BIBLIOGRAPHY JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013. Growth, Yield and Morphological
Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba, Benguet Condition. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to; determine the growth and yield of the different entries
of mungbean; identify the best entries of mungbean based on seed yield in Tuba, Benguet
and characterize the mungbean entries to be used in study.
Among the ten entries evaluated, Sileng produced the highest total and computed
yield and had the highest return on cash expense followed by Dutlet entry under Tuba,
Benguet condition.
Based on morphology, all entries had a light green to green in color, pale yellow to
yellow flowers and green to shiny green seed color except for China entry with yellow
seeds.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the important food crops that is widely
grown in the Philippines. It is well adapted to the country’s soil and climatic conditions
and it is also easily cultivated (Catipon, 1986). This is probably one reason why mungbean
is one of the cheapest source of protein in the Filipino diet
However, mungbean production has not been adequate to meet the demand of food
and manufacturing industries in the Philippine due to the low yield of most of the available
varieties. Therefore, evaluation of different mungbean varieties to improve yield should be
considered (Punto and Lantican, 1982).
In Camp One, Tuba, Benguet, farmers are planting only one variety of mungbean,
locally named as ”kusapo”. It was observed that this variety produces unusually small seeds
with distinct long pods and low yield which is not desirable. Hence, this study aims to
evaluate new entries of mungbean to find out which are adaptable in the area and which
may provide adequate yield. Morphological characteristics of these mungbean entries will
also be determined to distinguish one entry from the other entries. These morphological
characteristics will also serve as basis of selection by the farmer.
With the help of this study, adequate information to farmers about other possible
entries of mungbean, theire different morphological characteristics and productivity if
grown in Tuba, Benguet will be provided. The best entry may also be recommended in the
locality to increase production without increasing the cost of productivity.
The study aimed to determine the growth and yield of the different entries of
mungbean; to identify the best entry of mungbean based on seed yield in Tuba, Benguet
and to characterized the mungbean entries to be used in the study.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
The study was conducted at Dungon Camp One, Tuba, Benguet from October 2012 to
February 2013.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Improving crop performance, productivity, plant breeding and using new
developments in agricultural biotechnology will allow increased in crop yields and
maintenance of yield stability without increasing land usage (Reddy and Hodge, 2000).
Characteristics of good variety should be high yielding, pest and diseases
resistance, good pest harvest characteristics, eating quality and must be early maturity so
that production would entail less expense and ensure more profit. Selecting the right variety
will minimize problems associated with water and fertility management (Bautista and
Mabesa, 1986).
Varietal evaluation is a part of a process of crop breeding program which compare
promising line development by a breeders. In this process the breeder must observed the
yield, quality, adaptability, insect pest and disease resistant and stress tolerance of a
particular crop (Regmi, 1990).
Variety Characterization
Is the process of documenting variety traits that can be used to distinguish one
variety from other varieties. Some of these traits are not only useful in judging the worth
of a variety for identification but also for evaluation. Traits that are use for characterization
are generally more stable than other traits and need not be taken repetitively in the various
stages of variety evaluation (Rasco and Amante, 1994).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Varietal Adaptability
The adaptability and introduction of new varieties in particular location is important
for a successful production. It serves two purposes where in, if it is proven that it is suitable
under local condition it can be propagated and released for commercial production, also
important sources of variability and source of desirable genes which can be use in
hybridization work (Bao-an, 2002).
Variety must be adapted to the area in which it is grown. When grown under the
same method of culture there is a great variation in the yielding ability of the different
varieties. It is not a guarantee that a variety that yield best in one region will perform well
in another region (Rely and Shry, 1991). Good performance and high yield of a crop in an
area could convince and encourage farmers to grow legumes.
Environmental Requirements
Mungbean is a warm season crop requiring 90 to 120 days of front-free conditions
from planting to maturity but this depends on the variety planted. Adequate rainfall is
required from flowering to late pod fill in order to reassure good yield. Late planting which
result in flowering during the high temperature low moisture period in July and August
will reduce yield. High humidity and excess rainfall late in the season can result in disease
problem and harvesting losses due to the delayed maturity (Thompson and Kelly, 1975).
Mungbean is primarily grown in a rain fed crop in the Philippines and essentially
regarded as secondary crop. In 1986, it accounted to only 0.31% of the total agricultural
area of 12,237,238 ha. (Navarro et al., 1988).
Mungbean is often planted during dry season to utilized residual soil moisture still
present after the rain crop such us corn and rice. It can be planted not only as a monocrop
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
but also in cropping rotation, relay cropping and inter cropping with coconut, corn and
other long maturing crops. It is suited to low input farming due to its ability to fix nitrogen
given the right condition (Regmi, 1988).
Effect of Temperature
Fernandez and Shanmugasundaran (1988) identified that the low yield potential,
lack of yield stability, susceptible in pest and diseases, narrow adaptability were due to
photoperiod and temperature sensitivity, susceptibility to a biotic stresses, non synchronous
pod maturity, pod shattering and yield weathering are the most serious constraints of the
local mungbean cultures in the tropics.
Soil Requirement
Catipon (1986) reported that an experiment range yield of 0.28 to 1.87 t/ha in the
dry season and 0.37 to 2.41 t/ha in wet season for mungbean traits in the Philippines. Soil
and environment factors exert considerable influence on this variability. She also added
that mungbean could be grown in a wide range soil type from clay loam to silt loam for
optimum bean yield, soil of the depth of at least 50 cm, well drained and pH of 5.8 to 6.2
are preferred. Soils that are too acidic affect the growth of rhizobial bacteria and the
availability of same nutrient. In such soil the pH maybe corrected by liming.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Effect of Insect Pest and Diseases
The major insect pests in the Philippines are the bean fly, aphids, pod borers and
pulse beetle. Important diseases include powdery mildew which causes 40% yield loss and
cescospora leaf spot which yield causes yield up to 58% (Work and Carew, 1955).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total area of 240 square meters was thoroughly cleaned by removing all unnecessary
materials like weeds and stones. After which, the area was cultivated and formed raised
beds .The area was divided into 3 blocks containing 10 plots each measuring 1m x 10m.
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications.
Two seeds were sown in each hill at a depth of 2-5 cm with a distance of 30 cm x
25cm in between hills and rows. All other recommended cultural practices in bean
production such as weeding, irrigation and pest management were done from planting to
maturity to maintain good growth and yield of the plants. The different entries of
mungbean were collected from different sources and served as treatment as follows:
Code
Entry Place of collection
V1
Maligkung
Sadanga
V2
Nagbunga
Apayao
V3 Gunugon
Bontoc
V4
Sileng Pangasinan
V5
La Paz Tarlac
V6
Dutlet Isabela
V7
Emelda Laoag
V8
Kosapo La Union
V9 Lusero Dagupan
V10 China China
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Meteorological data. Temperature and relative humidity was taken by using the compact
psychrometer. Rainfall was taken by placing cans in the field to collect water when
precipitation occurs. The volume of water to be collected was measured using a graduated
cylinder and was recorded by getting the average volume of the water from the cans.
2. Number of days from sowing to emergence. The days of emergence was recorded at
least 80 % of the seeds sown had emerged from the soil.
3. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting the days
from emergence to the days when at least 50% of the plants have fully flowered.
4. Number of days from emergence to harvesting. This was taken by counting the number
of days from emergence to harvesting.
5. Plant height (cm). The final height of the plant was measured just before harvesting.
Measurement was done from the soil surface up to the tip of the plant.
6. Leaf color. The color of the leaves was recorded as light green, green and dark green.
7. Flower characteristics.
a. Flower color. The color of the flower was recorded based on visual observation.
b. Number of flower clusters per plant. This was taken by counting the flowers
presents in a cluster from ten random sample plants per plot.
c. Number of flower per plant. This was taken by counting the flower present in a
cluster per plant from ten random samples per plot.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
8. Pod characteristics.
a. Number of pods per plant. The number of pods per cluster per plant was recorded from
ten random sample per plot.
b. Percentage of pod set. This was determined with the use of this formula.
% Pod set = Total number of pod per plant X 100
Total number of flower per plant
c. Pod length (cm). This was taken by measuring the pod length from the base to
the tip of the pod.
d. Pod width (cm). Pod width was taken by measuring the mid-point of the pod
using a ruler.
e. Pod color. Pod color was recorded as light brown, brown, dark brown and black.
9. Seed characteristics.
a. Number of seed per pod. The number of seeds per pod (developed) was counted
from ten random plants.
b. Seed color. The color of the seed was recorded based on visual observation.
c. Seed dimension.
c.1. Seed width (mm). Seed width was taken by measuring the mid-portion
of the seed using a ruler.
c.2. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring the seeds parallel
to the hilum.
10. Weight of 200 seeds. The seed yield was obtained by weighing the weight of 200 seeds.
11. Insect pest and disease occurrences. This was determined by assessing the degree of
damage caused by specific insect pest and diseases to the crop using the following scale.
a. Bean flies was rated using the following scale by Catipon (1986)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Remarks
0
No infestation
Highly resistant
1
1-24% of the plants per plot Resistant
are infested.
2
25-50% of the plants per Moderate resistant
plot are infested.
3
51-75% of the plants per Susceptible
plot are infested.
4
76-100% of plants per plot Very susceptible
are infested.
b. Bean rust was rated using the following scale by Catipon (1986)
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
Highly resistant
2
10-20% infection per plot
Moderate resistant
3
30-40% infection per plot
Resistant
4
50-60% infection per plot
Susceptible
5
Greater than 60% infection Very susceptible
12.Total yield per plot (kg).The total weight of the seed per plot was recorded.
13.Computed yield per hectare (t/ha). This was analyzed using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Total Yield x 100
10
14. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was analyzed using this formula:
ROCE = Gross sale – Total expense x 100
Total expenses
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The temperature, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the conduct of the
study from November 2012 to February 2013 are shown in Table 1. The Temperature range
during the conduct of study is 25.40 °C to 30 °C. The temperature is within the range that
favors the growth of mungbean. The relative humidity ranges from 73% to 79%. The total
amount of rainfall recorded declined from 10 mm in December to 3 mm in February 2013.
Irrigation was done during low rainfall period.
Number of Days to Emergence, Flowering
and to Harvesting
Results revealed that all the mungbean entries emerged 3 to 4 days after planting
(DAP) under Camp One, Tuba, Benguet condition (Table 2). The earliest to produce
flowers were Nagbunga, Dutlet and Lusero (30 days), while Maligkung, Emelda and
Kosapo bloom after 34 days. All of the entries of mungbean were harvested at 78 days after
planting. The earliest flowering of Nagbunga Dutlet and Lusero could be
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MONTH
(°C)
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
MIN
MAX
(%)
(mm)
NOVEMBER
26.50
30.00
76
--
DECEMBER
26.25
28.75
75
10
JANUARY
25.40
29.31
79
20
FEBRUARY
25.90
29.10
73
3
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
advantageous when the commodity is needed in specific time such as in the case of contract
growing.
Plant Height
The height of mungbean was measured before harvesting. Result showed
no
significant differences. However, numerically Sileng and Emelda were the tallest among
the entries of 54.00 cm.
Differences in height could be due to inherent characteristics like narrow adaptability to
photoperiod and susceptibility to major pest and diseases.
Table 2. Number of Days to Emergence, Flowering and Harvesting of ten mungbean
entries
DAYS TO
ENTRY
EMERGENCE
FLOWERING
HARVESTING
Maligkung
3
34
78
Nagbunga
4
30
78
Gunugon
3
32
78
Sileng
3
32
78
La Paz
4
32
78
Dutlet
4
30
78
Emelda
4
34
78
Kosapo
3
34
78
Lusero
4
30
78
China
3
32
78
CV%
0
0
0
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Plant height of ten mungbean entries grown under Tuba, Benguet condition
ENTRY
PLANT HEIGHT
(cm)
Maligkung
52.67
Nagbunga
43.67
Gunugon
36.67
Sileng
54.00
La Paz
48.67
Dutlet
39.33
Emelda
46.67
Kosapo
54.00
Lusero
46.67
China
46.67
CV%
3.30
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Flower Clusters per Plant and
Flower per Plant
Table 4 shows a significant differences on the number of flower cluster per plant.
Result showed that Sileng had the highest number of flower clusters with 11.3, followed
by Dutlet and Lusero produced 9.7 and 9.3 flower clusters, respectively. The lowest was
China with 6.0 flower clusters per plant.
In terms of the number of flower per cluster, no significant differences were noted
with mean number of 9.00 to 14.6 (Table 4).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Number of flower cluster and flowers per plant of ten mungbean entries
NUMBER OF FLOWER
NUMBER OF FLOWERS
ENTRY
CLUSTERS
PER CLUSTER
PER PLANT
Maligkung
7.7def
13.0
Nagbunga
8.7bcd
9.6
Gunugon
7.3ef
11.6
Sileng
11.3a
14.6
La Paz
8.0cde
10.6
Dutlet
9.7b
13.0
Emelda
6.7fg
11.3
Kosapo
9.0bc
11.3
Lusero
9.3b
11.6
China
6.0g
9.0
CV%
7.87
17.42
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Pods per Plant and
Percentage Pod Set
Table 5 shows the result of number of pods per plant and percentage of pod set per
plant with no significant differences. Although numerically, Sileng produced the numerous
pods per plant and also high in terms of pod set percentage per plant of 13.3 and 90.7%
These differences could be due to various factors such as inherent varietal potential
and planting distance (Regmi, 1988).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number of pods per plant and percentage of pod set per plant of ten mungbean
entries
NUMBER OF PODS
PERCENTAGE POD
ENTRY
PLANT
SET
Maligkung
11.3
87.1
Nagbunga
8.3
83.4
Gunugon
9.6
83.6
Sileng
13.3
90.7
La Paz
8.6
81.9
Dutlet
10.6
82.3
Emelda
9.0
80.5
Kosapo
9.0
79.3
Lusero
9.6
81.2
China
7.3
80.3
CV%
21.53
8.37
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Pod Length and Width
Table 6 shows the result of the pod width and length of the ten mungbean entries.
On pod width, significant differences were observed which Sileng and Kosapo had the
widest pod (7.0 mm) followed by Maligkung, Nagbunga and Gunugon entries (6.0 mm).
The narrowest pod was in china La Paz entries (4.0 mm).
In terms of the pod length of the ten mungbean entries, Sileng had the significantly longest
pod of 13.3 cm followed by Dutlet and Lusero (11.3 and 10.7 cm, respectively). The
shortest was noted from entries China and Kosapo. On the wider spacings which caused
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
by death of plant in between the hills not replanted enhanced increase pod length, while
narrow spacings decrease pod length (Catipon, 1986).
Seed Width and
Seed Length
Table 7 shows the results of the seed width and length of the ten mungbean entries.
Significant differences were observed on seed width, Sileng had the widest and longest
seed of 4.50 mm and 6.52 mm, respectively followed by Maligkung, Nagbunga and
Gunugon entries. The narrowest was China with 3.50 and 4.47 seed width and length.
Table 6. Pod width and length of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
POD WIDTH
POD LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
Maligkung
6.0b
9.7c
Nagbunga
6.0b
9.3c
Gunugon
6.0b
9.0cd
Sileng
7.0a
13.3b
La Paz
4.0e
9.3c
Dutlet
5.7bc
11.3b
Emelda
5.3cd
8.3de
Kosapo
7.0a
8.0e
Lusero
5.0d
10.7b
CV%
4.48
5.49
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Seed width and length of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
SEED WIDTH
SEED LENGTH
(mm)
(mm)
Maligkung
4.22cd
bc
5.77
Nagbunga
e
bc
4.13
5.53
Gunugon
bc
bc
4.28
5.51
Sileng
a
a
4.50
6.52
La Paz
g
bc
3.77
5.53
Dutlet
b
b
4.33
5.86
Emelda
f
c
3.94
4.47
Kosapo
de
bc
4.19
5.58
Lusero
g
d
3.81
5.14
China
h
e
3.50
4.47
CV%
0.09
3.43
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Seeds per Pod and
Weight of 200 Seeds
Table 8 presents the number of seeds per pod and weight of 200 seeds of the
different entries used in the study.
As to the number of seeds per pod, Sileng had the significantly most number of
seeds per pod (13) followed by China and Dutlet (12). The lowest seed produced were
obtained from Kosapo (7).
In terms of weight of 200 seeds, Sileng produced the heaviest (18g) followed by
Kosapo (15.00 g), Dutlet (15 g), Nagbunga (15.7 g) and Gunugon (14.7 g) and lightest was
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
China. The weights of 200 seeds were taken when the seed reaches 10% moisture content
after drying.
Reaction to Bean Flies and
Bean Rust
The reaction of the different mungbean entries to bean flies and bean rust mild resistant to
bean flies and on the bean rust infection the rating was moderately resistant.
Table 8. Number of seeds per pod and weight of 200 seeds of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
NO. OF SEEDS PER
WEIGHT OF 200
POD
SEEDS (g)
Maligkung
c
11
14.3bc
Nagbunga
c
11
15.7b
Gunugon
d
10
14.7b
Sileng
a
13
18.0a
La Paz
e
9
13.0cd
Dutlet
b
12
15.0b
Emelda
e
9
14.3bc
Kosapo
f
7
15.0b
Lusero
d
10
12.0d
China
b
12
9.0e
CV%
4.17
5.76
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
This result coincides with the finding of Catipon (1986) that as the mungbean plant
matured, they become more susceptible to the diseases. This indicates that there was a
decrease on the resistance of mungbean as nutrients or elements are diverted to the
reproductive processes.
Leaf , Flower, Pod and Seed Colors
The leaf color of mungbean entries used in the study were mostly green except La
Paz, Dutlet and China with light green.
The flower colors of mungbean entries used in the study were pale yellow to yellow.
For the pod color of the ten mungbean entries used studied all are black except
Nagbunga and Sileng with brown color and Gunugon with light brown.
In terms of seed color, most of them were green, while Nagbunga and Gunugon
have shiny green color. Dutlet has shiny brown seeds, La Paz has dark green seeds and
China has yellow seeds.
Total Yield per Plot and Computed
Yield per Hectare
The entries differ significantly in the total seed yield per plot (Table 10). Sileng
produced the highest yield of 0.25 kg per plot followed by Dutlet with 0.19kg while China
produced the lowest yield of 0.07 kg per plot. According to Catipon (1986) there is always
a variation on the yield and yield components among varieties during evaluation.
The computed yield per hectare differed significantly among the entries studied as
presented in Table 10. The highest computed yield was observed from Sileng with 2.45
tons per hectare while the lowest computed yield was obtained from China with 0.67 tons
per hectare.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 9. The leaf color, flower pod and seed of ten mungbean entries
COLOR OF
ENTRY
LEAF
FLOWER
POD
SEED
Maligkung
Green
Pale yellow
Black
Green
Nagbunga
Green
Pale yellow
Brown
Shiny green
Gunugon
Green
Pale yellow
Light brown
Shiny green
Sileng
Green
Yellow
Brown
Green
La Paz
Light green
Pale yellow
Black
Dark green
Dutlet
Light green
Yellow
Black
Shiny brown
Emelda
Green
Pale yellow
Black
Green
Kosapo
Green
Yellow
Black
Green
Lusero
Green
Yellow
black
Green
China
Light green
Yellow
Black
Yellow
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of ten mungbean entries
TOTAL SEED YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD PER
ENTR
PER
HECTARE
PLOT
(tlha)
(kg/10m2)
Maligkung
0.13cd
1.27cd
Nagbunga
0.16bc
1.57bc
Gunugon
0.11d
1.07d
Sileng
0.25a
2.47a
La Paz
0.10d
1.00d
Dutlet
0.19b
1.87b
Emelda
0.09de
0.93de
Kosapo
0.10d
1.03d
Lusero
0.14c
1.40c
China
0.07e
0.67e
CV%
14.09
14.09
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
The return on cash expense of the different mungbean entries showed positive ROCE.
Entry Sileng had the highest return on cash expense (ROCE) of 196 % followed by Dutlet
(164 %) and the lowest was China with negative ROCE.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE) of ten mungbean entries
MARKETABLE
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
SEEDS
SALE
EXPENSES
INCOME
(%)
(kg/10m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
Maligkung
0.38
11.40
7.50
11.1
52
Nagbunga
0.47
14.1
7.50
8.4
88
Gunugon
0.32
9.6
7.50
12.9
28
Sileng
0.74
22.2
7.50
0.3
196
La Paz
0.30
9
7.50
13.5
20
Dutlet
0.56
16.8
7.50
5.7
164
Emelda
0.28
8.4
7.50
14.1
12
Kosapo
0.31
9.3
7.50
13.2
24
Lusero
0.42
12.6
7.50
9.9
68
China
0.02
6
7.50
16.5
-20
Selling price: 120 pesos per 1 kg
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of the
different mungbean entries, identify the entry that is best adapted in Tuba, Benguet
condition and to determine the profitability of growing different entries of mungbean in
Tuba Benguet freom November 2012 to February 2013.
Result shows that Nagbunga, Dutlet and Lusero flowered earlier at 30 days after
planting (DAP) than the other entries. Maligkung Emelda and Kosapo entries required 34
days to blooming from emergence. Sileng produced the highest number of flower cluster,
number of flowers per plant, and number of pods per plant than the rest of the entries, while
China produced the lowest number of flower, number of flower per cluster and number of
pods per plant.
China had the lowest percent pod set while Sileng recorded the highest percent pod
set.
Sileng produced the heaviest weight of 200 seeds with. It also gave the highest yield
per hectare. Sileng and Dutlet produced the longest pods ranging from while China
recorded the shortest pods.
Sileng had the highest percentage of return of cash expense followed by Dutlet,
Nagbunga, Lusero and Maligkung.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
Based on the result, Sileng produced the highest number of flowers, pods and seeds
per plant and the highest total computed yield and return on cash expense (ROCE).
Differences on the morphological characters were varied such as leaf, flower, pod and seed
color.
Recommendations
For mungbean production under Tuba, Benguet condition, all the entries are
recommended except entry China, with negative return on cash expense (ROCE). For high
profit, Sileng is recommended.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BAO-AN, B. M. 2002. Seed Production of Promising Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
Linn) Genotype. BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. G. MABESA. 1986. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines Los Baños, College of Agriculture. Pp. 28-33.
CATIPON, E. M. 1986. Mungbean. Plant Industry guide (41) mungbean. Institute of Plant
Breeding. Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 18-21.
FERNANDEZ, G. C. J. and S. SHANMUGASUNDARAM. 1988. Vegetable and Legume.
The Asia vegetable Research and Development Center, P. O. Box 42 Shanhua, Taiwan
74199, Taiwan, R. O. C. Pp. 167-246.
NAVARRO, S. R., CARPENA and M. R. LANTICAN. 1988. Yield performance and other
agronomic character of twenty-three of adzuki bean. Phil. J. Crop Sci. 3:13-17.
PUNTO, J. R. and C. N. LANTICAN. 2002. Mungbean varieties. Plant Industry guide. Los
Baños. Pp. 11-20.
RASCO, E. T. and V. P. AMANTE. 1994. Sweetpotato variety evaluation: Southeast Asia
Program for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD). P.120
REDDY, K. R. and H. F. HODGE. 2000. Climate change and Global Crop Productivity.
CABI Publishing, New York. P. 472.
REILY. H. E. and C. L. SHRY. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. New York. Delmar
Publisher, Inc. P. 562.
REGMI, S. R. 1990. Variety Evaluation of Promising Lines and Path Coefficient Analysis
in Pole Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn).M.S Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.1-3.
THOMPSON, H. C. and W. K. KELLY. 1975. Vegetable crop 5th Edition. New York:
Graw Hill Bock Company, Inc. Pp. 78-79.
WORK, P. and I. CAREW. 1955. Vegetable product and market 2nd Edition. New York:
John Wiley Book Co. Pp. 27-31.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013. Growth, Yield and Morphological
Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba, Benguet Condition. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to; determine the growth and yield of the different entries
of mungbean; identify the best entries of mungbean based on seed yield in Tuba, Benguet
and characterize the mungbean entries to be used in study.
Among the ten entries evaluated, Sileng produced the highest total and computed
yield and had the highest return on cash expense followed by Dutlet entry under Tuba,
Benguet condition.
Based on morphology, all entries had a light green to green in color, pale yellow to
yellow flowers and green to shiny green seed color except for China entry with yellow
seeds.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
INTRODUCTION
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the important food crops that is widely
grown in the Philippines. It is well adapted to the country’s soil and climatic conditions
and it is also easily cultivated (Catipon, 1986). This is probably one reason why mungbean
is one of the cheapest source of protein in the Filipino diet
However, mungbean production has not been adequate to meet the demand of food
and manufacturing industries in the Philippine due to the low yield of most of the available
varieties. Therefore, evaluation of different mungbean varieties to improve yield should be
considered (Punto and Lantican, 1982).
In Camp One, Tuba, Benguet, farmers are planting only one variety of mungbean,
locally named as ”kusapo”. It was observed that this variety produces unusually small seeds
with distinct long pods and low yield which is not desirable. Hence, this study aims to
evaluate new entries of mungbean to find out which are adaptable in the area and which
may provide adequate yield. Morphological characteristics of these mungbean entries will
also be determined to distinguish one entry from the other entries. These morphological
characteristics will also serve as basis of selection by the farmer.
With the help of this study, adequate information to farmers about other possible
entries of mungbean, theire different morphological characteristics and productivity if
grown in Tuba, Benguet will be provided. The best entry may also be recommended in the
locality to increase production without increasing the cost of productivity.
The study aimed to determine the growth and yield of the different entries of
mungbean; to identify the best entry of mungbean based on seed yield in Tuba, Benguet
and to characterized the mungbean entries to be used in the study.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
The study was conducted at Dungon Camp One, Tuba, Benguet from October 2012 to
February 2013.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Varietal Evaluation
Improving crop performance, productivity, plant breeding and using new
developments in agricultural biotechnology will allow increased in crop yields and
maintenance of yield stability without increasing land usage (Reddy and Hodge, 2000).
Characteristics of good variety should be high yielding, pest and diseases
resistance, good pest harvest characteristics, eating quality and must be early maturity so
that production would entail less expense and ensure more profit. Selecting the right variety
will minimize problems associated with water and fertility management (Bautista and
Mabesa, 1986).
Varietal evaluation is a part of a process of crop breeding program which compare
promising line development by a breeders. In this process the breeder must observed the
yield, quality, adaptability, insect pest and disease resistant and stress tolerance of a
particular crop (Regmi, 1990).
Variety Characterization
Is the process of documenting variety traits that can be used to distinguish one
variety from other varieties. Some of these traits are not only useful in judging the worth
of a variety for identification but also for evaluation. Traits that are use for characterization
are generally more stable than other traits and need not be taken repetitively in the various
stages of variety evaluation (Rasco and Amante, 1994).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Varietal Adaptability
The adaptability and introduction of new varieties in particular location is important
for a successful production. It serves two purposes where in, if it is proven that it is suitable
under local condition it can be propagated and released for commercial production, also
important sources of variability and source of desirable genes which can be use in
hybridization work (Bao-an, 2002).
Variety must be adapted to the area in which it is grown. When grown under the
same method of culture there is a great variation in the yielding ability of the different
varieties. It is not a guarantee that a variety that yield best in one region will perform well
in another region (Rely and Shry, 1991). Good performance and high yield of a crop in an
area could convince and encourage farmers to grow legumes.
Environmental Requirements
Mungbean is a warm season crop requiring 90 to 120 days of front-free conditions
from planting to maturity but this depends on the variety planted. Adequate rainfall is
required from flowering to late pod fill in order to reassure good yield. Late planting which
result in flowering during the high temperature low moisture period in July and August
will reduce yield. High humidity and excess rainfall late in the season can result in disease
problem and harvesting losses due to the delayed maturity (Thompson and Kelly, 1975).
Mungbean is primarily grown in a rain fed crop in the Philippines and essentially
regarded as secondary crop. In 1986, it accounted to only 0.31% of the total agricultural
area of 12,237,238 ha. (Navarro et al., 1988).
Mungbean is often planted during dry season to utilized residual soil moisture still
present after the rain crop such us corn and rice. It can be planted not only as a monocrop
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
but also in cropping rotation, relay cropping and inter cropping with coconut, corn and
other long maturing crops. It is suited to low input farming due to its ability to fix nitrogen
given the right condition (Regmi, 1988).
Effect of Temperature
Fernandez and Shanmugasundaran (1988) identified that the low yield potential,
lack of yield stability, susceptible in pest and diseases, narrow adaptability were due to
photoperiod and temperature sensitivity, susceptibility to a biotic stresses, non synchronous
pod maturity, pod shattering and yield weathering are the most serious constraints of the
local mungbean cultures in the tropics.
Soil Requirement
Catipon (1986) reported that an experiment range yield of 0.28 to 1.87 t/ha in the
dry season and 0.37 to 2.41 t/ha in wet season for mungbean traits in the Philippines. Soil
and environment factors exert considerable influence on this variability. She also added
that mungbean could be grown in a wide range soil type from clay loam to silt loam for
optimum bean yield, soil of the depth of at least 50 cm, well drained and pH of 5.8 to 6.2
are preferred. Soils that are too acidic affect the growth of rhizobial bacteria and the
availability of same nutrient. In such soil the pH maybe corrected by liming.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Effect of Insect Pest and Diseases
The major insect pests in the Philippines are the bean fly, aphids, pod borers and
pulse beetle. Important diseases include powdery mildew which causes 40% yield loss and
cescospora leaf spot which yield causes yield up to 58% (Work and Carew, 1955).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total area of 240 square meters was thoroughly cleaned by removing all unnecessary
materials like weeds and stones. After which, the area was cultivated and formed raised
beds .The area was divided into 3 blocks containing 10 plots each measuring 1m x 10m.
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications.
Two seeds were sown in each hill at a depth of 2-5 cm with a distance of 30 cm x
25cm in between hills and rows. All other recommended cultural practices in bean
production such as weeding, irrigation and pest management were done from planting to
maturity to maintain good growth and yield of the plants. The different entries of
mungbean were collected from different sources and served as treatment as follows:
Code
Entry Place of collection
V1
Maligkung
Sadanga
V2
Nagbunga
Apayao
V3 Gunugon
Bontoc
V4
Sileng Pangasinan
V5
La Paz Tarlac
V6
Dutlet Isabela
V7
Emelda Laoag
V8
Kosapo La Union
V9 Lusero Dagupan
V10 China China
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Meteorological data. Temperature and relative humidity was taken by using the compact
psychrometer. Rainfall was taken by placing cans in the field to collect water when
precipitation occurs. The volume of water to be collected was measured using a graduated
cylinder and was recorded by getting the average volume of the water from the cans.
2. Number of days from sowing to emergence. The days of emergence was recorded at
least 80 % of the seeds sown had emerged from the soil.
3. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting the days
from emergence to the days when at least 50% of the plants have fully flowered.
4. Number of days from emergence to harvesting. This was taken by counting the number
of days from emergence to harvesting.
5. Plant height (cm). The final height of the plant was measured just before harvesting.
Measurement was done from the soil surface up to the tip of the plant.
6. Leaf color. The color of the leaves was recorded as light green, green and dark green.
7. Flower characteristics.
a. Flower color. The color of the flower was recorded based on visual observation.
b. Number of flower clusters per plant. This was taken by counting the flowers
presents in a cluster from ten random sample plants per plot.
c. Number of flower per plant. This was taken by counting the flower present in a
cluster per plant from ten random samples per plot.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
8. Pod characteristics.
a. Number of pods per plant. The number of pods per cluster per plant was recorded from
ten random sample per plot.
b. Percentage of pod set. This was determined with the use of this formula.
% Pod set = Total number of pod per plant X 100
Total number of flower per plant
c. Pod length (cm). This was taken by measuring the pod length from the base to
the tip of the pod.
d. Pod width (cm). Pod width was taken by measuring the mid-point of the pod
using a ruler.
e. Pod color. Pod color was recorded as light brown, brown, dark brown and black.
9. Seed characteristics.
a. Number of seed per pod. The number of seeds per pod (developed) was counted
from ten random plants.
b. Seed color. The color of the seed was recorded based on visual observation.
c. Seed dimension.
c.1. Seed width (mm). Seed width was taken by measuring the mid-portion
of the seed using a ruler.
c.2. Seed length (mm). This was obtained by measuring the seeds parallel
to the hilum.
10. Weight of 200 seeds. The seed yield was obtained by weighing the weight of 200 seeds.
11. Insect pest and disease occurrences. This was determined by assessing the degree of
damage caused by specific insect pest and diseases to the crop using the following scale.
a. Bean flies was rated using the following scale by Catipon (1986)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Scale
Description
Remarks
0
No infestation
Highly resistant
1
1-24% of the plants per plot Resistant
are infested.
2
25-50% of the plants per Moderate resistant
plot are infested.
3
51-75% of the plants per Susceptible
plot are infested.
4
76-100% of plants per plot Very susceptible
are infested.
b. Bean rust was rated using the following scale by Catipon (1986)
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
No infection
Highly resistant
2
10-20% infection per plot
Moderate resistant
3
30-40% infection per plot
Resistant
4
50-60% infection per plot
Susceptible
5
Greater than 60% infection Very susceptible
12.Total yield per plot (kg).The total weight of the seed per plot was recorded.
13.Computed yield per hectare (t/ha). This was analyzed using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Total Yield x 100
10
14. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was analyzed using this formula:
ROCE = Gross sale – Total expense x 100
Total expenses
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
The temperature, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the conduct of the
study from November 2012 to February 2013 are shown in Table 1. The Temperature range
during the conduct of study is 25.40 °C to 30 °C. The temperature is within the range that
favors the growth of mungbean. The relative humidity ranges from 73% to 79%. The total
amount of rainfall recorded declined from 10 mm in December to 3 mm in February 2013.
Irrigation was done during low rainfall period.
Number of Days to Emergence, Flowering
and to Harvesting
Results revealed that all the mungbean entries emerged 3 to 4 days after planting
(DAP) under Camp One, Tuba, Benguet condition (Table 2). The earliest to produce
flowers were Nagbunga, Dutlet and Lusero (30 days), while Maligkung, Emelda and
Kosapo bloom after 34 days. All of the entries of mungbean were harvested at 78 days after
planting. The earliest flowering of Nagbunga Dutlet and Lusero could be
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MONTH
(°C)
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
MIN
MAX
(%)
(mm)
NOVEMBER
26.50
30.00
76
--
DECEMBER
26.25
28.75
75
10
JANUARY
25.40
29.31
79
20
FEBRUARY
25.90
29.10
73
3
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
advantageous when the commodity is needed in specific time such as in the case of contract
growing.
Plant Height
The height of mungbean was measured before harvesting. Result showed
no
significant differences. However, numerically Sileng and Emelda were the tallest among
the entries of 54.00 cm.
Differences in height could be due to inherent characteristics like narrow adaptability to
photoperiod and susceptibility to major pest and diseases.
Table 2. Number of Days to Emergence, Flowering and Harvesting of ten mungbean
entries
DAYS TO
ENTRY
EMERGENCE
FLOWERING
HARVESTING
Maligkung
3
34
78
Nagbunga
4
30
78
Gunugon
3
32
78
Sileng
3
32
78
La Paz
4
32
78
Dutlet
4
30
78
Emelda
4
34
78
Kosapo
3
34
78
Lusero
4
30
78
China
3
32
78
CV%
0
0
0
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 3. Plant height of ten mungbean entries grown under Tuba, Benguet condition
ENTRY
PLANT HEIGHT
(cm)
Maligkung
52.67
Nagbunga
43.67
Gunugon
36.67
Sileng
54.00
La Paz
48.67
Dutlet
39.33
Emelda
46.67
Kosapo
54.00
Lusero
46.67
China
46.67
CV%
3.30
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Flower Clusters per Plant and
Flower per Plant
Table 4 shows a significant differences on the number of flower cluster per plant.
Result showed that Sileng had the highest number of flower clusters with 11.3, followed
by Dutlet and Lusero produced 9.7 and 9.3 flower clusters, respectively. The lowest was
China with 6.0 flower clusters per plant.
In terms of the number of flower per cluster, no significant differences were noted
with mean number of 9.00 to 14.6 (Table 4).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 4. Number of flower cluster and flowers per plant of ten mungbean entries
NUMBER OF FLOWER
NUMBER OF FLOWERS
ENTRY
CLUSTERS
PER CLUSTER
PER PLANT
Maligkung
7.7def
13.0
Nagbunga
8.7bcd
9.6
Gunugon
7.3ef
11.6
Sileng
11.3a
14.6
La Paz
8.0cde
10.6
Dutlet
9.7b
13.0
Emelda
6.7fg
11.3
Kosapo
9.0bc
11.3
Lusero
9.3b
11.6
China
6.0g
9.0
CV%
7.87
17.42
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Pods per Plant and
Percentage Pod Set
Table 5 shows the result of number of pods per plant and percentage of pod set per
plant with no significant differences. Although numerically, Sileng produced the numerous
pods per plant and also high in terms of pod set percentage per plant of 13.3 and 90.7%
These differences could be due to various factors such as inherent varietal potential
and planting distance (Regmi, 1988).
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Number of pods per plant and percentage of pod set per plant of ten mungbean
entries
NUMBER OF PODS
PERCENTAGE POD
ENTRY
PLANT
SET
Maligkung
11.3
87.1
Nagbunga
8.3
83.4
Gunugon
9.6
83.6
Sileng
13.3
90.7
La Paz
8.6
81.9
Dutlet
10.6
82.3
Emelda
9.0
80.5
Kosapo
9.0
79.3
Lusero
9.6
81.2
China
7.3
80.3
CV%
21.53
8.37
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Pod Length and Width
Table 6 shows the result of the pod width and length of the ten mungbean entries.
On pod width, significant differences were observed which Sileng and Kosapo had the
widest pod (7.0 mm) followed by Maligkung, Nagbunga and Gunugon entries (6.0 mm).
The narrowest pod was in china La Paz entries (4.0 mm).
In terms of the pod length of the ten mungbean entries, Sileng had the significantly longest
pod of 13.3 cm followed by Dutlet and Lusero (11.3 and 10.7 cm, respectively). The
shortest was noted from entries China and Kosapo. On the wider spacings which caused
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
by death of plant in between the hills not replanted enhanced increase pod length, while
narrow spacings decrease pod length (Catipon, 1986).
Seed Width and
Seed Length
Table 7 shows the results of the seed width and length of the ten mungbean entries.
Significant differences were observed on seed width, Sileng had the widest and longest
seed of 4.50 mm and 6.52 mm, respectively followed by Maligkung, Nagbunga and
Gunugon entries. The narrowest was China with 3.50 and 4.47 seed width and length.
Table 6. Pod width and length of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
POD WIDTH
POD LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
Maligkung
6.0b
9.7c
Nagbunga
6.0b
9.3c
Gunugon
6.0b
9.0cd
Sileng
7.0a
13.3b
La Paz
4.0e
9.3c
Dutlet
5.7bc
11.3b
Emelda
5.3cd
8.3de
Kosapo
7.0a
8.0e
Lusero
5.0d
10.7b
CV%
4.48
5.49
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 7. Seed width and length of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
SEED WIDTH
SEED LENGTH
(mm)
(mm)
Maligkung
4.22cd
bc
5.77
Nagbunga
e
bc
4.13
5.53
Gunugon
bc
bc
4.28
5.51
Sileng
a
a
4.50
6.52
La Paz
g
bc
3.77
5.53
Dutlet
b
b
4.33
5.86
Emelda
f
c
3.94
4.47
Kosapo
de
bc
4.19
5.58
Lusero
g
d
3.81
5.14
China
h
e
3.50
4.47
CV%
0.09
3.43
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Number of Seeds per Pod and
Weight of 200 Seeds
Table 8 presents the number of seeds per pod and weight of 200 seeds of the
different entries used in the study.
As to the number of seeds per pod, Sileng had the significantly most number of
seeds per pod (13) followed by China and Dutlet (12). The lowest seed produced were
obtained from Kosapo (7).
In terms of weight of 200 seeds, Sileng produced the heaviest (18g) followed by
Kosapo (15.00 g), Dutlet (15 g), Nagbunga (15.7 g) and Gunugon (14.7 g) and lightest was
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
China. The weights of 200 seeds were taken when the seed reaches 10% moisture content
after drying.
Reaction to Bean Flies and
Bean Rust
The reaction of the different mungbean entries to bean flies and bean rust mild resistant to
bean flies and on the bean rust infection the rating was moderately resistant.
Table 8. Number of seeds per pod and weight of 200 seeds of ten mungbean entries
ENTRY
NO. OF SEEDS PER
WEIGHT OF 200
POD
SEEDS (g)
Maligkung
c
11
14.3bc
Nagbunga
c
11
15.7b
Gunugon
d
10
14.7b
Sileng
a
13
18.0a
La Paz
e
9
13.0cd
Dutlet
b
12
15.0b
Emelda
e
9
14.3bc
Kosapo
f
7
15.0b
Lusero
d
10
12.0d
China
b
12
9.0e
CV%
4.17
5.76
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
This result coincides with the finding of Catipon (1986) that as the mungbean plant
matured, they become more susceptible to the diseases. This indicates that there was a
decrease on the resistance of mungbean as nutrients or elements are diverted to the
reproductive processes.
Leaf , Flower, Pod and Seed Colors
The leaf color of mungbean entries used in the study were mostly green except La
Paz, Dutlet and China with light green.
The flower colors of mungbean entries used in the study were pale yellow to yellow.
For the pod color of the ten mungbean entries used studied all are black except
Nagbunga and Sileng with brown color and Gunugon with light brown.
In terms of seed color, most of them were green, while Nagbunga and Gunugon
have shiny green color. Dutlet has shiny brown seeds, La Paz has dark green seeds and
China has yellow seeds.
Total Yield per Plot and Computed
Yield per Hectare
The entries differ significantly in the total seed yield per plot (Table 10). Sileng
produced the highest yield of 0.25 kg per plot followed by Dutlet with 0.19kg while China
produced the lowest yield of 0.07 kg per plot. According to Catipon (1986) there is always
a variation on the yield and yield components among varieties during evaluation.
The computed yield per hectare differed significantly among the entries studied as
presented in Table 10. The highest computed yield was observed from Sileng with 2.45
tons per hectare while the lowest computed yield was obtained from China with 0.67 tons
per hectare.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 9. The leaf color, flower pod and seed of ten mungbean entries
COLOR OF
ENTRY
LEAF
FLOWER
POD
SEED
Maligkung
Green
Pale yellow
Black
Green
Nagbunga
Green
Pale yellow
Brown
Shiny green
Gunugon
Green
Pale yellow
Light brown
Shiny green
Sileng
Green
Yellow
Brown
Green
La Paz
Light green
Pale yellow
Black
Dark green
Dutlet
Light green
Yellow
Black
Shiny brown
Emelda
Green
Pale yellow
Black
Green
Kosapo
Green
Yellow
Black
Green
Lusero
Green
Yellow
black
Green
China
Light green
Yellow
Black
Yellow
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 10. Total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare of ten mungbean entries
TOTAL SEED YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD PER
ENTR
PER
HECTARE
PLOT
(tlha)
(kg/10m2)
Maligkung
0.13cd
1.27cd
Nagbunga
0.16bc
1.57bc
Gunugon
0.11d
1.07d
Sileng
0.25a
2.47a
La Paz
0.10d
1.00d
Dutlet
0.19b
1.87b
Emelda
0.09de
0.93de
Kosapo
0.10d
1.03d
Lusero
0.14c
1.40c
China
0.07e
0.67e
CV%
14.09
14.09
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P≥0.05)
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
The return on cash expense of the different mungbean entries showed positive ROCE.
Entry Sileng had the highest return on cash expense (ROCE) of 196 % followed by Dutlet
(164 %) and the lowest was China with negative ROCE.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Table 11. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE) of ten mungbean entries
MARKETABLE
GROSS
TOTAL
NET
ROCE
ENTRY
SEEDS
SALE
EXPENSES
INCOME
(%)
(kg/10m2)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
Maligkung
0.38
11.40
7.50
11.1
52
Nagbunga
0.47
14.1
7.50
8.4
88
Gunugon
0.32
9.6
7.50
12.9
28
Sileng
0.74
22.2
7.50
0.3
196
La Paz
0.30
9
7.50
13.5
20
Dutlet
0.56
16.8
7.50
5.7
164
Emelda
0.28
8.4
7.50
14.1
12
Kosapo
0.31
9.3
7.50
13.2
24
Lusero
0.42
12.6
7.50
9.9
68
China
0.02
6
7.50
16.5
-20
Selling price: 120 pesos per 1 kg
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of the
different mungbean entries, identify the entry that is best adapted in Tuba, Benguet
condition and to determine the profitability of growing different entries of mungbean in
Tuba Benguet freom November 2012 to February 2013.
Result shows that Nagbunga, Dutlet and Lusero flowered earlier at 30 days after
planting (DAP) than the other entries. Maligkung Emelda and Kosapo entries required 34
days to blooming from emergence. Sileng produced the highest number of flower cluster,
number of flowers per plant, and number of pods per plant than the rest of the entries, while
China produced the lowest number of flower, number of flower per cluster and number of
pods per plant.
China had the lowest percent pod set while Sileng recorded the highest percent pod
set.
Sileng produced the heaviest weight of 200 seeds with. It also gave the highest yield
per hectare. Sileng and Dutlet produced the longest pods ranging from while China
recorded the shortest pods.
Sileng had the highest percentage of return of cash expense followed by Dutlet,
Nagbunga, Lusero and Maligkung.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
Conclusions
Based on the result, Sileng produced the highest number of flowers, pods and seeds
per plant and the highest total computed yield and return on cash expense (ROCE).
Differences on the morphological characters were varied such as leaf, flower, pod and seed
color.
Recommendations
For mungbean production under Tuba, Benguet condition, all the entries are
recommended except entry China, with negative return on cash expense (ROCE). For high
profit, Sileng is recommended.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BAO-AN, B. M. 2002. Seed Production of Promising Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
Linn) Genotype. BS Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BAUTISTA, O. K. and R. G. MABESA. 1986. Vegetable Production. University of the
Philippines Los Baños, College of Agriculture. Pp. 28-33.
CATIPON, E. M. 1986. Mungbean. Plant Industry guide (41) mungbean. Institute of Plant
Breeding. Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 18-21.
FERNANDEZ, G. C. J. and S. SHANMUGASUNDARAM. 1988. Vegetable and Legume.
The Asia vegetable Research and Development Center, P. O. Box 42 Shanhua, Taiwan
74199, Taiwan, R. O. C. Pp. 167-246.
NAVARRO, S. R., CARPENA and M. R. LANTICAN. 1988. Yield performance and other
agronomic character of twenty-three of adzuki bean. Phil. J. Crop Sci. 3:13-17.
PUNTO, J. R. and C. N. LANTICAN. 2002. Mungbean varieties. Plant Industry guide. Los
Baños. Pp. 11-20.
RASCO, E. T. and V. P. AMANTE. 1994. Sweetpotato variety evaluation: Southeast Asia
Program for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD). P.120
REDDY, K. R. and H. F. HODGE. 2000. Climate change and Global Crop Productivity.
CABI Publishing, New York. P. 472.
REILY. H. E. and C. L. SHRY. 1991. Introductory Horticulture. New York. Delmar
Publisher, Inc. P. 562.
REGMI, S. R. 1990. Variety Evaluation of Promising Lines and Path Coefficient Analysis
in Pole Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn).M.S Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Pp.1-3.
THOMPSON, H. C. and W. K. KELLY. 1975. Vegetable crop 5th Edition. New York:
Graw Hill Bock Company, Inc. Pp. 78-79.
WORK, P. and I. CAREW. 1955. Vegetable product and market 2nd Edition. New York:
John Wiley Book Co. Pp. 27-31.
Growth, Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Ten Mungbean Entries Under Tuba,
Benguet Condition | JEREOS, JOVELYN B. APRIL 2013