BIBLIOGRAPHY BAGTILA, DAHLIA TRINIDAD L....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAGTILA, DAHLIA TRINIDAD L. APRIL 2009. Morphological
Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions under Tuba, Benguet
Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
Eight of pigeon pea accessions namely: ICPL 88034, ICPL 88039, ICPL 20092-6,
ICPL 87119-8, ICP 7035-9, ICP 8663-10, ICPL 85063-19 and PPL 160809 (check
variety) were evaluated for their growth, yield and resistance to pod borer.
ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 were the earliest to set pod. ICPL 88034 was the
tallest at 30 and 75 days after planting (DAP).
Among the different accessions ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 recorded the
heaviest 100 seeds and the highest green and dry seed yield per plot. These accessions
exhibited high and intermediate resistance to pod borer.
The other accessions evaluated were not well adapted due to their lower seed
yield and are non-resistant to pod borer.
PPL 160809, the check or the traditional variety grown in Tuba, ICP 7035-9 was
found out to be the highest yielder for green and dry seeds.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………............
i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………....... i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………. 14
Number of Days from Emergence to
Flowering, Pod Setting and First harvest ……………………………………... 14
Growth Habit …………………………………………………………………. 15
Plant Height at 30 and 75 DAP ……………………………………………….. 15
Stem Thickness………………………………………………………………... 16
Leaflet Shape …………………………………………………………………. 16
Leaf Hairiness………………………………………………………………..... 16
Base Flower Color…………………………………………………………….. 16
Second Flower Color …………………………………………………………. 16
Flowering Pattern……………………………………………………………… 16
Pod Color ……………………………………………………………………... 16
Pod Form ……………………………………………………………………… 17
Pod Hairiness ………………………………………………………………... 17
Pod Length (cm) ……………………………………………………………… 17
ii
Pod Width (cm) ……………………………………………………………….. 17
Number of Seeds per Pod …………………………………………………….. 19
Seed Color Pattern …………………………………………………………..... 19
Seed Shape ……………………………………………………………………. 19
Weight of 100 Green Seeds …………………………………………………… 20
Seed Yield per Plot ……………………………………………………………. 20
Harvest Index …………………………………………………………………. 23
Reaction to Pod Borer …………………………………………………………. 23
Reaction to Yellow Mosaic Virus ……………………………………………... 24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………… 26
Summary ………………………………………………………………………. 26
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 27
Recommendations ……………………………………………………………... 27
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………… 28
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………. 29
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Legumes are the richest and cheapest common source of protein among all foods
of plant origin. Their protein content is a cheap substitute for animal protein. Legumes
are recognized as important food for human diet and supplementary feed for animals.
Pigeon pea as a leguminous crop is an important source of protein. Protein content
of pigeon pea seeds ranges from 20 to 25 %. Proteins are the complex combination of
amino acid which are essential for the growth of man and animal. Aside from protein,
pigeon pea also provides iron and iodine. Pigeon pea seeds are important ingredients of
vegetarian diet (Wallis, et al. 1988).
Pigeon pea is a versatile crop. It can be utilized as feed, green manure, industrial
raw material and as food. The crop is also an important plant in intercropping, rotation
cropping and strip cropping. It usually enriches the soil with nitrogen because of its
symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria (van der Maesen, 1990).
However, maximum production of the crop cannot be attained because of various
factors such as environmental and the crop itself. Degeneration of traditional varieties
may have also contributed to low yields of pigeon pea. But in spite of this, the advantage
of the crop lies not so much on its ability to yield under a wide range of natural and
agronomic condition, but on a simple cultural management with required minimal input.
One of the factors that affect the production of the crop is variety, at present, farmers in
the highland still cling to their traditional varieties.
With the importance of pigeon pea as food crop, evaluation must be done to
determine the performance of the developed lines or variety in terms of adaptability,
yield and resistance to pest and diseases.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
2
As stated by Wolf and Kipps (1953), maximum yield can be obtained from high
yielding varieties if they are adapted to the condition where they are grown. Therefore,
this study was conducted to characterize and evaluate pigeon pea accessions under Tuba,
Benguet condition and identify the best performing pigeon pea accessions in terms of
yield and adaptability.
The study was conducted in Ampusa, Tuba, Benguet from January 2008 to
January 2009.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
About the Crop
Arhar commonly known as Red Gram or pigeon pea has been cultivated in India
(place of origin) for more than three thousand years, and is one of the most widely grown
pulse in the country. After Gram, Arhar is the second most important pulse crop in the
Indian country. It accounts for about 11.8 % of the total pulse area and 17 % of total
pulse production of the said country (Westphal, et al. 1986). It is a rich source of protein
and supplies a major share of the protein requirement of the vegetarian population. It is
mainly eaten in the form of split as “dhal”. Seeds of Arhar are also rich in Iron and
Iodine. They are rich in essential Amino Acids like lysine, tyrocene, cystine and arginine.
The husk of pods and leaves obtained during threshing constitute a valuable cattle feed. It
is a legume crop and, consequently, possesses valuable properties as a restorer of
nitrogen to the soil (Singh, 1983).
Pigeon peas are popular food in developing tropical countries. Nutritious and
wholesome, the green seeds serve as a vegetable. Ripe seeds are a source of flour, used
split (dhal) in soups or eaten with rice. Dhal contains as much as 22 % protein. Tender
leaves are rarely used as a potherb. Ripe seeds may be germinated and eaten as sprouts.
Plants produce forage quickly and can be used as a perennial forage crop or used for
green manure. Often grown as a shade crop for tree crops or vanilla, a cover crop, or as a
windbreak hedge. In Thailand and N. Bengal, pigeon pea serves as host for the scale
insect which produces lac or sticklac. In Malagasy the leaves are used as food for
silkworm. Dried stalks serve for fuel, thatch and basketry (Duke, 1988).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
4
Other Botanical Information
As cited by Westphal, et al. (1986) ten maturity maybe distinguished under Indian
conditions, usually combined into four categories: extra early, early, medium and late
maturing cultivars (120, 145, 185, more than 200 days after sowing).
Importance of Characterization and Evaluation
Borromeo,
et al. (1994) cited that characters are identified in order to improve or
develop varieties that can be used for future improvement. Characterization is usually
achieved with phenotypic traits and molecular markers to directly relate to the population
fitness and their usefulness in plant breeding. Most of the characters observed in the plant
are usually based on their agro-morphological characters.
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) suggested that varieties to be selected should be high
yielding; insect and disease resistant, early maturing that could make possible the
growing of crops with less expense, hence more production.
Cagampang and Lantican (1977) observed that the choice of variety is important.
They further suggested that in many instances, the wise use of improve variety has
resulted to tremendous increase in yield.
Studies Done on Pigeon Pea
Agro-
Morphological
Characteristics on Pigeon pea worked out by Tonged
(2008), differences were observe on days of emergence to flowering, pod setting and
seed filling, ICP 7035-9 was the first to be filled with seeds, ICPL 20092-6 was the latest
it took 150 days after emergence. On the initial and final plant height, Seng- ewan is the
tallest at 35 DAP with 10.2 ICPL 85063-19 is the shortest among the eight accessions.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
5
It was observe that the eight pigeon pea accessions differed on the weight of 100
seeds, Seng- ewan and ICPL 7035-9 produce the heaviest weight with 14.60g, next is the
ICPL 8863-10 with 10.53g but this accession is comparable to the other accessions. On
the dry seed yield Seng- ewan and ICPL 87119-8 produce the highest yield, ICPL 88039
produce low yield on the dry seed yield.
Silim, et. al (2003), characterized landraces of pigeon pea collected in Tanzania.
They found out that most landraces of pigeon pea were long duration and medium
duration. The seed traits varied considerably, but frequently the landraces seeds are
relatively large white or cream and also bears large pods. This accessions are highly
significant to fusarium wilt, bruchids and pod borers.
Manyasa, et. al, characterized 123 pigeon pea landraces in Northern Tanzania. It
was observe that the base flower color, pod color, flowering pattern, streak pattern, seed
color and seed shape has no difference.
Reddy, et. al, worked on evaluation showing significant differences on plant
height, number of primary branches, days to 75 maturity and 100 seed weight.
.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total land area of 250 square meters was properly cleaned and prepared. The
area was divided into three blocks, consisting of eight plots with a dimension of 1 m x 10
m. The experimental area was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. One local variety from Tuba, Benguet and seven
accessions of pigeon pea acquired from MMSU, Batac Ilocos Norte were used in the
study. Two seeds were sown per hill at a planting distance of 1 m x 1 m between hills.
All the necessary cultural management practices for the crop were strictly employed to
ensure good growth of the plants. With this 1 x 10 m plot, 5m2 were used for green seed
yield while the other half (5m2) for dry seed yield.
The following accessions of pigeon pea were used as treatments:
CODE
ACCESSION
T1
ICPL- 88039
T2
ICPL- 87119- 8
T3
ICPL- 85063- 19
T4
ICPL- 20092- 6
T5
ICPL- 88034
T6
ICP- 8663- 10
T7
ICP- 7035- 9
T8 PPL 160809 (check variety)
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
7
Data Gathered
All descriptors were based on the list by IBPGR, (1993).
1. Maturity
a. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of plants per plot had
fully opened flowers.
b. Number of days from emergence to pod setting. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence until the pods were fully develop.
c. Number of days to first harvesting. This was taken by counting the number of
days from emergence when at least 50% of the pods were ready to harvest.
2. Growth habit. This was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Erect and compact
2
Semi-spreading
3
Spreading
4
Trailing
3. Stem characters
a. Initial plant height (cm). The initial plant height was measured 30 days after
planting (DAP) from ten sample plants.
b. 75 DAP plant height. The height of the plants at 75 DAP was measured from
the ground level to the tip of plants using tape measure from ten sample plants.
c. Stem thickness (mm). The stem thickness was recorded using the following
scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
8
SCALE DESCRIPTION
3
Thin (<5 mm)
5
Intermediate (5-13 mm)
7 Thick
(>13
mm)
d. Number of branches. The number of branches were recorded as primary,
secondary and tertiary.
4. Leaf characters
a. Leaflet shape. The shape of the leaf was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Lanceolate
2 Narrow-elliptic
3 Broad-elliptic
4 Obcordate
b. Leaf hairiness. This was measured from lower surface of the leaves and was
recorded as glabrous or pubescent.
5. Flower characteristics
a. Base flower color. The color of the flower petals was observed when the
flowers opened and was recorded using the following scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
9
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Ivory (green-yellow group)
2
Light yellow (yellow group)
3
Yellow (yellow-orange group)
4
Orange-yellow (orange-red group)
b. Second flower color. The color of flowers was observed at the dorsal side of
the flag and the wings and keel as red (red group) and purple (grayed-purple group)
c. Pattern of streaks. The pattern of streaks was observed on the dorsal side of the
standard petal and will be recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
3 Sparse
streaks
5
Medium amount of streaks
7 Dense
streaks
9
Uniform coverage of second flower
color
d. Flowering pattern. This was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Determinate
2 Semi-determinate
3 Indeterminate
6. Pod characteristics
a. Pod color. The main pod color was observed and was recorded using the
following scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
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SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Green (yellow-green group)
2
Purple (grayed-purple group)
3
Mix green and purple
4
Dark purple (grayed-purple group)
b. Pod form. The pod form was observed during harvest and was recorded as
flat and cylindrical.
c. Pod hairiness. The pod hairiness was observed when pods were fully expanded
and rated as glabrous or pubescent.
d. Length of pods at harvest (cm). The length of ten sample pods per accession
was recorded. Pod length was measured using foot rule from the pedicel end to distal end.
e. Width of pods at harvest (cm). The width of ten sample pods used in data # 6d
was measured using a foot rule.
7. Seed characteristics
a. Number of seeds per pod. This was obtained by getting the average of 10
randomly chosen ripe per pods.
b. Seed color pattern. This was taken and recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Plain
2 Mottled
3 Speckled
4 Mottled
and
speckled
5 Ringed
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
11
c. Seed shape. This was observed and recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Oval (egg shape)
2
Globular (pea shape)
3 Square
(angular)
4 Elongate
8. Yield and yield components
a. Weight of 100 seeds (g). The seed yield was obtained by weighing 100 seeds.
b. Green shelled seed yield (g). This was recorded by determining the weight of
green shelled seeds of ten sample plants
c. Dry seed yield (g). This was taken by weighing the weight of dry seeds of ten
sample plants.
9. Harvest Index (HI). This was obtained from the different accessions using the
following formula:
Economic yield (SDW)
HI = _______________________________________________
Biological yield (SDW+ PDW+ LDW+ SsDW+ RDW)
Where: Economic yield is the seeds and the biological yield include the
total herbage yield and pods.
SDW- Seed dry weight
SsDW – Stem dry weight
PDW- Pod shell dry weight
RDW – Root dry weight
LDW- Leaf dry weight
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
12
10. Occurrence of pest and diseases
a. Reaction to pod borer. The reaction of infestation to pod borer was obtained
using the following rating scale (IBPGR, 1993).
SCALE REMARKS
1
Very low or no visible sign of
susceptibility
3 Low
5 Intermediate
7 High
9 Very
high
b. Reaction to yellow mosaic virus. The reaction to infection to yellow mosaic
was obtained using the following scale:
SCALE REMARKS
1
Very low or no visible sign of
susceptibility
3 Low
5 Intermediate
7 High
9 Very
high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
13
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
RCBD. The significance of difference among treatment means was tested using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering,
Pod Setting and First Harvest
Differences were observed on the number of days from emergence to flowering,
pod setting and first harvest. ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 took 56 days to flower and
were the earliest to mature, followed by accession ICP 7035-9. The latest to flower was
PPL 160809. This significant differences could be attributed to their varietal
characteristics as noted that different accessions differ in yield performance and
adaptability to the locality.
Table 1. Number of days from emergence to flowering, pod setting and first harvest of
the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM EMERGENCE TO:
FLOWERING PODSETTING 1st HARVEST
ICPL 88034
56e
71e
90e
ICPL 88039
56e
71e
90e
ICPL 20092-6
279b
308b
325b
ICPL 87119-8
279b
308b
325b
ICP 7035-9
63d
78d
92d
ICP 8633-10
279b
308b
325b
ICPL 85063-19
265c
273c
293c
PPL 160809 (check) 326a
335a
350a
CV %
0
0
0
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
15
Growth Habit
All of the accessions have an erect type of growth.
Plant Height at 30 and 75 DAP
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the accessions. ICPL
88034 was recorded to have the tallest plants at 30 and 75 DAP, which is comparable
with ICPL 88039 and ICPL 8663-10 (Table 2). The height of the accessions were
attributed to their genetic make-up.
Table 2. Plant height at 30 and 75 DAP and stem thickness of the eight pigeon pea
accessions
ACCESSION HEIGHT (cm) STEM
30 DAP 75 DAP THICKNESS
ICPL 88034 23.36a
66.25a 3.6c
ICPL 88039 19.95ab
58.8ab 3.6c
ICPL 20092-6 14.20d
35.7c
5bc
ICPL 87119-8
17.86bcd
47.3bc 5.6ab
ICP 7035-9
18.72bc
42.2b 6.3bc
IPC 8663-10
21.01ab
54.11ab
5bc
ICPL 85063-19
15.34cd
48.86b
5bc
PPL 160809 (check) 17.1bcd
51.8b
7a
CV%
11.09
13.36
16.63
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Remarks: 3-Thin, 5- intermediate, 7-Thick
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
16
Stem Thickness
Table 2 shows that PPL 160809 had the thickest stem and statistically comparable
with ICP 7035-9 and ICPL 87119-8 and the thinnest stem was obtained from ICPL 88034
and ICPL 88039. This stem thickness was also noted to their varietal differences.
Leaflet Shape
All of the accessions have lanceolate leaf shape.
Leaf Hairiness
All of the accessions have pubescent leaves.
Base Flower Color
The base flower color of the accession were mostly yellow except for ICP 7035-9
which was red.
Second Flower Color
All of the accessions have medium amount of streaks.
Flowering Pattern
Most of the accessions have determinate flowering pattern except for ICPL
20092-6 which is semi-determinate.
Pod Color
All of the accessions have mixed, green and purple pod except for ICP 7035-9
which has a dark purple color (Fig. 1).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
17
Pod Form
Most of the accessions have cylindrical pods while ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809
have exhibited flat pods.
Pod Hairiness
All of the accessions have pubescent pods.
Pod Length
Statistical analysis show significant differences among the accessions. PPL
160809 had the longest pods with 9.0 cm, followed by ICP 7035-9 with 6.8 cm, while
ICPL 20092-6 had the shortest pods although comparable with ICPL 85063-19, ICPL
87119-8, ICP 8663-10, ICPL 88039 and ICPL 88034.
.Pod Width
PPL 160809 significantly had the widest pods with 1.38 cm and next was ICP
7035-9. The narrowest pods were observed from ICPL 88039. This noted widest pods
from this two accessions was the effect of its flat pods while the thinner pods was due to
the cylindrical width of the pods.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
18
.
(a) ICPL 88034 (b) ICPL 88039
(c) ICPL 20092-6 (d) ICPL 87119-8
(e) ICP 7035-9 (f) ICP 8663-10
(g) ICPL 85063-19 (h) PPL 160809 (check)
Figure 1. Green pods of the eight pigeon pea accessions.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
19
Table 3. Pod characters of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION
POD FORM
POD LENGTH
POD WIDTH
(cm)
(cm)
ICPL 88034
Cylindrical
5.7c 0.86de
ICPL 88039
Cylindrical
5.6c 0.82e
ICPL 20092-6
Cylindrical
5.1c 0.92cd
ICPL 87119-8
Cylindrical
5.4c 0.97c
ICP 7035-9
Flat
6.8b 1.29b
ICP 8663-10
Cylindrical
5.6c 0.92cd
ICPL 85063-19
Cylindrical
5.2c 0.97c
PPL 160809 (check)
Flat
9.0a 1.38a
CV (%)
6.33
4.37
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Number of Seeds per Pod
As shown in Table 4, PPL 160809 produced the most number of seeds per pod
followed by ICP 7035-9 and the least was ICPL 88034.The number of seeds
commensurates with the length of pods; the longer the pods, the more seeds were noted.
Seed Color Pattern
ICP 7035-9 has speckled and mottled seeds while PPL 160809 and the other
accessions have no speckles.
Seed Shape
Globular seed shape were observed from ICP 7035-9, ICPL 20092-6 and PPL
160809. The other accessions exhibited square seed shape.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
20
Table 4. Seed characters of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION NUMBER
OF
SEEDS
SEED
PER
POD
SHAPE
ICPL 88034
2.6c Square
ICPL 88039
3.3bc Square
ICPL 20092-6
3.6bc Globular
ICPL 87119-8
3.3bc Square
ICP 7035-9
4.3b Globular
ICP 8663-10
3.3bc Square
ICPL 85063-19
3.3bc Square
PPL 160809 (check)
5.6a Globular
CV (%)
16.51
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Weight 100 Green Seeds
ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 significantly produced the heaviest seeds 100 seeds
with 29.26 g, and 27.26 g, respectively. The lightest was observed from accession ICPL
88034 with a mean of 13.76g. The high weight of seeds may due to the genetic make-up
of the accessions and also the bigger size of the seeds.
Seed Yield per Plot
On green seeds, ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 produced the heaviest green seeds.
The dry seed yield are not significantly different among the accessions. However, ICP
7035-9 numerically was the high yielder among the accessions studied (Table 5 and Fig.
2).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
21
This agrees with the findings of Tonged (2008 that “Seng-ewan” (check variety)
and ICP 7035-9 produced the heaviest weight of green seeds at Kapangan, Benguet.
Table 5. Weight of 100 seeds and yield of green and dry seeds of the eight pigeon pea
accessions
ACCESSION
WEIGHT OF
YIELD (g/5m2)
100
SEEDS
GREEN SEEDS
DRY SEEDS
(g)
ICPL 88034
13.76c 53.46b 38.5a
ICPL 88039
16.1bc 42.70b 57.56a
ICPL 20092-6
16.46bc 191.26b 67.36a
ICPL 87119-8
16.36bc 145.13b 49.6a
ICP 7035-9
29.26a 375.13a 89.96a
ICP 8663-10
17.3b 84.2b 32.76a
ICPL 85063-19
16.56bc 115.1b 75.1a
PPL 160809 (check)
27.26a 369.03a 87.96a
CV
(%)
80.52 47.54 498.8
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
22
(a) ICPL 88034 (b) ICPL 88039
(c) ICPL 20092-6
(d) ICPL 87119-8
(e) ICP 7035-9 (f) ICP 8663-10
(g) ICPL 85063-19 (h) PPL 160809 (check)
Figure 2. Green seeds of the eight pigeon pea accession
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
23
Harvest Index
Table 6 that ICPL 20092-6 has the highest harvest index, followed by ICPL
87119-8, and the least was obtained from ICPL 88034.
Table 6. Harvest Index of the eight pigeon pea accession
ACCESSION HARVEST
INDEX
ICPL 88034
0.18c
ICPL 88039
0.20bc
ICPL 20092-6
0.24a
ICPL 87119-8
0.21b
ICP 7035-9
0.19c
ICP 8663-10
0.18bc
ICPL 85063-19
0.19bc
PPL 160809 (check)
0.20bc
CV (%)
6.73
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Reaction to Pod Borer
Among the eight accessions evaluated, ICP 7035-9 was the most infested with
pod borer. ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 have low infestation (Table 7). Pod borer
infestation maybe attributed to the varietal taste which some are sweet and others are
astringent.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
24
Reaction to Yellow Mosaic Virus
As shown in Table 8, accession ICPL 20092-6 was highly infected with yellow
mosaic virus while accession ICPL 88034 has low infection and the rest of the accessions
showed no visible signs of infection.
Table 7. Reaction to pod borer of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION SCALE
DESCRIPTION
ICPL 88034
3
Low
ICPL 88039
3
Low
ICPL 20092-6
5
Intermediate
ICPL 87119-8
5
Intermediate
ICP 7035-9
7
High
ICP 8663-10
5
Intermediate
ICPL 85063-19
5
Intermediate
PPL 160809 (check)
5
Intermediate
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Remarks: 1- no visible sign of susceptibility; 3- Low; 5- Intermediate; 7- High;
9- very high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
25
Table 8. Reaction to yellow mosaic virus of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION SCALE
DESCRIPTION
ICPL 88034
3
Low
ICPL 88039
1
No visible sign
ICPL 20092-6
9
Very high
ICPL 87119-8
1
No visible sign
ICP 7035-9
1
No visible sign
ICP 8663-10
1
No visible sign
ICPL 85063-19
1
No visible sign
PPL 160809 (check)
1
No visible sign
Remarks: 1- no visible sign of susceptibility; 3- Low; 5- Intermediate; 7- High;
9- very high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Eight accessions of pigeon pea were planted and evaluated in Ampusa, Tuba,
Benguet from January 2008 to January 2009.
The study was conducted to determined the performance of the different pigeon
pea accessions in terms of its growth, yield, adaptability and resistance to pest and
diseases under Ampusa, Tuba, Benguet.
Significant differences were noted for the following characters; number of days
from emergence to flowering, pod setting and first harvest; height at 30 and 75 DAP;
weight of 100 seeds and green seed yield.
ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 were the earliest to pod set. ICPL 88034 was the
tallest at 30 and 75 DAP. ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 produced the highest green seeds,
and dry seed yield and weight of 100 seeds. All of the accessions have pubescent leaf and
pods.
PPL 160809 had the longest and widest pods, ICPL 20092-6 had the shortest
pods and ICPL 88039 had the narrowest pods. Most of the accessions have cylindrical
pods, while ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 have flat pods.
Most of the accessions were resistant to yellow mosaic virus except for ICPL
20092-6 which was highly infected.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
27
Conclusion
The eight pigeon pea accessions differ significantly for morphological characters
such as number of days from emergence to flowering, number of days from emergence to
pod setting, pod width and length, and weight of 100 seeds.
Results showed that all the accessions performed well which indicate their
adaptation in the locality. ICP 7035-9 is the highest yielder, early maturing and resistant
to yellow mosaic virus.
Recommendation
ICP 7035-9 and PPL 130809 (check variety) are recommended due to their
relatively higher yield and resistance to yellow mosaic virus.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
28
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, K. and MABESA. 1986. Vegetable Production. 3rd edition. University of
the Philippines Los Baños, College of Agriculture. Pp. 14-30.
CAGAMPANG, I. C. and R. M. LANTICAN. 1977. “Field Legume Production
Guidelines in the Philippines”. UPLB College, Laguna. Pp. 109-112
DUKE, J. A. 1983. Handbook of Energy crops. Retrieved data from http://www.Hort.
Purdue.Edu/ newcrop/duke_energy/Cajanus_cajun.Html.
IBPGR/ ICRISAT. 1993. Descriptors for Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.
Pantancheru, India.
REDDY, K. N., UPADHAYA, H. D., REDDY, L. J. and C. L. L. GOWDA. 2008.
Methods for Pigeon pea Germplasm Regeneration. Retrieved data from
http:/www.icrisat.org/journal/bioinformatics/u2il evaluation.pdf.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques in Raising Field Crops. New Delhi/ India. Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. P. 204.
SILIM, S. N., BRAMEL, P. J., AKONAAY H. B. MLIGO, J. K. and J. L.
CHRISTIANSEN, 2003. Diversity in Tanzanian Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Landraces. Retrieved data from http:/www.springerlink.com/content/
y2363ovop664mol/.
TONGED, J. M. 2008. Agro-Morphological Characteristics of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan
L.) accessions under Datakan, Kapangan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-32.
VAN DER MAESEN, L. J. G., and SOMAATMADJA. 1990. Plant Resource of South-
East Asia 1. Netherlands: ESCAP CGPRT Center Bogor. Pp. 28-30.
WESTPHAL, E. and P. C. M. JANSEN. 1986. Plant Resource of South-East Asia.
Proposal for a handbook. Pudoc Wageningen, Netherlands. Pp. 28-30.
WOLF, T. K. and J. M. KIPPS. 1953. Production of field crops. 4th edition. New York:
McGraw Hill book Company, Inc. Pp. 5-40.
WALLIS, E.S., R.F. WOOLCOCK, and D.E. BYTH. 1988. Potential for Pigeon pea in
Thailand, Indonesia and Burma. Indonesia: CGPRT Center. Pp. 5-35.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
29
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Number of days from emergence to flowering
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
56
56
56
168
56
ICPL 88039
56
56
56
168
56
ICPL 20092-6
279
279
279
837
279
ICPL 87119-8
279
279
279
837
279
ICP 7035-9
63
63
63
189
63
ICP 8663-10
279
279
279
837
279
ICPL 85063-19
265
265
265
795
265
PPL 160809 (check)
326
326
326
978
326
TOTAL
1, 603
1, 603
1, 603
4, 809
1, 603
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
297191.62
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
297191.62
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
30
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from emergence to pod setting
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
71
71
71
213
71
ICPL 88039
71
71
71
213
71
ICPL 20092-6
308
308
308
924
308
ICPL 87119-8
308
308
308
924
308
ICP 7035-9
78
78
78
234
78
ICP 8663-10
308
308
308
924
308
ICPL 85063-19
273
273
273
819
273
PPL 160809 (check)
335
335
335
1, 005
335
TOTAL
1, 752
1, 752
1, 752
5, 253
1, 752
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 311472
44496
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
311472
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
31
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of days to first harvest
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
90
90
90
270
90
ICPL 88039
90
90
90
270
90
ICPL 20092-6
325
325
325
975
325
ICPL 87119-8
325
325
325
975
325
ICP 7035-9
92
92
92
276
92
ICP 8663-10
325
325
325
975
325
ICPL 85063-19
293
293
293
879
293
PPL 160809 (check)
350
350
350
1, 050
350
TOTAL
1, 890
1, 890
1, 890
5, 670
1, 890
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
310126.5
44303.78
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
310126.5
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
32
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Initial plant height (30 DAP) (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
24.94
21.95
23.19
70.08
23.36
ICPL 88039
19.89
19.3
20.67
59.86
19.95
ICPL 20092-6
12.29
13.55
16.78
42.62
14.20
ICPL 87119-8
18.63
19
15.96
53.59
17.86
ICP 7035-9
18.92
18
19.25
56.17
18.72
ICP 8663-10
23.25
18.34
21.45
63.04
21.01
ICPL 85063-19
14.93
14.25
16.85
46.03
15.34
PPL 160809 (check)
12.85
19.05
19.4
51.3
17.1
TOTAL 145.7
143.44
153.55
442.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
188.5118
26.9303
6.43**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 7.0393
3.5196
Error 14
58.6185
4.1870
Total 23
254.1696
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 11.09%
Standard Error = 1.181
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
33
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant height (cm) at 75 days after planting
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
59.9
57.85
81
198.75
66.25
ICPL 88039
59.85
56.85
59.7
176.4
58.8
ICPL 20092-6
29.75
30.2
47.15
107.1
35.7
ICPL 87119-8
47.5
49.35
45.05
141.9
47.3
ICP 7035-9
48.75
53.85
54
156.6
52.2
ICP 8663-10
54.55
48.05
59.75
162.35
54.11
ICPL 85063-19
41.95
40.85
63.8
146.6
48.86
PPL 160809 (check)
38.55
58.65
58.2
155.4
51.8
TOTAL 380.8
395.65
468.65
1,
245.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment
7
1654.03 236.29 4.92** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2 552.79
276.39
Error
14
672.57
48.04
Total 23
2879.39
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 13.36%
Standard Error = 4.002
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
34
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Stem thickness (mm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
3
5
3
11
3.6
ICPL 88039
3
3
5
11
3.6
ICPL 20092-6
5
5
5
15
5
ICPL 87119-8
5
5
7
15
5.6
ICP 7035-9
7
7
5
21
6.3
ICP 8663-10
5
5
5
15
5
ICPL 85063-19
5
5
5
15
5
PPL 160809 (check)
7
7
7
21
7
TOTAL 40
42
42
124
41.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.33
0.16
5.55**
2.77
4.28
Replication 2 28.66 4.09
Error 14
10.33
0.73
Total 23
39.33
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 16.63%
Standard Error = 0.49
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
35
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Length of pods at harvest (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
5.6
5.7
5.8
17.1
5.7
ICPL 88039
5.5
6.1
5.2
16.8
5.6
ICPL 20092-6
5.0
5.4
4.9
15.36
5.1
ICPL 87119-8
5.4
5.5
5.2
16.1
5.4
ICP 7035-9
7.4
6.2
6.9
20.5
6.8
ICP 8663-10
5.7
5.3
5.9
16.9
5.6
ICPL 85063-19
5.4
4.9
5.3
15.6
5.2
PPL 160809 (check)
8.6
9.0
9.5
27.1
9.0
TOTAL 48.6
48.1
48.7
145.4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 36.3117
5.1874
35.24**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0258
0.0129
Error 14
2.0608
0.1472
Total 23
38.3983
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 6.33%
Standard Error = 0.222
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
36
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Width of pods at harvest (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
0.88
0.85
0.87
2.6
0.86
ICPL 88039
0.83
0.86
0.79
2.48
0.82
ICPL 20092-6
0.93
0.93
0.91
2.77
0.92
ICPL 87119-8
0.96
0.96
0.98
2.9
0.97
ICP 7035-9
1.34
1.22
1.32
3.88
1.29
ICP 8663-10
.095
0.86
0.96
2.77
0.92
ICPL 85063-19
1.03
0.93
0.96
2.92
0.97
PPL 160809 (check)
1.36
1.31
1.48
4.15
1.38
TOTAL 8.28
7.92
8.27
24.47
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.8740
0.1249
62.82**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0105
0.0053
Error 14
0.0278
0.0020
Total 23
0.9123
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 4.37%
Standard Error = 0.026
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
37
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Number of seeds per pod
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
3
2
3
8
2.6
ICPL 88039
3
4
3
10
3.3
ICPL 20092-6
4
4
3
11
3.6
ICPL 87119-8
4
3
3
10
3.3
ICP 7035-9
4
5
4
13
4.3
ICP 8663-10
4
3
3
10
3.3
ICPL 85063-19
3
3
4
10
3.3
PPL 160809 (check)
5
6
6
17
5.6
TOTAL 30
30
29
89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment
7
17.6250 2.5179 6.71** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0833
0.0417
Error 14
5.2500
0.3750
Total 23
22.9583
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 16.51%
Standard Error = 0.354
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
38
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of 100 green seeds (g)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
13
13.5
14
41.3
13.76
ICPL 88039
16.1
16.1
16.1
48.3
16.1
ICPL 20092-6
16.6
16.5
16.3
49.4
16.46
ICPL 87119-8
16.5
16.3
16.3
49.1
16.36
ICP 7035-9
25.2
34.1
28.5
87.8
29.26
ICP 8663-10
17.2
17.2
17.2
51.9
17.3
ICPL 85063-19
16.6
16.8
16.3
49.7
16.56
PPL 160809 (check)
27.3
26.9
27.6
81.8
27.26
TOTAL 149.6
157.4
152.3
459.3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
649.6563
99.2366
37.35**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 3.9225
1.9613
Error 14
37.1975
2.6570
Total 23
22.9583
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 8.52%
Standard Error = 0.941
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
39
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Green seeds yield per plot (g/5m2)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
41.4
37.9
81.1
160.4
53.46
ICPL 88039
32.5
53.5
42.1
128.1
42.70
ICPL 20092-6
288.2
178.5
107.1
573.8
191.26
ICPL 87119-8
236.7
71.3
127.4
435.4
145.13
ICP 7035-9
318
270.5
536.9
1, 125.4
375.13
ICP 8663-10
48.4
56
148.2
252.6
84.2
ICPL 85063-19
81.4
101.7
162.2
345.3
115.1
PPL 160809 (check)
277.8
469.5
359.8
1, 107.1
369.03
TOTAL 30
30
29
89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
368680.19
52668.59
7.88**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 7138.0508
3569.02
Error 14
93617.5625
6686.96
Total 23
469435.80
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 47.54%
Standard Error = 47.212
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
40
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Dry seed yield per plot (g/5m2)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
26.2
36.5
52.8
115.5
38.5
ICPL 88039
60.2
56.9
55.6
172.7
57.56
ICPL 20092-6
65.3
115.4
21.4
202.1
67.36
ICPL 87119-8
42.1
65.2
41.5
148.8
49.6
ICP 7035-9
90.2
96.6
82.7
269.5
89.83
ICP 8663-10
30.6
26.2
41.5
98.3
32.76
ICPL 85063-19
70.4
48.8
106.1
225.3
75.1
PPL 160809 (check)
84.8
63
116.1
263.9
87.96
TOTAL 469.8
508.6
517.7
1,
496.1
498.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
9686.1429
1383.7347
2.33ns
2.76 4.28
Replication 2 161.7775
80.8888
Error 14
8319.3958
594.2426
Total 23
18167.3163
ns - not significant Coefficient of Variance = 39.11%
Standard Error = 14.074
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
41
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Harvest Index
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
0.18
0.17
0.20
0.55
0.18
ICPL 88039
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.61
0.20
ICPL 20092-6
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.73
0.24
ICPL 87119-8
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.65
0.21
ICP 7035-9
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.54
0.18
ICP 8663-10
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.59
0.20
ICPL 85063-19
0.18
0.22
0.19
0.59
0.19
PPL 160809 (check)
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.61
0.20
TOTAL 1.6
1.66
1.61
4.87
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.0003
0.0001
6.46**
2.77
4.28
Replication 2 0.0084
0.0012
Error 14
0.0026
0.0002
Total 23
0.0113
** highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 6.73%
Standard Error = 0.0079
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
BAGTILA, DAHLIA TRINIDAD L. APRIL 2009. Morphological
Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions under Tuba, Benguet
Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
Eight of pigeon pea accessions namely: ICPL 88034, ICPL 88039, ICPL 20092-6,
ICPL 87119-8, ICP 7035-9, ICP 8663-10, ICPL 85063-19 and PPL 160809 (check
variety) were evaluated for their growth, yield and resistance to pod borer.
ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 were the earliest to set pod. ICPL 88034 was the
tallest at 30 and 75 days after planting (DAP).
Among the different accessions ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 recorded the
heaviest 100 seeds and the highest green and dry seed yield per plot. These accessions
exhibited high and intermediate resistance to pod borer.
The other accessions evaluated were not well adapted due to their lower seed
yield and are non-resistant to pod borer.
PPL 160809, the check or the traditional variety grown in Tuba, ICP 7035-9 was
found out to be the highest yielder for green and dry seeds.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………............
i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………....... i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………………… 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………. 14
Number of Days from Emergence to
Flowering, Pod Setting and First harvest ……………………………………... 14
Growth Habit …………………………………………………………………. 15
Plant Height at 30 and 75 DAP ……………………………………………….. 15
Stem Thickness………………………………………………………………... 16
Leaflet Shape …………………………………………………………………. 16
Leaf Hairiness………………………………………………………………..... 16
Base Flower Color…………………………………………………………….. 16
Second Flower Color …………………………………………………………. 16
Flowering Pattern……………………………………………………………… 16
Pod Color ……………………………………………………………………... 16
Pod Form ……………………………………………………………………… 17
Pod Hairiness ………………………………………………………………... 17
Pod Length (cm) ……………………………………………………………… 17
ii
Pod Width (cm) ……………………………………………………………….. 17
Number of Seeds per Pod …………………………………………………….. 19
Seed Color Pattern …………………………………………………………..... 19
Seed Shape ……………………………………………………………………. 19
Weight of 100 Green Seeds …………………………………………………… 20
Seed Yield per Plot ……………………………………………………………. 20
Harvest Index …………………………………………………………………. 23
Reaction to Pod Borer …………………………………………………………. 23
Reaction to Yellow Mosaic Virus ……………………………………………... 24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………… 26
Summary ………………………………………………………………………. 26
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 27
Recommendations ……………………………………………………………... 27
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………… 28
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………. 29
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Legumes are the richest and cheapest common source of protein among all foods
of plant origin. Their protein content is a cheap substitute for animal protein. Legumes
are recognized as important food for human diet and supplementary feed for animals.
Pigeon pea as a leguminous crop is an important source of protein. Protein content
of pigeon pea seeds ranges from 20 to 25 %. Proteins are the complex combination of
amino acid which are essential for the growth of man and animal. Aside from protein,
pigeon pea also provides iron and iodine. Pigeon pea seeds are important ingredients of
vegetarian diet (Wallis, et al. 1988).
Pigeon pea is a versatile crop. It can be utilized as feed, green manure, industrial
raw material and as food. The crop is also an important plant in intercropping, rotation
cropping and strip cropping. It usually enriches the soil with nitrogen because of its
symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria (van der Maesen, 1990).
However, maximum production of the crop cannot be attained because of various
factors such as environmental and the crop itself. Degeneration of traditional varieties
may have also contributed to low yields of pigeon pea. But in spite of this, the advantage
of the crop lies not so much on its ability to yield under a wide range of natural and
agronomic condition, but on a simple cultural management with required minimal input.
One of the factors that affect the production of the crop is variety, at present, farmers in
the highland still cling to their traditional varieties.
With the importance of pigeon pea as food crop, evaluation must be done to
determine the performance of the developed lines or variety in terms of adaptability,
yield and resistance to pest and diseases.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
2
As stated by Wolf and Kipps (1953), maximum yield can be obtained from high
yielding varieties if they are adapted to the condition where they are grown. Therefore,
this study was conducted to characterize and evaluate pigeon pea accessions under Tuba,
Benguet condition and identify the best performing pigeon pea accessions in terms of
yield and adaptability.
The study was conducted in Ampusa, Tuba, Benguet from January 2008 to
January 2009.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
About the Crop
Arhar commonly known as Red Gram or pigeon pea has been cultivated in India
(place of origin) for more than three thousand years, and is one of the most widely grown
pulse in the country. After Gram, Arhar is the second most important pulse crop in the
Indian country. It accounts for about 11.8 % of the total pulse area and 17 % of total
pulse production of the said country (Westphal, et al. 1986). It is a rich source of protein
and supplies a major share of the protein requirement of the vegetarian population. It is
mainly eaten in the form of split as “dhal”. Seeds of Arhar are also rich in Iron and
Iodine. They are rich in essential Amino Acids like lysine, tyrocene, cystine and arginine.
The husk of pods and leaves obtained during threshing constitute a valuable cattle feed. It
is a legume crop and, consequently, possesses valuable properties as a restorer of
nitrogen to the soil (Singh, 1983).
Pigeon peas are popular food in developing tropical countries. Nutritious and
wholesome, the green seeds serve as a vegetable. Ripe seeds are a source of flour, used
split (dhal) in soups or eaten with rice. Dhal contains as much as 22 % protein. Tender
leaves are rarely used as a potherb. Ripe seeds may be germinated and eaten as sprouts.
Plants produce forage quickly and can be used as a perennial forage crop or used for
green manure. Often grown as a shade crop for tree crops or vanilla, a cover crop, or as a
windbreak hedge. In Thailand and N. Bengal, pigeon pea serves as host for the scale
insect which produces lac or sticklac. In Malagasy the leaves are used as food for
silkworm. Dried stalks serve for fuel, thatch and basketry (Duke, 1988).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
4
Other Botanical Information
As cited by Westphal, et al. (1986) ten maturity maybe distinguished under Indian
conditions, usually combined into four categories: extra early, early, medium and late
maturing cultivars (120, 145, 185, more than 200 days after sowing).
Importance of Characterization and Evaluation
Borromeo,
et al. (1994) cited that characters are identified in order to improve or
develop varieties that can be used for future improvement. Characterization is usually
achieved with phenotypic traits and molecular markers to directly relate to the population
fitness and their usefulness in plant breeding. Most of the characters observed in the plant
are usually based on their agro-morphological characters.
Bautista and Mabesa (1977) suggested that varieties to be selected should be high
yielding; insect and disease resistant, early maturing that could make possible the
growing of crops with less expense, hence more production.
Cagampang and Lantican (1977) observed that the choice of variety is important.
They further suggested that in many instances, the wise use of improve variety has
resulted to tremendous increase in yield.
Studies Done on Pigeon Pea
Agro-
Morphological
Characteristics on Pigeon pea worked out by Tonged
(2008), differences were observe on days of emergence to flowering, pod setting and
seed filling, ICP 7035-9 was the first to be filled with seeds, ICPL 20092-6 was the latest
it took 150 days after emergence. On the initial and final plant height, Seng- ewan is the
tallest at 35 DAP with 10.2 ICPL 85063-19 is the shortest among the eight accessions.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
5
It was observe that the eight pigeon pea accessions differed on the weight of 100
seeds, Seng- ewan and ICPL 7035-9 produce the heaviest weight with 14.60g, next is the
ICPL 8863-10 with 10.53g but this accession is comparable to the other accessions. On
the dry seed yield Seng- ewan and ICPL 87119-8 produce the highest yield, ICPL 88039
produce low yield on the dry seed yield.
Silim, et. al (2003), characterized landraces of pigeon pea collected in Tanzania.
They found out that most landraces of pigeon pea were long duration and medium
duration. The seed traits varied considerably, but frequently the landraces seeds are
relatively large white or cream and also bears large pods. This accessions are highly
significant to fusarium wilt, bruchids and pod borers.
Manyasa, et. al, characterized 123 pigeon pea landraces in Northern Tanzania. It
was observe that the base flower color, pod color, flowering pattern, streak pattern, seed
color and seed shape has no difference.
Reddy, et. al, worked on evaluation showing significant differences on plant
height, number of primary branches, days to 75 maturity and 100 seed weight.
.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total land area of 250 square meters was properly cleaned and prepared. The
area was divided into three blocks, consisting of eight plots with a dimension of 1 m x 10
m. The experimental area was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications. One local variety from Tuba, Benguet and seven
accessions of pigeon pea acquired from MMSU, Batac Ilocos Norte were used in the
study. Two seeds were sown per hill at a planting distance of 1 m x 1 m between hills.
All the necessary cultural management practices for the crop were strictly employed to
ensure good growth of the plants. With this 1 x 10 m plot, 5m2 were used for green seed
yield while the other half (5m2) for dry seed yield.
The following accessions of pigeon pea were used as treatments:
CODE
ACCESSION
T1
ICPL- 88039
T2
ICPL- 87119- 8
T3
ICPL- 85063- 19
T4
ICPL- 20092- 6
T5
ICPL- 88034
T6
ICP- 8663- 10
T7
ICP- 7035- 9
T8 PPL 160809 (check variety)
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
7
Data Gathered
All descriptors were based on the list by IBPGR, (1993).
1. Maturity
a. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of plants per plot had
fully opened flowers.
b. Number of days from emergence to pod setting. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence until the pods were fully develop.
c. Number of days to first harvesting. This was taken by counting the number of
days from emergence when at least 50% of the pods were ready to harvest.
2. Growth habit. This was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Erect and compact
2
Semi-spreading
3
Spreading
4
Trailing
3. Stem characters
a. Initial plant height (cm). The initial plant height was measured 30 days after
planting (DAP) from ten sample plants.
b. 75 DAP plant height. The height of the plants at 75 DAP was measured from
the ground level to the tip of plants using tape measure from ten sample plants.
c. Stem thickness (mm). The stem thickness was recorded using the following
scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
8
SCALE DESCRIPTION
3
Thin (<5 mm)
5
Intermediate (5-13 mm)
7 Thick
(>13
mm)
d. Number of branches. The number of branches were recorded as primary,
secondary and tertiary.
4. Leaf characters
a. Leaflet shape. The shape of the leaf was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Lanceolate
2 Narrow-elliptic
3 Broad-elliptic
4 Obcordate
b. Leaf hairiness. This was measured from lower surface of the leaves and was
recorded as glabrous or pubescent.
5. Flower characteristics
a. Base flower color. The color of the flower petals was observed when the
flowers opened and was recorded using the following scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
9
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Ivory (green-yellow group)
2
Light yellow (yellow group)
3
Yellow (yellow-orange group)
4
Orange-yellow (orange-red group)
b. Second flower color. The color of flowers was observed at the dorsal side of
the flag and the wings and keel as red (red group) and purple (grayed-purple group)
c. Pattern of streaks. The pattern of streaks was observed on the dorsal side of the
standard petal and will be recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
3 Sparse
streaks
5
Medium amount of streaks
7 Dense
streaks
9
Uniform coverage of second flower
color
d. Flowering pattern. This was recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Determinate
2 Semi-determinate
3 Indeterminate
6. Pod characteristics
a. Pod color. The main pod color was observed and was recorded using the
following scale:
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
10
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Green (yellow-green group)
2
Purple (grayed-purple group)
3
Mix green and purple
4
Dark purple (grayed-purple group)
b. Pod form. The pod form was observed during harvest and was recorded as
flat and cylindrical.
c. Pod hairiness. The pod hairiness was observed when pods were fully expanded
and rated as glabrous or pubescent.
d. Length of pods at harvest (cm). The length of ten sample pods per accession
was recorded. Pod length was measured using foot rule from the pedicel end to distal end.
e. Width of pods at harvest (cm). The width of ten sample pods used in data # 6d
was measured using a foot rule.
7. Seed characteristics
a. Number of seeds per pod. This was obtained by getting the average of 10
randomly chosen ripe per pods.
b. Seed color pattern. This was taken and recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Plain
2 Mottled
3 Speckled
4 Mottled
and
speckled
5 Ringed
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
11
c. Seed shape. This was observed and recorded using the following scale:
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1
Oval (egg shape)
2
Globular (pea shape)
3 Square
(angular)
4 Elongate
8. Yield and yield components
a. Weight of 100 seeds (g). The seed yield was obtained by weighing 100 seeds.
b. Green shelled seed yield (g). This was recorded by determining the weight of
green shelled seeds of ten sample plants
c. Dry seed yield (g). This was taken by weighing the weight of dry seeds of ten
sample plants.
9. Harvest Index (HI). This was obtained from the different accessions using the
following formula:
Economic yield (SDW)
HI = _______________________________________________
Biological yield (SDW+ PDW+ LDW+ SsDW+ RDW)
Where: Economic yield is the seeds and the biological yield include the
total herbage yield and pods.
SDW- Seed dry weight
SsDW – Stem dry weight
PDW- Pod shell dry weight
RDW – Root dry weight
LDW- Leaf dry weight
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
12
10. Occurrence of pest and diseases
a. Reaction to pod borer. The reaction of infestation to pod borer was obtained
using the following rating scale (IBPGR, 1993).
SCALE REMARKS
1
Very low or no visible sign of
susceptibility
3 Low
5 Intermediate
7 High
9 Very
high
b. Reaction to yellow mosaic virus. The reaction to infection to yellow mosaic
was obtained using the following scale:
SCALE REMARKS
1
Very low or no visible sign of
susceptibility
3 Low
5 Intermediate
7 High
9 Very
high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
13
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
RCBD. The significance of difference among treatment means was tested using the
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering,
Pod Setting and First Harvest
Differences were observed on the number of days from emergence to flowering,
pod setting and first harvest. ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 took 56 days to flower and
were the earliest to mature, followed by accession ICP 7035-9. The latest to flower was
PPL 160809. This significant differences could be attributed to their varietal
characteristics as noted that different accessions differ in yield performance and
adaptability to the locality.
Table 1. Number of days from emergence to flowering, pod setting and first harvest of
the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM EMERGENCE TO:
FLOWERING PODSETTING 1st HARVEST
ICPL 88034
56e
71e
90e
ICPL 88039
56e
71e
90e
ICPL 20092-6
279b
308b
325b
ICPL 87119-8
279b
308b
325b
ICP 7035-9
63d
78d
92d
ICP 8633-10
279b
308b
325b
ICPL 85063-19
265c
273c
293c
PPL 160809 (check) 326a
335a
350a
CV %
0
0
0
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
15
Growth Habit
All of the accessions have an erect type of growth.
Plant Height at 30 and 75 DAP
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the accessions. ICPL
88034 was recorded to have the tallest plants at 30 and 75 DAP, which is comparable
with ICPL 88039 and ICPL 8663-10 (Table 2). The height of the accessions were
attributed to their genetic make-up.
Table 2. Plant height at 30 and 75 DAP and stem thickness of the eight pigeon pea
accessions
ACCESSION HEIGHT (cm) STEM
30 DAP 75 DAP THICKNESS
ICPL 88034 23.36a
66.25a 3.6c
ICPL 88039 19.95ab
58.8ab 3.6c
ICPL 20092-6 14.20d
35.7c
5bc
ICPL 87119-8
17.86bcd
47.3bc 5.6ab
ICP 7035-9
18.72bc
42.2b 6.3bc
IPC 8663-10
21.01ab
54.11ab
5bc
ICPL 85063-19
15.34cd
48.86b
5bc
PPL 160809 (check) 17.1bcd
51.8b
7a
CV%
11.09
13.36
16.63
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Remarks: 3-Thin, 5- intermediate, 7-Thick
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
16
Stem Thickness
Table 2 shows that PPL 160809 had the thickest stem and statistically comparable
with ICP 7035-9 and ICPL 87119-8 and the thinnest stem was obtained from ICPL 88034
and ICPL 88039. This stem thickness was also noted to their varietal differences.
Leaflet Shape
All of the accessions have lanceolate leaf shape.
Leaf Hairiness
All of the accessions have pubescent leaves.
Base Flower Color
The base flower color of the accession were mostly yellow except for ICP 7035-9
which was red.
Second Flower Color
All of the accessions have medium amount of streaks.
Flowering Pattern
Most of the accessions have determinate flowering pattern except for ICPL
20092-6 which is semi-determinate.
Pod Color
All of the accessions have mixed, green and purple pod except for ICP 7035-9
which has a dark purple color (Fig. 1).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
17
Pod Form
Most of the accessions have cylindrical pods while ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809
have exhibited flat pods.
Pod Hairiness
All of the accessions have pubescent pods.
Pod Length
Statistical analysis show significant differences among the accessions. PPL
160809 had the longest pods with 9.0 cm, followed by ICP 7035-9 with 6.8 cm, while
ICPL 20092-6 had the shortest pods although comparable with ICPL 85063-19, ICPL
87119-8, ICP 8663-10, ICPL 88039 and ICPL 88034.
.Pod Width
PPL 160809 significantly had the widest pods with 1.38 cm and next was ICP
7035-9. The narrowest pods were observed from ICPL 88039. This noted widest pods
from this two accessions was the effect of its flat pods while the thinner pods was due to
the cylindrical width of the pods.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
18
.
(a) ICPL 88034 (b) ICPL 88039
(c) ICPL 20092-6 (d) ICPL 87119-8
(e) ICP 7035-9 (f) ICP 8663-10
(g) ICPL 85063-19 (h) PPL 160809 (check)
Figure 1. Green pods of the eight pigeon pea accessions.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
19
Table 3. Pod characters of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION
POD FORM
POD LENGTH
POD WIDTH
(cm)
(cm)
ICPL 88034
Cylindrical
5.7c 0.86de
ICPL 88039
Cylindrical
5.6c 0.82e
ICPL 20092-6
Cylindrical
5.1c 0.92cd
ICPL 87119-8
Cylindrical
5.4c 0.97c
ICP 7035-9
Flat
6.8b 1.29b
ICP 8663-10
Cylindrical
5.6c 0.92cd
ICPL 85063-19
Cylindrical
5.2c 0.97c
PPL 160809 (check)
Flat
9.0a 1.38a
CV (%)
6.33
4.37
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Number of Seeds per Pod
As shown in Table 4, PPL 160809 produced the most number of seeds per pod
followed by ICP 7035-9 and the least was ICPL 88034.The number of seeds
commensurates with the length of pods; the longer the pods, the more seeds were noted.
Seed Color Pattern
ICP 7035-9 has speckled and mottled seeds while PPL 160809 and the other
accessions have no speckles.
Seed Shape
Globular seed shape were observed from ICP 7035-9, ICPL 20092-6 and PPL
160809. The other accessions exhibited square seed shape.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
20
Table 4. Seed characters of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION NUMBER
OF
SEEDS
SEED
PER
POD
SHAPE
ICPL 88034
2.6c Square
ICPL 88039
3.3bc Square
ICPL 20092-6
3.6bc Globular
ICPL 87119-8
3.3bc Square
ICP 7035-9
4.3b Globular
ICP 8663-10
3.3bc Square
ICPL 85063-19
3.3bc Square
PPL 160809 (check)
5.6a Globular
CV (%)
16.51
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Weight 100 Green Seeds
ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 significantly produced the heaviest seeds 100 seeds
with 29.26 g, and 27.26 g, respectively. The lightest was observed from accession ICPL
88034 with a mean of 13.76g. The high weight of seeds may due to the genetic make-up
of the accessions and also the bigger size of the seeds.
Seed Yield per Plot
On green seeds, ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 produced the heaviest green seeds.
The dry seed yield are not significantly different among the accessions. However, ICP
7035-9 numerically was the high yielder among the accessions studied (Table 5 and Fig.
2).
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
21
This agrees with the findings of Tonged (2008 that “Seng-ewan” (check variety)
and ICP 7035-9 produced the heaviest weight of green seeds at Kapangan, Benguet.
Table 5. Weight of 100 seeds and yield of green and dry seeds of the eight pigeon pea
accessions
ACCESSION
WEIGHT OF
YIELD (g/5m2)
100
SEEDS
GREEN SEEDS
DRY SEEDS
(g)
ICPL 88034
13.76c 53.46b 38.5a
ICPL 88039
16.1bc 42.70b 57.56a
ICPL 20092-6
16.46bc 191.26b 67.36a
ICPL 87119-8
16.36bc 145.13b 49.6a
ICP 7035-9
29.26a 375.13a 89.96a
ICP 8663-10
17.3b 84.2b 32.76a
ICPL 85063-19
16.56bc 115.1b 75.1a
PPL 160809 (check)
27.26a 369.03a 87.96a
CV
(%)
80.52 47.54 498.8
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
22
(a) ICPL 88034 (b) ICPL 88039
(c) ICPL 20092-6
(d) ICPL 87119-8
(e) ICP 7035-9 (f) ICP 8663-10
(g) ICPL 85063-19 (h) PPL 160809 (check)
Figure 2. Green seeds of the eight pigeon pea accession
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
23
Harvest Index
Table 6 that ICPL 20092-6 has the highest harvest index, followed by ICPL
87119-8, and the least was obtained from ICPL 88034.
Table 6. Harvest Index of the eight pigeon pea accession
ACCESSION HARVEST
INDEX
ICPL 88034
0.18c
ICPL 88039
0.20bc
ICPL 20092-6
0.24a
ICPL 87119-8
0.21b
ICP 7035-9
0.19c
ICP 8663-10
0.18bc
ICPL 85063-19
0.19bc
PPL 160809 (check)
0.20bc
CV (%)
6.73
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Reaction to Pod Borer
Among the eight accessions evaluated, ICP 7035-9 was the most infested with
pod borer. ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 have low infestation (Table 7). Pod borer
infestation maybe attributed to the varietal taste which some are sweet and others are
astringent.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
24
Reaction to Yellow Mosaic Virus
As shown in Table 8, accession ICPL 20092-6 was highly infected with yellow
mosaic virus while accession ICPL 88034 has low infection and the rest of the accessions
showed no visible signs of infection.
Table 7. Reaction to pod borer of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION SCALE
DESCRIPTION
ICPL 88034
3
Low
ICPL 88039
3
Low
ICPL 20092-6
5
Intermediate
ICPL 87119-8
5
Intermediate
ICP 7035-9
7
High
ICP 8663-10
5
Intermediate
ICPL 85063-19
5
Intermediate
PPL 160809 (check)
5
Intermediate
* Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 level by DMRT.
Remarks: 1- no visible sign of susceptibility; 3- Low; 5- Intermediate; 7- High;
9- very high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
25
Table 8. Reaction to yellow mosaic virus of the eight pigeon pea accessions
ACCESSION SCALE
DESCRIPTION
ICPL 88034
3
Low
ICPL 88039
1
No visible sign
ICPL 20092-6
9
Very high
ICPL 87119-8
1
No visible sign
ICP 7035-9
1
No visible sign
ICP 8663-10
1
No visible sign
ICPL 85063-19
1
No visible sign
PPL 160809 (check)
1
No visible sign
Remarks: 1- no visible sign of susceptibility; 3- Low; 5- Intermediate; 7- High;
9- very high
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Eight accessions of pigeon pea were planted and evaluated in Ampusa, Tuba,
Benguet from January 2008 to January 2009.
The study was conducted to determined the performance of the different pigeon
pea accessions in terms of its growth, yield, adaptability and resistance to pest and
diseases under Ampusa, Tuba, Benguet.
Significant differences were noted for the following characters; number of days
from emergence to flowering, pod setting and first harvest; height at 30 and 75 DAP;
weight of 100 seeds and green seed yield.
ICPL 88034 and ICPL 88039 were the earliest to pod set. ICPL 88034 was the
tallest at 30 and 75 DAP. ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 produced the highest green seeds,
and dry seed yield and weight of 100 seeds. All of the accessions have pubescent leaf and
pods.
PPL 160809 had the longest and widest pods, ICPL 20092-6 had the shortest
pods and ICPL 88039 had the narrowest pods. Most of the accessions have cylindrical
pods, while ICP 7035-9 and PPL 160809 have flat pods.
Most of the accessions were resistant to yellow mosaic virus except for ICPL
20092-6 which was highly infected.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
27
Conclusion
The eight pigeon pea accessions differ significantly for morphological characters
such as number of days from emergence to flowering, number of days from emergence to
pod setting, pod width and length, and weight of 100 seeds.
Results showed that all the accessions performed well which indicate their
adaptation in the locality. ICP 7035-9 is the highest yielder, early maturing and resistant
to yellow mosaic virus.
Recommendation
ICP 7035-9 and PPL 130809 (check variety) are recommended due to their
relatively higher yield and resistance to yellow mosaic virus.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
28
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, K. and MABESA. 1986. Vegetable Production. 3rd edition. University of
the Philippines Los Baños, College of Agriculture. Pp. 14-30.
CAGAMPANG, I. C. and R. M. LANTICAN. 1977. “Field Legume Production
Guidelines in the Philippines”. UPLB College, Laguna. Pp. 109-112
DUKE, J. A. 1983. Handbook of Energy crops. Retrieved data from http://www.Hort.
Purdue.Edu/ newcrop/duke_energy/Cajanus_cajun.Html.
IBPGR/ ICRISAT. 1993. Descriptors for Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp.
Pantancheru, India.
REDDY, K. N., UPADHAYA, H. D., REDDY, L. J. and C. L. L. GOWDA. 2008.
Methods for Pigeon pea Germplasm Regeneration. Retrieved data from
http:/www.icrisat.org/journal/bioinformatics/u2il evaluation.pdf.
SINGH, C. 1983. Modern Techniques in Raising Field Crops. New Delhi/ India. Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. P. 204.
SILIM, S. N., BRAMEL, P. J., AKONAAY H. B. MLIGO, J. K. and J. L.
CHRISTIANSEN, 2003. Diversity in Tanzanian Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Landraces. Retrieved data from http:/www.springerlink.com/content/
y2363ovop664mol/.
TONGED, J. M. 2008. Agro-Morphological Characteristics of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan
L.) accessions under Datakan, Kapangan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-32.
VAN DER MAESEN, L. J. G., and SOMAATMADJA. 1990. Plant Resource of South-
East Asia 1. Netherlands: ESCAP CGPRT Center Bogor. Pp. 28-30.
WESTPHAL, E. and P. C. M. JANSEN. 1986. Plant Resource of South-East Asia.
Proposal for a handbook. Pudoc Wageningen, Netherlands. Pp. 28-30.
WOLF, T. K. and J. M. KIPPS. 1953. Production of field crops. 4th edition. New York:
McGraw Hill book Company, Inc. Pp. 5-40.
WALLIS, E.S., R.F. WOOLCOCK, and D.E. BYTH. 1988. Potential for Pigeon pea in
Thailand, Indonesia and Burma. Indonesia: CGPRT Center. Pp. 5-35.
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
29
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Number of days from emergence to flowering
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
56
56
56
168
56
ICPL 88039
56
56
56
168
56
ICPL 20092-6
279
279
279
837
279
ICPL 87119-8
279
279
279
837
279
ICP 7035-9
63
63
63
189
63
ICP 8663-10
279
279
279
837
279
ICPL 85063-19
265
265
265
795
265
PPL 160809 (check)
326
326
326
978
326
TOTAL
1, 603
1, 603
1, 603
4, 809
1, 603
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
297191.62
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
297191.62
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
30
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Number of days from emergence to pod setting
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
71
71
71
213
71
ICPL 88039
71
71
71
213
71
ICPL 20092-6
308
308
308
924
308
ICPL 87119-8
308
308
308
924
308
ICP 7035-9
78
78
78
234
78
ICP 8663-10
308
308
308
924
308
ICPL 85063-19
273
273
273
819
273
PPL 160809 (check)
335
335
335
1, 005
335
TOTAL
1, 752
1, 752
1, 752
5, 253
1, 752
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 311472
44496
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
311472
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
31
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Number of days to first harvest
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
90
90
90
270
90
ICPL 88039
90
90
90
270
90
ICPL 20092-6
325
325
325
975
325
ICPL 87119-8
325
325
325
975
325
ICP 7035-9
92
92
92
276
92
ICP 8663-10
325
325
325
975
325
ICPL 85063-19
293
293
293
879
293
PPL 160809 (check)
350
350
350
1, 050
350
TOTAL
1, 890
1, 890
1, 890
5, 670
1, 890
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
310126.5
44303.78
∞** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2
0 0
Error 14
0
0
Total 23
310126.5
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 0%
Standard Error = 0
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
32
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Initial plant height (30 DAP) (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
24.94
21.95
23.19
70.08
23.36
ICPL 88039
19.89
19.3
20.67
59.86
19.95
ICPL 20092-6
12.29
13.55
16.78
42.62
14.20
ICPL 87119-8
18.63
19
15.96
53.59
17.86
ICP 7035-9
18.92
18
19.25
56.17
18.72
ICP 8663-10
23.25
18.34
21.45
63.04
21.01
ICPL 85063-19
14.93
14.25
16.85
46.03
15.34
PPL 160809 (check)
12.85
19.05
19.4
51.3
17.1
TOTAL 145.7
143.44
153.55
442.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
188.5118
26.9303
6.43**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 7.0393
3.5196
Error 14
58.6185
4.1870
Total 23
254.1696
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 11.09%
Standard Error = 1.181
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
33
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant height (cm) at 75 days after planting
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
59.9
57.85
81
198.75
66.25
ICPL 88039
59.85
56.85
59.7
176.4
58.8
ICPL 20092-6
29.75
30.2
47.15
107.1
35.7
ICPL 87119-8
47.5
49.35
45.05
141.9
47.3
ICP 7035-9
48.75
53.85
54
156.6
52.2
ICP 8663-10
54.55
48.05
59.75
162.35
54.11
ICPL 85063-19
41.95
40.85
63.8
146.6
48.86
PPL 160809 (check)
38.55
58.65
58.2
155.4
51.8
TOTAL 380.8
395.65
468.65
1,
245.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment
7
1654.03 236.29 4.92** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2 552.79
276.39
Error
14
672.57
48.04
Total 23
2879.39
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 13.36%
Standard Error = 4.002
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
34
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Stem thickness (mm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
3
5
3
11
3.6
ICPL 88039
3
3
5
11
3.6
ICPL 20092-6
5
5
5
15
5
ICPL 87119-8
5
5
7
15
5.6
ICP 7035-9
7
7
5
21
6.3
ICP 8663-10
5
5
5
15
5
ICPL 85063-19
5
5
5
15
5
PPL 160809 (check)
7
7
7
21
7
TOTAL 40
42
42
124
41.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.33
0.16
5.55**
2.77
4.28
Replication 2 28.66 4.09
Error 14
10.33
0.73
Total 23
39.33
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 16.63%
Standard Error = 0.49
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
35
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Length of pods at harvest (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
5.6
5.7
5.8
17.1
5.7
ICPL 88039
5.5
6.1
5.2
16.8
5.6
ICPL 20092-6
5.0
5.4
4.9
15.36
5.1
ICPL 87119-8
5.4
5.5
5.2
16.1
5.4
ICP 7035-9
7.4
6.2
6.9
20.5
6.8
ICP 8663-10
5.7
5.3
5.9
16.9
5.6
ICPL 85063-19
5.4
4.9
5.3
15.6
5.2
PPL 160809 (check)
8.6
9.0
9.5
27.1
9.0
TOTAL 48.6
48.1
48.7
145.4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 36.3117
5.1874
35.24**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0258
0.0129
Error 14
2.0608
0.1472
Total 23
38.3983
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 6.33%
Standard Error = 0.222
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
36
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Width of pods at harvest (cm)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
0.88
0.85
0.87
2.6
0.86
ICPL 88039
0.83
0.86
0.79
2.48
0.82
ICPL 20092-6
0.93
0.93
0.91
2.77
0.92
ICPL 87119-8
0.96
0.96
0.98
2.9
0.97
ICP 7035-9
1.34
1.22
1.32
3.88
1.29
ICP 8663-10
.095
0.86
0.96
2.77
0.92
ICPL 85063-19
1.03
0.93
0.96
2.92
0.97
PPL 160809 (check)
1.36
1.31
1.48
4.15
1.38
TOTAL 8.28
7.92
8.27
24.47
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.8740
0.1249
62.82**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0105
0.0053
Error 14
0.0278
0.0020
Total 23
0.9123
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 4.37%
Standard Error = 0.026
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
37
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Number of seeds per pod
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
3
2
3
8
2.6
ICPL 88039
3
4
3
10
3.3
ICPL 20092-6
4
4
3
11
3.6
ICPL 87119-8
4
3
3
10
3.3
ICP 7035-9
4
5
4
13
4.3
ICP 8663-10
4
3
3
10
3.3
ICPL 85063-19
3
3
4
10
3.3
PPL 160809 (check)
5
6
6
17
5.6
TOTAL 30
30
29
89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment
7
17.6250 2.5179 6.71** 2.76
4.28
Replication 2 0.0833
0.0417
Error 14
5.2500
0.3750
Total 23
22.9583
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 16.51%
Standard Error = 0.354
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
38
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of 100 green seeds (g)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
13
13.5
14
41.3
13.76
ICPL 88039
16.1
16.1
16.1
48.3
16.1
ICPL 20092-6
16.6
16.5
16.3
49.4
16.46
ICPL 87119-8
16.5
16.3
16.3
49.1
16.36
ICP 7035-9
25.2
34.1
28.5
87.8
29.26
ICP 8663-10
17.2
17.2
17.2
51.9
17.3
ICPL 85063-19
16.6
16.8
16.3
49.7
16.56
PPL 160809 (check)
27.3
26.9
27.6
81.8
27.26
TOTAL 149.6
157.4
152.3
459.3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
649.6563
99.2366
37.35**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 3.9225
1.9613
Error 14
37.1975
2.6570
Total 23
22.9583
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 8.52%
Standard Error = 0.941
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
39
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Green seeds yield per plot (g/5m2)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
41.4
37.9
81.1
160.4
53.46
ICPL 88039
32.5
53.5
42.1
128.1
42.70
ICPL 20092-6
288.2
178.5
107.1
573.8
191.26
ICPL 87119-8
236.7
71.3
127.4
435.4
145.13
ICP 7035-9
318
270.5
536.9
1, 125.4
375.13
ICP 8663-10
48.4
56
148.2
252.6
84.2
ICPL 85063-19
81.4
101.7
162.2
345.3
115.1
PPL 160809 (check)
277.8
469.5
359.8
1, 107.1
369.03
TOTAL 30
30
29
89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
368680.19
52668.59
7.88**
2.76
4.28
Replication 2 7138.0508
3569.02
Error 14
93617.5625
6686.96
Total 23
469435.80
**highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 47.54%
Standard Error = 47.212
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
40
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Dry seed yield per plot (g/5m2)
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
26.2
36.5
52.8
115.5
38.5
ICPL 88039
60.2
56.9
55.6
172.7
57.56
ICPL 20092-6
65.3
115.4
21.4
202.1
67.36
ICPL 87119-8
42.1
65.2
41.5
148.8
49.6
ICP 7035-9
90.2
96.6
82.7
269.5
89.83
ICP 8663-10
30.6
26.2
41.5
98.3
32.76
ICPL 85063-19
70.4
48.8
106.1
225.3
75.1
PPL 160809 (check)
84.8
63
116.1
263.9
87.96
TOTAL 469.8
508.6
517.7
1,
496.1
498.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7
9686.1429
1383.7347
2.33ns
2.76 4.28
Replication 2 161.7775
80.8888
Error 14
8319.3958
594.2426
Total 23
18167.3163
ns - not significant Coefficient of Variance = 39.11%
Standard Error = 14.074
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
41
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Harvest Index
ACCESSION REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
ICPL 88034
0.18
0.17
0.20
0.55
0.18
ICPL 88039
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.61
0.20
ICPL 20092-6
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.73
0.24
ICPL 87119-8
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.65
0.21
ICP 7035-9
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.54
0.18
ICP 8663-10
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.59
0.20
ICPL 85063-19
0.18
0.22
0.19
0.59
0.19
PPL 160809 (check)
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.61
0.20
TOTAL 1.6
1.66
1.61
4.87
1.60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE DEGREES SUM MEAN COMPUTED
TABULAR
F
OF OF OF
OF F
0.05
0.01
VARIANCE FREEDOM SQUARES ERRORS
Treatment 7 0.0003
0.0001
6.46**
2.77
4.28
Replication 2 0.0084
0.0012
Error 14
0.0026
0.0002
Total 23
0.0113
** highly significant Coefficient of Variance = 6.73%
Standard Error = 0.0079
Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions
under Tuba, Benguet Condition / Dahlia Trinidad A. Bagtila. 2009
Document Outline
- Morphological
Characterization and Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Accessions under Tuba, Benguet
Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Emergence to Flowering,Pod Setting and First Harvest
- Growth Habit
- Plant Height at 30 and 75 DAP
- Stem Thickness
- Leaflet Shape
- Leaf Hairiness
- Base Flower Color
- Second Flower Color
- Flowering Pattern
- Pod Color
- Pod Form
- Pod Hairiness
- Pod Length
- Pod Width
- Number of Seeds per Pod
- Seed Color Pattern
- Seed Shape
- Weight 100 Green Seeds
- Seed Yield per Plot
- Harvest Index
- Reaction to Pod Borer
- Reaction to Yellow Mosaic Virus
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES