BIBLIOGRAPHY PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013. Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown
from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of ten potato varieties
grown from stem cuttings, to determine the best potato variety based on yield and resistance
and to determine the profitably of growing rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
The Igorota varieties was produced the highest total yield per plot (kg/5m2) and
computed yield pre hectare (t/ha) and had the highest return on cash expenses. The results
were comparable with Po4 and Ganza varieties.
In terms, of resistant on insect pest and disease, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza were highly
resistant varieties and the others were moderately resistant. In Buguias, Benguet Igorota,
Po4 and Ganza grown from rooted stem cuttings could be planted. However, to attain
optimum yield favorable condition for potato production should observed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato is one of the crops that is being grown intensively in the highlands. It is one
of the principal sources of income of farmers in Benguet and some parts of Mt. Province.
The favorable climate and soil type are the primary factors favoring the growth and
development of the crop leading to good yield (Smith, 1977).
However, the potato industry today is experiencing a reduction of yield due to the
planting materials currently used by farmers. The traditional practice of most potato
growers is to keep the small seed tubers for planting. These planting materials, however,
are not tested periodically for build-up of systemic diseases caused by microorganisms.
This practice has been ongoing year by year leading to low yields (HARRDEC, 1997). In
addition, farmers plant the same variety in the same area in every planting season.
The success of a good potato production depends on a high yielding and adapted
variety and with the use of good quality planting materials. Healthy planting materials
usually produce high yield and quality tubers.
Planting potato using stem cuttings would greatly reduce the cost in producing,
storing, and planting of tubers. The disease transmission in potato seed tubers will also be
minimized (Gayao et al., 1987). In addition, rooted stem cuttings are also readily available
at 8 to 15 days from cutting as compared to the 4 to 6 months dormancy of seed tubers
(Dalang et al., 1990).
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the growth and yield of potato varieties using stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet;
2. identify the best potato variety based on yield and resistance; and
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
3. determine the profitability of growing potato rooted stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet.
The study was conducted at Baculongan Sur, Buguias, Benguet from November
2012 to February 2013.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation of Potato in the Highlands
The first decision in planting potato is to know the best variety of plant to achieve
maximum production, the best variety that is adapted to the locality should be selected.
Excellent cultural management practice may not compensate to poor choice of variety. In
order to determine the best suited variety a series of varietal evaluation must be conducted
to determine the performance of a new or previously untried variety (HARRDEC, 1996).
HARRDEC (1996) reported that achieving maximum production requires the best
variety to be selected in the locality. Series of varietal evaluation must be conducted in
order to determine the adapted variety and the performance of newly introduced varieties.
According to Horton (1987), potatoes are grown in higher elevation than any other
major crops. In the tropics the typical mountain areas that produce potatoes is cold, best
temperature fluctuated sharply from day to night. And the average relative humidity is high.
Soils are well drained, but there is great variation in altitude, slope, soil fertility and other
environmental variable that influence yields. Production hazards like frost causes low yield
in highland areas, where the chances of crop failure are great, farmers often economic to
purchase inputs in order to minimize their financial risks.
According to Beukema (1995), clone selection and evaluation is important in a
breeding program. Procedures involve the production of healthy good looking plants,
resistance to pest and disease and high yielding. Tubers of each selected varieties harvested
and kept separate to be planted in the next trials. Plants are carefully inspected for any
abnormalities. First generation (F1), which is found to have same abnormalities are rejected
and removed away from fields.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Sunil (1990) stated that varietal evaluation is a process in plant breeding, which
provides comparison of promising lines develop by breeders. It is though varietal
evaluation that a breeder selects the best performing variety among develops lines in terms
of yield, quality, stress, adaptability and resistance to pest and diseases. Furthermore,
selecting the right variety will minimize problems associated with water and fertilizer
management. The variety to be selected should be high yielding, pest and disease resistant
and hence, ensure more profit.
The Use of Stem Cuttings
Demonterverde (1992) emphasized that the use of RMT, like Rooted Stem Cutting
has a great potential for the multiplication of pathogen tested either in vitro from a protected
green house. The method promotes faster introduction of new cultivars reduce field
exposure during early stage of seed production ensures higher seed quality and a promising
for germplasm evaluation. Several on farms trials showed that the used of cutting of certain
cones be on efficient, profitable and low cost method for potato production.
Dalang et al., (1990) as cited by Lingaling (2002) stated that stem cutting as a Rapid
Multiplication Technique (RMT) for potato yield more planting materials than the
traditional use of seed tubers.
Montierro et al., (1986) reported that the use of stem cutting as planting materials
is a very promising tool for low cost potato production. It also enables the rapid and timely
increase of new cultivars and prevent possible occurrence of tuber borne diseases. It is a
source of clean and healthy planting materials, however labor requirement are increased.
Escobar and V. Zaag (1985) as cited by Maday-a (1998) emphasized that the use
of stem cutting in developing countries like Asia as good quality planting materials is a
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
very promising tool for low cost potato production in enabling the rapid and timely
increased of new cultivars and preventing possible occurrence of tuber borne disease.
If rooted stem cutting are used instead of seed tubers in our commercial potato production,
it is expected that seed cost will be reduced at a conservation estimate of 16,000.00 0r 79%
plus an additional income of same or lesser amount based on a 0.04 cost per stem cutting
(HARRDEC, 1988).
Kiswa et al. (1990) stated that the use of rooted stem cutting as planting materials,
as an alternative to seed tubers can reduce the cost of seed by as much as 40% and this
method eliminates disease caused by pathogens. It also breaks contact with non-systemic
seed and soil-borne diseases, although labor is more intensive.
Dodds (1994) found that micro tuber has long dormancy in almost all genotypes,
but it is significantly easier to handle and distribute compared to in-vitro plantlets. He
further found that this has many advantages over conventional seed tubers for transport and
maintenance, therefore lower problems in terms of quarantine regulation, less liable to
damage and most importantly, they ensure greater case in maintaining sanitary quality.
Zamora et al. (1986) reported that stem cutting yield more planting materials is the
shortest possible time than the traditional seed piece method. In most instances, planting
material produced from stem is cheaper.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150 m2 was well prepared and divided into three blocks. Each block had
ten plots measuring 1mx5m each.
Each plot was basal with chicken manure at the rate of six kilos per plot. Ten days
after the different varieties of rooted stem cuttings were planted at the rate of one stem
cuttings per hill with a distance of 25x 25 cm between hills and rows. These different
varieties were acquired from the Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training
Center (NPRCRTC). The replanting was done five days after planting. The first hilling-up
was done 20 days after transplanting and with side dressed of 14-14-14 at the rate of 50
grams per plot. Second hilling-up was done 40 days after transplanting. All the necessary
practices required for conventional potato production was employed.
Data to be gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Initial height (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured from base to tip of
the plant 20 days after transplanting
2. Percentage survival. This was the ratio of the number of plants that survived, and
the total number of plants planted.
% survival = number of survival plant X 100
Total number of plants planted
3. Plant Vigor. This was recorded at 25 and 50 days after transplanting using a
rating scale of CIP (Gonzalez et al., 2004)
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Rating
Description
Reaction
5
Plants are strong with robust stem and leaves, light
Highly
color to dark green in color.
vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stem and
Moderately
leaves were light green in color.
vigorous
3
Better than less vigorous.
Vigorous
2
Plants are weak few thin stem and leaves, pale.
Less vigorous
1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves very pale.
Poor vigor
4. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of leaf miner was observed at 25, 50, and
65 DAP using the following scale of (CIP, 2001):
Scales
Description
Remarks
1
Less infested (1-20%)
Resistant
2
Infested (20-40%)
Moderate resistant
3
Moderate infested (41-
Intermediate
60%)
4
Severely infested (61-80%)
Moderate susceptibility
5
Most serious (81-100%)
Susceptible
5. Late blight incidence. Observation was done start during the plant establishment
to mid-vegetative stage at 25, 50 and 65 DAP using the CIP rating scale by Henfling (1982).
Blight (%)
CIP Scale
Description Symptom
1
No late blight observed
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Late
blight
present,
Traces-<
2
maximum 10 lesions per
plant.
5-<13
3
Plants look healthy but
lesion are easily seen at
closer distance maximum
foliage are affected by
lesions
destroyed
corresponds to 20 leaflets.
15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on
most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with
lesion or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plot looks green; however,
all plants are affected lower
leaves are dead. About half
foliage are destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plot looks green with brown
flecks. About 75% of each plant
is affected. Leaves of the lower-
half of the plant are destroyed.
85-<95
7
Plot
neither
predominantly
green nor brown. Only top leaves
are green. Many stems have large
lesions.
95-<100
8
Plot is brown colored. A few top
leaves still have green areas. Most
stems have lesion are of dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1= highly resistant; 2-3= resistant; 4-5=moderately resistant; 6-7; moderately
susceptible; 8-9=susceptible
6. Final height (cm).Ten sample plants per plot were randomly chosen and
measured from base to tip one week before harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
7. Percent hills harvested. Percent hill harvest was computed with the following
formula;
% hills harvested = Number of hills harvested X 100
Total number of hills planted
8. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). This were the tubers from
marble to large size which free from malformation, diseases and insect damaged and with
less than 10% greening of the total surface.
9. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (kg). These were obtained
by counting and weighting all tubers that are malformed, damaged by pest and disease and
those with more than 10% greening.
10. Total yield per plot (kg).The sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tuber per treatment.
11. Computed yield (ton/ha).This was computed in a hectare basis using the
formula;
Computed yield (tons/ha) = total yield/plot X 100
5m2 x 1000 m2
12. Return of cash on expense (ROCE). This was computed by dividing the net
profit over the total cost of production multiplied by 100.
ROCE = net profit
X 100
Total cost of production
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from November 2012 to February 2013 at
Baculongan Sur, Buguias, Benguet. The highest temperature was recorded in the month of
November and the highest relative humidity was recorded in the month of December
(78.9%) while the lowest was in the month of February (68.69%). The highest rainfall was
recorded from the month of November (1.43 L) and the lowest was in the month of
February (0.4 L).
For potato production, the best temperature requirement range from 17oC to 22oC
and relative humidity should be at an average of a 86% (HARRDEC, 1996). Therefore, the
temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study was favorable for potato
production at Buguias, Benguet.
Table 1. Meteorological data from November 2012 to February 2013 at Buguias, Benguet
MONTH
AIR
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
OC
(%)
(L)
max min
November
23.03
17.39
75.89
1.43
December
23.35
10.89
78.9
0.57
January
22.23
8.71
77.1
1.23
February
23.19
9.09
68.69
0.4
Percent Survival
The results showed significant differences on percent survival of the different
potato varieties (Table 2). At 30 DAP, Igorota, Ganza and PO4 obtained one hundred
percent plant survival which was comparable to I 1035 and Gloria with 97.50% and 96.67%
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
survival, respectively. The check varieties Granola Mexican and Granola Fina had the
lowest plant survival of 72.50% and 78.33%, respectively. At 60 DAP, the same varieties
maintained the highest survival which were comparable with varieties Gloria and I1035.
The low survival percentage of Granola Fina and Granola Mexican was attributed to
cutworm and late blight infection.
Table 2. Percent survival of ten potato varieties grown from rooted stem cuttings in
Buguias, Benguet
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
VARIETY
30 DAP 60 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
78.33d
61.67d
Granola Mexican (ck)
72.50d
56.67d
Raniag
95.00c
78.33bc
Igorota
100.00a
98.33a
Ganza
100.00a
95.83a
Po4
100.00a
100.00a
Agria
89.17d
70.83cd
Jelly
88.33d
71.67cd
Gloria
96.67ab
89.17ab
I 1035
97.50ab
88.33ab
CV%
4.89
10.28
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT).
Plant Vigor
Table 3 shows the plant vigor of the different potato varieties at 25, 50, and 65
DAP. At 25 DAP, Igorota, Ganza, P04 and I 1035 were highly vigorous. At 50 and 65
DAP, some of the varieties consistently decreased in plant vigor except for varieties
Igorota, Ganza and PO4. The decrease in plant vigor was due to late blight infection.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Plant vigor of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP grown from rooted stem
cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
PLANT VIGOR
VARIETY
25 DAP 50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Granola Mexican(ck)
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Raniag
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Igorota
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Ganza
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Po4
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Agria
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Vigorous
Jelly
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Vigorous
Gloria
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
I 1035
Highly vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 5 shows the leaf miner incidence at 25, 50 and 65 DAP. At 25 DAP, all the
varieties were found resistant. At 50 DAP, varieties Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria
maintained their resistance to leaf miner. The rest of the varieties became moderately
resistant. At 65 DAP, Igorota, Po4, and Ganza remained resistant to leaf miner incidence
and the other varieties remained moderately resistant. The resistance noted on the different
potato varieties was attributed to their genetic response.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Response to leaf miner incidence of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
RESPONSE TO LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
VARIETIES
50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Granola Mexican(ck)
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Raniag
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Igorota
Resistant
Resistant
Ganza
Resistant
Resistant
Po4
Resistant
Resistant
Agria
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Jelly
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Gloria
Resistant
Moderately resistant
I 1035
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Late Blight Incidence
At 25 DAP, all the varieties were highly resistant. However at 50 and 65 DAP, only
Igorota, Ganza, Po4 and Gloria remained resistant while the other varieties were
moderately resistant to late blight. The continuous rainfall aggravated the late blight
damage of the non-resistant varieties one month after planting.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Response to late blight incidence of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
RESPONSE TO LATE BLIGHT INCIDENCE
VARIETY
50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina(ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Granola Mexican(ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Raniag
Resistant
Resistant
Igorota
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Ganza
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Po4
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Agria
Resistant
Resistant
Jelly
Resistant
Resistant
Gloria
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
I 1035
Resistant
Resistant
Plant Height and Percent Hills Harvested
The ten potato varieties showed no significant differences in height at 20 DAP. At
75 DAP, Igorota and Po4 were significantly the tallest but comparable with Gloria. The
shortest variety was Granola Fina. The differences on plant height of the different varieties
were due to their varietal nature.
On the percentage of hills harvested, varieties Po4 and Igorota obtained the highest
percentage (98.33% and 95.83%) but comparable to Ganza with 93.33% hills harvested.
The high percentage hills harvested from Po4, Igorota and Ganza were attributed to their
high survival, good plant vigor, resistance to leaf miner and late blight.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Plant height and percent hills harvested of ten potato varieties grown from rooted
stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
PLANT HEIGHT (cm) PERCENT HILLS
VARIETIES
HARVESTED (%)
20 DAP 75DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
11.13
28.73d
60.83d
Granola Mexican (ck)
11.04
30.48d
60.00d
Raniag
11.76
38.95c
76.67bcd
Igorota
12.30
55.22a
95.83a
Ganza
13.81
43.10bc
93.33ab
Po4
11.71
53.52a
98.33a
Agria
10.40
30.26d
69.17cd
Jelly
11.92
27.30d
0.83cd
Gloria
12.68
49.92ab
85.00abc
I 1035
11.87
29.50d
86.68abc
CV (%)
4.89
10.28
9.71
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT).
Number and Weight of Marketable and
Non-marketable tubers
Table 7 shows the number and weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers. In
terms of the number of marketable tubers, Igorota had the most number of tubers followed
by Po4 with (225 and 183, respectively). Granola Fina obtained the lowest number with 88
tubers. Varieties Igorota, Jelly and Gloria had the highest number of non-marketable tubers
with 17 were comparable with Ganza. Agria produced the lowest number of non-
marketable tubers. On the weight of marketable tubers, Igorota and Po4 were the heaviest
(12.58 kg/5m2 and 11.58 kg/5m2) which were comparable with Ganza (10.33 kg/5m2).
Granola Mexican obtained the lightest tubers of 4.33 kg/5m2. For the weight of non-
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
marketable tubers, Ganza was the heaviest and which was comparable with Igorota (0.67
kg/5m2).
Table 7. Number and weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the ten potato
varieties grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
NON-MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE TUBER
VARIETY
TUBER
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg) NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg)
Granola Fina (ck)
88d
4.83c
8cd
0.25dc
Granola Mexican (ck)
103d
4.33c
12abc
0.29dc
Raniag
111d
4.75c
8cd
0.42bcde
Igorota
225a
12.58a
17a
0.67ab
Gansa
146b
10.33ab
14ab
0.75a
PO 4
183c
11.58a
10bcd
0.50abcd
Agria
93d
4.75c
5d
0.21c
Jelly
105d
4.58c
17a
0.33cde
Gloria
114d
7.42bc
17a
0.58abc
I 1035
108d
4.50c
8cd
0.25de
CV (%)
20.82
22.75
24.69
29.81
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT)
Total Yield per Plot and Computed Yield (t/ha).
Table 8 and Figure 3 show significant differences among the ten potato varieties on
total (kg/5m2) and computed yield (t/ha). Igorota obtained the highest total yield of 13.25
kg per 5m2 and was comparable with Po4 and Ganza having total yield (12.08 kg/5m2 and
10.08 kg/5m2) respectively. On computed yield (t/ha), Igorota had the highest (26.50
tons/ha) which was comparable with Po4 and Ganza (24.17 tons/ha and 21.17 tons/ha).The
lowest computed yield was recorded from Granola Mexican (9.25 tons/ha). The significant
differences on both total and computed my be attributed to genetic make-up of the different
varieties
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of the ten potato varieties
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
VARIETY
(kg/5m2)
(tons/ha)
Granola Fina (ck)
5.08b
10.17bc
Granola Mexican (ck)
4.63b
9.25c
Raniag
5.17b
10.33bc
Igorota
13.25a
26.50a
Gansa
10.08ab
21.17ab
PO 4
12.08ab
24.17ab
Agria
4.96b
9.92bc
Jelly
4.92b
9.83bc
Gloria
8.00ab
16.00b
I 1035
4.75b
9.50bc
CV (%)
21.91
22.03
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT)
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Table Potato table 9 shows the computed ROCE per variety. Variety Igorota
registered the highest ROCE with 101.28 % followed by Po4 and Ganza. The lowest
positive ROCE was obtained from Gloria with 18.37% while the rest of the varieties had
negative ROCE. The result indicates that the varieties with the highest yield per hectare
gained the highest ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Cost analysis of potato production grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet for table production
VARIETY
COST OF
MARKETABLE
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION
TUBERS
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(Php/5m2)
(kg
/5m2)
(Php)
Granola Fina (ck) 125
4.83
96.6
-28.4
-22.7
Granola Mexican 125
4.33
86.6
-38.4
-30.7
(ck)
Raniag
125
4.75
95
-30
-24.0
Igorota
125
12.58
251.6
126.6
101.28
Ganza
125
10.33
206.6
81.6
65.28
Po4
125
11.58
231.6
106.6
85.28
Agria
125
4.75
95
-30
-24.0
Jelly
125
4.58
91.6
-33.4
-26.72
Gloria
125
7.42
148.4
23.4
18.37
I 1035
125
4.5
90
-35
-28.0
The different sizes of the marketable tubers all sold in lump at Php20.00 per kilo.
Cost of production includes the fertilizers, planting materials, labor, insecticide and
fungicide.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Seed tuber. Table 10 shows the computed ROCE per variety for seed tuber
production. All the varieties had positive ROCE. Igorota registered the highest ROCE with
800% followed by Po4 with 484%. The lowest ROCE was obtained from Granola with
252%. The results indicate that the varieties with greater number of tubers gained the
highest net profit and ROCE.
Table 10. Cost analysis of potato seed tuber production grown from rooted stem cuttings
in Buguias, Benguet
VAREITY
COST OF
NUMBER OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION MARKETABLE
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(Php/5m2)
TUBERS
(per/5m2)
Granola Fina(ck)
125
88
440
315
252
Granola
125
103
515
390
312
Mexican(ck)
Raniag
125
111
555
430
344
Igorota
125
225
1125
1000
800
Ganza
125
146
730
605
484
Po4
125
183
915
790
632
Agria
125
93
465
340
272
Jelly
125
105
525
400
320
Gloria
125
114
570
445
356
I 1035
125
108
540
415
332
The potato seed tubers were sold at Php 5.00 per piece regardless to size.
Cost of production includes the fertilizer, planting materials, labor, insecticide and
fungicide.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of the ten potato
varieties. To determine the growth, yield, and resistant varieties to pest and diseases: and
to determine the profitability of growing potato rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
The study was conducted from November 2012 to February 2013.
Among the potato varieties, Igorota produced the most number of tubers with the
highest weight of total and computed yield (t/ha). The varieties Igorota, Po4, Ganza and
Gloria obtained the highest ROCE while Granola Fina and Granola Mexican (check
variety) had negative ROCE. In terms of seed tubers production, all the varieties had
positive ROCE.
In terms of the reaction to leaf miner and late bight incidence, Igorota, Ganza and
Po4 were highly resistant and the others were moderately resistant.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria had the highest
total yield and computed yield per hectare. All the potato varieties had high percentage of
survival, resistance to leaf miner and late blight. Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria had
positive ROCE while the other varieties had negative ROCE in terms of table potato
production. In terms of seed tuber production, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza had the highest
positive ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria are recommended
for profitable table potato production. For seed tuber production, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza
are the recommended varieties while the other varieties could be an alternative if there is
shortage of potato seed tubers.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BEUKEMA, H.P. 1995. Seed Quality Seed Use, Seed Supply and Seed Production.
International Agricultural Center.Wageringen, Netherland. P.98.
CENTRO INTERNASIONAL DE LA PAPA (CIP).2001.Fact Sheet.International Potato
Center.Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5.
DALANG, P.A, S.T. GAYAO and C.G KISWA. 1990. Stem cuttings: A rapid
multiplication technique for potato. NPRCTC, Benguet State University Extension
Bulletin I.BSU.Ext.Bull.1:15.
DEMONTEVERDE, V.E. Rapid multiplication technique for Potato; Potential use in
potato production.Seed system s of SAPRAD system transition. Held 1 Baguio
City, Philippines on June 1-6.
DODDS, J.H. 1994. Tissue Culture Propagation of Potato: Advantages and Disadvantages
Innovative Methods for Propagation Potatoes. Report of the eight Planning
Conference of the International Potato Center. Lima Peru on December 10-14. Pp.
3-4.
ESCOBAR, V. and D.V. ZAAG. 1985. Rapid propagation in Southest Asia and the Pacific
Region. Research result presented in a series of CIP Region VII working papers.
Pp. 85-95.
GAYAO, B.T., BOTANGEN. P. DALANG, E. SANO, M. WALLACE AND V.
MACARIO. 1987. Cost and return analysis of on form potato production using
stem cutting. Benguet State University Graduate School research Journal 1:79-91.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1996.Highland Potato Techno
guide (3rd edition). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3-4.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1997.Potatoes: Production
Storing processing (2nd edition). The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport,
Connecticut. Pp. 77-120.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1988. Integrated potato
Development Program for the Cordillera.Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1.
HENFLING,J.W. 1987. Late blight of potato. International Potato Center CIP. Lima Peru.
Revised. 1987. P. 21
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
HORTON, D.S.1987. Potatoes; Production Marketing and Program for Developing
Countries. Win Rock International west View Press. Pp. 113-115.
LINGALING, J.B.2002.Performance of Potato Igorota (CV) as Influenced by Age of
rooted Stem Cutting.BS Thesis .Benguet State University. Trinidad, Benguet. P.
3.
MADAY-A, M.D.1998.Growth and Yield Comparison of Stem Cutting from the Different
Potato Cultivars.BS Thesis.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3.
MONTIERRO, C.G. and VANDER ZAAG. 1986. Response of diverse set of potato
cultivars grow from cuttings to an isothermic environment of the Philippines: The
potato is Southeast Asia and the pacific region. CIP Region VII working
papers.P.48.
SMITH, O.1977.Potatoes: Production, Storing,Processing (2nd edition). The AVI
Publishing Company Inc. Westport, Connecticut. Pp. 78-127.
SUNIL, K.K.1990.Varietal Evaluation of Promising Lines and Path Coefficient Analysis
of in Pole Snap Beans. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 4-5 .
ZAMORA, B.P. 1986. Rapid Multiplication Technique of Potato third International
Symposium of Potato Production to South East Asia and the Pacific Region. Pp.3-
5.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013. Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown
from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of ten potato varieties
grown from stem cuttings, to determine the best potato variety based on yield and resistance
and to determine the profitably of growing rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
The Igorota varieties was produced the highest total yield per plot (kg/5m2) and
computed yield pre hectare (t/ha) and had the highest return on cash expenses. The results
were comparable with Po4 and Ganza varieties.
In terms, of resistant on insect pest and disease, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza were highly
resistant varieties and the others were moderately resistant. In Buguias, Benguet Igorota,
Po4 and Ganza grown from rooted stem cuttings could be planted. However, to attain
optimum yield favorable condition for potato production should observed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato is one of the crops that is being grown intensively in the highlands. It is one
of the principal sources of income of farmers in Benguet and some parts of Mt. Province.
The favorable climate and soil type are the primary factors favoring the growth and
development of the crop leading to good yield (Smith, 1977).
However, the potato industry today is experiencing a reduction of yield due to the
planting materials currently used by farmers. The traditional practice of most potato
growers is to keep the small seed tubers for planting. These planting materials, however,
are not tested periodically for build-up of systemic diseases caused by microorganisms.
This practice has been ongoing year by year leading to low yields (HARRDEC, 1997). In
addition, farmers plant the same variety in the same area in every planting season.
The success of a good potato production depends on a high yielding and adapted
variety and with the use of good quality planting materials. Healthy planting materials
usually produce high yield and quality tubers.
Planting potato using stem cuttings would greatly reduce the cost in producing,
storing, and planting of tubers. The disease transmission in potato seed tubers will also be
minimized (Gayao et al., 1987). In addition, rooted stem cuttings are also readily available
at 8 to 15 days from cutting as compared to the 4 to 6 months dormancy of seed tubers
(Dalang et al., 1990).
The study was conducted to:
1. determine the growth and yield of potato varieties using stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet;
2. identify the best potato variety based on yield and resistance; and
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
3. determine the profitability of growing potato rooted stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet.
The study was conducted at Baculongan Sur, Buguias, Benguet from November
2012 to February 2013.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation of Potato in the Highlands
The first decision in planting potato is to know the best variety of plant to achieve
maximum production, the best variety that is adapted to the locality should be selected.
Excellent cultural management practice may not compensate to poor choice of variety. In
order to determine the best suited variety a series of varietal evaluation must be conducted
to determine the performance of a new or previously untried variety (HARRDEC, 1996).
HARRDEC (1996) reported that achieving maximum production requires the best
variety to be selected in the locality. Series of varietal evaluation must be conducted in
order to determine the adapted variety and the performance of newly introduced varieties.
According to Horton (1987), potatoes are grown in higher elevation than any other
major crops. In the tropics the typical mountain areas that produce potatoes is cold, best
temperature fluctuated sharply from day to night. And the average relative humidity is high.
Soils are well drained, but there is great variation in altitude, slope, soil fertility and other
environmental variable that influence yields. Production hazards like frost causes low yield
in highland areas, where the chances of crop failure are great, farmers often economic to
purchase inputs in order to minimize their financial risks.
According to Beukema (1995), clone selection and evaluation is important in a
breeding program. Procedures involve the production of healthy good looking plants,
resistance to pest and disease and high yielding. Tubers of each selected varieties harvested
and kept separate to be planted in the next trials. Plants are carefully inspected for any
abnormalities. First generation (F1), which is found to have same abnormalities are rejected
and removed away from fields.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Sunil (1990) stated that varietal evaluation is a process in plant breeding, which
provides comparison of promising lines develop by breeders. It is though varietal
evaluation that a breeder selects the best performing variety among develops lines in terms
of yield, quality, stress, adaptability and resistance to pest and diseases. Furthermore,
selecting the right variety will minimize problems associated with water and fertilizer
management. The variety to be selected should be high yielding, pest and disease resistant
and hence, ensure more profit.
The Use of Stem Cuttings
Demonterverde (1992) emphasized that the use of RMT, like Rooted Stem Cutting
has a great potential for the multiplication of pathogen tested either in vitro from a protected
green house. The method promotes faster introduction of new cultivars reduce field
exposure during early stage of seed production ensures higher seed quality and a promising
for germplasm evaluation. Several on farms trials showed that the used of cutting of certain
cones be on efficient, profitable and low cost method for potato production.
Dalang et al., (1990) as cited by Lingaling (2002) stated that stem cutting as a Rapid
Multiplication Technique (RMT) for potato yield more planting materials than the
traditional use of seed tubers.
Montierro et al., (1986) reported that the use of stem cutting as planting materials
is a very promising tool for low cost potato production. It also enables the rapid and timely
increase of new cultivars and prevent possible occurrence of tuber borne diseases. It is a
source of clean and healthy planting materials, however labor requirement are increased.
Escobar and V. Zaag (1985) as cited by Maday-a (1998) emphasized that the use
of stem cutting in developing countries like Asia as good quality planting materials is a
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
very promising tool for low cost potato production in enabling the rapid and timely
increased of new cultivars and preventing possible occurrence of tuber borne disease.
If rooted stem cutting are used instead of seed tubers in our commercial potato production,
it is expected that seed cost will be reduced at a conservation estimate of 16,000.00 0r 79%
plus an additional income of same or lesser amount based on a 0.04 cost per stem cutting
(HARRDEC, 1988).
Kiswa et al. (1990) stated that the use of rooted stem cutting as planting materials,
as an alternative to seed tubers can reduce the cost of seed by as much as 40% and this
method eliminates disease caused by pathogens. It also breaks contact with non-systemic
seed and soil-borne diseases, although labor is more intensive.
Dodds (1994) found that micro tuber has long dormancy in almost all genotypes,
but it is significantly easier to handle and distribute compared to in-vitro plantlets. He
further found that this has many advantages over conventional seed tubers for transport and
maintenance, therefore lower problems in terms of quarantine regulation, less liable to
damage and most importantly, they ensure greater case in maintaining sanitary quality.
Zamora et al. (1986) reported that stem cutting yield more planting materials is the
shortest possible time than the traditional seed piece method. In most instances, planting
material produced from stem is cheaper.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150 m2 was well prepared and divided into three blocks. Each block had
ten plots measuring 1mx5m each.
Each plot was basal with chicken manure at the rate of six kilos per plot. Ten days
after the different varieties of rooted stem cuttings were planted at the rate of one stem
cuttings per hill with a distance of 25x 25 cm between hills and rows. These different
varieties were acquired from the Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training
Center (NPRCRTC). The replanting was done five days after planting. The first hilling-up
was done 20 days after transplanting and with side dressed of 14-14-14 at the rate of 50
grams per plot. Second hilling-up was done 40 days after transplanting. All the necessary
practices required for conventional potato production was employed.
Data to be gathered
The data gathered were the following:
1. Initial height (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured from base to tip of
the plant 20 days after transplanting
2. Percentage survival. This was the ratio of the number of plants that survived, and
the total number of plants planted.
% survival = number of survival plant X 100
Total number of plants planted
3. Plant Vigor. This was recorded at 25 and 50 days after transplanting using a
rating scale of CIP (Gonzalez et al., 2004)
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Rating
Description
Reaction
5
Plants are strong with robust stem and leaves, light
Highly
color to dark green in color.
vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust stem and
Moderately
leaves were light green in color.
vigorous
3
Better than less vigorous.
Vigorous
2
Plants are weak few thin stem and leaves, pale.
Less vigorous
1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves very pale.
Poor vigor
4. Leaf miner incidence. The appearance of leaf miner was observed at 25, 50, and
65 DAP using the following scale of (CIP, 2001):
Scales
Description
Remarks
1
Less infested (1-20%)
Resistant
2
Infested (20-40%)
Moderate resistant
3
Moderate infested (41-
Intermediate
60%)
4
Severely infested (61-80%)
Moderate susceptibility
5
Most serious (81-100%)
Susceptible
5. Late blight incidence. Observation was done start during the plant establishment
to mid-vegetative stage at 25, 50 and 65 DAP using the CIP rating scale by Henfling (1982).
Blight (%)
CIP Scale
Description Symptom
1
No late blight observed
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Late
blight
present,
Traces-<
2
maximum 10 lesions per
plant.
5-<13
3
Plants look healthy but
lesion are easily seen at
closer distance maximum
foliage are affected by
lesions
destroyed
corresponds to 20 leaflets.
15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on
most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with
lesion or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plot looks green; however,
all plants are affected lower
leaves are dead. About half
foliage are destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plot looks green with brown
flecks. About 75% of each plant
is affected. Leaves of the lower-
half of the plant are destroyed.
85-<95
7
Plot
neither
predominantly
green nor brown. Only top leaves
are green. Many stems have large
lesions.
95-<100
8
Plot is brown colored. A few top
leaves still have green areas. Most
stems have lesion are of dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1= highly resistant; 2-3= resistant; 4-5=moderately resistant; 6-7; moderately
susceptible; 8-9=susceptible
6. Final height (cm).Ten sample plants per plot were randomly chosen and
measured from base to tip one week before harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
7. Percent hills harvested. Percent hill harvest was computed with the following
formula;
% hills harvested = Number of hills harvested X 100
Total number of hills planted
8. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). This were the tubers from
marble to large size which free from malformation, diseases and insect damaged and with
less than 10% greening of the total surface.
9. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (kg). These were obtained
by counting and weighting all tubers that are malformed, damaged by pest and disease and
those with more than 10% greening.
10. Total yield per plot (kg).The sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tuber per treatment.
11. Computed yield (ton/ha).This was computed in a hectare basis using the
formula;
Computed yield (tons/ha) = total yield/plot X 100
5m2 x 1000 m2
12. Return of cash on expense (ROCE). This was computed by dividing the net
profit over the total cost of production multiplied by 100.
ROCE = net profit
X 100
Total cost of production
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Analysis of Data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from November 2012 to February 2013 at
Baculongan Sur, Buguias, Benguet. The highest temperature was recorded in the month of
November and the highest relative humidity was recorded in the month of December
(78.9%) while the lowest was in the month of February (68.69%). The highest rainfall was
recorded from the month of November (1.43 L) and the lowest was in the month of
February (0.4 L).
For potato production, the best temperature requirement range from 17oC to 22oC
and relative humidity should be at an average of a 86% (HARRDEC, 1996). Therefore, the
temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study was favorable for potato
production at Buguias, Benguet.
Table 1. Meteorological data from November 2012 to February 2013 at Buguias, Benguet
MONTH
AIR
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
OC
(%)
(L)
max min
November
23.03
17.39
75.89
1.43
December
23.35
10.89
78.9
0.57
January
22.23
8.71
77.1
1.23
February
23.19
9.09
68.69
0.4
Percent Survival
The results showed significant differences on percent survival of the different
potato varieties (Table 2). At 30 DAP, Igorota, Ganza and PO4 obtained one hundred
percent plant survival which was comparable to I 1035 and Gloria with 97.50% and 96.67%
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
survival, respectively. The check varieties Granola Mexican and Granola Fina had the
lowest plant survival of 72.50% and 78.33%, respectively. At 60 DAP, the same varieties
maintained the highest survival which were comparable with varieties Gloria and I1035.
The low survival percentage of Granola Fina and Granola Mexican was attributed to
cutworm and late blight infection.
Table 2. Percent survival of ten potato varieties grown from rooted stem cuttings in
Buguias, Benguet
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
VARIETY
30 DAP 60 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
78.33d
61.67d
Granola Mexican (ck)
72.50d
56.67d
Raniag
95.00c
78.33bc
Igorota
100.00a
98.33a
Ganza
100.00a
95.83a
Po4
100.00a
100.00a
Agria
89.17d
70.83cd
Jelly
88.33d
71.67cd
Gloria
96.67ab
89.17ab
I 1035
97.50ab
88.33ab
CV%
4.89
10.28
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT).
Plant Vigor
Table 3 shows the plant vigor of the different potato varieties at 25, 50, and 65
DAP. At 25 DAP, Igorota, Ganza, P04 and I 1035 were highly vigorous. At 50 and 65
DAP, some of the varieties consistently decreased in plant vigor except for varieties
Igorota, Ganza and PO4. The decrease in plant vigor was due to late blight infection.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Plant vigor of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP grown from rooted stem
cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
PLANT VIGOR
VARIETY
25 DAP 50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Granola Mexican(ck)
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Raniag
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Igorota
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Ganza
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Po4
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Highly vigorous
Agria
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Vigorous
Jelly
Moderately vigorous
Vigorous
Vigorous
Gloria
Moderately vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
I 1035
Highly vigorous
Moderately vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 5 shows the leaf miner incidence at 25, 50 and 65 DAP. At 25 DAP, all the
varieties were found resistant. At 50 DAP, varieties Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria
maintained their resistance to leaf miner. The rest of the varieties became moderately
resistant. At 65 DAP, Igorota, Po4, and Ganza remained resistant to leaf miner incidence
and the other varieties remained moderately resistant. The resistance noted on the different
potato varieties was attributed to their genetic response.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Response to leaf miner incidence of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
RESPONSE TO LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
VARIETIES
50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Granola Mexican(ck)
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Raniag
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Igorota
Resistant
Resistant
Ganza
Resistant
Resistant
Po4
Resistant
Resistant
Agria
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Jelly
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Gloria
Resistant
Moderately resistant
I 1035
Moderately resistant
Moderately resistant
Late Blight Incidence
At 25 DAP, all the varieties were highly resistant. However at 50 and 65 DAP, only
Igorota, Ganza, Po4 and Gloria remained resistant while the other varieties were
moderately resistant to late blight. The continuous rainfall aggravated the late blight
damage of the non-resistant varieties one month after planting.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Response to late blight incidence of ten potato varieties at 25, 50 and 65 DAP
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
RESPONSE TO LATE BLIGHT INCIDENCE
VARIETY
50 DAP 65 DAP
Granola Fina(ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Granola Mexican(ck)
Resistant
Resistant
Raniag
Resistant
Resistant
Igorota
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Ganza
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Po4
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
Agria
Resistant
Resistant
Jelly
Resistant
Resistant
Gloria
Highly resistant
Highly resistant
I 1035
Resistant
Resistant
Plant Height and Percent Hills Harvested
The ten potato varieties showed no significant differences in height at 20 DAP. At
75 DAP, Igorota and Po4 were significantly the tallest but comparable with Gloria. The
shortest variety was Granola Fina. The differences on plant height of the different varieties
were due to their varietal nature.
On the percentage of hills harvested, varieties Po4 and Igorota obtained the highest
percentage (98.33% and 95.83%) but comparable to Ganza with 93.33% hills harvested.
The high percentage hills harvested from Po4, Igorota and Ganza were attributed to their
high survival, good plant vigor, resistance to leaf miner and late blight.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Plant height and percent hills harvested of ten potato varieties grown from rooted
stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
PLANT HEIGHT (cm) PERCENT HILLS
VARIETIES
HARVESTED (%)
20 DAP 75DAP
Granola Fina (ck)
11.13
28.73d
60.83d
Granola Mexican (ck)
11.04
30.48d
60.00d
Raniag
11.76
38.95c
76.67bcd
Igorota
12.30
55.22a
95.83a
Ganza
13.81
43.10bc
93.33ab
Po4
11.71
53.52a
98.33a
Agria
10.40
30.26d
69.17cd
Jelly
11.92
27.30d
0.83cd
Gloria
12.68
49.92ab
85.00abc
I 1035
11.87
29.50d
86.68abc
CV (%)
4.89
10.28
9.71
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT).
Number and Weight of Marketable and
Non-marketable tubers
Table 7 shows the number and weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers. In
terms of the number of marketable tubers, Igorota had the most number of tubers followed
by Po4 with (225 and 183, respectively). Granola Fina obtained the lowest number with 88
tubers. Varieties Igorota, Jelly and Gloria had the highest number of non-marketable tubers
with 17 were comparable with Ganza. Agria produced the lowest number of non-
marketable tubers. On the weight of marketable tubers, Igorota and Po4 were the heaviest
(12.58 kg/5m2 and 11.58 kg/5m2) which were comparable with Ganza (10.33 kg/5m2).
Granola Mexican obtained the lightest tubers of 4.33 kg/5m2. For the weight of non-
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
marketable tubers, Ganza was the heaviest and which was comparable with Igorota (0.67
kg/5m2).
Table 7. Number and weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the ten potato
varieties grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
NON-MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE TUBER
VARIETY
TUBER
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg) NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg)
Granola Fina (ck)
88d
4.83c
8cd
0.25dc
Granola Mexican (ck)
103d
4.33c
12abc
0.29dc
Raniag
111d
4.75c
8cd
0.42bcde
Igorota
225a
12.58a
17a
0.67ab
Gansa
146b
10.33ab
14ab
0.75a
PO 4
183c
11.58a
10bcd
0.50abcd
Agria
93d
4.75c
5d
0.21c
Jelly
105d
4.58c
17a
0.33cde
Gloria
114d
7.42bc
17a
0.58abc
I 1035
108d
4.50c
8cd
0.25de
CV (%)
20.82
22.75
24.69
29.81
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT)
Total Yield per Plot and Computed Yield (t/ha).
Table 8 and Figure 3 show significant differences among the ten potato varieties on
total (kg/5m2) and computed yield (t/ha). Igorota obtained the highest total yield of 13.25
kg per 5m2 and was comparable with Po4 and Ganza having total yield (12.08 kg/5m2 and
10.08 kg/5m2) respectively. On computed yield (t/ha), Igorota had the highest (26.50
tons/ha) which was comparable with Po4 and Ganza (24.17 tons/ha and 21.17 tons/ha).The
lowest computed yield was recorded from Granola Mexican (9.25 tons/ha). The significant
differences on both total and computed my be attributed to genetic make-up of the different
varieties
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 8. Total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of the ten potato varieties
grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
VARIETY
(kg/5m2)
(tons/ha)
Granola Fina (ck)
5.08b
10.17bc
Granola Mexican (ck)
4.63b
9.25c
Raniag
5.17b
10.33bc
Igorota
13.25a
26.50a
Gansa
10.08ab
21.17ab
PO 4
12.08ab
24.17ab
Agria
4.96b
9.92bc
Jelly
4.92b
9.83bc
Gloria
8.00ab
16.00b
I 1035
4.75b
9.50bc
CV (%)
21.91
22.03
Treatment means with different letter are significantly different at 5% probability levels
(DMRT)
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Table Potato table 9 shows the computed ROCE per variety. Variety Igorota
registered the highest ROCE with 101.28 % followed by Po4 and Ganza. The lowest
positive ROCE was obtained from Gloria with 18.37% while the rest of the varieties had
negative ROCE. The result indicates that the varieties with the highest yield per hectare
gained the highest ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Table 9. Cost analysis of potato production grown from rooted stem cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet for table production
VARIETY
COST OF
MARKETABLE
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION
TUBERS
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(Php/5m2)
(kg
/5m2)
(Php)
Granola Fina (ck) 125
4.83
96.6
-28.4
-22.7
Granola Mexican 125
4.33
86.6
-38.4
-30.7
(ck)
Raniag
125
4.75
95
-30
-24.0
Igorota
125
12.58
251.6
126.6
101.28
Ganza
125
10.33
206.6
81.6
65.28
Po4
125
11.58
231.6
106.6
85.28
Agria
125
4.75
95
-30
-24.0
Jelly
125
4.58
91.6
-33.4
-26.72
Gloria
125
7.42
148.4
23.4
18.37
I 1035
125
4.5
90
-35
-28.0
The different sizes of the marketable tubers all sold in lump at Php20.00 per kilo.
Cost of production includes the fertilizers, planting materials, labor, insecticide and
fungicide.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Seed tuber. Table 10 shows the computed ROCE per variety for seed tuber
production. All the varieties had positive ROCE. Igorota registered the highest ROCE with
800% followed by Po4 with 484%. The lowest ROCE was obtained from Granola with
252%. The results indicate that the varieties with greater number of tubers gained the
highest net profit and ROCE.
Table 10. Cost analysis of potato seed tuber production grown from rooted stem cuttings
in Buguias, Benguet
VAREITY
COST OF
NUMBER OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION MARKETABLE
SALE
INCOME
(%)
(Php/5m2)
TUBERS
(per/5m2)
Granola Fina(ck)
125
88
440
315
252
Granola
125
103
515
390
312
Mexican(ck)
Raniag
125
111
555
430
344
Igorota
125
225
1125
1000
800
Ganza
125
146
730
605
484
Po4
125
183
915
790
632
Agria
125
93
465
340
272
Jelly
125
105
525
400
320
Gloria
125
114
570
445
356
I 1035
125
108
540
415
332
The potato seed tubers were sold at Php 5.00 per piece regardless to size.
Cost of production includes the fertilizer, planting materials, labor, insecticide and
fungicide.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of the ten potato
varieties. To determine the growth, yield, and resistant varieties to pest and diseases: and
to determine the profitability of growing potato rooted stem cuttings in Buguias, Benguet.
The study was conducted from November 2012 to February 2013.
Among the potato varieties, Igorota produced the most number of tubers with the
highest weight of total and computed yield (t/ha). The varieties Igorota, Po4, Ganza and
Gloria obtained the highest ROCE while Granola Fina and Granola Mexican (check
variety) had negative ROCE. In terms of seed tubers production, all the varieties had
positive ROCE.
In terms of the reaction to leaf miner and late bight incidence, Igorota, Ganza and
Po4 were highly resistant and the others were moderately resistant.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria had the highest
total yield and computed yield per hectare. All the potato varieties had high percentage of
survival, resistance to leaf miner and late blight. Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria had
positive ROCE while the other varieties had negative ROCE in terms of table potato
production. In terms of seed tuber production, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza had the highest
positive ROCE.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, Igorota, Po4, Ganza and Gloria are recommended
for profitable table potato production. For seed tuber production, Igorota, Po4 and Ganza
are the recommended varieties while the other varieties could be an alternative if there is
shortage of potato seed tubers.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BEUKEMA, H.P. 1995. Seed Quality Seed Use, Seed Supply and Seed Production.
International Agricultural Center.Wageringen, Netherland. P.98.
CENTRO INTERNASIONAL DE LA PAPA (CIP).2001.Fact Sheet.International Potato
Center.Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5.
DALANG, P.A, S.T. GAYAO and C.G KISWA. 1990. Stem cuttings: A rapid
multiplication technique for potato. NPRCTC, Benguet State University Extension
Bulletin I.BSU.Ext.Bull.1:15.
DEMONTEVERDE, V.E. Rapid multiplication technique for Potato; Potential use in
potato production.Seed system s of SAPRAD system transition. Held 1 Baguio
City, Philippines on June 1-6.
DODDS, J.H. 1994. Tissue Culture Propagation of Potato: Advantages and Disadvantages
Innovative Methods for Propagation Potatoes. Report of the eight Planning
Conference of the International Potato Center. Lima Peru on December 10-14. Pp.
3-4.
ESCOBAR, V. and D.V. ZAAG. 1985. Rapid propagation in Southest Asia and the Pacific
Region. Research result presented in a series of CIP Region VII working papers.
Pp. 85-95.
GAYAO, B.T., BOTANGEN. P. DALANG, E. SANO, M. WALLACE AND V.
MACARIO. 1987. Cost and return analysis of on form potato production using
stem cutting. Benguet State University Graduate School research Journal 1:79-91.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1996.Highland Potato Techno
guide (3rd edition). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3-4.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1997.Potatoes: Production
Storing processing (2nd edition). The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport,
Connecticut. Pp. 77-120.
HIGHLAND
AGRICULTURAL
AND
RESOURCES
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1988. Integrated potato
Development Program for the Cordillera.Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 1.
HENFLING,J.W. 1987. Late blight of potato. International Potato Center CIP. Lima Peru.
Revised. 1987. P. 21
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013
HORTON, D.S.1987. Potatoes; Production Marketing and Program for Developing
Countries. Win Rock International west View Press. Pp. 113-115.
LINGALING, J.B.2002.Performance of Potato Igorota (CV) as Influenced by Age of
rooted Stem Cutting.BS Thesis .Benguet State University. Trinidad, Benguet. P.
3.
MADAY-A, M.D.1998.Growth and Yield Comparison of Stem Cutting from the Different
Potato Cultivars.BS Thesis.Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3.
MONTIERRO, C.G. and VANDER ZAAG. 1986. Response of diverse set of potato
cultivars grow from cuttings to an isothermic environment of the Philippines: The
potato is Southeast Asia and the pacific region. CIP Region VII working
papers.P.48.
SMITH, O.1977.Potatoes: Production, Storing,Processing (2nd edition). The AVI
Publishing Company Inc. Westport, Connecticut. Pp. 78-127.
SUNIL, K.K.1990.Varietal Evaluation of Promising Lines and Path Coefficient Analysis
of in Pole Snap Beans. MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp. 4-5 .
ZAMORA, B.P. 1986. Rapid Multiplication Technique of Potato third International
Symposium of Potato Production to South East Asia and the Pacific Region. Pp.3-
5.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Grown from Rooted Stem Cuttings in Buguias,
Benguet | PASCUAL, ROLLY D. APRIL 2013