BIBLIOGRAPHY GABINO, ANDY ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012. Agronomic characters and acceptability of
pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet to identify the snap
bean variety with the highest yield and resistance to pest; identify which among the foliar
fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the growth, yield, and acceptability of the five
pole snap bean varieties; determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole
snap beans and application of foliar fertilizers; determine the profitability of producing
snap beans applied with different foliar fertilizers; and determine the acceptability of pole
snap bean varieties among farmers in Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet.
Based on the results, all the varieties evaluated produced similar weight of
marketable pods and had a moderate resistance to bean rust and pod borer except for Alno
which had a high resistance to bean rust.
Application of foliar fertilizers slightly increased plant yield but decreased return
on cash expenses.
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most preferred entries by farmers in Gaswiling,
Kapangan, Benguet.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Snap bean is one of the crops that is commonly grown in Benguet and it ranks fifth
in hectarage and sixth in total peso value among the 22 principal vegetables in the country.
It is also an important leguminous vegetable since it is an excellent source of proteins,
vitamins and minerals (Halog, 1980).
Unlike other crops, bush beans do not require intensive management and high cost
of farm inputs. It can also improve soil fertility because of its ability to fix nitrogen in its
roots (HADP, 1993).However, some farmers do not produce high yield because many
flowers fall during the flowering stage of the plant. Falling of flowers results to poor pod
setting and poor pod development (Kinoshita, 1997).
Proper application of foliar fertilizer and the choice of fertilizer to apply might offer
a better solution to help snap bean farmers decrease flower abortion, increase yield and
income.
Furthermore, past studies show that among the different methods of fertilizer
application, foliar fertilizer was selected the best and showed off a marked increase in the
yield of some agricultural crops particularly minor crops (Subido, 1961). It was also
observed that application of foliar fertilizers in soybean, snap bean, wheat, and oats
affected seed oil protein with a tendency to alter seed size (Neuman, 1988).
The study was conducted to:
1. identify the snap bean variety(s) with the highest yield and resistance to pests;
2. identify which among the foliar fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the
growth and yield of the five snap bean varieties;
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
3. determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole snap beans and
application of foliar fertilizers;
4. determine the profitability of producing snap beans applied with different foliar
fertilizers; and
5. determine the acceptability of pole snap bean varieties among farmers in
Gaswiling, Kapangan.
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November to
February 2012.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Plant
Snap bean is a determinate leguminous crop which is most widely cultivated in
semitropical regions. In temperature regions, the green immature pods are marketed fresh,
frozen or canned, cooked and eaten as a vegetable (Acyangan, 2010). Snap bean is
consumed in many different forms, such as dry beans, fresh and green state seeds, bean
leaves and green pods (Yongzhong, 1994)
Furthermore, snap beans grow best when there is a constant moisture supply and it
requires light and frequent irrigations during dry weather (Latimore, 2002). The plants
yield well and require the least amount of work as source of nutrients and as a source of
income for our farmers. (Seb-aten, 1997). Indeed, snap bean is recognized as an important
source of protein, vitamins, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Climatic and Edaphic Requirements of
Snap Beans
Snap beans grow best in areas with temperature between 15 to 25 degrees
centigrade. Maturity is earlier in warmer areas that take 45 to 55 days after planting than
in cooler areas that take 56 to 60 days. Harvesting is dependent on the variety used,
location, and temperature. Harvesting is usually done by hand or selective harvesting at 3
to 4 days interval (HARRDEC, 2000)
Snap beans grow best on soils that hold water well with a pH of 5.8 to 6.6 and have
a good air and water filtration. Pole snap beans are warm temperate season vegetable that
will not tolerate frost and it requires adequate amounts of moisture. Temperature is
important for rapid growth, good pod set and early maturity (Pacher, 2002). The expected
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
yield of pole snap bean under highland condition ranges from 17 to 23 tons per hectare.
First harvest is expected from 60 days after planting. In warmer areas, pods mature earlier
than in cooler temperature (Kudan, 1991).
Foliar Fertilization
One method of applying fertilizer to the plant is through solutions as spray or foliar
fertilizer. Spraying of foliar fertilizers generally are much more quickly absorbed and
utilized by the leaves than being applied in the soil. Application of foliar fertilizer for rapid
utilization of nutrients permits the correction of observed deficiency in shorter period of
time (Seb-aten, 1997).
Furthermore, applying fertilizers through the leaves by means of foliar spray might
increase the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by plants. The consequence of this fertilizers
could be the elimination of fertilizer wastage, the lessening of production cost and an
increase in yield. It may even decrease the problem of leaching, fixation; denitrification,
root injury and soil pH that are encountered in applying inorganic fertilizer to the soil.
Foliar sprays are also advantageous in terms of distribution and transportation especially
in remote places where roads are not available (Seb-aten, 1997).Past studies also proved
that applying foliar fertilizers prevent the occurrence of problems in soil minimizing waste
as well as cost of production, which will lead to increase profit (Caldito, 1999)
Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation gathers data on plant characteristics, yield performance and pod quality.
Hence, we can obtain high yielding and improve cultivars (Regmi, 1990).
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Moreover, Bautista and Mabesa (1997) stated that the variety has to be high yielding, pest
and disease resistant and early maturing so that production would entail less expense and
ensure more profit. Choosing the right variety will minimize problems associated with
water and fertilizer management.
Selection of the variety of plant is one of the most important that the commercial vegetable
grower must take each season. Grower should evaluate some new varieties each year on a
trial basis to observe performance on their own forms (Wesley, 2005). Varietal evaluation
is important to observe the performance character such as yield, earliness, vigor, maturity,
and quality because varieties have a wide range of difference in terms of size and yield
performance (Work and Carew, 1995).
According to Bantog and Padua in 1999, to ensure productivity of excellent varieties,
varieties either from local or foreign collection has to be introduced. Nevertheless, the yield
and quality potentials of varieties vary depending on the collection they are exposed such
as climate, weather and soil factors. The ultimate way to determine the best variety/ies is
to test how they fare in specific localities or representative areas per elevation.
In 2008, Tandang et al. identified and selected some promising varieties or potential
parents of snap beans not only for the highlands but also for the mid-elevation areas in
lowlands. These improved materials need further evaluation to identify new varieties that
are high yielding, with good pod qualities and high resistance to major pest.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 225 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 45 plots (Figure 1). Each plot
were measured 1m x 5 m and the treatments were laid-out following the Split plot design
with three replications.
The treatments were follows:
Main plot - Foliar fertilizer (F) Subplot - Pole snap bean varieties (V)
F1-No foliar fertilizer
V1- Black Valentine/ Alno
F2- Abundant harvest
V2 - Burik
F3- Care crop international
V3 -Stone hill black
V4 –Stone hill brown
V5 -Maroon (Check)
The seeds of each variety were sown in a double row-plot at a distance of 20 x 20
cm between hills and rows at a rate of 2 to 3 seeds per hill. Chicken manure was applied at
the rate of one hand per hole. Spraying of foliar fertilizers was done during the vegetative
and fruiting stage of the crop. Ten cups of abundant harvest foliar fertilizer was diluted in
16 liters of water and was applied every three days. When the plant started to flower, the
foliar fertilizer was applied every five days until the last harvest. Care crop international
foliar fertilizer was also diluted in 16 liters of water at the rate of 10 cups and was applied
at seven days interval.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 1. The NPK content of the foliar fertilizers used are the following:
Element
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
(%)
(%)
Nitrogen
10.38
18
Phosphorus
8.34
28
Potassium
9.45
28
Plants were irrigated twice a week up to saturation point (field capacity) from planting up
to 50 days after planting. Side-dressing and hilling-up was done two to three weeks after
planting followed by trellising. During the conduct of the study, all other cultural
management practices were followed.
Figure 1. Land preparation in the experimental area.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Data Gathered:
1. Soil analysis. One kg of soil sample from the site of experiment was collected
randomly before land preparation and after harvest for the determination of the initial and
final soil properties like pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The soil
samples were analyzed at the Soils laboratory, Department of Agriculture in Pacdal,
Baguio City.
2. Meteorological data. Monthly mean maximum and minimum temperature and
relative humidity was taken using a digital hygrometer. Rainfall was collected and
measured using a graduated cylinder while light intensity was measured using a light meter.
3. Maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was taken by counting the
number of days from planting up to the time when at least 50% of plants per plot emerged.
b. Plant survival. This was obtained by counting the plants that survived per plot
and was computed using the following formula:
Number of Plants survived
Plant survival (%) = x 100
Number of seeds sown
c. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was determined by counting
the number of days from date of emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants in
the plot have fully opened flowers.
d. Number of days from emergence to first harvest. This was taken by counting the
number of days from emergence to the first harvesting of pods.
e. Number of days from emergence to last harvest. This was taken by counting the
number of days from emergence to the last harvesting of pods.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
4. Number of flowers per cluster. This was recorded by counting the number of
flower per cluster that developed per plant from ten sample plants per plot.
5. Number of flower clusters per plant. This was taken by counting the number of
flower cluster per plant using ten sample plants per treatment.
6. Number of pods per cluster. This was recorded by counting the number of pods
per cluster from ten sample plants per treatment.
7. Number of pod clusters per plant. This was recorded by counting the number of
pod cluster per plant from ten sample plants per treatment.
8. Fresh Pod Characters
a. Pod length (cm). This was taken by measuring the length in cm of sample pods
from pedicel end to the blossom end using a foot rule.
b. Pod width (cm). This was taken by measuring the width of the middle portion of
five sample pods per plot using a foot rule.
c. Pod texture. This was taken by feel method and texture was observed as rough or
smooth.
d. Pod straightness. This was recorded from visual observation as either straight or
curved pod.
e. Pod shape. This was recorded visually as flat or round pod.
f. Pod color. This was recorded visually as green, dark green and others when the
pods are fully developed.
g. Pod diameter (cm). The diameter of ten sample pods was measured using vernier
caliper.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
9. Yield and Yield components
a. Weight of marketable pods per plot. This was gathered by getting the weight of
pods that were straight, tender, and free from insect pest damage and diseases.
b. Weight of non-marketable pods per plot. This was gathered by getting the weight
of pods that were abnormal in shape and had 20% or more insect pest and disease damage.
c. Total yield per plot. The overall total weight of marketable and non-marketable
pods was obtained by getting the sum of all the weight of marketable and non-marketable
yield throughout the harvesting period.
d. Computed yield per hectare (t ha). This was computed using the formula:
Yield per hectare (t ha) = Total yield/plot (kg m2) x 2
10. Reaction to bean rust and pod borer. This was determined at the peak of
harvesting stage using the respective rating for bean rust infection and pod borer infestation
used at BSU-IPB by Tandang et al. (2008) as follows:
a. Bean rust
Scale
Percent infection
Remarks
1
less than 20% infection per plot
highly resistant
2
20-40% infection per plot
moderately resistant
3
41-60% infection per plot
mildly resistant
4
61-80% infection per plot
susceptible
5
81-100% infection
very susceptible
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
b. Pod borer
Scale
Percent infection
Remarks
1
no infestation
highly resistant
2
1-25% of the plant plot are infested moderately resistant
3
25-50% of the plant plot are infested mildly resistant
4
51-75% of the plant plot are infested susceptible
5
76-100% of the plant plot are infested very susceptible
11. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). Production cost, gross and net income was
recorded, and ROCE were determined using the following formula:
Gross sales-Total expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total expenses
12. Sensory evaluation. Ten farmers were invited in the farm during the peak of
harvest at 79 days after sowing. They were requested to make their own selection and
express their reason for choosing or not choosing the ten varieties of pole snap bean.
Selection was based on the following:
a. Acceptability
Scale
Description
1
dislike very much
2
dislike moderately
3
like
4
like moderately
5
like very much
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
b. Plant morphology. This was evaluated by farmers based on the varieties of pole
snap bean using structured questionnaire.
c. Pod characters. This was evaluated by farmers based on pod shape, size, pod
texture, pod color and general acceptability of snap bean using the same questionnaire in
appendix 19.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were gathered and analyzed statistically using the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) for Split Plot Design. The significant differences among the treatment
means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Soil Analysis
As shown in Table 2, the soil pH before and after the experiment was 5.5 which is
within the pH range that favors the growth of pole snap bean. The percent soil organic
matter before and after planting was 2.5 % except for soils not applied with foliar fertilizer
(1.5 %). In terms of nitrogen content, no change was observed before and after the
application of Abundant harvest and Care crop international except for soil with no
application of foliar fertilizer. This result may imply that the nitrogen in the soil was
replaced by the foliar fertilizers applied, not discounting the fact that pole beans can also
fix its own nitrogen.
The phosphorus content of the soil after the experiment increased from 116 % to as
high as 230 %. On potassium content, there was an increase from soils applied with
Abundant harvest and Care crop international (180 ppm). Soil with no application of foliar
fertilizer had decreased potassium content (89 ppm). The decrease in the amount of
potassium in soils with no application of foliar fertilizer after harvest could be due to the
absorption of potassium by the plant needed for photosynthesis and respiration.
Table 2. Soil physical properties before planting and after harvesting
PH ORGANIC NITRO- PHOSPHO- POTA-
MATTER GEN RUS SSIUM
(%) (%) (%) (ppm)
Before planting
5.5
2.5
0.125
116
112
After harvesting
No foliar fertilizer
5.5
1.5
0.075
155
89
Abundant harvest
5.5
2.5
0.125
230
180
Care crop
5.5
2.5
0.125
210
180
international
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Meteorological Data
Table 3 shows the monthly rainfall, temperature, sunshine duration and relative humidity
from November 2011 to February 2012. Temperature that prevailed during the conduct of
the study ranged from 14.100C to 24.780C. The temperature range is within the appropriate
temperature range of pole snap bean production which is 150C to 25 0C (HARRDEC,
2000). The relative humidity ranged from 77.50 % to 86.75 %.The total amount of rainfall
recorded was 7.34 mm in November 2011 and 14.34mm in December. In January, it
declined from 6.20 mm and 1.64 mm in February which was observed as insufficient
rainfall for snap bean production. Thus, irrigation was done twice a week to supplement
adequate water for snap bean production. The light intensity ranged from 262.40 foot
candle to 410.13 foot candle.
Table 3. The temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, and light intensity from
November 2011 to February 2012
AIR AMOUNT
MONTH TEMPERATURE RELATIVE OF LIGHT
(0C) HUMIDITY RAINFALL INTENSITY
__________________ (%) (mm) (foot candle)
MIN
MAX
November
15.15
23.83
84.50
7.34
262.40
December
14.10
24.78
86.75
14.34
303.00
January
16.10
24.28
77.50
6.20
318.94
February
18.23
24.18
80.50
1.64
410.13
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of foliar fertilizer. There is no significant difference on the number of days from
sowing to emergence among the varieties applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 4).
The plants emerged at 7 days after sowing.
Effect of variety. Table 3 also shows the significant differences on the number of days from
sowing to emergence of the different varieties. Alno, Stone hill black and Stone hill brown
emerged within seven DAP, one day earlier than Burik and Maroon. Earlier and late
emergence of the plant maybe due to genes and varietal differences of the crop.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect on the number of days from sowing to
emergence was observed between the varieties and foliar fertilizers applied.
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering.
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Results revealed highly significant differences on the number of
days from emergence to flowering (Table 4). Varieties applied with Abundant harvest and
Care crop international flowered in 44 days from emergence to flowering, two days earlier
than plants not applied with foliar fertilizer. This result indicates that foliar fertilizer
application causes the plant to flower earlier than those plants not applied with foliar
fertilizer.
Effect of variety. Alno significantly flowered earlier within 43 days from emergence to
flowering, one day earlier than Burik and Maroon (45). Stone hill black and stone hill
brown was the latest to flower at 45 days after emergence. Alno flowered earlier which
might be due to earlier emergence and varietal differences of the plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 4. Number of days from sowing to emergence and from emergence to flowering,
first and last harvest of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers
NUMBER OF DAYS__________________
TREATMENT FROM FROM EMERGENCE TO___________
SOWING TO FLOWERING FIRST LAST
EMERGENCE
HARVEST HARVEST
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer 7
46b
59b
91b
Abundant harvest 7
44a
54a
92b
Care crop international 7
44a
55a
93a
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine 7a
43a
56a
92
Burik
8b
44b
56a
91
Stone hill Black 7a
45c
57b
92
Stone hill Brown 7a
45c
56a
92
Maroon (Check) 8b
44b
56a
92
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
**____
CVa (%)
2.17
1.50
1.34
0.17
CVb (%)
5.89 1.11 1.78 1.02
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between variety and foliar fertilizers on the
number of days from emergence to flowering of snap bean was observed. This indicates
that application of any foliar fertilizers to any of the plant varieties will not make any
difference on the period of flowering.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Number of Days from Emergence to First Harvest.
Effect of foliar fertilizer. A highly significant difference on the number of days from
emergence to first harvest was observed among the plants applied with foliar fertilizers
(Table 4). Plants applied with Abundant harvest were first harvested at 54 DAE. Plants
applied with Care crop international were harvested at 55 days, 5 days earlier than plants
without any application of foliar fertilizer. Results show that application of foliar fertilizes
caused early maturity among the pole bean varieties evaluated.
Effect of Variety. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of days from
emergence to first harvest among the varieties of snap bean. Alno, Burik, Stone hill brown
and Maroon were the first varieties harvested in 56 DAE. Stone hill black was the last
variety harvested. The differences noted maybe due to earlier flowering of some varieties
which resulted to earlier development of pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between variety and foliar fertilizers on
the number of days from emergence to first harvest was observed.
Number of Days from Emergence to Last Harvest
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of days
from emergence to last harvest among plants applied with different foliar fertilizers. Plants
not applied with any foliar fertilizer took 91 days to harvest, one day earlier than plants
applied with Abundant harvest. Plants applied with Care crop international was the last to
harvest that took 93 days. This indicates that foliar fertilizer application may lengthen the
harvest period of the plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Effect of variety. There is no significant difference noted on the number of days from
emergence to last harvest of the different varieties evaluated. The varieties were harvested
at 91 to 92 DAE.
Interaction effect. Highly significant interaction between variety and foliar fertilizers were
observed on the number of days from emergence to last harvest (Figure 2). The Burik
variety with no application of foliar fertilizer were first terminated within 90 DAE, one day
earlier than Stone hill black and Stone hill brown. Burik and Maroon applied with
Abundant harvest and Care crop international took 92 DAE to be harvested. Similarly,
Stone hill black and stone hill brown applied with abundant harvest and maroon with no
application of foliar fertilizer and applied with Care crop international also were harvested
at the same time. Stone hill brown applied with Care crop international took 93 DAE to
harvest, one day earlier than Stone hill black (94 DAE). Results revealed that application
of Care crop international on Stone hill black, Stone hill brown, Burik, and Maroon may
lengthen harvest period and maintain the good performance of the plants resulting to more
yield. Similarly, application of abundant harvest on Burik, Stone hill black, and Stone hill
brown may lengthen harvest period leading to more yield.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
95
94
93
Alno
92
Burik
Stone hill back
91
Stone hill brown
Maroon
90
89
88
No foliar fertilizer
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
Figure 2. Interaction of variety and foliar fertilizer on the number of days from
emergence to last harvest.
Percent Emergence
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were found on the percent emergence
of pole snap bean varieties applied with among the foliar fertilizer. The plants had 79 %
and above emergence.
Effect of variety. There are no significant differences on the percent emergence of the pole
snap bean varieties tested. The plants had 75 % to 83 % survival.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers on the
percent emergence of snap bean was observed.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 5. Percent emergence of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers
PLANT EMERGENCE
TREATMENT (%)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
81.47
Abundant harvest
80.32
Care crop international
79.30
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine
83.73
Burik
83.54
Stone hill Black
75.80
Stone hill Brown
78.23
Maroon (Check)
80.46
(AxB)
ns
CVa (%)
14.75
CVb (%)
13.01
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Number of Flowers per Cluster
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Significant differences were observed among pole bean plants
applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 6). Plants applied with Care crop international
and plants not applied with any foliar fertilizer had the least number of flowers per cluster
compared with plants applied with Abundant harvest that produced five flowers per cluster.
This indicates that application of Abundant harvest may have reduced flower abortion in
pole snap bean under Kapangan, Benguet condition.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties tested in
terms of the number of flowers per cluster (Figure 3). The plants produced four to five
flowers per cluster.
Interaction effect. Variety and foliar fertilizers had no significant interaction effect on the
number of flowers per cluster.
Number of Flower Clusters per Plant
Effect of foliar fertilizer. The results show that there is a significant difference
observed among the plants applied with different foliar fertilizers on the number of flower
clusters per plant. Plants applied with Abundant harvest and Care crop international had
the highest number of flower clusters. This result corresponds with the findings of Neuman
(1988) that application of foliar fertilizers might be the solution to decrease flower
abortion, increase yield and income. Plants with no application of foliar fertilizer produced
the least number of flower clusters.
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties on the
number of flower cluster per plant. All the varieties produced 32 flower clusters per plant.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between variety and foliar fertilizers
were observed on the number of flower clusters per plant.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Figure 3. Flowers and pods of the different pole snap bean varieties.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of foliar fertilizer. There is no significant difference among the plants applied with
foliar fertilizers on the number of pods per cluster. However, plants with no foliar fertilizer
applied produced the lowest number of pods per cluster.
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties on the
number of pods per cluster (Figure 3). Maroon had the highest number of pods per cluster
while Stone hill black produced the least number of pods.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 6.Number of flowers per cluster, flower cluster per plant, pods per cluster and pod
clusters per plant of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers
FLOWER
TREATMENT
FLOWERS PER CLUSTERS PER PODS PER POD CLUSTERS
CLUSTER PLANT CLUSTER PER PLANT
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
4b
31b
3
24b
Abundant harvest
5a
32a
4
25a
Care crop international 4b
32b
4
25a
Variety (V)
Alno
4
32
4
25a
Burik
4
32
4
24b
Stone hill Black
4
32
3
24b
Stone hill Brown
4
32
4
24b
Maroon (Check)
5
32
5
25a
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0.31
5.11
2.91 9.25
CVb (%)
3.61
3.49
15.83 19.55
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on variety and foliar
fertilizers on the number of pods per cluster.
Number of Pod Clusters per Plant
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Significant differences were observed among the plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on the number of pod clusters per plant. Application of Abundant
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
harvest and Care crop international on plants resulted to higher number of pod clusters per
plant (25). No application of foliar fertilizer on plants produced the lowest number of pod
clusters per plant. This indicates that foliar fertilizer application reduces flower abortion
which in turn resulted to high number of pod clusters and pods to harvest.
Effect of variety. There is a significant difference among the varieties on the number of
pod clusters per plant. Alno and Maroon significantly produced the most pod clusters per
plant. Maroon had the most flowers and pods per cluster and may have lesser flowers
aborted.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on variety and foliar
fertilizers on the number of pod clusters per plant.
Pod Length
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Highly significant differences were observed on the pod length
of plants applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 7). Plants applied with Abundant
harvest had the longest pods (17.35 cm) followed by plants applied with Care crop
international (16.97 cm). Plants with no application of foliar fertilizer had the shortest pods
(15.29 cm). The longer pods produced may be due to the application of foliar fertilizer that
supplied the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium needed by the plants.
Effect of variety. Table 6 also shows a highly significant difference on the pod length of
the varieties. Alno produced longer pods than Burik, Stone hill brown, and Maroon. Stone
hill black produced the shortest pods (15.29 cm). This may be due to genes and varietal
differences of the plants.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction of variety and
foliar fertilizers on the pod length of snap bean.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 7. Pod length, width and diameter of five pole snap bean varieties applied with
foliar fertilizers
TREATMENT POD LENGTH POD WIDTH POD DIAMETER
(cm) (cm) (cm)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
15.29b
1.17
1.53
Abundant harvest
17.35a
1.26
1.56
Care crop international 16.98a
1.23
1.53
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine 17.67a
1.36a
1.65a
Burik
16.50b
1.18bc
1.52bc
Stone hill Black
15.78c
1.11c
1.46c
Stone hill Brown
16.26b
1.18bc
1.47c
Maroon (Check)
17.49b
1.25b
1.60ab
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
67
0.83
0
CVb(%)
4.22
7.91
6.94
Pod Width
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the pod width of
plants applied with foliar fertilizers.
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed on the pod width of the
different varieties (Table 7). Alno had the widest pod (1.36cm) followed by Maroon
(1.25cm). Burik had a comparable pod width with Stone hill brown (1.18 cm). The wide
pods produced may contribute to high weight of pods and thus more profit.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Interaction effect. There is no significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers
observed on the pod width of snap bean.
Pod Diameter
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on pod diameter.
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed among the varieties on pod
diameter. Alno had the highest pod diameter which may be related to its wide pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers was
observed on the pod diameter of snap bean.
Weight of Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on the weight of marketable pods per plot. Results imply that
application and non-application of foliar fertilizer to the plants will have the same effect
on the marketable pods produced.
Effect of variety. There is no significant difference among the varieties of pole snap bean
on the weight of marketable pods per plot. All the varieties produced less than 5 kg of
marketable pods per plot (Figure 4).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers was
observed on the weight of marketable pods per plot.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Alno Burik Stone hill black
Stone hill brown Maroon
Figure 4. Marketable fresh pod yield of the pole snap bean varieties.
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were found on the weight of non-
marketable pods per plot among the plants applied with foliar fertilizers (Table 8).
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed among the different
varieties of pole snap bean on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot (Table 8). Stone
hill brown produced the highest number of non-marketable pods per plot which may be
due to bean rust infection.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 8.Fresh pod yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of five pole snap bean
varieties applied with foliar fertilizer
FRESH POD YIELD PER PLOT (kg/5m2)_ COMPUTED
TREATMENT MARKETABLE NON YIELD PER
MARKETABLE TOTAL HECTARE
(t/ha)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
4.26
1.05
5.26
10.52
Abundant harvest
4.40
0.91
5.30
10.59
Care crop international 4.39
1.11
5.45
10.88
Variety (V)
Alno
4.62
0.80a
5.31
10.62
Burik
3.94
0.98a
4.89
9.78
Stone hill Black
4.54
1.12b
5.64
11.29
Stone hill Brown
4.66
1.28c
5.93
11.84
Maroon (Check)
3.98
0.93a
4.90
9.78
(AxB)
ns
*
ns
ns
CVa (%)
69.66
5.88
48.69 97.75
CVb (%)
24.60
14.47
20.50
20.53
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there is a significant interaction effect of variety and
foliar fertilizers on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot. Figure 4 shows that Stone
hill brown applied with Care crop international had the heaviest non-marketable pods (1.47
kg).Thus, for low non-marketable yield, Abundant harvest applied on Alno, Burik, Stone
hill black, and Maroon should be done.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
1.4
1.2
1
Alno
0.8
Burik
Stone hill black
0.6
Stone hill brown
Maroon
0.4
0.2
0
No foliar fertilizer
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
Figure 5. Interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers on the weight of non-
marketable pods per plot.
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers on the total yield per plot. Results show that application or
non-application of foliar fertilizer will have little effect on the total yield of the plants.
Effect of variety. It was found that there is no significant difference among the varieties on
the total yield per plot. The varieties had a total yield of five to six kilograms.
Interaction effect. Observation shows that there is no significant interaction effect of
variety and foliar fertilizers on the total yield per plot of the snap bean plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers on the computed yield per hectare.
Effect of variety. It was found that there is no significant difference observed among the
varieties on the computed yield per hectare. The plants produced 10 to 12 tons/ha of fresh
pods.
Interaction effect. No interaction effect of the variety and foliar fertilizers was observed on
the computed yield per hectare.
Reaction to Bean Rust
Effect of foliar fertilizer. In terms of reaction to bean rust, it was observed that all the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers were moderately resistant to bean rust. Plants not applied with
foliar fertilizer were also moderately resistant. This result indicates with or without
application of foliar fertilizer made no difference on the resistance of the plants.
Effect of variety. A significant difference was observed among the varieties on reaction to
bean rust (figure 6). Alno had higher resistance than Burik, Stone hill black, Stone hill
brown and Maroon, which were moderately resistant to bean rust. Resistance of plants to
pest is due to its genetic make-up.
Reaction to Pod Borer
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the reaction to pod
borer infestation of the plants applied with different foliar fertilizers. All of the plants
showed moderate resistance to pod borer.
Effect of variety. Among the varieties tested, it was observed that all were moderately
resistant to pod borer.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Response of pole snap bean to bean rust and pod borer.
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Table 8 shows the return on cash expenses of growing pole snap bean as affected by
different foliar fertilizers. It was observed that plants not applied with any foliar fertilizer
produced the highest return on cash expenses due to lesser expenditures. Plants applied
with Care crop international produced the least return on cash expenses. In terms of
varieties, Alno and Stone hill brown not applied with foliar fertilizers had the highest return
on cash expenses due to low weight of non-marketable pods and resistance to bean rust.
The negative ROCE from Burik, Stone hill black, and Stone hill brown may be due to the
low selling price and high cost of foliar fertilizers applied.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 8. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) on growing five pole snap bean varieties
applied with foliar fertilizers
MARKETABLE GROSS TOTAL NET ROCE*
TREATMENT PODS SALE EXPENSES INCOME (%)
(Kg/15m2) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
No foliar fertilizer
Alno
15.3
306
145.62 160.38
110.14
Burik
11.2
224
145.62 78.38
53.83
Stone hill black
11.2
224
145.62 78.38
53.83
Stone hill brown
15.6
312
145.62 166.38
114.26
Maroon (Check)
10.6
212
145.62 66.38
45.58
Mean
75.53
Abundant harvest
Alno
13.6
272
235.62 36.38
15.44
Burik
12.7
254
235.62 18.38
7.80
Stone hill black
11.10
222
235.62 -13.62
-5.78
Stone hill brown
15.20
304
235.62 68.38
29.02
Maroon (Check)
13.4
268
235.62 32.38
13.74
Mean
12.04
Care crop international
Alno
12.7
254
235.62 18.38
7.80
Burik
11.16
232
235.62 -3.62
-1.54
Stone hill black
18.6
372
235.62 136.38
57.88
Stone hill brown
11.1
222
235.62 -13.62
-5.78
Maroon (Check)
11.8
236
235.62 0.38
0.16
Mean
11.70
*variable cost includes cost of seeds, foliar fertilizers, trellises, and others.
*sales were based on the average of 20 PhP per kilo
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Farmer Acceptability
Ten farmers of Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet were invited to evaluate the plant stand and
fresh pods of the five varieties of pole snap bean. The evaluation of farmers was based on
plant morphology, pod characteristics, and general acceptability (Table 9).
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were liked very much by the farmers which might be due to the
vigorous plants and long, straight, and smooth pods produced by the varieties. Finally,
Stone hill black and brown were moderately liked by farmers which might be due to the
stunted growth and short pods produced.
Table 9.Farmer acceptability of pole snap bean varieties
DISLIKE DISLIKE LIKE LIKE
VARIETY VERY MODERA- LIKE MODERA- VERY
MUCH TELY
TELY
MUCH
Alno
-
-
-
1
9
Burik
-
-
1
2
7
Stone hill Black
-
1 2 7
-
Stone hill Brown
-
-
3
5
2
Maroon (Check)
-
-
-
2
8
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet to identify the snap
bean variety(s) with the highest yield and resistance to pest; identify which among the foliar
fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the growth, yield, and acceptability of the five
pole snap bean varieties; determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole
snap beans and application of foliar fertilizers; determine the profitability of producing
snap beans applied with different foliar fertilizers; and determine the acceptability of pole
snap bean varieties among farmers in Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet.
There were significant differences in most of the parameters observed among plants
applied with foliar fertilizers except for the number of days from sowing to emergence,
percent emergence, number of flower cluster per plant, pod width, pod diameter, weight of
marketable pods per plot, weight of non-marketable pods per plot, total yield per plot,
computed yield per plot, and reaction to bean rust and pod borer.
There were significant differences observed among the varieties of snap bean. Alno,
Stone hill black and Stone hill brown emerged within seven DAE, one day earlier than
Burik and Maroon. Alno, Burik, Maroon, and Stone hill brown were the first varieties to
be harvested in 56 DAE compared to Stone hill black which was the last variety to be
harvested. Maroon had the highest number of pods per cluster while Stone hill black
produced the least number of pods. Alno had higher resistance to bean rust than Burik,
Stone hill black, Stone hill brown and Maroon.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
No significant interaction of variety and foliar fertilizers was observed on most parameters
except for the number of days from emergence to last harvest and weight of non-marketable
pods per plot.
In terms of acceptability by the farmers, Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most
preferred because of its good plant stand and pod characters.
Conclusion
All the varieties evaluated produced similar weight of marketable pods and had a moderate
resistance to bean rust and pod borer except for Alno which had a high resistance to bean
rust. Stone hill brown and Alno had the highest yield.
Application of foliar fertilizers slightly increased plant yield but became an added cost
resulting to decreased returns. Plants applied with Care crop international had the highest
total yield.
Combination of Alno and Abundant harvest may decrease non-marketable pods per plot.
Pole bean plants not applied with foliar fertilizers were the most profitable.
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most preferred entries by farmers in Gaswiling,
Kapangan, Benguet.
Recommendation
Based on the conditions of this study, foliar fertilizers may not be applied to pole beans
since it had little effect on yield and was added cost which lead to decreased returns. In
terms of profitability and farmer acceptability, Alno and Stone hill brown are
recommended under Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet condition.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ACYANGAN, C. M. 2010. Agronomic evaluation of five promising varieties of bush
snap bean for organic production under La Trinidad condition. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad.
KINOSHITA, K. 1997. Vegetable production in the sub tropical and tropical areas.
Agriculture development foundation. P. 310
KUDAN, S, L. 1991. How to grow snap bean. Department crop science. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. Technical Bulletin Number 4. P. 20.
NEUMAN, D. M. 1988. Plant growth and leaf applied chemicals. Florida: CRC press
Inc. P.178.
PACHER, S. 2002. Kitchen Garden about Snap beans. Retrieved December 6, 2009 from
http://www. Motherearthnews. Com.
SUBIDO, P. S.1961. The rate of fertilizer in crop production. Plant industry digests
24(4): 11.
WESLEY, D. O. 2005. Agronomic characters of bush bean varieties under organic
production at La Trinidad, Benguet. BS thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 9-10.
WORK, D. and J. CAREW. 1995. Vegetative production and marketing. New York:
Willy Book Company. Pp. 1-3-107.
YONGZHONG, M. Q.1994. Preliminary study on snap bean varieties China.P.1.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012. Agronomic characters and acceptability of
pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet to identify the snap
bean variety with the highest yield and resistance to pest; identify which among the foliar
fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the growth, yield, and acceptability of the five
pole snap bean varieties; determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole
snap beans and application of foliar fertilizers; determine the profitability of producing
snap beans applied with different foliar fertilizers; and determine the acceptability of pole
snap bean varieties among farmers in Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet.
Based on the results, all the varieties evaluated produced similar weight of
marketable pods and had a moderate resistance to bean rust and pod borer except for Alno
which had a high resistance to bean rust.
Application of foliar fertilizers slightly increased plant yield but decreased return
on cash expenses.
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most preferred entries by farmers in Gaswiling,
Kapangan, Benguet.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Snap bean is one of the crops that is commonly grown in Benguet and it ranks fifth
in hectarage and sixth in total peso value among the 22 principal vegetables in the country.
It is also an important leguminous vegetable since it is an excellent source of proteins,
vitamins and minerals (Halog, 1980).
Unlike other crops, bush beans do not require intensive management and high cost
of farm inputs. It can also improve soil fertility because of its ability to fix nitrogen in its
roots (HADP, 1993).However, some farmers do not produce high yield because many
flowers fall during the flowering stage of the plant. Falling of flowers results to poor pod
setting and poor pod development (Kinoshita, 1997).
Proper application of foliar fertilizer and the choice of fertilizer to apply might offer
a better solution to help snap bean farmers decrease flower abortion, increase yield and
income.
Furthermore, past studies show that among the different methods of fertilizer
application, foliar fertilizer was selected the best and showed off a marked increase in the
yield of some agricultural crops particularly minor crops (Subido, 1961). It was also
observed that application of foliar fertilizers in soybean, snap bean, wheat, and oats
affected seed oil protein with a tendency to alter seed size (Neuman, 1988).
The study was conducted to:
1. identify the snap bean variety(s) with the highest yield and resistance to pests;
2. identify which among the foliar fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the
growth and yield of the five snap bean varieties;
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
3. determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole snap beans and
application of foliar fertilizers;
4. determine the profitability of producing snap beans applied with different foliar
fertilizers; and
5. determine the acceptability of pole snap bean varieties among farmers in
Gaswiling, Kapangan.
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet from November to
February 2012.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Plant
Snap bean is a determinate leguminous crop which is most widely cultivated in
semitropical regions. In temperature regions, the green immature pods are marketed fresh,
frozen or canned, cooked and eaten as a vegetable (Acyangan, 2010). Snap bean is
consumed in many different forms, such as dry beans, fresh and green state seeds, bean
leaves and green pods (Yongzhong, 1994)
Furthermore, snap beans grow best when there is a constant moisture supply and it
requires light and frequent irrigations during dry weather (Latimore, 2002). The plants
yield well and require the least amount of work as source of nutrients and as a source of
income for our farmers. (Seb-aten, 1997). Indeed, snap bean is recognized as an important
source of protein, vitamins, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Climatic and Edaphic Requirements of
Snap Beans
Snap beans grow best in areas with temperature between 15 to 25 degrees
centigrade. Maturity is earlier in warmer areas that take 45 to 55 days after planting than
in cooler areas that take 56 to 60 days. Harvesting is dependent on the variety used,
location, and temperature. Harvesting is usually done by hand or selective harvesting at 3
to 4 days interval (HARRDEC, 2000)
Snap beans grow best on soils that hold water well with a pH of 5.8 to 6.6 and have
a good air and water filtration. Pole snap beans are warm temperate season vegetable that
will not tolerate frost and it requires adequate amounts of moisture. Temperature is
important for rapid growth, good pod set and early maturity (Pacher, 2002). The expected
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
yield of pole snap bean under highland condition ranges from 17 to 23 tons per hectare.
First harvest is expected from 60 days after planting. In warmer areas, pods mature earlier
than in cooler temperature (Kudan, 1991).
Foliar Fertilization
One method of applying fertilizer to the plant is through solutions as spray or foliar
fertilizer. Spraying of foliar fertilizers generally are much more quickly absorbed and
utilized by the leaves than being applied in the soil. Application of foliar fertilizer for rapid
utilization of nutrients permits the correction of observed deficiency in shorter period of
time (Seb-aten, 1997).
Furthermore, applying fertilizers through the leaves by means of foliar spray might
increase the efficiency of fertilizer utilization by plants. The consequence of this fertilizers
could be the elimination of fertilizer wastage, the lessening of production cost and an
increase in yield. It may even decrease the problem of leaching, fixation; denitrification,
root injury and soil pH that are encountered in applying inorganic fertilizer to the soil.
Foliar sprays are also advantageous in terms of distribution and transportation especially
in remote places where roads are not available (Seb-aten, 1997).Past studies also proved
that applying foliar fertilizers prevent the occurrence of problems in soil minimizing waste
as well as cost of production, which will lead to increase profit (Caldito, 1999)
Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation gathers data on plant characteristics, yield performance and pod quality.
Hence, we can obtain high yielding and improve cultivars (Regmi, 1990).
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Moreover, Bautista and Mabesa (1997) stated that the variety has to be high yielding, pest
and disease resistant and early maturing so that production would entail less expense and
ensure more profit. Choosing the right variety will minimize problems associated with
water and fertilizer management.
Selection of the variety of plant is one of the most important that the commercial vegetable
grower must take each season. Grower should evaluate some new varieties each year on a
trial basis to observe performance on their own forms (Wesley, 2005). Varietal evaluation
is important to observe the performance character such as yield, earliness, vigor, maturity,
and quality because varieties have a wide range of difference in terms of size and yield
performance (Work and Carew, 1995).
According to Bantog and Padua in 1999, to ensure productivity of excellent varieties,
varieties either from local or foreign collection has to be introduced. Nevertheless, the yield
and quality potentials of varieties vary depending on the collection they are exposed such
as climate, weather and soil factors. The ultimate way to determine the best variety/ies is
to test how they fare in specific localities or representative areas per elevation.
In 2008, Tandang et al. identified and selected some promising varieties or potential
parents of snap beans not only for the highlands but also for the mid-elevation areas in
lowlands. These improved materials need further evaluation to identify new varieties that
are high yielding, with good pod qualities and high resistance to major pest.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 225 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 45 plots (Figure 1). Each plot
were measured 1m x 5 m and the treatments were laid-out following the Split plot design
with three replications.
The treatments were follows:
Main plot - Foliar fertilizer (F) Subplot - Pole snap bean varieties (V)
F1-No foliar fertilizer
V1- Black Valentine/ Alno
F2- Abundant harvest
V2 - Burik
F3- Care crop international
V3 -Stone hill black
V4 –Stone hill brown
V5 -Maroon (Check)
The seeds of each variety were sown in a double row-plot at a distance of 20 x 20
cm between hills and rows at a rate of 2 to 3 seeds per hill. Chicken manure was applied at
the rate of one hand per hole. Spraying of foliar fertilizers was done during the vegetative
and fruiting stage of the crop. Ten cups of abundant harvest foliar fertilizer was diluted in
16 liters of water and was applied every three days. When the plant started to flower, the
foliar fertilizer was applied every five days until the last harvest. Care crop international
foliar fertilizer was also diluted in 16 liters of water at the rate of 10 cups and was applied
at seven days interval.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 1. The NPK content of the foliar fertilizers used are the following:
Element
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
(%)
(%)
Nitrogen
10.38
18
Phosphorus
8.34
28
Potassium
9.45
28
Plants were irrigated twice a week up to saturation point (field capacity) from planting up
to 50 days after planting. Side-dressing and hilling-up was done two to three weeks after
planting followed by trellising. During the conduct of the study, all other cultural
management practices were followed.
Figure 1. Land preparation in the experimental area.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Data Gathered:
1. Soil analysis. One kg of soil sample from the site of experiment was collected
randomly before land preparation and after harvest for the determination of the initial and
final soil properties like pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter. The soil
samples were analyzed at the Soils laboratory, Department of Agriculture in Pacdal,
Baguio City.
2. Meteorological data. Monthly mean maximum and minimum temperature and
relative humidity was taken using a digital hygrometer. Rainfall was collected and
measured using a graduated cylinder while light intensity was measured using a light meter.
3. Maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was taken by counting the
number of days from planting up to the time when at least 50% of plants per plot emerged.
b. Plant survival. This was obtained by counting the plants that survived per plot
and was computed using the following formula:
Number of Plants survived
Plant survival (%) = x 100
Number of seeds sown
c. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was determined by counting
the number of days from date of emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants in
the plot have fully opened flowers.
d. Number of days from emergence to first harvest. This was taken by counting the
number of days from emergence to the first harvesting of pods.
e. Number of days from emergence to last harvest. This was taken by counting the
number of days from emergence to the last harvesting of pods.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
4. Number of flowers per cluster. This was recorded by counting the number of
flower per cluster that developed per plant from ten sample plants per plot.
5. Number of flower clusters per plant. This was taken by counting the number of
flower cluster per plant using ten sample plants per treatment.
6. Number of pods per cluster. This was recorded by counting the number of pods
per cluster from ten sample plants per treatment.
7. Number of pod clusters per plant. This was recorded by counting the number of
pod cluster per plant from ten sample plants per treatment.
8. Fresh Pod Characters
a. Pod length (cm). This was taken by measuring the length in cm of sample pods
from pedicel end to the blossom end using a foot rule.
b. Pod width (cm). This was taken by measuring the width of the middle portion of
five sample pods per plot using a foot rule.
c. Pod texture. This was taken by feel method and texture was observed as rough or
smooth.
d. Pod straightness. This was recorded from visual observation as either straight or
curved pod.
e. Pod shape. This was recorded visually as flat or round pod.
f. Pod color. This was recorded visually as green, dark green and others when the
pods are fully developed.
g. Pod diameter (cm). The diameter of ten sample pods was measured using vernier
caliper.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
9. Yield and Yield components
a. Weight of marketable pods per plot. This was gathered by getting the weight of
pods that were straight, tender, and free from insect pest damage and diseases.
b. Weight of non-marketable pods per plot. This was gathered by getting the weight
of pods that were abnormal in shape and had 20% or more insect pest and disease damage.
c. Total yield per plot. The overall total weight of marketable and non-marketable
pods was obtained by getting the sum of all the weight of marketable and non-marketable
yield throughout the harvesting period.
d. Computed yield per hectare (t ha). This was computed using the formula:
Yield per hectare (t ha) = Total yield/plot (kg m2) x 2
10. Reaction to bean rust and pod borer. This was determined at the peak of
harvesting stage using the respective rating for bean rust infection and pod borer infestation
used at BSU-IPB by Tandang et al. (2008) as follows:
a. Bean rust
Scale
Percent infection
Remarks
1
less than 20% infection per plot
highly resistant
2
20-40% infection per plot
moderately resistant
3
41-60% infection per plot
mildly resistant
4
61-80% infection per plot
susceptible
5
81-100% infection
very susceptible
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
b. Pod borer
Scale
Percent infection
Remarks
1
no infestation
highly resistant
2
1-25% of the plant plot are infested moderately resistant
3
25-50% of the plant plot are infested mildly resistant
4
51-75% of the plant plot are infested susceptible
5
76-100% of the plant plot are infested very susceptible
11. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). Production cost, gross and net income was
recorded, and ROCE were determined using the following formula:
Gross sales-Total expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total expenses
12. Sensory evaluation. Ten farmers were invited in the farm during the peak of
harvest at 79 days after sowing. They were requested to make their own selection and
express their reason for choosing or not choosing the ten varieties of pole snap bean.
Selection was based on the following:
a. Acceptability
Scale
Description
1
dislike very much
2
dislike moderately
3
like
4
like moderately
5
like very much
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
b. Plant morphology. This was evaluated by farmers based on the varieties of pole
snap bean using structured questionnaire.
c. Pod characters. This was evaluated by farmers based on pod shape, size, pod
texture, pod color and general acceptability of snap bean using the same questionnaire in
appendix 19.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were gathered and analyzed statistically using the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) for Split Plot Design. The significant differences among the treatment
means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Soil Analysis
As shown in Table 2, the soil pH before and after the experiment was 5.5 which is
within the pH range that favors the growth of pole snap bean. The percent soil organic
matter before and after planting was 2.5 % except for soils not applied with foliar fertilizer
(1.5 %). In terms of nitrogen content, no change was observed before and after the
application of Abundant harvest and Care crop international except for soil with no
application of foliar fertilizer. This result may imply that the nitrogen in the soil was
replaced by the foliar fertilizers applied, not discounting the fact that pole beans can also
fix its own nitrogen.
The phosphorus content of the soil after the experiment increased from 116 % to as
high as 230 %. On potassium content, there was an increase from soils applied with
Abundant harvest and Care crop international (180 ppm). Soil with no application of foliar
fertilizer had decreased potassium content (89 ppm). The decrease in the amount of
potassium in soils with no application of foliar fertilizer after harvest could be due to the
absorption of potassium by the plant needed for photosynthesis and respiration.
Table 2. Soil physical properties before planting and after harvesting
PH ORGANIC NITRO- PHOSPHO- POTA-
MATTER GEN RUS SSIUM
(%) (%) (%) (ppm)
Before planting
5.5
2.5
0.125
116
112
After harvesting
No foliar fertilizer
5.5
1.5
0.075
155
89
Abundant harvest
5.5
2.5
0.125
230
180
Care crop
5.5
2.5
0.125
210
180
international
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Meteorological Data
Table 3 shows the monthly rainfall, temperature, sunshine duration and relative humidity
from November 2011 to February 2012. Temperature that prevailed during the conduct of
the study ranged from 14.100C to 24.780C. The temperature range is within the appropriate
temperature range of pole snap bean production which is 150C to 25 0C (HARRDEC,
2000). The relative humidity ranged from 77.50 % to 86.75 %.The total amount of rainfall
recorded was 7.34 mm in November 2011 and 14.34mm in December. In January, it
declined from 6.20 mm and 1.64 mm in February which was observed as insufficient
rainfall for snap bean production. Thus, irrigation was done twice a week to supplement
adequate water for snap bean production. The light intensity ranged from 262.40 foot
candle to 410.13 foot candle.
Table 3. The temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, and light intensity from
November 2011 to February 2012
AIR AMOUNT
MONTH TEMPERATURE RELATIVE OF LIGHT
(0C) HUMIDITY RAINFALL INTENSITY
__________________ (%) (mm) (foot candle)
MIN
MAX
November
15.15
23.83
84.50
7.34
262.40
December
14.10
24.78
86.75
14.34
303.00
January
16.10
24.28
77.50
6.20
318.94
February
18.23
24.18
80.50
1.64
410.13
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Number of Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of foliar fertilizer. There is no significant difference on the number of days from
sowing to emergence among the varieties applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 4).
The plants emerged at 7 days after sowing.
Effect of variety. Table 3 also shows the significant differences on the number of days from
sowing to emergence of the different varieties. Alno, Stone hill black and Stone hill brown
emerged within seven DAP, one day earlier than Burik and Maroon. Earlier and late
emergence of the plant maybe due to genes and varietal differences of the crop.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect on the number of days from sowing to
emergence was observed between the varieties and foliar fertilizers applied.
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering.
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Results revealed highly significant differences on the number of
days from emergence to flowering (Table 4). Varieties applied with Abundant harvest and
Care crop international flowered in 44 days from emergence to flowering, two days earlier
than plants not applied with foliar fertilizer. This result indicates that foliar fertilizer
application causes the plant to flower earlier than those plants not applied with foliar
fertilizer.
Effect of variety. Alno significantly flowered earlier within 43 days from emergence to
flowering, one day earlier than Burik and Maroon (45). Stone hill black and stone hill
brown was the latest to flower at 45 days after emergence. Alno flowered earlier which
might be due to earlier emergence and varietal differences of the plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 4. Number of days from sowing to emergence and from emergence to flowering,
first and last harvest of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers
NUMBER OF DAYS__________________
TREATMENT FROM FROM EMERGENCE TO___________
SOWING TO FLOWERING FIRST LAST
EMERGENCE
HARVEST HARVEST
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer 7
46b
59b
91b
Abundant harvest 7
44a
54a
92b
Care crop international 7
44a
55a
93a
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine 7a
43a
56a
92
Burik
8b
44b
56a
91
Stone hill Black 7a
45c
57b
92
Stone hill Brown 7a
45c
56a
92
Maroon (Check) 8b
44b
56a
92
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
**____
CVa (%)
2.17
1.50
1.34
0.17
CVb (%)
5.89 1.11 1.78 1.02
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between variety and foliar fertilizers on the
number of days from emergence to flowering of snap bean was observed. This indicates
that application of any foliar fertilizers to any of the plant varieties will not make any
difference on the period of flowering.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Number of Days from Emergence to First Harvest.
Effect of foliar fertilizer. A highly significant difference on the number of days from
emergence to first harvest was observed among the plants applied with foliar fertilizers
(Table 4). Plants applied with Abundant harvest were first harvested at 54 DAE. Plants
applied with Care crop international were harvested at 55 days, 5 days earlier than plants
without any application of foliar fertilizer. Results show that application of foliar fertilizes
caused early maturity among the pole bean varieties evaluated.
Effect of Variety. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of days from
emergence to first harvest among the varieties of snap bean. Alno, Burik, Stone hill brown
and Maroon were the first varieties harvested in 56 DAE. Stone hill black was the last
variety harvested. The differences noted maybe due to earlier flowering of some varieties
which resulted to earlier development of pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between variety and foliar fertilizers on
the number of days from emergence to first harvest was observed.
Number of Days from Emergence to Last Harvest
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Highly significant differences were noted on the number of days
from emergence to last harvest among plants applied with different foliar fertilizers. Plants
not applied with any foliar fertilizer took 91 days to harvest, one day earlier than plants
applied with Abundant harvest. Plants applied with Care crop international was the last to
harvest that took 93 days. This indicates that foliar fertilizer application may lengthen the
harvest period of the plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Effect of variety. There is no significant difference noted on the number of days from
emergence to last harvest of the different varieties evaluated. The varieties were harvested
at 91 to 92 DAE.
Interaction effect. Highly significant interaction between variety and foliar fertilizers were
observed on the number of days from emergence to last harvest (Figure 2). The Burik
variety with no application of foliar fertilizer were first terminated within 90 DAE, one day
earlier than Stone hill black and Stone hill brown. Burik and Maroon applied with
Abundant harvest and Care crop international took 92 DAE to be harvested. Similarly,
Stone hill black and stone hill brown applied with abundant harvest and maroon with no
application of foliar fertilizer and applied with Care crop international also were harvested
at the same time. Stone hill brown applied with Care crop international took 93 DAE to
harvest, one day earlier than Stone hill black (94 DAE). Results revealed that application
of Care crop international on Stone hill black, Stone hill brown, Burik, and Maroon may
lengthen harvest period and maintain the good performance of the plants resulting to more
yield. Similarly, application of abundant harvest on Burik, Stone hill black, and Stone hill
brown may lengthen harvest period leading to more yield.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
95
94
93
Alno
92
Burik
Stone hill back
91
Stone hill brown
Maroon
90
89
88
No foliar fertilizer
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
Figure 2. Interaction of variety and foliar fertilizer on the number of days from
emergence to last harvest.
Percent Emergence
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were found on the percent emergence
of pole snap bean varieties applied with among the foliar fertilizer. The plants had 79 %
and above emergence.
Effect of variety. There are no significant differences on the percent emergence of the pole
snap bean varieties tested. The plants had 75 % to 83 % survival.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers on the
percent emergence of snap bean was observed.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 5. Percent emergence of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers
PLANT EMERGENCE
TREATMENT (%)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
81.47
Abundant harvest
80.32
Care crop international
79.30
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine
83.73
Burik
83.54
Stone hill Black
75.80
Stone hill Brown
78.23
Maroon (Check)
80.46
(AxB)
ns
CVa (%)
14.75
CVb (%)
13.01
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Number of Flowers per Cluster
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Significant differences were observed among pole bean plants
applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 6). Plants applied with Care crop international
and plants not applied with any foliar fertilizer had the least number of flowers per cluster
compared with plants applied with Abundant harvest that produced five flowers per cluster.
This indicates that application of Abundant harvest may have reduced flower abortion in
pole snap bean under Kapangan, Benguet condition.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties tested in
terms of the number of flowers per cluster (Figure 3). The plants produced four to five
flowers per cluster.
Interaction effect. Variety and foliar fertilizers had no significant interaction effect on the
number of flowers per cluster.
Number of Flower Clusters per Plant
Effect of foliar fertilizer. The results show that there is a significant difference
observed among the plants applied with different foliar fertilizers on the number of flower
clusters per plant. Plants applied with Abundant harvest and Care crop international had
the highest number of flower clusters. This result corresponds with the findings of Neuman
(1988) that application of foliar fertilizers might be the solution to decrease flower
abortion, increase yield and income. Plants with no application of foliar fertilizer produced
the least number of flower clusters.
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties on the
number of flower cluster per plant. All the varieties produced 32 flower clusters per plant.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect between variety and foliar fertilizers
were observed on the number of flower clusters per plant.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Figure 3. Flowers and pods of the different pole snap bean varieties.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of foliar fertilizer. There is no significant difference among the plants applied with
foliar fertilizers on the number of pods per cluster. However, plants with no foliar fertilizer
applied produced the lowest number of pods per cluster.
Effect of variety. No significant differences were observed among the varieties on the
number of pods per cluster (Figure 3). Maroon had the highest number of pods per cluster
while Stone hill black produced the least number of pods.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 6.Number of flowers per cluster, flower cluster per plant, pods per cluster and pod
clusters per plant of five pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar fertilizers
FLOWER
TREATMENT
FLOWERS PER CLUSTERS PER PODS PER POD CLUSTERS
CLUSTER PLANT CLUSTER PER PLANT
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
4b
31b
3
24b
Abundant harvest
5a
32a
4
25a
Care crop international 4b
32b
4
25a
Variety (V)
Alno
4
32
4
25a
Burik
4
32
4
24b
Stone hill Black
4
32
3
24b
Stone hill Brown
4
32
4
24b
Maroon (Check)
5
32
5
25a
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0.31
5.11
2.91 9.25
CVb (%)
3.61
3.49
15.83 19.55
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on variety and foliar
fertilizers on the number of pods per cluster.
Number of Pod Clusters per Plant
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Significant differences were observed among the plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on the number of pod clusters per plant. Application of Abundant
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
harvest and Care crop international on plants resulted to higher number of pod clusters per
plant (25). No application of foliar fertilizer on plants produced the lowest number of pod
clusters per plant. This indicates that foliar fertilizer application reduces flower abortion
which in turn resulted to high number of pod clusters and pods to harvest.
Effect of variety. There is a significant difference among the varieties on the number of
pod clusters per plant. Alno and Maroon significantly produced the most pod clusters per
plant. Maroon had the most flowers and pods per cluster and may have lesser flowers
aborted.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed on variety and foliar
fertilizers on the number of pod clusters per plant.
Pod Length
Effect of foliar fertilizer. Highly significant differences were observed on the pod length
of plants applied with different foliar fertilizers (Table 7). Plants applied with Abundant
harvest had the longest pods (17.35 cm) followed by plants applied with Care crop
international (16.97 cm). Plants with no application of foliar fertilizer had the shortest pods
(15.29 cm). The longer pods produced may be due to the application of foliar fertilizer that
supplied the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium needed by the plants.
Effect of variety. Table 6 also shows a highly significant difference on the pod length of
the varieties. Alno produced longer pods than Burik, Stone hill brown, and Maroon. Stone
hill black produced the shortest pods (15.29 cm). This may be due to genes and varietal
differences of the plants.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction of variety and
foliar fertilizers on the pod length of snap bean.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 7. Pod length, width and diameter of five pole snap bean varieties applied with
foliar fertilizers
TREATMENT POD LENGTH POD WIDTH POD DIAMETER
(cm) (cm) (cm)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
15.29b
1.17
1.53
Abundant harvest
17.35a
1.26
1.56
Care crop international 16.98a
1.23
1.53
Variety (V)
Alno/ Black Valentine 17.67a
1.36a
1.65a
Burik
16.50b
1.18bc
1.52bc
Stone hill Black
15.78c
1.11c
1.46c
Stone hill Brown
16.26b
1.18bc
1.47c
Maroon (Check)
17.49b
1.25b
1.60ab
(AxB)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
67
0.83
0
CVb(%)
4.22
7.91
6.94
Pod Width
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the pod width of
plants applied with foliar fertilizers.
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed on the pod width of the
different varieties (Table 7). Alno had the widest pod (1.36cm) followed by Maroon
(1.25cm). Burik had a comparable pod width with Stone hill brown (1.18 cm). The wide
pods produced may contribute to high weight of pods and thus more profit.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Interaction effect. There is no significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers
observed on the pod width of snap bean.
Pod Diameter
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on pod diameter.
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed among the varieties on pod
diameter. Alno had the highest pod diameter which may be related to its wide pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers was
observed on the pod diameter of snap bean.
Weight of Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the plants applied
with foliar fertilizers on the weight of marketable pods per plot. Results imply that
application and non-application of foliar fertilizer to the plants will have the same effect
on the marketable pods produced.
Effect of variety. There is no significant difference among the varieties of pole snap bean
on the weight of marketable pods per plot. All the varieties produced less than 5 kg of
marketable pods per plot (Figure 4).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers was
observed on the weight of marketable pods per plot.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Alno Burik Stone hill black
Stone hill brown Maroon
Figure 4. Marketable fresh pod yield of the pole snap bean varieties.
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were found on the weight of non-
marketable pods per plot among the plants applied with foliar fertilizers (Table 8).
Effect of variety. Highly significant differences were observed among the different
varieties of pole snap bean on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot (Table 8). Stone
hill brown produced the highest number of non-marketable pods per plot which may be
due to bean rust infection.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 8.Fresh pod yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of five pole snap bean
varieties applied with foliar fertilizer
FRESH POD YIELD PER PLOT (kg/5m2)_ COMPUTED
TREATMENT MARKETABLE NON YIELD PER
MARKETABLE TOTAL HECTARE
(t/ha)
Foliar
Fertilizer (F)
No foliar fertilizer
4.26
1.05
5.26
10.52
Abundant harvest
4.40
0.91
5.30
10.59
Care crop international 4.39
1.11
5.45
10.88
Variety (V)
Alno
4.62
0.80a
5.31
10.62
Burik
3.94
0.98a
4.89
9.78
Stone hill Black
4.54
1.12b
5.64
11.29
Stone hill Brown
4.66
1.28c
5.93
11.84
Maroon (Check)
3.98
0.93a
4.90
9.78
(AxB)
ns
*
ns
ns
CVa (%)
69.66
5.88
48.69 97.75
CVb (%)
24.60
14.47
20.50
20.53
Means of the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance using
DMRT.
Interaction effect. It was observed that there is a significant interaction effect of variety and
foliar fertilizers on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot. Figure 4 shows that Stone
hill brown applied with Care crop international had the heaviest non-marketable pods (1.47
kg).Thus, for low non-marketable yield, Abundant harvest applied on Alno, Burik, Stone
hill black, and Maroon should be done.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
1.4
1.2
1
Alno
0.8
Burik
Stone hill black
0.6
Stone hill brown
Maroon
0.4
0.2
0
No foliar fertilizer
Abundant harvest
Care crop international
Figure 5. Interaction effect of variety and foliar fertilizers on the weight of non-
marketable pods per plot.
Total Yield per Plot
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers on the total yield per plot. Results show that application or
non-application of foliar fertilizer will have little effect on the total yield of the plants.
Effect of variety. It was found that there is no significant difference among the varieties on
the total yield per plot. The varieties had a total yield of five to six kilograms.
Interaction effect. Observation shows that there is no significant interaction effect of
variety and foliar fertilizers on the total yield per plot of the snap bean plants.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Computed Yield per Hectare
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed among the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers on the computed yield per hectare.
Effect of variety. It was found that there is no significant difference observed among the
varieties on the computed yield per hectare. The plants produced 10 to 12 tons/ha of fresh
pods.
Interaction effect. No interaction effect of the variety and foliar fertilizers was observed on
the computed yield per hectare.
Reaction to Bean Rust
Effect of foliar fertilizer. In terms of reaction to bean rust, it was observed that all the plants
applied with foliar fertilizers were moderately resistant to bean rust. Plants not applied with
foliar fertilizer were also moderately resistant. This result indicates with or without
application of foliar fertilizer made no difference on the resistance of the plants.
Effect of variety. A significant difference was observed among the varieties on reaction to
bean rust (figure 6). Alno had higher resistance than Burik, Stone hill black, Stone hill
brown and Maroon, which were moderately resistant to bean rust. Resistance of plants to
pest is due to its genetic make-up.
Reaction to Pod Borer
Effect of foliar fertilizer. No significant differences were observed on the reaction to pod
borer infestation of the plants applied with different foliar fertilizers. All of the plants
showed moderate resistance to pod borer.
Effect of variety. Among the varieties tested, it was observed that all were moderately
resistant to pod borer.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Response of pole snap bean to bean rust and pod borer.
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Table 8 shows the return on cash expenses of growing pole snap bean as affected by
different foliar fertilizers. It was observed that plants not applied with any foliar fertilizer
produced the highest return on cash expenses due to lesser expenditures. Plants applied
with Care crop international produced the least return on cash expenses. In terms of
varieties, Alno and Stone hill brown not applied with foliar fertilizers had the highest return
on cash expenses due to low weight of non-marketable pods and resistance to bean rust.
The negative ROCE from Burik, Stone hill black, and Stone hill brown may be due to the
low selling price and high cost of foliar fertilizers applied.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Table 8. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) on growing five pole snap bean varieties
applied with foliar fertilizers
MARKETABLE GROSS TOTAL NET ROCE*
TREATMENT PODS SALE EXPENSES INCOME (%)
(Kg/15m2) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
No foliar fertilizer
Alno
15.3
306
145.62 160.38
110.14
Burik
11.2
224
145.62 78.38
53.83
Stone hill black
11.2
224
145.62 78.38
53.83
Stone hill brown
15.6
312
145.62 166.38
114.26
Maroon (Check)
10.6
212
145.62 66.38
45.58
Mean
75.53
Abundant harvest
Alno
13.6
272
235.62 36.38
15.44
Burik
12.7
254
235.62 18.38
7.80
Stone hill black
11.10
222
235.62 -13.62
-5.78
Stone hill brown
15.20
304
235.62 68.38
29.02
Maroon (Check)
13.4
268
235.62 32.38
13.74
Mean
12.04
Care crop international
Alno
12.7
254
235.62 18.38
7.80
Burik
11.16
232
235.62 -3.62
-1.54
Stone hill black
18.6
372
235.62 136.38
57.88
Stone hill brown
11.1
222
235.62 -13.62
-5.78
Maroon (Check)
11.8
236
235.62 0.38
0.16
Mean
11.70
*variable cost includes cost of seeds, foliar fertilizers, trellises, and others.
*sales were based on the average of 20 PhP per kilo
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
Farmer Acceptability
Ten farmers of Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet were invited to evaluate the plant stand and
fresh pods of the five varieties of pole snap bean. The evaluation of farmers was based on
plant morphology, pod characteristics, and general acceptability (Table 9).
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were liked very much by the farmers which might be due to the
vigorous plants and long, straight, and smooth pods produced by the varieties. Finally,
Stone hill black and brown were moderately liked by farmers which might be due to the
stunted growth and short pods produced.
Table 9.Farmer acceptability of pole snap bean varieties
DISLIKE DISLIKE LIKE LIKE
VARIETY VERY MODERA- LIKE MODERA- VERY
MUCH TELY
TELY
MUCH
Alno
-
-
-
1
9
Burik
-
-
1
2
7
Stone hill Black
-
1 2 7
-
Stone hill Brown
-
-
3
5
2
Maroon (Check)
-
-
-
2
8
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet to identify the snap
bean variety(s) with the highest yield and resistance to pest; identify which among the foliar
fertilizers is best in terms of its effect on the growth, yield, and acceptability of the five
pole snap bean varieties; determine the interaction effect between the five varieties of pole
snap beans and application of foliar fertilizers; determine the profitability of producing
snap beans applied with different foliar fertilizers; and determine the acceptability of pole
snap bean varieties among farmers in Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet.
There were significant differences in most of the parameters observed among plants
applied with foliar fertilizers except for the number of days from sowing to emergence,
percent emergence, number of flower cluster per plant, pod width, pod diameter, weight of
marketable pods per plot, weight of non-marketable pods per plot, total yield per plot,
computed yield per plot, and reaction to bean rust and pod borer.
There were significant differences observed among the varieties of snap bean. Alno,
Stone hill black and Stone hill brown emerged within seven DAE, one day earlier than
Burik and Maroon. Alno, Burik, Maroon, and Stone hill brown were the first varieties to
be harvested in 56 DAE compared to Stone hill black which was the last variety to be
harvested. Maroon had the highest number of pods per cluster while Stone hill black
produced the least number of pods. Alno had higher resistance to bean rust than Burik,
Stone hill black, Stone hill brown and Maroon.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
No significant interaction of variety and foliar fertilizers was observed on most parameters
except for the number of days from emergence to last harvest and weight of non-marketable
pods per plot.
In terms of acceptability by the farmers, Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most
preferred because of its good plant stand and pod characters.
Conclusion
All the varieties evaluated produced similar weight of marketable pods and had a moderate
resistance to bean rust and pod borer except for Alno which had a high resistance to bean
rust. Stone hill brown and Alno had the highest yield.
Application of foliar fertilizers slightly increased plant yield but became an added cost
resulting to decreased returns. Plants applied with Care crop international had the highest
total yield.
Combination of Alno and Abundant harvest may decrease non-marketable pods per plot.
Pole bean plants not applied with foliar fertilizers were the most profitable.
Alno, Burik, and Maroon were the most preferred entries by farmers in Gaswiling,
Kapangan, Benguet.
Recommendation
Based on the conditions of this study, foliar fertilizers may not be applied to pole beans
since it had little effect on yield and was added cost which lead to decreased returns. In
terms of profitability and farmer acceptability, Alno and Stone hill brown are
recommended under Gaswiling, Kapangan, Benguet condition.
Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012
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Agronomic characters and acceptability of pole snap bean varieties applied with foliar
fertilizers under Kapangan, Benguet Condition | GABINO, ANDY T., APRIL 2012