. Tawid was first cut at 30 DAP while the rest of the accessions
were cut at 28 DAP. Accessions were not cut at the same time due to some factors such as
different source of mother plants, lengths of sprouts and ability to grow at a desired length.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Height of Stem Cuttings
Highly significant differences were noted with regards to the height at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
(Table 3 and Figure 1). Potato accession 305786 produced the tallest cuttings at 14 DAP.
Potato accessions 303224 and 306468 that reached a height of 5.99 cm after 21 DAP. The
shortest plants were obtained from potato accession 306521.
At 28 DAP, significant differences on the stem cutting height were observed. Potato
accessions 303224 and 305786 obtained the tallest stem cutting. The shortest cuttings were
obtained from 306521 with a mean of 5.30 cm. These differences may be due to the genetic
characteristics of the potato accessions.
Table 3. Height of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under organic
production at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
HEIGHT (cm)
ACCESSION
14 DAP 21 DAP
28 DAP
303203
1.86bc
3.90de
9.97abc
303223
1.34bc
2.56ef
5.62g
303224
2.25b
5.99ab
10.66ab
303405
2.15b
5.32bc
7.48ef
304416
1.88b
4.17cd
6.20fg
305180
1.38bc
5.78ab
9.15bcd
305786
3.56a
6.93a
10.73a
306468
1.49bc
5.99bc
9.22bcd
306521
0.92c
2.51f
5.30g
306522
1.78bc
3.69def
8.79cde
307251
1.44bc
5.69ab
9.47abcd
307521
2.16b
5.90ab
9.35abcd
Tawid
1.61bc
5.83ab
9.30abcd
Watwat
1.61bc
5.60ab
9.34abcd
Granola selection
1.63bc
5.32bc
8.17de
CV%
37.35
19.74
13.16
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
303203
303223
303224
303405
304416
305180
305786
306468
306521
306522
307251
307521
Tawid
Watwat
Granola
selection
Figure 1. The 15 potato accessions at 28 DAP
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Number of Leaves
The different accessions significantly differed on the number of leaves (Table 4). The
highest number of leaves at 14 DAP were obtained from potato accession 303224 with a
mean of 6.00. This was comparable with the leaves produced by accessions 303203,
303223, 303405, 304416, 305180, 305786, 306468, 306522, 307251, 307521, Tawid and
Watwat. Other potato accessions produced few leaves at 14 DAP.
Significant differences were also obtained on the number of leaves at 21 DAP as shown in
Table 4. Accessions 303224, 305786 and 306468 produced the highest numbers
Table 4. Number of leaves of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under
organic production at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
NUMBER OF LEAVES
ACCESSION
14 DAP 21 DAP 28 DAP
303203
5 ab
6ab
8b
303223
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
303224
6a
7a
9a
303405
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
304416
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
305180
5 ab
6 ab
7 bc
305786
5ab
7a
9a
306468
5 ab
7a
7bc
306521
4bc
5b
7 bc
306522
5ab
6 ab
7 bc
307251
5 ab
6ab
7 bc
307521
5 ab
6 ab
7 bc
Tawid
5ab
6 ab
7 bc
Watwat
5 ab
6ab
7 bc
Granola Selection
4bc
6 ab
7 bc
CV%
9.81
8.50
8.68
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
of leaves at 21 DAP with 7 leaves while the rest of the potato accessions produced 6 leaves.
At 28 DAP, highly significant differences were noted with regards to the number of leaves
as shown in Table 4. Accessions 303224 and 305786 significantly produced the highest
number of leaves at 28 DAP but comparable with accession 303203 with a mean of 9 and
8, respectively, while the rest of the potato accessions produced 7 leaves. The cuttings that
are tall were observed to have higher number of leaves.
Number of Roots at 14 and 21 DAP
Significant differences were noted on the number of roots at 14 DAP (Table 5).
Potato accessions 303405, 305786 and 307251 significantly produced the highest number
of roots at 14 DAP while the rest of the potato accessions produced roots ranging from 7
to 11.
At 21 DAP, potato accessions, 305786 and 303405 significantly produced the highest
number of roots while the lowest number of roots was obtained from 303203, 305180 and
306521. Such results may be due to its varietal characteristics and few roots are caused by
poor contact with the soil (Bryan, 1981).
Number and Weight of Tuberlet Produced
Only accession 307521 produced one tuberlet among the potato accessions.
Tuberization occurs when the environment condition is favorable (Okozawa, 1967).
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number of roots of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under
organic production at 14 and 21 DAP
ACCESSION
NUMBER OF ROOTS
14 DAP
21 DAP
303203
8c
18c
303223
9b
21b
303224
9b
21b
303405
13a
30ab
304416
9b
21b
305180
7c
18c
305786
13a
32a
306468
8c
21b
306521
8c
18c
306522
11ab
24b
307251
13a
28b
307521
8c
21b
Tawid
10b
25b
Watwat
8c
20b
Granola selection
8c
22b
CV (%)
25.16
18.55
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Table 6 shows the return on cash expense of the potato accessions evaluated and
screened for rapid multiplication technique under organic production.
All potato accessions showed positive ROCE. The highest ROCE were obtained
from 303224 and 305786 with 130.88% followed by 304416, 303203 and 306522 with
123.18%, 111.64% and 109.71%, respectively. The lowest ROCE was obtained from
Watwat (40.45%). The positive ROCE implies that the production of these accessions is
profitable for stem cutting production.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE) of 15 potato accessions under organic
production
COST OF
NUMBER OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ACCESSION
PROD
UCTION
STEM
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
CUTTINGS
(PhP)
(PhP)
303203
64.97
110
137.5
72.03
110.87
303223
64.97
79
98.75
33.03
50.84
303224
64.97
120
150.00
85.03
130.88
303405
64.97
88
110.00
45.03
69.31
304416
64.97
116
145.00
80.03
123.18
305180
64.97
61
76.25
11.28
17.36
305786
64.97
120
150.00
85.03
130.88
306468
64.97
94
117.50
52.53
80.85
306521
64.97
79
98.75
33.78
51.99
306522
64.97
72
90.00
25.03
38.53
307251
64.97
109
136.25
71.03
109.33
307521
64.97
101
126.25
61.03
93.94
Tawid
64.97
104
130.00
65.03
100.09
Watwat
64.97
73
91.25
26.03
40.06
Granola
Selection
64.97
89
111.25
46.28
71.23
1 price of rooted stem cutting is 1 peso/ cutting
2 total expenses include labor, blades, Lysol, pots and pop sickle stick
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to: evaluate the ability of different potato accessions
multiplied using the rapid multiplication technique (RMT); identify the best potato
accession/s suited for rapid multiplication technique under organic production and
determine the profitability of different potato accessions for rooted stem cutting. The study
was conducted at the greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2012 to
December 2012.
Among the potato accessions, 303224, 305786, 307251 and 307521 obtained the
highest percent survival at 14 and 21 DAP while the lowest percent survival was recorded
from 305180.
All potato accessions at 14 DAP were all highly vigorous. At 21 DAP, accessions 304416,
306468, 307251, 305786, 303203 and Watwat were highly vigorous while the rest of the
accessions were moderately vigorous.
For the leaf miner incidence, all of the potato accessions were highly resistant to leaf miner
infestation at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
For late blight infection, accessions 303405, 305180 and 306468 were moderately resistant
while the rest of the accessions were resistant at 21 DAP. At 28 DAP, potato accession
303405 was moderately resistant while accessions 304416, 306522, 307251, 303224,
305786, 303203, 307521, Watwat, Tawid, Granola and 303223 were highly resistant.
All accessions were planted at the same time, however, potato accession 306522 was the
latest to be cut at 40 DAP. Tawid was first cut at 30 DAP while the rest of the accessions
were cut at 28 DAP.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Potato accession 305786 significantly produced the tallest cuttings at 14 DAP and
accessions 303224 and 306468 at 21 DAP. The shortest plants were obtained from potato
accession 306521. At 28 DAP, potato accessions 303224 and 305786 obtained the tallest
plants while the shortest cuttings were obtained from 306521.
Significantly differences were observed on the number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
Potato accession 303224 produced the highest number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
For the number of roots, potato accessions 303405, 305786 and 307251
significantly produced the highest number of roots at 14 DAP while the rest of the potato
accessions produced roots ranging from 7 to 11. At 21 DAP, potato accessions 305786 and
303405 produced the highest number of roots while the lowest number of roots were
obtained from 303203, 305180 and 306521. Among the potato accessions, 307521 was
the only one that produced one tuberlet.
All potato accessions showed positive ROCE. The highest ROCE were obtained
from 303224 and 305786 with 130.88% followed by 304416, 303203 and 306522 with
123.18%, 111.64% and 109.71%, respectively. The lowest ROCE was obtained by Watwat
(40.45%).
Conclusions
Based on the evaluation and screening of the 15 potato accessions, 305786 and
303224 are the best for rooted stem cutting production based on the plant survival, late
blight resistance, height, number of leaves and roots and leaf miner resistance.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The most profitable for stem cutting production are the potato accessions 303203,
303224, 304416, 305786, 307251, 307521 and Tawid.
Recommendations
Potato accessions 305786, 303224, 304416, 307251, 303224, 305786, 303203,
307521 and Tawid are recommended for rooted stem cutting production.
These accessions can be multiplied using rapid multiplication technique under
organic production systems.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BRYAN, J. E, and N. MELENDEZ. 1981. Stem Cutting a Rapid Multiplication
Technique for Potatoes. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. P. 12.
BALFOUR, S.B. 2000. Real Benefits of Organic Farming. Retrieved July 7, 2012
from http//www.Geodata.Soton.Ac.v/4.Ensci2000.html.
BRIONES, A.1997.Sustainable Development through Organic Agriculture Department of
Science and Technology. Pp. 18-19.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (BAS). 2007. Situationer on White Potato
July December 2006. Volume 3. No.4. Department of Agriculture. Bureau ofAgricultural
Statistics. Retrieved August 15 from http://www.bas.gov.ph.
CARPIO, I.V. 1982. Influence of plant density of stem cuttings on growth and yield of
two potato cultivars. Thesis. Benguet State University LaTrinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
DALANG, P. and C. GUITELEN. 1986. Agronomic management practices of white potato
production using rooted stem cuttings as planting materials. In: NPRCRTC Research
Results in Working Papers. NPRCRTC, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 1.
DELFIN, G.B.2012. Agronomic characters of potato progenies under organic production
at la Trinidad Benguet. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P. 30.
ESCOBAR V. and P. V. ZAAG. 1985. Rapid propagation of potato by stem cuttings for
commercial and seed production. The potato in South East Asia and Pacific Region.
Research results perceived in a series at working papers.CIP Region V11 working paper.
Pp. 87-88.
HENFLING, J.W. 1987. Late blight of potato-international Potato Center (CIP). Lima,
Peru. Revised. P. 21.
INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP). 1984. Potatoes for the developing world.
Lima, Peru. Pp. 15-20, 88.
INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP). 2001. Fact sheet. International Potato
Center (CIP). P. 10
LEM-EW, J.A. 2007. Growth and yield of organically grown entries in two locations of
Benguet. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P. 52.
LOQUE, W. T. 2007. Evaluation on novel potato accessions for tuberlet production under
organic management. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P.26.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
MARCELO, B. O. 2005. Evaluation and screening of potato accessions for Rapid
Multiplication Technique (RMT). Thesis.Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet.
P.21.
MONTES, F. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotypes in an organic farm at Puguis,La
Trinidad, Benguet. Thesis.Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P.28.
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ROOT CROPS RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
(NPRCRTC) EXTENSION SERIES. 1996. No.7. The use of stem cutting: As a rapid
multiplication technique for potato.
OKAZAWA, Y. 1967. Physiological Studies On The Tuberization
Of
Potato
Plants. Retrieved March 13, 2013 from http: //eprints. lib. hokudai. ac.
jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/12824/1/55(3)_p267-336. pdf.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD).2000.
Sustainable
development
through organic agriculture. P. 27.
SAWAC, B. G. 2010. On-farm evaluation of potato entries for organic production under
Loo, Buguias, Benguet condition. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet.
P. 39.
WANG, S. W, W. CARLSON and K. D. HEINS. 2001. Pushing proven winner. Green
house grower. Pp 115-118.
WOOLFE, J. A. 1987. The potato. International potato center. Cambridge: New York:
Cambridge University Press. P. 19
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013. Evaluation and Screening of Potato
Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT) Under Organic Production System.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Semi-temperate Vegetable Research and Development
Center (STVRDC) greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August to December
2012 to; evaluate the ability of the different potato accessions as planting material using
the rapid multiplication technique (RMT); identify the best potato accession/s suited for
rapid multiplication technique under organic production and determine the profitability of
the different potato accessions for rooted stem cutting production.
Potato accessions 303224 and 305786 significantly produced the highest number
of roots and leaves, plant survival, plant vigor and high resistance to late blight and leaf
miner and highest return on cash expense.
Potato accessions 303224 and 305786 including 303203, 304416, 307251, 307521
and Tawid are recommended for stem cutting production under organic management
systems.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important dicotyledonous source
of human food. It is a well-known source of energy and provides negligible amount of
proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It ranks as the fifth major food crop of the world, exceeded
by grasses, wheat, rice, corn, and barley (Woolfe (1987).
Among the root crops in the Philippines, potato is considered as a major cash crop
especially in the highlands. Benguet province is the major potato producer contributing
62% of the total volume produced in the country (BAS, 2007). Production however, is
affected by many factors such as insect pest, diseases, unfavorable environmental
conditions and lack of planting materials. Potatoes are traditionally grown from tubers.
However, with continuous planting of the seed tubers, many problems occur. One of the
problems is the occurrence of diseases such as virus which results in low quality tubers.
Farmers also have low yielding seed. Due to the problem, an alternative system of
producing planting materials is the rapid multiplication technique (RMT).
RMT technology can help farmers produce an adequate yield, increase the profit
and increase the food production that will cope up with the increasing population of our
country. In the developing countries of Asia, cuttings are used as a source of good quality
planting materials and a promising tool to low-cost potato production in enabling the rapid
and timely increase of new cultivars and preventing possible occurrence of diseases
(Escobar and Zaag, 1985).
Furthermore, stem cutting production is an alternative way to produce clean,
affordable planting materials that can produce 20-60 cuttings from each mother plant.
Using stem cutting breaks the contact of tuber with soil-borne pathogens.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The lack of planting materials coupled with the use of synthetic inputs contributes
to low production of potato in the highlands. One solution to this problem may be the use
of RMT under organic production. Planting new varieties would be better if farmers would
shift to alternative ways of production rather than the conventional way. Briones (1997)
stated that organic farming practices the use of organic fertilizer and diverse cropping
system, without the use of any chemical pesticides.
Organic production is long term and environmentally safe means of limiting
damage from the attack of pest and diseases (Wang et al., 2001). An important practice in
organic farming is the use of variety that performs well and resistant to pest and diseases.
It is important to use rapid multiplication technique because this technique results
in the fast production of clean, affordable and low-cost planting materials for farmers. The
ability of different accessions of potato produce stem cuttings should be evaluated since
not all accessions root vigorously. Once a potato accession with good rooting ability is
identified, then the rooted stem cuttings as planting materials can be planted under organic
production.
The study aimed to
1. evaluate the ability of different potato accessions using the rapid multiplication
technique (RMT);
2. identify the best potato accession/s suited for rapid multiplication technique
under organic production and;
3. Determine the profitability of the different potato accessions for rooted stem
cutting production.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The study was conducted at Semi-temperate Vegetable Research and Development Center
(STVRDC) greenhouse at the Benguet State University (BSU) experimental station, Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2012 to December 2012.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Use of Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
According to Escobar and Zaag (1985) the use of cuttings in developing countries
like Asia is a very promising tool for low-cost production enabling the rapid and timely
increase of new cultivar and preventing possible occurrence of tuber-borne diseases.
The use of stem cutting as a planting material, as an alternative to seed tubers can reduce
the cost of seeds by as much as 40% (NPRCRTC, 1996). Furthermore, Dalang et al., (1986)
reported that investment can be reduced to one half by using a cheaper alternative way of
producing clean planting material like stem cutting.
Stem cutting technique requires planting tubers which serves as a mother plant.
Tuber brachlets, usually cut from 2-3 inches long, permit the production of strong roof
system 15 days after cutting. One mother plant gives 20-60 additional plants from each of
which more branches can be excised. This technique also requires great labor and takes a
long time before the desired tubers are obtained (Carpio, 1982). Dalang et al., (1986) stated
that a mother plant can produce 20-100 stem cuttings and having 1/2 to 1 kg tubers per
plant.
According to Marcelo (2005) 703309, 720071, IP84007.67, Igorota, Alpha, Astra and FJ1
were the best for rooted stem cutting production in La Trinidad. More stems cutting can be
produced at 60 days after planting.
The technique such as single node and sprout cutting and leaf bud cutting have been
developed for the use in screening germplasm, disease elimination, and seed program.
These techniques have been adopted for rapid production using local materials available in
developing countries in need innovative techniques to shorten the multiplication cycle.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
RMT combines the use of sprout, single-node and stem cuttings to produce large number
of cuttings transplanted to the field for further multiplication (CIP, 1984).
Organic Production
Organic production is a holistic system that aims to increase the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organism, plant
livestock and people.
Organic farming conserves and maintains the ecological balance of the
environment. It avoids the contamination of the air, soil, water and the crop itself. Organic
farming preserves and enhances top soil and it increases the chances that future generation
can continue growing food (Balfour, 2000).
According to PCARRD (2000) organic farming is used on farm manures in crop
production which includes incorporation of crop residues, animal manures, green manures,
or compost. Organic fertilizers generally provide many advantages to organic growers, to
soil properties and to crop yields. An organic fertilizer provides some essential elements
for proper plant growth. It assures farmers of lower stable fertilizer cost and reliable local
raw materials.
Evaluation of Potato Accessions
under Organic Production
According to Lem-ew (2007) among the potato entries evaluated in La Trinidad, 96-06,
13.1.1, and 5.19.2.2 are recommended for profitable production of organic potato. In
Buguias, potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced the highest marketable tubers
and were resistant to late blight under organic production (Sawac, 2010). In another study
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
on tuberlet production, potato accessions 380679.3, 8.20.41, and P3 performed the best
(Loque, 2007).
Montes (2006) found that potato genotypes IP 84007.67, 676089 and Ganza had high yield
and were resistant to late blight in La Trinidad. Likewise, Delfin (2012) found that potato
progenies 306522, 307249, 307251, 307256, 307258 were potential accessions for organic
production in the same locality.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Potting Media
The soil that was used as a potting media was collected from the mountain in Atok,
Benguet. Soil was sieved to remove stones and big particles. The soil was mixed with
vermicast compost with a ratio of 3:1 using a pail (16 liters) as a measuring tool. Three
pails of soil were mixed with 1 pail of vermicast. After mixing, the substrate was placed in
the each pot measuring 7” x 11”.
Growing of Mother Plants
Mother plants were from the stem cutting mother plants, tubers or sprouts. Cutting
of the sprouts and tubers as mother plants was done using Lysol (1 tbsp/li of water) as
disinfectant. After cutting each accession, blades were dipped in Lysol.
Rapid Multiplication Technique
There were 120 stem cuttings per accession, thus a total of 30 per replication. After
2-3 weeks, first cutting was done. Like the cutting of the mother plants, blades were dipped
in Lysol before and after cutting every accession. Stem cuttings were planted in seed trays
with 104 hills. Mist irrigation was done once a day for at least five days a week.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Potato accessions and their sources:
Accession
Source
303203
CIP, Peru
303223
CIP, Peru
303224
CIP, Peru
303405
NPRCRTC
304416
CIP, Peru
305180
CIP, Peru
305786
CIP, Peru
306468
CIP, Peru
306521
CIP, Peru
306522
CIP, Peru
307251
CIP, Peru
307521
CIP, Peru
Tawid
NPRCRTC
Watwat
NPRCRTC
Granola Selection
Mankayan, Benguet
Experimental Design
The study was laid out using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications
inside the greenhouse.
Stem Cutting Production (NPRCRTC, 1998)
Materials in disinfecting. Sanitation was done to prevent the spread of diseases and viruses.
The other materials such as plastic trays were dipped in disinfecting solutions.
Knives/blades were dipped in a disinfecting solution (Lysol at 1 tbsp/li of water or 10%
sodium hypochlorite (10 ml/li).
Plant parts. The apical shoots were cut when mother plants have three to four simple
leaves. These shoots were cut just above the node using a sterilized sharp scalpel or blade.
Blades were dipped in soap or Lysol solution before cutting the next plant. Removal of the
apical shoots stimulates the growth of axillary lateral shoots. The lateral shoots are then
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
cut after 12 to 14 days. Harvesting of stem cutting was done continuously at weekly
intervals.
The data gathered were the following:
1. Percent survival (%). This was recorded by counting the number of plants that
survived expressed in percentage.
Number of plants survived
% Plant Survival =
x 100
Number of plants planted
2. Plant vigor of stem cutting. This was recorded at 14, 21and 28 DAP per accession
using the following scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are strong with robust
Highly Vigorous
stem and leaves.
2
Plants are moderately strong
Moderately Vigorous
with robust stem and leaves
are light green in color
3
Better than less vigorous
Vigorous
4
Plants are weak with few thin
Less Vigorous
stems and leaves are pale.
5
Plants are weak with few stem
Poor Vigorous
and leaves are very pale.
3. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of pest was observed 14, 21 and 28 DAP the
cuttings per accession by following the scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Less infested (1-20%)
High resistant
2
Moderately infested (21-
Moderately resistant
40%)
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Remarks
3
41-60% of the plant per plot
Susceptible
is infested
4
Severely infested (61-80%)
Moderately
susceptible
5
Most serious (81-100%)
Very susceptible
4. Reaction to late blight. Ratings were done at 14, 21 and 28 DAP using CIP (Henfling,
1987) ratings as follows.
CIP Scale
Blight
Symptom
Value
Mean
Limits
1
0
No late blight observation.
2
2.5
Traces-<5
Late blight present maximum ten
lesion per plant.
3
10
5-<15
Plants look healthy but lesions are
easily seen at closer distance
maximum foliage are affected by or
destroyed correspond to more than 20
leaflet.
4
25
15-<35
Late blight easily seen on most plants
about 25% of foliage are covered with
lesions.
5
50
35-<65
Plots look green, however, all plants
are affected. Lower leaves are dead.
About half the area is destroyed.
6
75
65-<85
Plots look green with brown flecks.
About 75% of each plant is affected.
Leaves of the lower half of the plants
are destroyed.
7
90
85-<95
Plots neither predominantly green nor
brown. Only top leaves are green. Any
stems have large lesions.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
11
CIP Scale
Blight
Symptom
Value
Mean
Limits
8
97.5
95-<100
Plot is brown colored. Few top leaves
have some green areas most stem are
lesions or are dead. All leaves have
lesions or are dead.
9
100
All leaves and stem are dead.
6. Number of days from planting up to the first cutting. This was taken by counting
the number of days from planting to the first cutting per accession.
7. Height (cm) of the stem cutting. Stem cuttings were measured 14, 21 and 28 days after
transplanting. Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of the tallest shoot.
8. Number of leaves. This was taken by counting the number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28
days after planting of the stem cutting. Ten samples was used in the gathering the data per
replication.
9. Number of roots. This was taken by counting the no. of roots of stem cutting at 14, 21
and 28 days after planting. Three samples was used in the gathering the data per replication.
10. Number and weight of tuberlets produced. This was taken by counting the
number and weighing the tuberlets produced per accession.
11. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was the actual expenses during the
conduct of the study and computed using the following formula:
Gross income - Production cost
ROCE =
x 100
Production cost
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-Climatic Data
The temperature, light intensity, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the
conduct of the study from August 2012 to December 2012 are shown in Table 1. The
temperature range during the conduct of the study is from 13.1o C to 24.2o C. The highest
relative humidity was 91% and the lowest relative humidity is 86%, the total amount of
rainfall ranges from 0.01 to 1.44. The sunshine duration was high in the month of October
and low at August. Zaag et.al (1985) cited that the best temperature range for stem cutting
production is 12 oC- 28 oC. The conditions during the study are therefore, favorable for
stem cutting production.
Table 1. The temperature, light intensity, amount of rainfall and relative humidity from
August 2012 to December 2012
TEMPERATURE
SUNSHINE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MONTH
(0C)
DURATION
HUMIDITY
Min
Max
(minutes)
(%)
(mm)
August
16.6
21.9
80.5
91
66.4
September
18.5
22.5
253.6
86
144.3
October
13.1
23.7
315.5
87
0.21
November
15.2
24.2
408.6
89.5
1.41
December
14.5
24.2
377.7
89
0.01
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Percent Survival
Table 2 shows the percent survival of the potato accessions taken at 14 and 21 DAP.
Significant differences among the accessions were observed. Accessions Tawid, 307521,
305786, 303224, 303203, 307251, 304416 and 303405 had the highest percent survival at
14 days after planting having a means ranging from 95.83 – 100%.
Significant differences were also obtained at 21 DAP as shown in Table 2. Accessions
305786, 303224, and 304416 maintained their survival at 21 DAP with a means ranging
from 96.67 to 100%. Accession 303224, 305786, 307251, 307521 and Tawid consistently
had 100% survival which may indicate good performance for rooted stem cutting
production.
Table 2. Percent survival of 15 potato accessions for RMT under organic production at 14
and 21 DAP
ACCESSION
PLANT SURVIVAL
14 DAP
21 DAP
303203
96.67a
91.67ab
303223
91.67ab
65.83cde
303224
100.00a
100.00a
303405
95.83a
73.34bcd
304416
98.33a
96.67a
305180
67.50c
50.84e
305786
100.00a
100.00a
306468
79.17bc
77.50abcd
306521
89.17ab
60.83de
306522
85.00ab
60.00de
307251
100.00a
90.83ab
307521
100.00a
84.17abc
Tawid
100.00a
86.67abc
Watwat
83.33b
60.83de
Granola Selection
91.67ab
74.17bcd
CV%
10.67
17.48
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Vigor of Stem Cuttings
All potato accessions at 14 DAP were all highly vigorous. At 21 DAP, accessions
304416, 306468, 307251, 305786, 303203, and Watwat were highly vigorous while the
rest of the accessions were moderately vigorous.
Reaction to Leaf Miner
All of the potato accessions were highly resistant to leaf miner incidence at 14, 21
and 28 DAP.
Reaction to Late Blight
All of the 15 potato accessions at 14 days after planting were highly resistant to late blight.
At 21 DAP, accessions 303405, 305180 and 306468 were moderately resistant while the
rest of the accessions were resistant.
At 28 DAP, potato accession 303405 was moderately resistant while accessions 303223,
304416, 306522, 307251, 303224, 305786, 303203, 307521, Watwat, Tawid, and Granola
were highly resistant.
Number of Days From Planting
up to the First Cutting
All accessions were planted at the same time, however, potato accession 306522 was the
latest to be cut at 40 DAP. Tawid was first cut at 30 DAP while the rest of the accessions
were cut at 28 DAP. Accessions were not cut at the same time due to some factors such as
different source of mother plants, lengths of sprouts and ability to grow at a desired length.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Height of Stem Cuttings
Highly significant differences were noted with regards to the height at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
(Table 3 and Figure 1). Potato accession 305786 produced the tallest cuttings at 14 DAP.
Potato accessions 303224 and 306468 that reached a height of 5.99 cm after 21 DAP. The
shortest plants were obtained from potato accession 306521.
At 28 DAP, significant differences on the stem cutting height were observed. Potato
accessions 303224 and 305786 obtained the tallest stem cutting. The shortest cuttings were
obtained from 306521 with a mean of 5.30 cm. These differences may be due to the genetic
characteristics of the potato accessions.
Table 3. Height of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under organic
production at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
HEIGHT (cm)
ACCESSION
14 DAP 21 DAP
28 DAP
303203
1.86bc
3.90de
9.97abc
303223
1.34bc
2.56ef
5.62g
303224
2.25b
5.99ab
10.66ab
303405
2.15b
5.32bc
7.48ef
304416
1.88b
4.17cd
6.20fg
305180
1.38bc
5.78ab
9.15bcd
305786
3.56a
6.93a
10.73a
306468
1.49bc
5.99bc
9.22bcd
306521
0.92c
2.51f
5.30g
306522
1.78bc
3.69def
8.79cde
307251
1.44bc
5.69ab
9.47abcd
307521
2.16b
5.90ab
9.35abcd
Tawid
1.61bc
5.83ab
9.30abcd
Watwat
1.61bc
5.60ab
9.34abcd
Granola selection
1.63bc
5.32bc
8.17de
CV%
37.35
19.74
13.16
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
303203
303223
303224
303405
304416
305180
305786
306468
306521
306522
307251
307521
Tawid
Watwat
Granola
selection
Figure 1. The 15 potato accessions at 28 DAP
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Number of Leaves
The different accessions significantly differed on the number of leaves (Table 4). The
highest number of leaves at 14 DAP were obtained from potato accession 303224 with a
mean of 6.00. This was comparable with the leaves produced by accessions 303203,
303223, 303405, 304416, 305180, 305786, 306468, 306522, 307251, 307521, Tawid and
Watwat. Other potato accessions produced few leaves at 14 DAP.
Significant differences were also obtained on the number of leaves at 21 DAP as shown in
Table 4. Accessions 303224, 305786 and 306468 produced the highest numbers
Table 4. Number of leaves of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under
organic production at 14, 21 and 28 DAP
NUMBER OF LEAVES
ACCESSION
14 DAP 21 DAP 28 DAP
303203
5 ab
6ab
8b
303223
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
303224
6a
7a
9a
303405
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
304416
5 ab
6 ab
7bc
305180
5 ab
6 ab
7 bc
305786
5ab
7a
9a
306468
5 ab
7a
7bc
306521
4bc
5b
7 bc
306522
5ab
6 ab
7 bc
307251
5 ab
6ab
7 bc
307521
5 ab
6 ab
7 bc
Tawid
5ab
6 ab
7 bc
Watwat
5 ab
6ab
7 bc
Granola Selection
4bc
6 ab
7 bc
CV%
9.81
8.50
8.68
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
of leaves at 21 DAP with 7 leaves while the rest of the potato accessions produced 6 leaves.
At 28 DAP, highly significant differences were noted with regards to the number of leaves
as shown in Table 4. Accessions 303224 and 305786 significantly produced the highest
number of leaves at 28 DAP but comparable with accession 303203 with a mean of 9 and
8, respectively, while the rest of the potato accessions produced 7 leaves. The cuttings that
are tall were observed to have higher number of leaves.
Number of Roots at 14 and 21 DAP
Significant differences were noted on the number of roots at 14 DAP (Table 5).
Potato accessions 303405, 305786 and 307251 significantly produced the highest number
of roots at 14 DAP while the rest of the potato accessions produced roots ranging from 7
to 11.
At 21 DAP, potato accessions, 305786 and 303405 significantly produced the highest
number of roots while the lowest number of roots was obtained from 303203, 305180 and
306521. Such results may be due to its varietal characteristics and few roots are caused by
poor contact with the soil (Bryan, 1981).
Number and Weight of Tuberlet Produced
Only accession 307521 produced one tuberlet among the potato accessions.
Tuberization occurs when the environment condition is favorable (Okozawa, 1967).
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number of roots of 15 potato accessions for rapid multiplication technique under
organic production at 14 and 21 DAP
ACCESSION
NUMBER OF ROOTS
14 DAP
21 DAP
303203
8c
18c
303223
9b
21b
303224
9b
21b
303405
13a
30ab
304416
9b
21b
305180
7c
18c
305786
13a
32a
306468
8c
21b
306521
8c
18c
306522
11ab
24b
307251
13a
28b
307521
8c
21b
Tawid
10b
25b
Watwat
8c
20b
Granola selection
8c
22b
CV (%)
25.16
18.55
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Table 6 shows the return on cash expense of the potato accessions evaluated and
screened for rapid multiplication technique under organic production.
All potato accessions showed positive ROCE. The highest ROCE were obtained
from 303224 and 305786 with 130.88% followed by 304416, 303203 and 306522 with
123.18%, 111.64% and 109.71%, respectively. The lowest ROCE was obtained from
Watwat (40.45%). The positive ROCE implies that the production of these accessions is
profitable for stem cutting production.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE) of 15 potato accessions under organic
production
COST OF
NUMBER OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ACCESSION
PROD
UCTION
STEM
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
CUTTINGS
(PhP)
(PhP)
303203
64.97
110
137.5
72.03
110.87
303223
64.97
79
98.75
33.03
50.84
303224
64.97
120
150.00
85.03
130.88
303405
64.97
88
110.00
45.03
69.31
304416
64.97
116
145.00
80.03
123.18
305180
64.97
61
76.25
11.28
17.36
305786
64.97
120
150.00
85.03
130.88
306468
64.97
94
117.50
52.53
80.85
306521
64.97
79
98.75
33.78
51.99
306522
64.97
72
90.00
25.03
38.53
307251
64.97
109
136.25
71.03
109.33
307521
64.97
101
126.25
61.03
93.94
Tawid
64.97
104
130.00
65.03
100.09
Watwat
64.97
73
91.25
26.03
40.06
Granola
Selection
64.97
89
111.25
46.28
71.23
1 price of rooted stem cutting is 1 peso/ cutting
2 total expenses include labor, blades, Lysol, pots and pop sickle stick
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to: evaluate the ability of different potato accessions
multiplied using the rapid multiplication technique (RMT); identify the best potato
accession/s suited for rapid multiplication technique under organic production and
determine the profitability of different potato accessions for rooted stem cutting. The study
was conducted at the greenhouse at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from August 2012 to
December 2012.
Among the potato accessions, 303224, 305786, 307251 and 307521 obtained the
highest percent survival at 14 and 21 DAP while the lowest percent survival was recorded
from 305180.
All potato accessions at 14 DAP were all highly vigorous. At 21 DAP, accessions 304416,
306468, 307251, 305786, 303203 and Watwat were highly vigorous while the rest of the
accessions were moderately vigorous.
For the leaf miner incidence, all of the potato accessions were highly resistant to leaf miner
infestation at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
For late blight infection, accessions 303405, 305180 and 306468 were moderately resistant
while the rest of the accessions were resistant at 21 DAP. At 28 DAP, potato accession
303405 was moderately resistant while accessions 304416, 306522, 307251, 303224,
305786, 303203, 307521, Watwat, Tawid, Granola and 303223 were highly resistant.
All accessions were planted at the same time, however, potato accession 306522 was the
latest to be cut at 40 DAP. Tawid was first cut at 30 DAP while the rest of the accessions
were cut at 28 DAP.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
Potato accession 305786 significantly produced the tallest cuttings at 14 DAP and
accessions 303224 and 306468 at 21 DAP. The shortest plants were obtained from potato
accession 306521. At 28 DAP, potato accessions 303224 and 305786 obtained the tallest
plants while the shortest cuttings were obtained from 306521.
Significantly differences were observed on the number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
Potato accession 303224 produced the highest number of leaves at 14, 21 and 28 DAP.
For the number of roots, potato accessions 303405, 305786 and 307251
significantly produced the highest number of roots at 14 DAP while the rest of the potato
accessions produced roots ranging from 7 to 11. At 21 DAP, potato accessions 305786 and
303405 produced the highest number of roots while the lowest number of roots were
obtained from 303203, 305180 and 306521. Among the potato accessions, 307521 was
the only one that produced one tuberlet.
All potato accessions showed positive ROCE. The highest ROCE were obtained
from 303224 and 305786 with 130.88% followed by 304416, 303203 and 306522 with
123.18%, 111.64% and 109.71%, respectively. The lowest ROCE was obtained by Watwat
(40.45%).
Conclusions
Based on the evaluation and screening of the 15 potato accessions, 305786 and
303224 are the best for rooted stem cutting production based on the plant survival, late
blight resistance, height, number of leaves and roots and leaf miner resistance.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
The most profitable for stem cutting production are the potato accessions 303203,
303224, 304416, 305786, 307251, 307521 and Tawid.
Recommendations
Potato accessions 305786, 303224, 304416, 307251, 303224, 305786, 303203,
307521 and Tawid are recommended for rooted stem cutting production.
These accessions can be multiplied using rapid multiplication technique under
organic production systems.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BRYAN, J. E, and N. MELENDEZ. 1981. Stem Cutting a Rapid Multiplication
Technique for Potatoes. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. P. 12.
BALFOUR, S.B. 2000. Real Benefits of Organic Farming. Retrieved July 7, 2012
from http//www.Geodata.Soton.Ac.v/4.Ensci2000.html.
BRIONES, A.1997.Sustainable Development through Organic Agriculture Department of
Science and Technology. Pp. 18-19.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (BAS). 2007. Situationer on White Potato
July December 2006. Volume 3. No.4. Department of Agriculture. Bureau ofAgricultural
Statistics. Retrieved August 15 from http://www.bas.gov.ph.
CARPIO, I.V. 1982. Influence of plant density of stem cuttings on growth and yield of
two potato cultivars. Thesis. Benguet State University LaTrinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
DALANG, P. and C. GUITELEN. 1986. Agronomic management practices of white potato
production using rooted stem cuttings as planting materials. In: NPRCRTC Research
Results in Working Papers. NPRCRTC, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 1.
DELFIN, G.B.2012. Agronomic characters of potato progenies under organic production
at la Trinidad Benguet. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P. 30.
ESCOBAR V. and P. V. ZAAG. 1985. Rapid propagation of potato by stem cuttings for
commercial and seed production. The potato in South East Asia and Pacific Region.
Research results perceived in a series at working papers.CIP Region V11 working paper.
Pp. 87-88.
HENFLING, J.W. 1987. Late blight of potato-international Potato Center (CIP). Lima,
Peru. Revised. P. 21.
INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP). 1984. Potatoes for the developing world.
Lima, Peru. Pp. 15-20, 88.
INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP). 2001. Fact sheet. International Potato
Center (CIP). P. 10
LEM-EW, J.A. 2007. Growth and yield of organically grown entries in two locations of
Benguet. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P. 52.
LOQUE, W. T. 2007. Evaluation on novel potato accessions for tuberlet production under
organic management. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P.26.
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013
MARCELO, B. O. 2005. Evaluation and screening of potato accessions for Rapid
Multiplication Technique (RMT). Thesis.Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet.
P.21.
MONTES, F. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotypes in an organic farm at Puguis,La
Trinidad, Benguet. Thesis.Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. P.28.
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ROOT CROPS RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
(NPRCRTC) EXTENSION SERIES. 1996. No.7. The use of stem cutting: As a rapid
multiplication technique for potato.
OKAZAWA, Y. 1967. Physiological Studies On The Tuberization
Of
Potato
Plants. Retrieved March 13, 2013 from http: //eprints. lib. hokudai. ac.
jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/12824/1/55(3)_p267-336. pdf.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL for AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and NATURAL
RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD).2000.
Sustainable
development
through organic agriculture. P. 27.
SAWAC, B. G. 2010. On-farm evaluation of potato entries for organic production under
Loo, Buguias, Benguet condition. Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet.
P. 39.
WANG, S. W, W. CARLSON and K. D. HEINS. 2001. Pushing proven winner. Green
house grower. Pp 115-118.
WOOLFE, J. A. 1987. The potato. International potato center. Cambridge: New York:
Cambridge University Press. P. 19
Evaluation and Screening of Potato Accessions for Rapid Multiplication Technique (RMT)
Under Organic Production System | DIGMAYO, MARY GRACE C. APRIL 2013