BIBLIOGRAPHY PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013. Evaluation of Potato Entries Using
Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System at La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan., PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: evaluate potato entries from potato rooted stem
cuttings under organic production; determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield
and pest and disease resistance under organic production; determine the profitability of
growing potato entries under organic production and to document organic production
practices at La Trinidad, Benguet.
All potato entries were adapted for organic production. Among the entries tested,
entries 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 produced the highest marketable yield and
ROCE for both table and seed production. All potato entries were resistant to late blight
infection and highly resistant to leaf miner infestation.
Potato entries 306522, 397521, 306522, 304416, 308468, 305180, 303224, 307251
and Granola Selection 1 are potential entries for organic production in La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) had an important role in our economy and the
country’s effort to attain self sufficiency in food. It is in fact a high value crop and is widely
grown in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mountain Province due to its potential
as one of the profitable crop to grow in the region. Potato is not only utilized as food but
as health therapy since it contains high nutrition values, good source of carbohydrates,
proteins, minerals, vitamins and calcium. It is grown in the region due to the favorable
climatic condition and soil type which are the primary factors that favor the growth and
development of the crop leading to good yield (Simongo and Gonzales, 2009).
Demand for potatoes is increasing due to the rising number of fast-food chains,
hotels, and local potato based snacks food manufacturers. At present, maximum production
is not reached due to various factors. One major constraint is poor quality varieties which
are low yielding and susceptible to pest (HARRDEC, 1996).
One alternative technology for commercial potato production is the use of potato
rooted stem cuttings. Planting potato stem cuttings would greatly reduce the cost in
producing, storing and planting tubers. Disease transmission in potato seed tubers will be
also be minimized (Gayao and Simongo, 2006).
The major system of potato production is conventional or chemical based is now
faced with problems such as soil acidity, human health problems and environmental
pollution (Cheng and Bersamina, 1994). Potato was also reported as the most chemically
sprayed crop among the vegetables grown in the Philippine highlands (Ganga, 1994).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Due to the problems brought about by the conventional farming alternative system
of production such as organic farming should be practiced. According to Briones (1997),
organic farming practices the use of organic fertilizers and diverse cropping system without
the use of any pesticide.
Factors that contribute to the success of potato production under organic systems
are the availability of varieties that are adapted under such condition and alternative
planting material are important practices that can be considered in organic production.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate potato entries from rooted stem cuttings under organic production in
La Trinidad, Benguet;
2. determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield and pest and disease
resistant under organic production;
3. determine the profitability of growing potato entries under organic production; and
4. document the organic production practices employed in growing potato.
The study was conducted from November 2012 to February 2013 at BSU Experimental
Station Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Organic Production
Organic production is a holistic system that aims to increase the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within agro ecosystem, including soil organism, plants
livestock and people. The development of enterprises that are suitable and harmonious with
the environment is the aim of organic production (CGSB, 2006).
Recently, there are many farmers who practice diverse method of farming from
conventional to the organic farming because of the unstable price of oil. Oil is the major
ingredient for making chemical fertilizer. The farmer realized to look for alternative low
cost of fertilizer that are not harmful but beneficial to the environment and plant (Razzaq,
2008). According to PCARRD (2000), organic production is the traditional method used
by the farmers to practice the diverse farming which avoided the use of synthetic chemicals.
Organic farming conserves and maintains the ecological balance of the
environment. It avoids the contamination of the air, soil, water, and the crop itself.
According to Balfour (2000), organic farming preserves and enhances top soil and it
increases the chances that future generation can continue growing food.
Organic production is highly recommended in the Cordillera. This production
strategy enhances safety and quality, environmental sustainability and gives concern to the
health and welfare of the farmer in the future (Briones, 1997).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Evaluation of Potato Varieties under Organic Production in Benguet
It was reported by Gayomba (2006) that CIP 13.1.1 is the best genotype for organic
production at Sinipsip, Buguias due to the highest canopy cover, high resistance to late
blight and high total yield. CIP 13.1.1 also had the highest ROCE (return on cash expense)
for both table potato productions.
Loque (2007) reported that accession CIP 8.20.4 had the highest percentage plant
survival; low late blight infection and highest canopy cover at 60 DAP. Accession
380679.3 was observed to be highly resistant to leaf miner. NPV 06 produced the highest
tubers with highest dry matter content.
Ongican (2008) found that CIP 38025.17, CIP 676089, CIP 13.1.1 and PHIL
5.19.2.2 are adapted under organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet. This entries were
observed to be vigorous at 45 DAP. PHIL 5.19.2.2 registered the highest canopy cover at
45 and 60 DAP. CIP 676089 was highly resistant to late blight infection at 45 DAP. CIP
13.1.1 produced the highest number of small- sized tubers and marketable tubers while CIP
38025.17 obtained the highest ROCE.
It was reported by Ambales (2009) that PHIL 5.19.22 and CIP 676089 had the
highest canopy cover in La Trinidad. CIP 676089 had the highest tubers yield and dry
matter content at 90 DAP. CIP 96.06 produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers.
CIP 13.1.1, CIP 676089, PHIL 5.19.1.1 and CIP 96-06 had moderate resistance to leaf
miner at 60 DAP and highly resistant to late. CIP 67609 obtained the highest return on cash
expense.
Daproza (2009) evaluated seven progenies under screen house and field condition
at La Trinidad. The results showed that TPS 15 progeny had the highest percent survival
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
while TPS 14 and TPS 11 had the least. Potato progenies TPS 15, TPS 12, and TPS 16
were observed to be vigorous to be vigorous and resistant to blight. The highest yielding
progeny was TPS 15 with 4,380/15 m2. Uniformity for tuber qualities, length of stolons
and tubers were significantly different among potato progenies. TPS 16 had the most
uniform fresh color. TPS 15 produced the highest number of tuber per hill.
In related study by Sawak (2010) in Buguias, Benguet, Ganza obtained the highest
percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest canopy cover, and highly vigorous
plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza were rated moderately resistant to leaf
miner. Ganza produced the heaviest marketable marketable and non-marketable tubers and
had the highest return on cash expense (ROCE).
Delfin (2012) evaluated agronomic characters of potato progenies under organic
production in La Trinidad. Result showed that progenies 307125 and 307256 significantly
registered the tallest plants and heights of 185.33 and 178.33 cm at 75 DAP. Progenies
30751, 306522 and 307249 had the widest canopy cover. Progeny 30725 had the highest
number of tuberlets of 82.33 per 5 m2 followed by progeny 306522. Based on yield,
progeny 30725 produced the highest number of tuberlets.
The Use of Rooted Stem Cuttings
The cost production of seed production is considerably high; the cost of rooted stem
cuttings as planting materials has been estimated to be 60% less than the seed tuber (Torio,
1980).
Demonteverde (1992) emphasized that the use of rooted stem cuttings has a great
potential for the multiplication of pathogen tested materials either in-vitro or in protected
greenhouse. This method promotes fast introduction of new cultivars, reduces field
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
exposure during the early stage of seed production and ensure higher quality. It also serves
as promising tool for germplasm evaluation. Several on farm trials showed that the use of
rooted stem cuttings of certain clones has been efficient, profitable and low cost method of
potato production.
According to Horton (1987) to obtain high yield in potato, the use of clean seeds is
an important factor. Furthermore in certain parts of Asia, seed tuber accounts for 40-50%
of total variable cost of production. But the investment can be reduced to one half by using
cheaper alternative ways of producing clean planting materials.
Escobar and Zaag(1995) confirmed that the use of rooted stem cuttings in
developing countries like Asia is a very promising tool for low cost production and prevent
possible occurrence of tuber-borne diseases. It has a great potential for seed and table
potato production where the seed quality is a major determining growth and yield of the
crop.
Zamora (1986) reported that the rooted stem cuttings yields more planting materials
at the shortest possible time than the traditional seed piece method. In the most instances
planting material produced from stem cutting is cheaper.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation and Experimental Design
An area of 150 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks. Each
block was composed of 10 plots measuring 1m x 5m which represents the ten potato entries.
The experiment was laid-out following the randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with three replications.
Treatments
The potato entries served as treatments as follows:
Treatment
Entry
Characteristics
T1
306468
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T2
306521
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T3
306522
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T4
307251
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T5
304416
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T6
305180
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T7
303223
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T8
303224
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T9
307521
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T10
Granola Selection 1
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Planting Materials and Planting
The original planting materials (seeds) were obtained from the International Potato
Center (CIP) Lima, Peru through the PCARRD funded project “Variety Evaluation, On-
Farm Trials and Seed Production of Organic Vegetables in CAR”. Granola Selection 1 was
produced through True Potato Seed (TPS) the planting materials was further multiplied
using the rapid multiplication technique to produce rooted stem cuttings. Rooted stem
cuttings were planted in single row at 30 cm between hills.
Organic Production Practices
The treatments were equally applied with BSU Grower’s Compost and Vermi-
compost (1:1) at the rate of 5 kg/ 5 m2 incorporated into the soil one week before
transplanting. Hilling-up, weeding and irrigation were employed in order to maintain the
vigorous growth of the plant. Yellow traps were established around the experimental area
in order to control the occurrence of leaf miner. Planting of marigold and other crops within
the area was done for diversification purposes and to reduce pest occurrence.
The data gathered were:
1. Plant survival (%). These were the number of plants that survived at 30 days
after planting (DAP).
Number of plants survived
% Survival =
x 100
Total number of plants planted
2. Plant vigor. This was gathered at 30, 45 and 60 DAP using the CIP rating scale (CIP,
2004).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are weak with few
Poor vigor
stems and leaves; very pale
2
Plants are weak with few
Less vigor
thin stem on leaves; pale
3
Better than less vigor
Vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong
Moderately
with robust stems and
vigorous
leaves, leaves are light green
in color
5
Plants are strong with robust
Highly vigorous
stem and leaves; leaves are
light to dark green in color
3. Canopy cover. This was gathered at 30, 45, and 60 DAP using a wooden frame
measuring 120cm x 60cm and having equal sized 12cm x 6cm grids.
4. Initial height (cm). Plants were measured using ten sample plants selected at
random per plot at 30 DAP from the base to the tip of the longest shoots.
5. Final Height (cm). The plants used in measuring the initial height were used.
Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of the tallest shoot, one week before
harvesting.
6. Reaction to leaf miner and late blight
a. Leaf miner. The reaction was recorded at 45, 60, and 75 DAP using the
following rating scale (CIP, 2001).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Less than 20% of plants per Highly resistant
plot infested
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
2
21-40% of the plants per Moderately resistant
plot infested
3
41-60% of the plant per plot Susceptible
infested
4
61-80% of the plant per plot Moderately susceptible
infested
5
81-100% of the plant per Very susceptible
plot infested
b. Late blight. This was gathered at 45, 60 and 75 DAP using the CIP scale
(Henfling, 1982).
Blight (%)
CIP Scale
Description Symptom
1
No late blight observed
Late
blight
present,
Traces-<
2
maximum 10 lesions per
plant.
5-<13
3
Plants look healthy but
lesion are easily seen at
closer distance maximum
foliage are affected by
lesions
destroyed
corresponds to 20 leaflets.
15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on
most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with
lesion or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plot looks green; however,
all plants are affected lower
leaves are dead. About half
foliage are destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plot looks green with brown
flecks. About 75% of each
plant is affected. Leaves of
the lower-half of the plant
are destroyed.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
85-<95
7
Plot neither predominantly
green nor brown. Only top
leaves are green. Many stems
have large lesions.
95-<100
8
Plot is brown colored. A few
top leaves still have green
areas. Most stems have lesion
are of dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are
dead.
Description: 1= highly resistant; 2-3= resistant; 4-5=moderately resistant; 6-7;
moderately susceptible; 8-9=susceptible
7. Yield and yield components
a. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot. All tubers free from
insects and diseases damage and with less than 10% greening of total surface area was
considered.
b. Number and weight of non- marketable tubers/plot (kg). This were the
tubers which are malformed, damaged by pest and diseases and marble are with 10%
greening and weighing less than 20g were considered as non-marketable.
c. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the weight of marketable and non marketable tubers
per plot.
d. Computed yield per hectare. This was computed using the formula:
Yield (tons/ha)= Total yield/Plot x 10, 000
5 m2 x 1000
8. Return on cash expense. This was the return on cash expenses of potato
table and seed production that was determined using the formula:
ROCE= Gross income - Production cost x 100
Production cost
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
9. Tuber Dry Matter Content (DMC %). Tubers were weighed and slice into
cubes and oven dried at 80 °C for 60 hours. DMC was computed using the formula:
% Moisture content = Fresh weight – Oven dry weight x 100
Fresh weight
10. Sugar Content. Sap juice was extracted from 20 grams of potato tubers and
sugar content was taken using a digital refractometer.
11. Meteorological Data. All climatic data such as temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall was taken from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) based at Benguet State University
(BSU).
12. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken before planting and
after harvesting. The soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
analyzed at the Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit, La Union.
13. Organic Production Practices. All practices from planting to harvesting
were documented.
Analysis of data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA for
RCBD) with three replications, the significance of differences among the treatment
means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT), at 5% level of
significance.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data during the Study Period
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from December 2012 to February 2013 at
La Trinidad, Benguet. During the conduct of the study, temperature ranged from 11.8 °C
to 23.7 °C. The highest relative humidity was recorded in the month of December while
the lowest relative humidity was recorded on the month of February with 86.5% and 68%,
respectively. The highest rainfall was recorded in February (0.29 mm) while the lowest
reading was in January with a rainfall amount of 0.5 mm.
The best temperature for potato production ranged from 17°C to 22°C and with an
average relative humidity of 86% (Simongo, 2007). Thus, the conditions during the
conduct of the study were favorable for the growth and development of the potato entries.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the study period
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
SUNSHINE
MONTH
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
DURATION
MAX
MIN
(%)
(mm)
(min)
December
22.60
13.20
86.5
0.15
12.18
January
23.70
18.13
80.00
0.50
360.00
February
17.50
11. 80
68.00
0.29
330.20
Source: BSU PAGASA Office, La Trinidad, Benguet
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Soil Chemical Properties
Soil pH. The pH of the soil before and after harvest was 6.60 which favored the growth of
potato entries since the optimum pH for potato production ranged from 5.6 – 6.5
(NPRCRTC, N.D)
Soil Organic Matter. Organic Matter before planting was 3.00 % and after harvest organic
matter decreased to 2.50 %. The decrease in organic matter maybe attributed for the potato
for its growth and development. Parnes (1986) stated that organic matter is the principal
source of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrients which organisms require. A typical
agricultural soil may control 1.5% organic matter in the soil top 15 cm of the soil surface
(Alam, 2001). Further, the greater the amount of organic matter in the soil, the better
physical properties of the soil.
Nitrogen (%). Nitrogen content of the soil before planting was 0.15% and after harvest
nitrogen decrease to 0.125%. Potatoes require optimal levels of essential nutrients
throughout the growing season. Nutrient uptake rates are often slow early in the season,
increase rapidly during the tuber bulking phase and then slow as the plant matures. Potato
plants take up nutrients in the range of several hundred pounds per acre to less than a tenth
of a pound per acre (Hopkins, 2012).
Phosphorus (ppm). The initial and final phosphorus content of the soil recorded was at 430
to 240 ppm which showed a slightly decrease in the phosphorus content of the soil at
harvest. Maximum potato yield occurs when sufficient P is available during early
vegetative development and the entire period of tuber growth. Total plant phosphorus
uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber
bulking, and ceases with plant maturation (Tindall, 1991).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Potassium (ppm). There was a decreased observed in the potassium content of the soil from
401.00 to 278.00 ppm. This could be attributed as potassium increase the dry matter content
and helps prevent black spot damage and blue discoloration after cooking. It also improves
the storage quality of potato (Motavalli, 2005).
Table 2. Chemical properties of the soil taken before and after harvesting
SAMPLING
pH
ORGANIC NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
TIME
MATTER
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(%)
Before planting 6.60 3.00
0.15
430.00
401.00
After planting
6.50 2.50
0.125
240.00
248.00
Analyzed by: DA, Regional field Unit 1, San Fernando City, La Union (February 2012)
Percentage Plant Survival
The percentage plant survival at 30 DAP is shown in Table 3. There was no
significant difference observed among the ten entries evaluated. Granola obtained the
highest percentage of plant survival, but comparable with other entries evaluated. Entry
307521 obtained the lowest plant survival with a mean of 46.67%.
The low percent plant survival observed can be attributed to cutworm infestation
and occurrence of thrips during the conduct of the study.
Plant Vigor
Plant vigor of the potato entries is shown in Table 4. Plant vigor shows the
performance of the different potato entries based on the stand of the plants. At 30 DAP,
potato entry 304416 and 305180 obtained the lowest plant vigor with the mean of 4.67,
however there were no significant differences observed among the other entries.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
At 45 days after planting, entry 306468 and Granola Selection 1 were highly
vigorous. At 60 days after planting, entry 306522 and Granola Selection 1 were rated
vigorous.
Table 3. Plant survival, Plant vigor at 35, 45 and 60 days after planting of potato entries
grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic production
PLANT SURVIVAL
PLANT VIGOR
ENTRY
(%)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
306522
50.00
5.00
4.67ab
3.67a
307251
51. 67
5.00
4.33ab
3.33ab
306521
50.00
5.00
4.00b
3.00ab
303223
60.00
5.00
4.33ab
3.00ab
304416
50.00
4.67
4.67ab
2.67ab
306468
60.00
5.00
5.00a
3.33ab
305180
50.00
4.67
4.33ab
2.33b
303224
50.00
5.00
4.00b
3.33ab
307521
46.67
5.00
4.67ab
2.67ab
Granola Selection
66.67
5.00
5.00a
3.67a
CV (%)
23.12
4.93
10.21
10.21
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Legend:
5 - Highly vigorous
4 - Moderately vigorous
3 – Vigorous
2 - Less vigorous
1 – Poorly vigorous
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Plant Height
The potato entries showed no significant differences on the height at 30 and 75
days after planting (DAP) as shown in Table 4. From 30 DAP entries 306522 and 303223
registered the tallest plants with 26 cm and 25 cm, respectively. Potato entries 306468 and
304416 had the shortest plants with a mean of 21 cm and 21 cm, respectively.
At 75 DAP all the ten entries did not significantly differ in height with means ranging from
26cm to 33 cm. Entry 306521 exhibited the tallest plants while 303223 registered the
shortest plants.
Table 4. Plant height at 30 DAP and 75 DAP of potato entries grown from rooted stem
cuttings under organic production
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
ENTRY
30 DAP
75 DAP
306522
23
33
307251
22
28
306521
26
33
303223
22
26
304416
21
29
306468
21
32
305180
22
29
303224
25
31
307521
23
27
Granola Selection 1
22
29
CV (%)
13.43
11.56
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Canopy Cover
No significant differences were observed on the canopy cover of the different potato entries
at 35 to 60 DAP (Table 5). Canopy cover increased from 35 to 45 DAP except for entry
303224. Entries 303223 and 304416 consistently had the widest canopy
The increase in canopy cover might be an indication of resistance to late blight
infection. It was observed that entries with high canopy covers were resistant to late blight.
Table 5. Canopy cover of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
CANOPY COVER
ENTRY
35 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
306522
19.33
24.67
29.33
307251
18.67
19.67
24.00
306521
17.33
19.33
23.33
303223
17.33
24.00
20.00
304416
22.00
22.67
24.67
306468
15.33
17.00
23.33
305180
15.67
17.33
23.33
303224
24.00
22.67
27.00
307521
16.67
18.00
32.33
Granola Selection 1
14.67
17.00
23.33
CV (%)
28.55
29.4
28.9
Leaf Miner Incidence
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
There was no observed leaf miner incidence within the area. This could be due
to the planting of marigold which acted as insect repellant, the use of yellow traps and
maintenance of plant diversity in the experimental area (Table 6).
Late Blight Infection
At 45 DAP no late blight incidence was observed since all entries were rated highly
resistant except for entries 306521 and 303223 which were rated as moderately resistant.
At 60 days after planting late blight occurrence was increased, Granola, 305180, 306468,
304416, 303223, 307251,303224 and 307521 was rated as resistant. At 75 DAP most
entries were rated as resistant while entry 304416 were moderately susceptible to late
blight.
Increase in late blight infection observed from 45 to 75 DAP could be due to the
scattered rain showers during the study period which favored the growth of the pathogen.
Number and Weight of Marketable Tubers per plot
Table 7 shows the number and weight of marketable tubers per plot. There are
significant differences on the number of tubers among the entries. Granola Selection 1
produced the highest number of tubers but comparable with entries 307521, 303224,
306468, 304416, 303223, 306521, 307251 and 306521. It was observed that the entries
with high canopy cover also produced most tubers (Fig. 1).
No significant differences were observed among the potato entries on the weight of
marketable tubers. Numerically, however, entry 303224 obtained the highest weight of
marketable tubers with 4.51 kg followed by entry 307521 (4.04 kg).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Low marketable yield could be due to low percentage of plant survival and high
incidence of late blight.
Table 6. Reaction of potato entries to late blight at 45, 60 and 75 DAP under organic
production
REACTION TO LATE BLIGHT
ENTRY
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
306522
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
307251
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
306521
Moderately resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
303223
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
304416
Highly resistant
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
susceptible
306468
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
305180
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
303224
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
307521
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Granola Selection
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
1
resistant
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Tubers of the potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
Table 7. Number and weight of marketable tubers of potato entries grown from rooted
stem cuttings under organic production
MARKETABLE TUBER
ENTRY
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg/5m2)
306522
44.67ab
2.90
307251
53.00ab
3.35
306521
41.67ab
3.28
303223
61.00ab
2.70
304416
55.33ab
3.71
306468
68.00ab
3.70
305180
33.00b
3.65
303224
61.67ab
4.51
307521
50.00ab
4.04
Granola Selection 1
71.33a
3.64
CV (%)
27.73
30.48
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Number and Weight of Non-marketable Tubers per plot
Result showed that there are significant differences on the number and weight of
non-marketable are shown in Table 8. Lowest number of non-marketable tubers was
recorded from entries 307521, 303223, 307521, and 305180.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Significant differences can be observed on the weight of non-marketable tubers.
The lowest weight was recorded from entry 306522 followed by 306522 but comparable
with the other entries. Entry 307251 was noted to have the highest weight of non-
marketable tubers. Most of the tubers with high number of non-marketable were damaged
by insect pests.
Table 8. Number and weight of non- marketable of potato entries grown from rooted
stem cuttings under organic production
NON-MARKETABLE TUBER
ENTRY
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg/5m2)
306522
1a
0.02a
307251
3ab
0.13b
306521
4b
0.09ab
303223
1a
0.07ab
304416
1a
0.04ab
306468
2ab
0.04ab
305180
1a
0.09ab
303224
2ab
0.05ab
307521
2ab
0.04ab
Granola
2ab
0.08ab
CV (%)
64.94
66.47
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Total and Computed Yield
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
No significant differences were observed among the potato entries on the total
and computed yield. Entry 303224 produced the highest total yield 0f (4.56 kg/ 5m2) and
computed yield of 9.12 t/ha. Among the potato entries, 307521 registered as the second
highest yielder.
Table 9. Total yield and computed yield of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
ENTRY
(kg/5m2)
(/ha)
306522
2.92
5.84
307251
3.49
6.97
306521
3.37
6.74
303223
2.77
5.54
304416
3.76
7.51
306468
3.74
7.49
305180
3.74
7.47
303224
4.56
9.12
307521
4.08
8.17
Granola Selection 1
3.72
7.45
CV (%)
30.48
30.49
Dry Matter Content of Potato Tubers
Table 10 presents significant differences on the tuber dry matter content of the different
potato entries evaluated. Entry 307521 significantly obtained the highest dry matter content
of tubers (23.33%) followed by 303223, 304416, 303223 and Granola Selection 1 with a
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
mean of 21. 68% respectively. Low percent dry matter content was noted on entries 305180
and 306522.
Dry matter content ranged from 18 to 21%. Rastovski and Vanes (1981) cited that
dry matter content is an important factor in processing potatoes and depends on the varietal
characteristics. Thus, most of the entries might be ideal for processing except for entries
305180 and 306522.
Sugar Content
The sugar content of the potato entries are shown in Table 10. Results show
significant differences on the potato entries. High sugar content of 3.63 was recorded on
303223 but comparable with entries 306522, 306521, 306468, 305180 and Granola
Selection 1. Low sugar content was recorded in entry 304416.
Very low sugar content is apparently important to prevent darkening of chips.
Quality wise, sugar content should below 2%. Potato of low sugar content result in lighter
color chips (Ludwig, 1985). For processing potatoes, low sugar content is preferred for
lighter colored fries and chips and lesser browning as reported by processors.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Dry matter and sugar content of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production
ENTRY
DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
(%)
(°Brix)
306522
16.67bc
3.53ab
307251
20.00abc
3.36bcd
306521
20.00abc
3.50abc
303223
21.67ab
3.63a
304416
21.67ab
3.26d
306468
20.00abc
3.43abc
305180
15.00c
3.50abc
303224
21.67ab
3.30cd
307521
23.67a
3.40bcd
Granola Selection 1
21.67ab
3.50abc
CV (%)
13.35
3.10
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Sensory Evaluation on Boiled Potato Tubers
Appearance and Color. Entries 306468, Granola, 306521, 304416, 307521, 303223,
303224, 305180 and 307521 were liked moderately while entry 306522 was neither liked
nor disliked.
Texture. Granola Selection 1, 306468,306521,307521,303223,303224,305180 and 307251
were liked moderately while entry 304416 and 306522 was neither liked nor disliked.
Flavor. Granola, 306468, 306521,303223,303224,305180 and 307251 had a moderately
perceptive taste while 304416 and 307521 were neither liked nor disliked.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
General Acceptability. Among the ten potato entries evaluated, Granola Selection 1,
306468, 306521, 304416, 307521, 303223, 303224, 305180, 307251 were liked
moderately because of their appearance, color, texture, and flavor.
Table 11. Sensory evaluation of potato grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
ENTRY
APPEARANCE COLOR
TEXTURE FLAVOR
GENERAL
ACCEPTABILITY
306522
Neither liked
Neither
Neither
Liked
Neither liked nor
nor disliked
liked nor
liked nor
moderately
disliked
disliked
disliked
307251
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
306521
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
303223
Liked
Liked
Liked
Neither
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately liked nor
disliked
304416
Liked
Liked
Liked
Neither
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately liked nor
disliked
306468
Neither liked
Neither
Neither
Liked
Neither liked nor
nor disliked
liked nor
liked nor
moderately
disliked
disliked
disliked
305180
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
303224
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
307521
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
Granola
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
Selection 1
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Potato table production. In Table 12, the cost and return expense of growing table potato
grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic production is shown. High ROCE was
recorded in all the entries ranging from 5. 45% to 64%. Entry 303224 with the highest
weight of marketable yield obtained the highest ROCE followed by entries 307521 and
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Granola Selection 1. Among the potato entries evaluated, entry 303223 having the lowest
marketable yield was observed to have negative ROCE.
Table 12. Cost and return analysis of table potato under organic production
COST OF
MARKETABLE
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
PRODUCTION
YIELD
INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
(kg/ 5m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
306522
165.00
2.90
174.00
9.00
5.45
307251
165.00
2.35
201.00
36.00
21.81
306521
165.00
3.28
196.8
31.80
19.27
303223
165.00
2.70
162.00
-3.00
-1.81
304416
165.00
3.71
222.60
57.60
34.90
306468
165.00
3.70
222.00
57.00
34.54
305180
165.00
3.65
219.00
54.00
32.72
303224
165.00
4.51
270.16
105.60
64.00
307521
165.00
4.04
242.40
77.40
46.90
Granola
165.00
3.64
218.40
53.40
32.36
Selection 1
= Standard price of organic potato table was PhP 60.00/kilo
= Total cost of production includes planting materials, labor and organic fertilizers used
Potato seed production. Table 13 showed the cost and return expense of seed potato under
organic production. Granola Selection 1 obtained the highest ROCE due its high number
of marketable tubers. This was followed by entry 306468. No return on cash expense was
observed on entry 305180.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Cost and return analysis of growing seedpotato under organic production
COST OF
NO. OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
PRODUCTION MARKETABLE INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
TUBERS (5m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
306522
165.00
44
223.00
58.00
35.15
307251
165.00
53
265.00
100.00
60.61
306521
165.00
41
208.00
43.00
26.60
303223
165.00
61
305.00
140.00
84.85
304416
165.00
55
266.00
101.00
61.60
306468
165.00
68
340.00
175.00
106.61
305180
165.00
33
165.00
0.00
0.00
303224
165.00
61
308.00
143.00
86.67
307521
165.00
50
250.00
85.00
51.51
Granola
165.00
71
356.00
191.00
116.15
Selection
1
= Standard price of potato seed was PhP 5.00/tuber
= Total cost of production includes planting materials, labor and fertilizers used
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Documentation of Cultural Practices on
Organic Potato Production at La Trinidad, Benguet
Figure 2. Land preparation with the use of grab hoe
Figure 3. Application of BSU growers compost (5 kg/5m2)
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 4. Planting of potato stem cuttings with a distance of 30 cm between hills
Figure 5. Hilling up at 30 days after planting using grab hoe
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. Yellow traps made up of yellow plastics applied with grease installed at the end
of each crop and planting of marigold within the area for protection against insect pest
Figure 7. Harvesting of the potato tubers using pointed stick.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to: evaluate potato entries from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production; determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield and
pest and disease resistant under organic production; determine the profitability of growing
potato entries and document the organic production practices employed in growing potato
at La Trinidad, Benguet.
All entries were observed to be highly vigorous and vigorous at 30 DAP and 45
DAP except for entry 304416 which was observed to be less vigorous at 60 DAP.
All entries did not vary in terms of height at 30 DAP and 74 DAP. Entries 306521
and 306522 had the tallest plants while 307521 registered the shortest plants.
No significant differences were observed on the canopy cover of potato entries at 35 and
40 DAP. At 60 DAP; entry 307521 had the widest canopy while entries 306521, 306468,
305180 and Granola Selection 1 had the narrowest canopy cover.
In terms of late blight infection, all entries were highly resistant to moderately
resistant except for entries 303224 and 307521 that were observed as resistant at 45 DAP
and 60 DAP. At 75 DAP all the entries were resistant to late blight infection except for
entry 304416 which was observed to be moderately susceptible.
No significant difference was observed among the potato entries on the number of
tubers. Granola Selection 1 produced the highest number of tubers and entries 303224 and
307521 produced the highest weight of tubers. No significant difference was observed on
the total and computed yield among the potato entries. Numerically, entries 306522,
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
307251, 306521, 304416, 306468, 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 produced the
highest total and computed yield for both table potato and seed production.
For dry matter content, entry 307521 obtained the highest followed by entries,
303223, 304416, 303224 and Granola Selection 1. Lowest sugar content was noted on entry
304416. Most of the entries were liked moderately based on sensory evaluation.
Conclusions
Based on the results, all entries are adapted for organic production. Entries 306522,
307251, 303223, 306468, 304416, 306521, 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 are
potential entries having the highest marketable yield and positive ROCE for both table
potato and seed tuber production. All entries are resistant to late blight infection and highly
resistant to leaf miner infestation under organic production system.
Recommendations
Based on the conditions and results of the study, entries 306522,307251, 306521,
304416, 306468, 305180,303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 are recommended for
organic production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Since tubers produced are generation 1 (G1),
this can be planted in the next planting season to determine the stability of the entries for
table potato and seed tuber under organic production systems.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
ALAM, S.M. and M.A. KHAN. 2001. Organic matter. Retrieved March 10 2013 from
http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue 2001/issue 28/iqe6.htm.
AMBALES, F.D. 2009. Growth and yield of potato selections grown organically in La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State University. P. 28.
BALFOUR, S. B. 2000. Real benefits of organic farming. Retrieved from September 2012
from http//:www.geodata.soton.ac.v/4.ensci2000.html.
BRIONES, A. 1997. Sustainable development through organic agriculture department of
science and technology. Pp.18-19.
CHENG, C. and K. BERSAMINA. 1994. Pesticide: its hazardous effect on Benguet
farmers and the environment. Unique printing press. Baguio City Philippines. P. 2.
DAPROZA, L.C. 2009. True potato seed (TPS) progenies evaluation for organic
production. BS Thesis, Benguet State University La Trinidad. P. 29.
DEMONTEVERDE, V.E. 1992. Rapid multiplication technique for potato: potential use
G.B. 2012. Agronomic characters of potato progenies under organic production in potato
production seed system I transition. Held I Baguio City Philippines in June 1-6.
DELFIN at La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 29.
ESCOBAR, V. and P.V. ZAAG. 1985. Rapid propagation in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Region VIII working papers. Pp. 85-95.
GAYOMBA, H. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato genotypes grown in an
organic farm at, Sinipsip, Buguias, Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 30.
GANGA, Z. 1994. Final report. integrated R and D on potato submitted to DA-BAR.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguret. Pp. 3-4.
GAYAO, B.T. and D.K. SIMONGO. 2006. Farmer variety management practices in the
production of Igorota, Solibao, and Raniag potatoes. The potato seed production
technologies in the highlands of Northern Philippines: An assessment. Pp. 116-130.
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HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND
CONSORTIUM (HARRDEC). 1996. Highland potato techno guide. (3rd edition) Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 2.
HORTON, D. 1987. Potato production, marketing programs for developing countries.
West view press. P. 243.
HOPKINS, B. 2012.Nutrient management efficiency. Retrieved March 15, 2013 from
http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/potatoes/potatoproductionsystems/topics/nutrientmanagemen
t.pdf.
LOQUE, W.T. 2007. Evaluation on novel potato accession for tuber production under
organic management at La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State University. P. 4.
LUDWIG, J.W. 1985. Quality standards of potato for the processing industry. International
agriculture center, Netherlands. P. 20.
ONGICAN. T.B. 2008. Agronomic and morphological characters of potential potato
entries for organic production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet. BS Thesis, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 6.
MOTAVALLI, P. 2005. Nutrient news. Retrieved March 10, 2013 from
http://www.missouri.edu/umcsnrsoil and http://www.pub05/nl2005rex/htm.
PARNES, R. 1986. Organic and inorganic fertilizers. Wood ends agricultural institute. Pp.
213, 219.
RAZZAQ, T. 2008. Building opportunity structure. Retrieved from September 20, 2012
from.http//timrazzaq.blogspot.com/008/04/sludgingpoorfertilizer-tested-in-poor.html.
RASTOVSKI, A. and A . VANES. 1981. Storage of potatoes: post harvest behavior , store
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SAWAK, B.P. 2010. On-farm evaluation of potato entries for organic production under
Loo, Buguias, Benguet condition. B.S. Thesis, Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 30.
SIMONGO, D.K. 2007. Growth yield and dry matter partitioning of potato Genotypes
under organic production in La Trinidad, Benguet. PhD dissertation, Benguet State
University La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 1.
THE CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARD BOARD. 2006. Organic production-general
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TORIO, M.G. 1980. RMT of potato: A regional coarse for Asia Los Baňos, Laguna. June
1-10, 1980.
TINDALL, J. 1991. Phosphorus uptake of potatoes. Retrieved from March 10, 2013 from
http://eprints.nwisrl.ars.usda.gov/1166/1/802.pdf.
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Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013. Evaluation of Potato Entries Using
Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System at La Trinidad, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan., PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: evaluate potato entries from potato rooted stem
cuttings under organic production; determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield
and pest and disease resistance under organic production; determine the profitability of
growing potato entries under organic production and to document organic production
practices at La Trinidad, Benguet.
All potato entries were adapted for organic production. Among the entries tested,
entries 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 produced the highest marketable yield and
ROCE for both table and seed production. All potato entries were resistant to late blight
infection and highly resistant to leaf miner infestation.
Potato entries 306522, 397521, 306522, 304416, 308468, 305180, 303224, 307251
and Granola Selection 1 are potential entries for organic production in La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) had an important role in our economy and the
country’s effort to attain self sufficiency in food. It is in fact a high value crop and is widely
grown in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mountain Province due to its potential
as one of the profitable crop to grow in the region. Potato is not only utilized as food but
as health therapy since it contains high nutrition values, good source of carbohydrates,
proteins, minerals, vitamins and calcium. It is grown in the region due to the favorable
climatic condition and soil type which are the primary factors that favor the growth and
development of the crop leading to good yield (Simongo and Gonzales, 2009).
Demand for potatoes is increasing due to the rising number of fast-food chains,
hotels, and local potato based snacks food manufacturers. At present, maximum production
is not reached due to various factors. One major constraint is poor quality varieties which
are low yielding and susceptible to pest (HARRDEC, 1996).
One alternative technology for commercial potato production is the use of potato
rooted stem cuttings. Planting potato stem cuttings would greatly reduce the cost in
producing, storing and planting tubers. Disease transmission in potato seed tubers will be
also be minimized (Gayao and Simongo, 2006).
The major system of potato production is conventional or chemical based is now
faced with problems such as soil acidity, human health problems and environmental
pollution (Cheng and Bersamina, 1994). Potato was also reported as the most chemically
sprayed crop among the vegetables grown in the Philippine highlands (Ganga, 1994).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Due to the problems brought about by the conventional farming alternative system
of production such as organic farming should be practiced. According to Briones (1997),
organic farming practices the use of organic fertilizers and diverse cropping system without
the use of any pesticide.
Factors that contribute to the success of potato production under organic systems
are the availability of varieties that are adapted under such condition and alternative
planting material are important practices that can be considered in organic production.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate potato entries from rooted stem cuttings under organic production in
La Trinidad, Benguet;
2. determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield and pest and disease
resistant under organic production;
3. determine the profitability of growing potato entries under organic production; and
4. document the organic production practices employed in growing potato.
The study was conducted from November 2012 to February 2013 at BSU Experimental
Station Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Organic Production
Organic production is a holistic system that aims to increase the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within agro ecosystem, including soil organism, plants
livestock and people. The development of enterprises that are suitable and harmonious with
the environment is the aim of organic production (CGSB, 2006).
Recently, there are many farmers who practice diverse method of farming from
conventional to the organic farming because of the unstable price of oil. Oil is the major
ingredient for making chemical fertilizer. The farmer realized to look for alternative low
cost of fertilizer that are not harmful but beneficial to the environment and plant (Razzaq,
2008). According to PCARRD (2000), organic production is the traditional method used
by the farmers to practice the diverse farming which avoided the use of synthetic chemicals.
Organic farming conserves and maintains the ecological balance of the
environment. It avoids the contamination of the air, soil, water, and the crop itself.
According to Balfour (2000), organic farming preserves and enhances top soil and it
increases the chances that future generation can continue growing food.
Organic production is highly recommended in the Cordillera. This production
strategy enhances safety and quality, environmental sustainability and gives concern to the
health and welfare of the farmer in the future (Briones, 1997).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Evaluation of Potato Varieties under Organic Production in Benguet
It was reported by Gayomba (2006) that CIP 13.1.1 is the best genotype for organic
production at Sinipsip, Buguias due to the highest canopy cover, high resistance to late
blight and high total yield. CIP 13.1.1 also had the highest ROCE (return on cash expense)
for both table potato productions.
Loque (2007) reported that accession CIP 8.20.4 had the highest percentage plant
survival; low late blight infection and highest canopy cover at 60 DAP. Accession
380679.3 was observed to be highly resistant to leaf miner. NPV 06 produced the highest
tubers with highest dry matter content.
Ongican (2008) found that CIP 38025.17, CIP 676089, CIP 13.1.1 and PHIL
5.19.2.2 are adapted under organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet. This entries were
observed to be vigorous at 45 DAP. PHIL 5.19.2.2 registered the highest canopy cover at
45 and 60 DAP. CIP 676089 was highly resistant to late blight infection at 45 DAP. CIP
13.1.1 produced the highest number of small- sized tubers and marketable tubers while CIP
38025.17 obtained the highest ROCE.
It was reported by Ambales (2009) that PHIL 5.19.22 and CIP 676089 had the
highest canopy cover in La Trinidad. CIP 676089 had the highest tubers yield and dry
matter content at 90 DAP. CIP 96.06 produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers.
CIP 13.1.1, CIP 676089, PHIL 5.19.1.1 and CIP 96-06 had moderate resistance to leaf
miner at 60 DAP and highly resistant to late. CIP 67609 obtained the highest return on cash
expense.
Daproza (2009) evaluated seven progenies under screen house and field condition
at La Trinidad. The results showed that TPS 15 progeny had the highest percent survival
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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while TPS 14 and TPS 11 had the least. Potato progenies TPS 15, TPS 12, and TPS 16
were observed to be vigorous to be vigorous and resistant to blight. The highest yielding
progeny was TPS 15 with 4,380/15 m2. Uniformity for tuber qualities, length of stolons
and tubers were significantly different among potato progenies. TPS 16 had the most
uniform fresh color. TPS 15 produced the highest number of tuber per hill.
In related study by Sawak (2010) in Buguias, Benguet, Ganza obtained the highest
percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest canopy cover, and highly vigorous
plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza were rated moderately resistant to leaf
miner. Ganza produced the heaviest marketable marketable and non-marketable tubers and
had the highest return on cash expense (ROCE).
Delfin (2012) evaluated agronomic characters of potato progenies under organic
production in La Trinidad. Result showed that progenies 307125 and 307256 significantly
registered the tallest plants and heights of 185.33 and 178.33 cm at 75 DAP. Progenies
30751, 306522 and 307249 had the widest canopy cover. Progeny 30725 had the highest
number of tuberlets of 82.33 per 5 m2 followed by progeny 306522. Based on yield,
progeny 30725 produced the highest number of tuberlets.
The Use of Rooted Stem Cuttings
The cost production of seed production is considerably high; the cost of rooted stem
cuttings as planting materials has been estimated to be 60% less than the seed tuber (Torio,
1980).
Demonteverde (1992) emphasized that the use of rooted stem cuttings has a great
potential for the multiplication of pathogen tested materials either in-vitro or in protected
greenhouse. This method promotes fast introduction of new cultivars, reduces field
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
exposure during the early stage of seed production and ensure higher quality. It also serves
as promising tool for germplasm evaluation. Several on farm trials showed that the use of
rooted stem cuttings of certain clones has been efficient, profitable and low cost method of
potato production.
According to Horton (1987) to obtain high yield in potato, the use of clean seeds is
an important factor. Furthermore in certain parts of Asia, seed tuber accounts for 40-50%
of total variable cost of production. But the investment can be reduced to one half by using
cheaper alternative ways of producing clean planting materials.
Escobar and Zaag(1995) confirmed that the use of rooted stem cuttings in
developing countries like Asia is a very promising tool for low cost production and prevent
possible occurrence of tuber-borne diseases. It has a great potential for seed and table
potato production where the seed quality is a major determining growth and yield of the
crop.
Zamora (1986) reported that the rooted stem cuttings yields more planting materials
at the shortest possible time than the traditional seed piece method. In the most instances
planting material produced from stem cutting is cheaper.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation and Experimental Design
An area of 150 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks. Each
block was composed of 10 plots measuring 1m x 5m which represents the ten potato entries.
The experiment was laid-out following the randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with three replications.
Treatments
The potato entries served as treatments as follows:
Treatment
Entry
Characteristics
T1
306468
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T2
306521
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T3
306522
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T4
307251
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T5
304416
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T6
305180
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T7
303223
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T8
303224
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T9
307521
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
T10
Granola Selection 1
Highly resistant to moderately resistant to late
blight, high yield
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Planting Materials and Planting
The original planting materials (seeds) were obtained from the International Potato
Center (CIP) Lima, Peru through the PCARRD funded project “Variety Evaluation, On-
Farm Trials and Seed Production of Organic Vegetables in CAR”. Granola Selection 1 was
produced through True Potato Seed (TPS) the planting materials was further multiplied
using the rapid multiplication technique to produce rooted stem cuttings. Rooted stem
cuttings were planted in single row at 30 cm between hills.
Organic Production Practices
The treatments were equally applied with BSU Grower’s Compost and Vermi-
compost (1:1) at the rate of 5 kg/ 5 m2 incorporated into the soil one week before
transplanting. Hilling-up, weeding and irrigation were employed in order to maintain the
vigorous growth of the plant. Yellow traps were established around the experimental area
in order to control the occurrence of leaf miner. Planting of marigold and other crops within
the area was done for diversification purposes and to reduce pest occurrence.
The data gathered were:
1. Plant survival (%). These were the number of plants that survived at 30 days
after planting (DAP).
Number of plants survived
% Survival =
x 100
Total number of plants planted
2. Plant vigor. This was gathered at 30, 45 and 60 DAP using the CIP rating scale (CIP,
2004).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are weak with few
Poor vigor
stems and leaves; very pale
2
Plants are weak with few
Less vigor
thin stem on leaves; pale
3
Better than less vigor
Vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong
Moderately
with robust stems and
vigorous
leaves, leaves are light green
in color
5
Plants are strong with robust
Highly vigorous
stem and leaves; leaves are
light to dark green in color
3. Canopy cover. This was gathered at 30, 45, and 60 DAP using a wooden frame
measuring 120cm x 60cm and having equal sized 12cm x 6cm grids.
4. Initial height (cm). Plants were measured using ten sample plants selected at
random per plot at 30 DAP from the base to the tip of the longest shoots.
5. Final Height (cm). The plants used in measuring the initial height were used.
Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of the tallest shoot, one week before
harvesting.
6. Reaction to leaf miner and late blight
a. Leaf miner. The reaction was recorded at 45, 60, and 75 DAP using the
following rating scale (CIP, 2001).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Less than 20% of plants per Highly resistant
plot infested
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
2
21-40% of the plants per Moderately resistant
plot infested
3
41-60% of the plant per plot Susceptible
infested
4
61-80% of the plant per plot Moderately susceptible
infested
5
81-100% of the plant per Very susceptible
plot infested
b. Late blight. This was gathered at 45, 60 and 75 DAP using the CIP scale
(Henfling, 1982).
Blight (%)
CIP Scale
Description Symptom
1
No late blight observed
Late
blight
present,
Traces-<
2
maximum 10 lesions per
plant.
5-<13
3
Plants look healthy but
lesion are easily seen at
closer distance maximum
foliage are affected by
lesions
destroyed
corresponds to 20 leaflets.
15-<35
4
Late blight easily seen on
most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with
lesion or destroyed.
35-<65
5
Plot looks green; however,
all plants are affected lower
leaves are dead. About half
foliage are destroyed.
65-<85
6
Plot looks green with brown
flecks. About 75% of each
plant is affected. Leaves of
the lower-half of the plant
are destroyed.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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85-<95
7
Plot neither predominantly
green nor brown. Only top
leaves are green. Many stems
have large lesions.
95-<100
8
Plot is brown colored. A few
top leaves still have green
areas. Most stems have lesion
are of dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are
dead.
Description: 1= highly resistant; 2-3= resistant; 4-5=moderately resistant; 6-7;
moderately susceptible; 8-9=susceptible
7. Yield and yield components
a. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot. All tubers free from
insects and diseases damage and with less than 10% greening of total surface area was
considered.
b. Number and weight of non- marketable tubers/plot (kg). This were the
tubers which are malformed, damaged by pest and diseases and marble are with 10%
greening and weighing less than 20g were considered as non-marketable.
c. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the weight of marketable and non marketable tubers
per plot.
d. Computed yield per hectare. This was computed using the formula:
Yield (tons/ha)= Total yield/Plot x 10, 000
5 m2 x 1000
8. Return on cash expense. This was the return on cash expenses of potato
table and seed production that was determined using the formula:
ROCE= Gross income - Production cost x 100
Production cost
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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9. Tuber Dry Matter Content (DMC %). Tubers were weighed and slice into
cubes and oven dried at 80 °C for 60 hours. DMC was computed using the formula:
% Moisture content = Fresh weight – Oven dry weight x 100
Fresh weight
10. Sugar Content. Sap juice was extracted from 20 grams of potato tubers and
sugar content was taken using a digital refractometer.
11. Meteorological Data. All climatic data such as temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall was taken from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) based at Benguet State University
(BSU).
12. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken before planting and
after harvesting. The soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
analyzed at the Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Unit, La Union.
13. Organic Production Practices. All practices from planting to harvesting
were documented.
Analysis of data
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA for
RCBD) with three replications, the significance of differences among the treatment
means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT), at 5% level of
significance.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data during the Study Period
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from December 2012 to February 2013 at
La Trinidad, Benguet. During the conduct of the study, temperature ranged from 11.8 °C
to 23.7 °C. The highest relative humidity was recorded in the month of December while
the lowest relative humidity was recorded on the month of February with 86.5% and 68%,
respectively. The highest rainfall was recorded in February (0.29 mm) while the lowest
reading was in January with a rainfall amount of 0.5 mm.
The best temperature for potato production ranged from 17°C to 22°C and with an
average relative humidity of 86% (Simongo, 2007). Thus, the conditions during the
conduct of the study were favorable for the growth and development of the potato entries.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the study period
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
SUNSHINE
MONTH
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
DURATION
MAX
MIN
(%)
(mm)
(min)
December
22.60
13.20
86.5
0.15
12.18
January
23.70
18.13
80.00
0.50
360.00
February
17.50
11. 80
68.00
0.29
330.20
Source: BSU PAGASA Office, La Trinidad, Benguet
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Soil Chemical Properties
Soil pH. The pH of the soil before and after harvest was 6.60 which favored the growth of
potato entries since the optimum pH for potato production ranged from 5.6 – 6.5
(NPRCRTC, N.D)
Soil Organic Matter. Organic Matter before planting was 3.00 % and after harvest organic
matter decreased to 2.50 %. The decrease in organic matter maybe attributed for the potato
for its growth and development. Parnes (1986) stated that organic matter is the principal
source of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrients which organisms require. A typical
agricultural soil may control 1.5% organic matter in the soil top 15 cm of the soil surface
(Alam, 2001). Further, the greater the amount of organic matter in the soil, the better
physical properties of the soil.
Nitrogen (%). Nitrogen content of the soil before planting was 0.15% and after harvest
nitrogen decrease to 0.125%. Potatoes require optimal levels of essential nutrients
throughout the growing season. Nutrient uptake rates are often slow early in the season,
increase rapidly during the tuber bulking phase and then slow as the plant matures. Potato
plants take up nutrients in the range of several hundred pounds per acre to less than a tenth
of a pound per acre (Hopkins, 2012).
Phosphorus (ppm). The initial and final phosphorus content of the soil recorded was at 430
to 240 ppm which showed a slightly decrease in the phosphorus content of the soil at
harvest. Maximum potato yield occurs when sufficient P is available during early
vegetative development and the entire period of tuber growth. Total plant phosphorus
uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber
bulking, and ceases with plant maturation (Tindall, 1991).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Potassium (ppm). There was a decreased observed in the potassium content of the soil from
401.00 to 278.00 ppm. This could be attributed as potassium increase the dry matter content
and helps prevent black spot damage and blue discoloration after cooking. It also improves
the storage quality of potato (Motavalli, 2005).
Table 2. Chemical properties of the soil taken before and after harvesting
SAMPLING
pH
ORGANIC NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
TIME
MATTER
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(%)
Before planting 6.60 3.00
0.15
430.00
401.00
After planting
6.50 2.50
0.125
240.00
248.00
Analyzed by: DA, Regional field Unit 1, San Fernando City, La Union (February 2012)
Percentage Plant Survival
The percentage plant survival at 30 DAP is shown in Table 3. There was no
significant difference observed among the ten entries evaluated. Granola obtained the
highest percentage of plant survival, but comparable with other entries evaluated. Entry
307521 obtained the lowest plant survival with a mean of 46.67%.
The low percent plant survival observed can be attributed to cutworm infestation
and occurrence of thrips during the conduct of the study.
Plant Vigor
Plant vigor of the potato entries is shown in Table 4. Plant vigor shows the
performance of the different potato entries based on the stand of the plants. At 30 DAP,
potato entry 304416 and 305180 obtained the lowest plant vigor with the mean of 4.67,
however there were no significant differences observed among the other entries.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
At 45 days after planting, entry 306468 and Granola Selection 1 were highly
vigorous. At 60 days after planting, entry 306522 and Granola Selection 1 were rated
vigorous.
Table 3. Plant survival, Plant vigor at 35, 45 and 60 days after planting of potato entries
grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic production
PLANT SURVIVAL
PLANT VIGOR
ENTRY
(%)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
306522
50.00
5.00
4.67ab
3.67a
307251
51. 67
5.00
4.33ab
3.33ab
306521
50.00
5.00
4.00b
3.00ab
303223
60.00
5.00
4.33ab
3.00ab
304416
50.00
4.67
4.67ab
2.67ab
306468
60.00
5.00
5.00a
3.33ab
305180
50.00
4.67
4.33ab
2.33b
303224
50.00
5.00
4.00b
3.33ab
307521
46.67
5.00
4.67ab
2.67ab
Granola Selection
66.67
5.00
5.00a
3.67a
CV (%)
23.12
4.93
10.21
10.21
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Legend:
5 - Highly vigorous
4 - Moderately vigorous
3 – Vigorous
2 - Less vigorous
1 – Poorly vigorous
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Plant Height
The potato entries showed no significant differences on the height at 30 and 75
days after planting (DAP) as shown in Table 4. From 30 DAP entries 306522 and 303223
registered the tallest plants with 26 cm and 25 cm, respectively. Potato entries 306468 and
304416 had the shortest plants with a mean of 21 cm and 21 cm, respectively.
At 75 DAP all the ten entries did not significantly differ in height with means ranging from
26cm to 33 cm. Entry 306521 exhibited the tallest plants while 303223 registered the
shortest plants.
Table 4. Plant height at 30 DAP and 75 DAP of potato entries grown from rooted stem
cuttings under organic production
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
ENTRY
30 DAP
75 DAP
306522
23
33
307251
22
28
306521
26
33
303223
22
26
304416
21
29
306468
21
32
305180
22
29
303224
25
31
307521
23
27
Granola Selection 1
22
29
CV (%)
13.43
11.56
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Canopy Cover
No significant differences were observed on the canopy cover of the different potato entries
at 35 to 60 DAP (Table 5). Canopy cover increased from 35 to 45 DAP except for entry
303224. Entries 303223 and 304416 consistently had the widest canopy
The increase in canopy cover might be an indication of resistance to late blight
infection. It was observed that entries with high canopy covers were resistant to late blight.
Table 5. Canopy cover of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
CANOPY COVER
ENTRY
35 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
306522
19.33
24.67
29.33
307251
18.67
19.67
24.00
306521
17.33
19.33
23.33
303223
17.33
24.00
20.00
304416
22.00
22.67
24.67
306468
15.33
17.00
23.33
305180
15.67
17.33
23.33
303224
24.00
22.67
27.00
307521
16.67
18.00
32.33
Granola Selection 1
14.67
17.00
23.33
CV (%)
28.55
29.4
28.9
Leaf Miner Incidence
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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There was no observed leaf miner incidence within the area. This could be due
to the planting of marigold which acted as insect repellant, the use of yellow traps and
maintenance of plant diversity in the experimental area (Table 6).
Late Blight Infection
At 45 DAP no late blight incidence was observed since all entries were rated highly
resistant except for entries 306521 and 303223 which were rated as moderately resistant.
At 60 days after planting late blight occurrence was increased, Granola, 305180, 306468,
304416, 303223, 307251,303224 and 307521 was rated as resistant. At 75 DAP most
entries were rated as resistant while entry 304416 were moderately susceptible to late
blight.
Increase in late blight infection observed from 45 to 75 DAP could be due to the
scattered rain showers during the study period which favored the growth of the pathogen.
Number and Weight of Marketable Tubers per plot
Table 7 shows the number and weight of marketable tubers per plot. There are
significant differences on the number of tubers among the entries. Granola Selection 1
produced the highest number of tubers but comparable with entries 307521, 303224,
306468, 304416, 303223, 306521, 307251 and 306521. It was observed that the entries
with high canopy cover also produced most tubers (Fig. 1).
No significant differences were observed among the potato entries on the weight of
marketable tubers. Numerically, however, entry 303224 obtained the highest weight of
marketable tubers with 4.51 kg followed by entry 307521 (4.04 kg).
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Low marketable yield could be due to low percentage of plant survival and high
incidence of late blight.
Table 6. Reaction of potato entries to late blight at 45, 60 and 75 DAP under organic
production
REACTION TO LATE BLIGHT
ENTRY
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
306522
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
307251
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
306521
Moderately resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
303223
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
304416
Highly resistant
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
susceptible
306468
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
305180
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
resistant
303224
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
307521
Highly resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Granola Selection
Highly resistant
Moderately
Resistant
1
resistant
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
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Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 1. Tubers of the potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
Table 7. Number and weight of marketable tubers of potato entries grown from rooted
stem cuttings under organic production
MARKETABLE TUBER
ENTRY
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg/5m2)
306522
44.67ab
2.90
307251
53.00ab
3.35
306521
41.67ab
3.28
303223
61.00ab
2.70
304416
55.33ab
3.71
306468
68.00ab
3.70
305180
33.00b
3.65
303224
61.67ab
4.51
307521
50.00ab
4.04
Granola Selection 1
71.33a
3.64
CV (%)
27.73
30.48
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Number and Weight of Non-marketable Tubers per plot
Result showed that there are significant differences on the number and weight of
non-marketable are shown in Table 8. Lowest number of non-marketable tubers was
recorded from entries 307521, 303223, 307521, and 305180.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Significant differences can be observed on the weight of non-marketable tubers.
The lowest weight was recorded from entry 306522 followed by 306522 but comparable
with the other entries. Entry 307251 was noted to have the highest weight of non-
marketable tubers. Most of the tubers with high number of non-marketable were damaged
by insect pests.
Table 8. Number and weight of non- marketable of potato entries grown from rooted
stem cuttings under organic production
NON-MARKETABLE TUBER
ENTRY
NUMBER
WEIGHT (kg/5m2)
306522
1a
0.02a
307251
3ab
0.13b
306521
4b
0.09ab
303223
1a
0.07ab
304416
1a
0.04ab
306468
2ab
0.04ab
305180
1a
0.09ab
303224
2ab
0.05ab
307521
2ab
0.04ab
Granola
2ab
0.08ab
CV (%)
64.94
66.47
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Total and Computed Yield
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
No significant differences were observed among the potato entries on the total
and computed yield. Entry 303224 produced the highest total yield 0f (4.56 kg/ 5m2) and
computed yield of 9.12 t/ha. Among the potato entries, 307521 registered as the second
highest yielder.
Table 9. Total yield and computed yield of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
ENTRY
(kg/5m2)
(/ha)
306522
2.92
5.84
307251
3.49
6.97
306521
3.37
6.74
303223
2.77
5.54
304416
3.76
7.51
306468
3.74
7.49
305180
3.74
7.47
303224
4.56
9.12
307521
4.08
8.17
Granola Selection 1
3.72
7.45
CV (%)
30.48
30.49
Dry Matter Content of Potato Tubers
Table 10 presents significant differences on the tuber dry matter content of the different
potato entries evaluated. Entry 307521 significantly obtained the highest dry matter content
of tubers (23.33%) followed by 303223, 304416, 303223 and Granola Selection 1 with a
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
mean of 21. 68% respectively. Low percent dry matter content was noted on entries 305180
and 306522.
Dry matter content ranged from 18 to 21%. Rastovski and Vanes (1981) cited that
dry matter content is an important factor in processing potatoes and depends on the varietal
characteristics. Thus, most of the entries might be ideal for processing except for entries
305180 and 306522.
Sugar Content
The sugar content of the potato entries are shown in Table 10. Results show
significant differences on the potato entries. High sugar content of 3.63 was recorded on
303223 but comparable with entries 306522, 306521, 306468, 305180 and Granola
Selection 1. Low sugar content was recorded in entry 304416.
Very low sugar content is apparently important to prevent darkening of chips.
Quality wise, sugar content should below 2%. Potato of low sugar content result in lighter
color chips (Ludwig, 1985). For processing potatoes, low sugar content is preferred for
lighter colored fries and chips and lesser browning as reported by processors.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Dry matter and sugar content of potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production
ENTRY
DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
(%)
(°Brix)
306522
16.67bc
3.53ab
307251
20.00abc
3.36bcd
306521
20.00abc
3.50abc
303223
21.67ab
3.63a
304416
21.67ab
3.26d
306468
20.00abc
3.43abc
305180
15.00c
3.50abc
303224
21.67ab
3.30cd
307521
23.67a
3.40bcd
Granola Selection 1
21.67ab
3.50abc
CV (%)
13.35
3.10
For each column, treatment means with different letters are significantly different at 5%
probability level (DMRT).
Sensory Evaluation on Boiled Potato Tubers
Appearance and Color. Entries 306468, Granola, 306521, 304416, 307521, 303223,
303224, 305180 and 307521 were liked moderately while entry 306522 was neither liked
nor disliked.
Texture. Granola Selection 1, 306468,306521,307521,303223,303224,305180 and 307251
were liked moderately while entry 304416 and 306522 was neither liked nor disliked.
Flavor. Granola, 306468, 306521,303223,303224,305180 and 307251 had a moderately
perceptive taste while 304416 and 307521 were neither liked nor disliked.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
General Acceptability. Among the ten potato entries evaluated, Granola Selection 1,
306468, 306521, 304416, 307521, 303223, 303224, 305180, 307251 were liked
moderately because of their appearance, color, texture, and flavor.
Table 11. Sensory evaluation of potato grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic
production
ENTRY
APPEARANCE COLOR
TEXTURE FLAVOR
GENERAL
ACCEPTABILITY
306522
Neither liked
Neither
Neither
Liked
Neither liked nor
nor disliked
liked nor
liked nor
moderately
disliked
disliked
disliked
307251
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
306521
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
303223
Liked
Liked
Liked
Neither
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately liked nor
disliked
304416
Liked
Liked
Liked
Neither
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately liked nor
disliked
306468
Neither liked
Neither
Neither
Liked
Neither liked nor
nor disliked
liked nor
liked nor
moderately
disliked
disliked
disliked
305180
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
303224
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
307521
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
Granola
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked
Liked moderately
Selection 1
moderately
moderately moderately moderately
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Potato table production. In Table 12, the cost and return expense of growing table potato
grown from rooted stem cuttings under organic production is shown. High ROCE was
recorded in all the entries ranging from 5. 45% to 64%. Entry 303224 with the highest
weight of marketable yield obtained the highest ROCE followed by entries 307521 and
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Granola Selection 1. Among the potato entries evaluated, entry 303223 having the lowest
marketable yield was observed to have negative ROCE.
Table 12. Cost and return analysis of table potato under organic production
COST OF
MARKETABLE
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
PRODUCTION
YIELD
INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
(kg/ 5m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
306522
165.00
2.90
174.00
9.00
5.45
307251
165.00
2.35
201.00
36.00
21.81
306521
165.00
3.28
196.8
31.80
19.27
303223
165.00
2.70
162.00
-3.00
-1.81
304416
165.00
3.71
222.60
57.60
34.90
306468
165.00
3.70
222.00
57.00
34.54
305180
165.00
3.65
219.00
54.00
32.72
303224
165.00
4.51
270.16
105.60
64.00
307521
165.00
4.04
242.40
77.40
46.90
Granola
165.00
3.64
218.40
53.40
32.36
Selection 1
= Standard price of organic potato table was PhP 60.00/kilo
= Total cost of production includes planting materials, labor and organic fertilizers used
Potato seed production. Table 13 showed the cost and return expense of seed potato under
organic production. Granola Selection 1 obtained the highest ROCE due its high number
of marketable tubers. This was followed by entry 306468. No return on cash expense was
observed on entry 305180.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Table 13. Cost and return analysis of growing seedpotato under organic production
COST OF
NO. OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
PRODUCTION MARKETABLE INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(PhP)
TUBERS (5m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
306522
165.00
44
223.00
58.00
35.15
307251
165.00
53
265.00
100.00
60.61
306521
165.00
41
208.00
43.00
26.60
303223
165.00
61
305.00
140.00
84.85
304416
165.00
55
266.00
101.00
61.60
306468
165.00
68
340.00
175.00
106.61
305180
165.00
33
165.00
0.00
0.00
303224
165.00
61
308.00
143.00
86.67
307521
165.00
50
250.00
85.00
51.51
Granola
165.00
71
356.00
191.00
116.15
Selection
1
= Standard price of potato seed was PhP 5.00/tuber
= Total cost of production includes planting materials, labor and fertilizers used
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Documentation of Cultural Practices on
Organic Potato Production at La Trinidad, Benguet
Figure 2. Land preparation with the use of grab hoe
Figure 3. Application of BSU growers compost (5 kg/5m2)
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 4. Planting of potato stem cuttings with a distance of 30 cm between hills
Figure 5. Hilling up at 30 days after planting using grab hoe
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
Figure 6. Yellow traps made up of yellow plastics applied with grease installed at the end
of each crop and planting of marigold within the area for protection against insect pest
Figure 7. Harvesting of the potato tubers using pointed stick.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to: evaluate potato entries from rooted stem cuttings
under organic production; determine the best potato entry in terms of growth, yield and
pest and disease resistant under organic production; determine the profitability of growing
potato entries and document the organic production practices employed in growing potato
at La Trinidad, Benguet.
All entries were observed to be highly vigorous and vigorous at 30 DAP and 45
DAP except for entry 304416 which was observed to be less vigorous at 60 DAP.
All entries did not vary in terms of height at 30 DAP and 74 DAP. Entries 306521
and 306522 had the tallest plants while 307521 registered the shortest plants.
No significant differences were observed on the canopy cover of potato entries at 35 and
40 DAP. At 60 DAP; entry 307521 had the widest canopy while entries 306521, 306468,
305180 and Granola Selection 1 had the narrowest canopy cover.
In terms of late blight infection, all entries were highly resistant to moderately
resistant except for entries 303224 and 307521 that were observed as resistant at 45 DAP
and 60 DAP. At 75 DAP all the entries were resistant to late blight infection except for
entry 304416 which was observed to be moderately susceptible.
No significant difference was observed among the potato entries on the number of
tubers. Granola Selection 1 produced the highest number of tubers and entries 303224 and
307521 produced the highest weight of tubers. No significant difference was observed on
the total and computed yield among the potato entries. Numerically, entries 306522,
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
307251, 306521, 304416, 306468, 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 produced the
highest total and computed yield for both table potato and seed production.
For dry matter content, entry 307521 obtained the highest followed by entries,
303223, 304416, 303224 and Granola Selection 1. Lowest sugar content was noted on entry
304416. Most of the entries were liked moderately based on sensory evaluation.
Conclusions
Based on the results, all entries are adapted for organic production. Entries 306522,
307251, 303223, 306468, 304416, 306521, 303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 are
potential entries having the highest marketable yield and positive ROCE for both table
potato and seed tuber production. All entries are resistant to late blight infection and highly
resistant to leaf miner infestation under organic production system.
Recommendations
Based on the conditions and results of the study, entries 306522,307251, 306521,
304416, 306468, 305180,303224, 307521 and Granola Selection 1 are recommended for
organic production in La Trinidad, Benguet. Since tubers produced are generation 1 (G1),
this can be planted in the next planting season to determine the stability of the entries for
table potato and seed tuber under organic production systems.
Evaluation of Potato Entries Using Rooted Stem Cuttings Under organic Production System
at La Trinidad, Benguet | PATACSIL, KEANNU B. APRIL 2013
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